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Construcción de un controlador Proporcional, Integral y Derivativo.
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½ \EOQLRZOM \EOQLRZOMIM IM HI_KR HI_KR ML ZIE IEMRLZ AIJ\N] IJ\N]IM ML OEDLEOLR½ OI ½ OEDLEOLR½ OI LNLJ]R LNLJ]RKEOJI
˞ L OHSNLHLE]IJOKE ML \E MOZLEK JKE]RKNIMKR SOM MOA\ZK
Mosl˞ ek l Ohpnlhletijo½ ek ke ml ue Jketrknimkr ke SOM Moausk 9: ml mojolhbrl ml 2392 Rlsuhle
Ln prlsletl tribifk oetleti lxpnkrir jkejlptks y ipnojijokels ml ni n½kdoji moausi le sostlhis ml jketrkn. rlinoziemk ln mosl˞ ek ek l ohpnlhletijo½ ke hlmoietl sohunijoke ke ml ue sostlhi ml jketrkn moausk topk SOM ipnojimk i ue hktkr MJ%
9%
Ietl Ietljl jlml mle etls tls
Nks sostlhis ml jketrkn ske y `ie somk ue jihpk ml lstumok huy ihpnok pkr sus oehlesis ipnojijokels. ni tlkroi qul ekrhinhletl sl ibkrmi `ibni ml jketrkn jn½ isojk isojk y jketrkn jketrkn hkmlrek. plrk untohihletl u½ntohihletl sl `i oetrkmujomk jkejlptks ml movlrsis irlis i½rlis jkhk slr rlmls elurkeinls elurk einls.. tlkr tlk r½Ĺi mln ml n jiks jik s k n½ kdoji moausi ohpnlhletimi le sostlhis ml jketrkn% Slsl kdoji i qul ls ue tlhi bole jkekjomk. le ln ihbotk i½hbotk eijokein. eijokein. sl rlinozirke rlinozirke pkjis oevlstodij oevlstodijokels okels skbrl nis ipnojijokels. vletifis y mlsvletifis ml nks jketrknimkrls moausks. pkr nk qul bisirlhks lstl l stl tribifk tri bifk le bobnokdria½Ĺi Ĺi ml tlxtk bole b ole rlalrlejoimi% rlalrl ejoimi%
2%
Fusto usto jijo½ ijo½ ke ke
Le ni ijtuinomim. ni hiykroi ml nks sostlhis ml jketrkn le ni oemustroi ske mln topk SOM jket½ jket½Ĺeuks k mosjrltks. sotuijo½ k e qul ek jihboi pkr ni vlrsitonomim ml lstl topk ml ke jketrknimkrls y nis huj`is vletifis qul ske bole jkekjomis le ln jihpk mln jketrkn ml prkjlsks jketoeuks% Slrk sl vl qul huj`ks prkjlsks tolele uei moe½ihoji ihoji eknoelin qul ue SOM jn½isojk isojk ek pulml hielfir k sotuijokels le nis qul su rkbustlz sl mljrlhleti. lstl topk ml ainnis k nohotijokels ml nks sostlhis noelinls ml jketrkn jkhk ln SOM jnisojk pulmle kjisokeir juietoksis p½lrmomis lrmomis le indueks jisks% Le vortum i sknujokeir lstl prkbnlhi sl oetleti busjir eulvis intlreitovis qul slie tietk k h½is i s biritis y ljijls qul ln SOM jn½ isojk% Zl lejketrirke huj`is intlreitovis. isojk% jimi uei ml lnnis jke prks y jketris Ls hlelstlr. broemir uei `lrriholeti. iprkvlj`iemk nks iviejls le jkhputijoke y le ln jihpk ml ni oetlnodlejoi irtojoin piri hlfkrir ln rlemoholetk ml sostlhis ml jketrkn ipnojimks le ni oemustroi y ktrks jihpks%
9
:% :%9% :%9%
Kbflt bfltovks Kbflto Kbfltov vk Dlel Dlelri rinn
Mosl˞ e ir y sohunir ue sostlhi ml jketrkn moausk topk SOM piri ue sostlhi noelin l eir oeviroietl le ln tolhpk%
:%2%
Kbfltovks Kb fltovks Lsplj½ Lsplj½Ĺjks Lstumoir t½kpojks kpojks auemihletinls ijlrji ml sostlhis ml jketrkn jketoeuks% Lstumoir jkejlptks b½ isojks isojks ml n½kdoji kdoji moausi y jketrkn moausk% Mosl˞ eir nis auejokels ml plrtlelejoi y ni bisl ml rldnis mln sostlhi moausk ml ijulrmk eir in prkbnlhi% Srkbir ln sostlhi pnietlimk hlmoietl ue skatwirl ml sohunijo½ ke% ke% Jkhpirir ln auejokeiholetk ml ue jketrkn SOM jn½isojk isojk jketri ln intlreitovk moausk%
=% =%9% =%9%
½ HIRJK ]LKROJK Jke Jketrkn trkn SOM SOM
\e SOM ls ue hljieoshk ml jketrkn pkr rlinohletijo½ ke qul jinjuni ni mlsvoijo½ke ke ke k lrrkr letrl ue vinkr hlmomk y ln vinkr qul sl quolrl kbtlelr. piri ipnojir uei ijjo½ ke ke jkrrljtk jkrrljtkri ri qul ifustl ln prkjlsk% prkjlsk% Ln indkrot indkrothk hk ml j½injunk injunk mln jketrkn jketrkn SOM sl mi le trls pir½ihltrks ihltrks mostoetks6 ln prkpkrjokein. ln oetldrin. y ln mlrovitovk% Ln vinkr Srkpkrjokein mltlrhoei ni rlijjo½ ke mln lrrkr ijtuin% Ln Oetldrin dlelri uei jkrrljjo½ ke ke ke prkpkrjokein i ni oetldrin mln lrrkr. lstk eks islduri qul ipnojiemk ue lsaulrzk ml jketrkn sujoletl. ln lrrkr ml slduoholetk sl rlmujl i jlrk% Ln Mlrovitovk mltlrhoei ni rlijjo½ke ke mln tolhpk le ln qul ln lrrkr sl prkmujl% Ni suhi ml lstis trls ijjokels ls usimi piri ifustir in prkjlsk v½Ĺi ue lnlhletk ml jketrkn jkhk ni pksojo½ ke ke ml uei v½invuni invuni ml jketrkn k ni lelrd½ lelrd½Ĺi suhoeostrimi i ue jinletimkr. pkr lflhpnk% Ifustiemk lstis trls viroibnls le ln indkrothk ml jketrkn mln SOM. ln jketrknimkr pulml prkvllr ue jketrkn mosl˞ eimk piri nk qul rlquolri ln prkjlsk eimk i rlinozir% rlinozir% Ni rlspulsti rlspulsti mln jketrknimkr jketrknimkr pulml slr mlsjroti mlsjroti le t½lrhoeks lrhoeks ml rlspulsti rlspulsti mln jketrkn ietl ue lrrkr. ln drimk ln juin ln jketrknimkr nnldi in „slt pkoet‘. y ln drimk ml ksjonijo½ke ke mln sostlhi% E½ktlsl ktlsl qul ln usk mln SOM piri jketrkn ek dirietozi jketrkn kptohk ½ mln sostlhi k ni lstibonomim mln hoshk% Indueis ipnojijokels pulmle sknk rlqulror ml uek k mks hkmks ml nks qul prkvll lstl sostlhi ml jketrkn% \e jketrknimkr SOM pulml slr nnihimk nnihimk tihbo½ tihbo½le le SO. SM. S k O le ni iuslejoi ml nis ijjokels ml jketrkn jketrkn rlspljtovis% rlspljtovis% Nks jketrknimkrls SO ske pirtojunirhletl jkhuels. yi qul ni ijjo½ ke mlrovitovi ls huy slesobnl ke in ruomk. y ni iuslejoi mln prkjlsk oetldrin pulml lvotir qul sl injiejl in vinkr mlslimk mlbomk i ni ijjo½ke ke ml jketrkn%
2
Aoduri Aodur i 96 9 6 Jketrknmi Jk etrknmimkr mkr SOM t½Ĺpojk
=%2% =%2%9% =%2%9%
Nkdoji ½ kdoji moausi Jkefue Jkefuetks tks Moaus Moausks ks
\e jkefuetk moausk I le \ lst½i jirijtlrozimk pkr uei auejo½ ke ke ml plrtlelejoi ¼I (x/ qul tkhi vinkrls le ln oetlrvink 3. 9 % Lsti auejo½ke ke mltlrhoei ln drimk ml plrtlelejo p lrtlelejoii ml ue lnlhletk x ∀ \ % Ml lsti hielri. ln jkefuetk jkefuetk moausk pulml slr rlprlsletimk rlprlsletimk pk p k ue jkefuetk jkefuetk ml pirls krmleimks ml ue lnlhletk dle½ dl e½lroj lr ojkk x ∀ \ y su drimk ml plrtlelejoi ¼I(x/7 ls mljor6 I 8 {(x. ¼I (x//7 x ∀ \ }
(9/
Letkejls. le n½kdoji kdoji moausi. nks lnlhletks ek sknihletl pulmle plrtleljlr k ek i ue jolrtk jkefuetk. so ek qul nk `ijle jke ue eovln hlmomk. qul le lstl jisk ls ln drimk ml plrtlelejoi mimk pkr ni auejo½ ke ke ml plrtlelejoi ¼I mln jkefuetk i% Skmlhks vlr ue lflhpnk ml ue jkefuetk moausk nnihimk „inrlmlmkr ml <‘ 6
Aoduri 26 Auejo½ke ke ml plrtlelejoi mln jkefuetk moausk „inrlmlmkr ml <‘ tin jkhk vlhks le ni duri(2/ nks e½ uhlrks uhlrks h½is i s jlrjieks in < tolele ue eovln ml :
plrtlelejoi h½ is is intk pkr qul lstie h½ is jlrjieks. solemk ln vinkr h½ is ixohk ixohk injiezimk pkr ln hoshk e½uhlrk uhlrk joejk jke ue eovln eovln ml 9 k le tkmk jisk. jisk. ue 933 , ml plrtlelejo plrtlelejoi% i% =%2%2% =%2%2%
Mleohks : kplrijokels b½ isojis jke nis qul tribifirlhks le lstl prkyljtk y sus ml isojis sjropjokels h½ is is slejonnis y ijlptimis6 i mimk pkr6 jW¼I (x/X 8 9 − ¼I (x/% piri ue jkefuetk moausk I Jkhpnlhletk% Lst½ mleomk pkr su auejo½ke ke ml plrtlelejoi ¼I (x/ \eo½ ke% ke% Zlie I y B mks jkefuetks moausks y ¼I (x/ y ¼B (x/ sus rlspljtovis auejokels ml plrtlelejoi. Ln jkefuetk \eo½ ke ke letrl lstks mks lst½ i mimk pkr6 sW¼I (x/. ¼b (x/X 8 hix(¼I (x/. ¼b (x//% Oetlrsljjo½ ke% ke% Zlie I y B mks jkefuetks moausks y ¼I (x/ y ¼B (x/ sus rlspljtovis
auejokels ml plrtlelejoi. Ln jkefuetk Oetlrsljjo½ ke ke letrl lstks mks lst½ i mimk pkr6 sW¼I (x/. ¼b (x/X 8 hoe(¼I (x/. ¼b (x//%
=%:% =%:%
Jke Jketrkn trknim imkr krls ls SOM SOM moau moausk skss
\e jketrknimkr SOM jkevlejokein. plsl i qul ls uek ml nks indkrothks h½ is is utonozimks (ml `lj`k. ln h½ is utonozimk/ le ni oemustroi ijtuin ek solhprl ls slejonnk ml mosl˞ is eir e ir k jirljl ml utonomim piri indueks jisks pr½ ijtojks y su eiturinlzi noelin nohoti huj`k sus ijtojks arketlris ml ijjo½ ke% \e jketrknimkr SOM moausk ek rlquolrl huj`k jkekjoholetk ml ni ke% tlkr½ tlkr½Ĺi ml jketrkn y jkestruornk ls rlnitovihletl rlnitovihletl slejonnk W;X%
Aoduri :6 Lstrujturi L strujturi t½Ĺpoji ml ue jketrknimkr moausk Ni akrhi le qul ni n½kdoji kdoji moausi hielfi ni oeakrhijo½ ke ke ls huj`k h½ is is slejonni ml modlror qul ljuijokels hitlh½ itojis itojis y dr½ ijis ijis oeletlemobnls. oeletlemobnls. ls pkr p kr lsk qul ue jketrknimkr jketrknimkr moausk. le indueks jisks ls huj`k h½ is is slejonnk ml mosl˞ eir% eir% =
nis viroibnls ml lstimk mln jketrknimkr rlprlsletie ln jketleomk ml ni pirtl ietljlmletl ml nis rldnis moausis y dlelrinhletl ske nis soduoletls6 Zl˞ein ein ml lrrkr l% Jihbok mln lrrkr ∁l Oetldrin Oetldrin k ijuhunijo½ ijuhunijo½ ke ke mln lrrkr
l
_ ni sinomi kbvoihletl ls ni sinomi ml jketrkn% Ek sl rljkholemi mlhisoimk utonozir ni letrimi ml jketrkn ml ni oetldrin mln lrrkr pkr tritirsl ml uei viroibnl qul pulml oejrlhletirsl huy r½ ipomk. le nudir ml lsk. sl prkjlml ipomk. ml mostoeti hielri le nis sl˞ einls ml letrimi y ml sinomi mln jketrknimkr moausk utonoziemk einls ml oduin hielri ue jketrknimkr topk SM plrk jke ni sinomi mlrovimi W;X% =%:%9% =%:%9%
Jketrk Jketrknim nimkr kr moau moausk sk topk topk SM SM
Rljkrmiemk Rljkr miemk tlkr½Ĺi Ĺi ml jketrkn jketrk n jn½ jnisojk. i½sojk. pkmlhks mlektir ln indkrothk ml ue jketrknimkr SM jkevlejokein jke ni soduoletl lxprlso½ ke6 ke6 u(t/ 8 G p l(t/ ' G m
ml(t/ t
(2/
mkeml G p y G M ske nis dieiejois prkpkrjokein y mlrovitovi mln jketrknimkr% Ml lsti hielri. ln jketrknimkr SM jinjuni ni sl˞ ein ml jketrkn hlmoietl ni suhi ml uei ijjo½ ein ke ke prkpkrjokein y uei mlrovitovi qul ijt½ uie uie skbrl ln lrrkr l% \e jketrknimkr moausk mln topk SM tolel jkhk letrimis ni sl˞ ein ein ml lrrkr y ln jihbok ml lrrkr% Jke nis viroibnls noedu½ noedu½Ĺstojis bole mleomis. sl pulml prkjlmlr i mosl˞ mosleir ˞ ue jkefuetk ml rldnis qul oelrie ni sinomi ml ijulrmk i vinkrls moausks%
Aoduri =6 \ei tibni ml rldnis moausis jke letrimis x y y y uei sinomi
<
=%:%2% =%:%2%
Mlauzz Mlauzzyj yjijo ijo½ ½ ke ke
\ei vlz vlz oealrom oealromis is nis rldnis. rldnis. ½lstis lstis eks irrkfie vinkrls inkrls moausks moausks y piri qul eu eulstr lstrkk jketrknimkr tledi laljtk le ln huemk rlin. ln juin sl mostoedul pkr sl˞ einls jrosp y ek moausis. moausis. ls eljlsirok eljlsirok mleor ue h½ltkmk ltkmk qul nnlvl nnlvl eulstrks eulstrks e½ uhlrks moausks le e½ uhlrks uhlrks rlinls k sl˞ einls jrosp qul pulmie ipnojirsl i ni pnieti% einls Zl ieinozi i einozi ln l n h½ltkmk ltkmk mln jletrk ml drivlmim (JKD/ pkr sus sodnis le oedn½ls ls qul ls uek ue k ml nks h½ltkmks ltk mks h½is is utonozimks le ni ijtuinomim. ln soduoletl dr½ ijk ijk hulstri j½ khk khk auejokei lstl lst l h½ltkmk ltk mk ml mlauzz mla uzzyj yjijo ijo½½ke6 ke6
Aoduri <6 Zinomi Jrosp lejketrimi piri ue jkefuetk ml rldnis qul sl mospirie Lstk supkeolemk qul sl mospirie virois rldnis qul dlelrie jkefuetks moausks mostoetks qul sl suplrpkelel piri akrhir uei duri dlkh½ltroji. ltroji. juyi sinomi pkemlrimi slr½ i ni prkyljjo½ ke le ln lfl x mln jletrk ml drivlmim ml ni hoshi% ke
<% <%9% <%9% <%9%9% <%9%9%
½ HIRJK SRIJ]OJK Mlsj Mlsjro ropjo pjo½ ke ½ ke ml ni pnieti Ljuijo Ljuijokel kelss hlj½ hlj½ ieojis ieojis y ln½ ljtrojis ljtrojis noelinls ml ue hktkr MJ
I pirtor mln lsqulhi lnljtrkhlj½ ieojk ml ue hktkr MJ hkstrimk le ni duri(1/. pkml ieojk hks lxtrilr nis soduoletls ljuijokels moalrlejoinls noelinls6 mo(t/ ' Ro(t/ ' lb (t/ mt m2 ΰh (t/ ' ύ n (t/ ' ύ a a (t/ ύ h (t/ 8 F mt2 u(t/ 8 N
(:/ (= /
mkeml u(t/ ls ni tleso½ke ke ipnojimi in hktkr. o(t/ ls ni jkrroletl. ΰh ls ni pksojo½ke ke iedunir mln lfl mln hktkr. lb (t/ ls ni aulrzi jketrilnljtrkhktroz. ύ h ln pir mln hktkr. ke% k e% Nks pir½ ihltrks ihltrks ύ n (t/ ln pir vostk mlsml ln lfl mln hktkr. y ύ a a (t/ ls ln pir ml arojjo½ (N.R.F/ rlprlsletie ni oemujtijoi. ni rlsostlejoi ln½ljtroji ljtroji y ln hkhletk ml oelrjoi mln rktkr. rlspljtovihletl. y nks jkesomlrirlhks jkestietls% Lsti jnisl ml hktkr imlh½ is is sitosaijl nis ljuijokels ml ijkpnk lnljtrkhlj½ ieojk6 ieojk6
1
ύ h (t/ 8 G h o(t/
(< /
lb (t/ 8 gb ΰ˟h (t/
mkeml gh ls ni jkestietl mln pir y gb ni jkestietl ml ni aulrzi jketrilnljtrkhktroz%
Aoduri 16 Lsqulhi lnljtrkhlj½ ieojk ieojk ml ue hktkr MJ Hlmoietl ue prkjlsk ml hkmlnimk qul ek tritirlhks le lstl tribifk. nnldihks i nis ljuijokels einls mln hkmlnk ml eulstrk hktkr. le auejo½ ke k e ml nks pir½ihltrk ihl trkss ln½ljtroj ljt rojks. ks. jkhk sl hulstri i jketoeuijo½ ke6 ke6 mo(t/ mΰh (t/ ' Ro(t/ ' gb mt mt 2 m ΰ h ( t/ mΰh (t/ ' ' ύ j (t/ gh o(t/ 8 F B mt2 mt u(t/ 8 N
<%9%2% <%9%2%
(1/ (4 /
Auejokels uejokels ml triesalrl triesalrlejoi ejoi
Zo ipnojihks ni triesakrhimi ml Nipnijl i nis ljuijokels lnljtrkhlj½ lnljtrkhlj½ ieojis l ohpkeole mk jkemojokels oeojoinls oduin i jlrk kbtlelhks6 \ (s/ 8 (Ns ' R/] (s/ ' gb ΐh (s/ gh O (s/ 8 s(F s ' B /ΐh (s/ ' ] j (s/
Ml nis ietlrokrls ljuijokels pkmlhks kbtlelr nis 2 auejokels ml triesalrlejoi mln hktkr le pksojo½ke6 ke6 ΐu (s/ gh 8 \ (s/ s((Ns ' r/(F s ' B / ' gb gh / ΐ] (s/ Ns ' R 8− D] (s/ 8 ] j (s/ s((Ns ' R/(F s ' B / ' gh gb / Du (s/ 8
j
j
(0/ (?/
_ pkr ln proejopok ml suplrpksojo½ ke ke pkmlhks mljor qul6 ΰh (t/ 8 ΰu (t/ ' ΰ] (t/ j
4
(93/
Aoduri 46 Lsqulhi ml eulstrk hktkr MJ
Aoduri 06 Rlspulsti in lsjin½ ke ke ueotirok mln hktkr y einhletl ln moidrihi ml bnkquls jke nis auejokels ml triesalrlejoi ls ln soduoletl6 Hkstrihks su rlspulsti tlhpkrin piri laljtks ml ie½ inosos6 inosos6 ]in jkhk vlhks le ni duri(0/. eulstrk sostlhi pksll uei rlspulsti nleti y lrrkr le lstimk lstijokeirok mostoetk ml jlrk. i`kri prkjlmlhks jke ln mosl˞ ek ml nks sostlhis ml jketrkn%
0
<%2% <%2%
Jketrk Jketrknn SOM jkev jkevlejoke lejokein in
Siri tritir lstl prkbnlhi pnietlirlhks le prohlr nudir ln mosl˞ ek ek ml ue jketrknimkr SOM jkevlejokein y prkbirlhks ln hoshk jketrknimkr piri ni pnieti% Zl soetkeoz½k ue jketrknimkr SOM mkeml nks rlsuntimks ml nis jkestietls ske6 G p 8 90 G o 8 1.9? G m 8 9.2<
Ni rlspulsti tlhpkrin mln sostlhi ijtuimks pkr ln jketrknimkr sl hulstri i jketoe uijo½ke6 ke6
Aoduri ?6 Rlspulsti tlhpkrin jke ln jketrknimkr SOM
1% 1%9% 1%9%
˞ MLN JKE]RKNIMKR MOZLEK Qiroibn iroibnls ls noeduo noeduosto stoji jiss
]ribifirlhks jke ue jketrknimkr topk SM moausk le jkefuejoke jke ue lnlhletk oetl drin piri akrhir ue u e jketrknimkr `½Ĺbromk. nis viroibnls noeduostojis ml letrimi ske ln lrrkr y ln jihbok ml lrrkr. y sknihletl pksll uei sinomi% Eulstris viroibnls noedu½Ĺstojis Ĺstojis pkslle p kslle 4 vinkrls moausks mleomks mleomk s ml ni soduoletl hielri6 DE 8 Drieml Elditovk% ?
HE 8 Hlmoiek Elditovk% SE 8 Slqul˞ ek ek Elditovk% Elditovk% V 8 Jlrjiek i Jlrk% SS 8 Slqul˞ ek ek Sksotovk% HS 8 Hlmoiek Sksotovk% DS 8 Drieml Sksotovk% Ni riz½ ke pkr ni qul sl lsjkdolrke 4 vinkrls moausks ls pkr qul ln ueovlrsk ml mosjurks ke qulmi hlfkr mleomk y < y 4 vinkrls ske ln lst½iemir iemir le ni hiykr½ hiykr½Ĺi ml nks jketrknimkrls moausks jkhlrjoinls le ni ijtuinomim%
Aoduri 936 Qinkrls moausks ml ni viroibnl lrrkr
Aoduri 996 Qinkrls moausks ml ni viroibnl jihbok lrrkr E½ktlsl ktlsl qul ni mostrobujo½ ke ke ml nis auejokels ml plrtlelejoi `i somk hkmojimi busjiemk ue hlfkr mlslhpl˞ ek. ek. so bole W;X sudolrl jknkjir uei mostrobujo½ ke ke noelin. noeli n. ½lsti lsti ls sknihletl sknihl etl uei sudlrlejoi piri jkhlezir jke ln mosl˞ ek% ek%
93
Aoduri 926 Qinkrls moausks ml ni viroibnl mln jketrkn Juimrk 96 ]ibni ml rldnis @ @ @ @ ml @ mt @
l
DE HE SE V SS HS DS
DE
HE
SE
V
SS
HS DS DS
DE DE DE DE DE DE HE DE DE DE HE SE DE DE SE SE SE V DE HE SE V HS HE SE V HS HS SE V SS H S D S V S S H S HS D S
SE V V SS DS DS HS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS
Aoduri 9:6 Zuplrjol ml jketrkn
1%2% 1%2%
Bisl Bisl ml Rldn Rldni is
Nis rldnis aulrke imiptimis ml ni mlsjropjo½ ke ke ml W;X piri `ijlr ni rlspulsti mln jketrk nimkr ue pkjk h½ is idrlsovi. ni tibni y suplrjol ml jketrkn sl hulstrie i jketoeuijo½ is ke6 ke6 nuldk tlelhks ni suplrjol ml jketrkn6 y einhletl ln lsqulhi piri ni sohunijoke le Zohunoeg oejnuylemk ni jkhpkeletl oetldrin oetldri n piri pi ri ln l n jketrknim jk etrknimkr kr `½Ĺbromk6 Ĺbromk 6 99
Aoduri 9=6 Lsqulhi le Zohunoeg Nuldk ml mleor nks pirihltrks prkjlmlhks i vlr nks rlsuntimks ml sohunijoke%
92
4%
½ RLZ\N RLZ\N] ]IMKZ IMKZ ML ZOH\NI ZOH\NIJO JOKE
Qlhks nis drijis ml ni rlspulsti in pisk ueotirok ml nks trls sostlhis ipnojiemk ln jketrkn SOM y ln jketrknimkr `½Ĺbromk6
Aoduri 9<6 Rlspulsti in Sisk jke ihbks jketrknimkrls
Aoduri 916 lsaulrzk mln jketrknimkr Nuldk mln ie½ inosos inosos prlvok tihbo½ le le pkmlhks p kmlhks kbslrvir ln jkhpkrtiholetk j khpkrtiholetk mln sostlhi i plrturbijokels ml jirdi. qul volele mimis pkr ni letrimi in sostlhi ύ j (t/%
9:
Aoduri 946 sl˞ einls ml lrrkr y jihbok ml lrrkr einls
Aoduri 906 Laljtk ml uei plrturbijo½ ke ke ml jirdi le t8=s
0%
JKEJ JKEJN\ N\ZO ZOKE KELZ LZ
Zl `i nkdrimk mosl˞ eir eir l ohpnlhletir jke ½lxotk lxotk ue jketrknimkr @obromk moausk piri pi ri ue hktkr MJ% Ln hkmlnk rlspkeml sitosaijtkroihletl i nis lspljtitovis% Ohpnlhletihks ue jketrknimkr SOM jkevlejokein piri laljtks ml ie½ inosos inosos y. laljtovi hletl. pumohks jkhprkbir ni suplrokromim mln jketrknimkr moausk kbslrviemk uei rlspuls ti h½is is r½ipomi ipomi y soe skbrlsintk tin jkhk sl kbslrvi le ni duri(9% Imlh½is is kbslrvihks ln jkhpkrtiholetk jke uei plrturbijo½ ke ml jirdi oetrkmujomi le ue tolhpk mostoetk ml ke jlrk le ni duri(90/ y ni lxjlnletl rlspulsti injiezimi pkr ln jketrknimkr moausk% Mlspu½ Mlspu½ls ls ml kbslrvir kbslrvir y jkhpirir ln rlemoholetk rlemoholetk ml ue jketrknimkr jketrknimkr SOM jkevlejokei jkevlejokeinn
9=
jke su lquovinletl moausk. pkmlhks jkejnuor le qul. plsl i qul ln indkrothk SOM jkevle jokein ls huj`k h½ is is slejonnk y jkrtk ml ohpnlhletir ohpnlhletir qul uek moausk. ln jrljoletl mlsirrknnk mlsirrknnk le ni tljeknkd½ tljeknkd½Ĺi `ijl `ij l qul lsti brlj`i br lj`i sli jimi vlz h½ is jkrti. pkr tietk. lstl topk ml jke trknimkrls ls ljiz y ipnojibnl%