Curso de Pedreiro - Aula 05

[ujçrnc KVP[C BF TFBPFNPC GVAG 6 AFYGHRGJFHRC AFYGHR GJFHRC BF TGPFBF[

Nhtrcbuìëc Gssfhtgjfhtc bf Fafjfhtcs Fafjfhtcs bf Gavfhgrng bf Yfbgìëc Yfbgìëc Fhkuhmgjfhtc Knhtgs bf Gjgrrgìëc Ynlgs Yfrlgs f Kchtrgvfrlgs Gavfhgrng Fstruturga Yfog sf Gprfhbfu Pfspcstgs bc Yfog sf Gprfhbfu ‛ Guag 2

Nhstntutc Vhnvfrsga @rgsnafnrc Gbjnhnstrgìëc Aunz Ifrhghbc Bnhnz Hgsc Ocsî Kgracs Bnhnz Hgsc Nhïs Bnhnz Hgsc Lfrfhtf Lfrga Jcbfstc Tghtgaîg Bnrfìëc bf Grtf Kgracs Fbugrbc T. Hgsc Gssnstfhtf Ourêbnkg Pgigfag Hgsc

Bnrftcrg Lfrga Nrfhf Pcbrnlufs bf Canvfnrg Rfnxfnrg Pn`fnrc Kccrbfhgìëc Bnbçtnkg \gabcjnrc Pfkkmn Ictclrgg Pc`frtc Kgracs Gavfs Gutcr \gabcjnrc Pfkkmn

Trcbuìëc Jgrkcs Trgbc bf Kgrvgamc

Fbntcrgìëc Nhstntutc Vhnvfrsga @rgsnafnrc

Njglfhs Gafxghbrf Jcrsnaag

Njprfssëc

Pfvnsëc Pcsfan Ghgstçknc [navg Jgrkng Jcrfnrg bf Kgrvgamc

NV@PG - Nhbÿstrng Lrçkg f Fbntcrg Atbg. Pcbcvng Fstgbuga @cntuvg - Npfrû, ej 7,7 Kgjpcs bf @cntuvg - @cntuvg - [T KFT 7=664-444

Rcbcs cs bnrfntcs sëc rfsfrvgbcs. Hëc î pfrjntnbg g rfprcbuìëc tctga cu pgrknga bfstf kursc.

GVAG 6 AFYGHRGJFHRC BF TGPFBF[

C gssfhtgjfhtc kcj ouhtgs ganhmgbgs g prujc hg vfrtnkga hëc î juntc kcjuj. [û î ifntc fj pgrfbfs bf gavfhgrng gpgrfhtf, cu kgsc sf bfsfof uj fifntc fspfknga. Hfssfs kgscs, fssf tnpc bf gssfhtgjfhtc rfqufr galuhs rficrìcs (lurg (lurg 0). 0).

Nhtrcbuìëc Ynjcs, hg anìëc ghtfrncr, cs fafjfhtcs jgns usgbcs hg gavfhgrng bf vfbgìëc kcjc tnocacs, àckcs bf kchkrftc ftk. f cs tnpcs bf pgrfbfs bf gkcrbc kcj c gssfhtgjfhtc bfstfs fafjfhtcs. Bfskrfvfrfjcs, g sflunr, kcjc î ifntc uj gssfhtgjfhtc kcj fstfs fafjfhtcs f tgj`îj kcjc sëc fxfkutgbcs cutrgs fstruturgs kcjc fhkuhmgjfhtc, knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc, vnlgs, vfrlgs f kchtrgvfrlgs.

Gssfhtgjfhtc bf Fafjfhtcs bf Gavfhgrng bf Yfbgìëc C gssfhtgjfhtc bcs fafjfhtcs bf gavfhgrng î ifntc kcackghbc cs fafjfhtcs sc`rf g grlg-

Inlurg 0 ‛ Gssfhtgjfhtc Gssfhtgjfhtc kcj ouhtgs ganhmgbgs g prujc.

jgssg pgrg icrjgr gs gbgs sc`rfpcstgs, kcj ouht ou htgs gs bf bfsf sfhk hkch chtrg trgbg bgs s cu cu hëc hëc,, bf bf jcb jcbc c quf quf fs fs--

Cs prckfbnjfhtcs pgrg c afvghtgjfhtc afvghtgjfhtc bf pgrfbfs sfluf g sflunhtf crbfj?

tfs fafjfhtcs qufj hnvfagbcs f ganhmgbcs. Cs fafjfhtcs bg gavfhgrng bfvfj sfr gssfhtgbcs kcj gs ouhtgs vfrtnkgns bf prfif-

• Anjpgr g supfriêknf chbf sfrç afvghtg-

rïhkng bfsfhkchtrgbgs, cu sfog, kgbg gbg bfvf kgr bfigsgbg g jfnc kcjprnjfhtc bc fafjfhtc bf gavfhgrng, fj rfagìëc g gbg bf

bg g pgrfbf5

• [c`rf g supfriêknf anjpg, igzfr jgrkgìöfs bf anhmgs quf bfanjntgj gs pgrfbfs5

• Bfpcns, nhnkngr c gssfhtgjfhtc pfacs

`gnxc. Fssf tnpc bf gssfhtgjfhtc, kchmfknbc kcjc ouhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc, lgrghtf rfsnstïhkng f fstg`nanbgbf äs pgrfbfs (lurg ( lurg 7). 7).

kghtcs kcj uj fafjfhtc fj kgbg kghtc, fif-

tughbc vçrngs gbgs fj qughtnbgbfs bfkrfskfhtfs bf fafjfhtcs, icrjghbc c quf kmgjgjcs bf kgstfac.

• Fj sflunbg, fstnkgr ujg anhmg bf hyach pgrgafagjfhtf äs grfstgs supfrncrfs bcs bcns fafjfhtcs gssfhtgbcs pgrg sfrvnr bf rfifrïhkng gc gssfhtgjfhtc bcs bfjgns fafjfhtcs

quf kcjpaftgj g gbg. Fssg anhmg fstnkgbg fhtrf cs bcns fafjfhtcs î kmgjgbg bf anhmg-lung, f g prnjfnrg ingb g î kchmfknbg kcjc ingbg bf jgrkgìëc.

Inlurg 7 ‛ Gssfh Gssfhtgjfht tgjfhtc c kcj kcj ouhtgs vfrtnk vfrtnkgns gns bfsfhk bfsfhkchtrgbg chtrgbgs. s.

Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

;

Nhstntutc Vhnvfrsga @rgsnafnrc

Nhnknghbc c gssfhtgjfhtc

Ifntgs gs bfjgrkgìöfs, nhnkngjcs c gs-

sfhtgjfhtc pfacs kghtcs bg supfriêknf. Tgrg

C gssfhtgjfhtc bf fafjfhtcs pgrg c afvghtgjfhtc bg pgrfbf sf nhnkng kcj g ingbg bf jgrkgìëc. Jgs ghtfs, kcjc bnssf-

nssc, kcj g kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc, gpankgjcs gr-

lgjgssg fj qughtnbgbf suknfhtf pgrg gssfhtgr uj fafjfhtc (lurg (lurg 6). 6).

jcs, î prfknsc anjpgr g supfriêknf chbf sfrëc gssfhtgbcs cs fafjfhtcs, rfjcvfhbc tcbg f qugaqufr njpurfzg (inlurg ( inlurg ;). ;).

Inlurg 6 ‛ Gpankghbc grlgjgssg grlgjgssg hc kghtc bg supfriêknf. Inlurg ; ‛ Anj Anjpgh pghbc bc c ack ackga ga pgr pgrg g c gss gssfht fhtgj gjfht fhtc c bcs faf fafjfh jfhtcs tcs..

Gssfhtgjfhtc kcj tnocacs jgknìcs

Bfpcns bg anjpfzg, igzfjcs g bfjgrkgìëc bgs pgrfbfs (lurg ( lurg 2). 2).

[c`rf g grlgjgssg, gssfhtgjcs c prnjfnrc tnocac fj uj bcs kghtcs, prfssnchghbc

`fj f, kcj c guxêanc bc kg`c bg kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc, bgjcs pfqufhcs lcapfs pgrg pcsnknchç-ac kcrrftgjfhtf (lurg (lurg 9). 9).

Inlurg 2 ‛ Bfjgrkgìëc bgs pgrfbfs.

C`sfrvgìöfs

Inlurg 9 ‛ Gssfhtgjfhtc bc prnjfnrc prnjfnrc tnocac fj uj bcs kghtcs. kghtcs.

• Î rfkcjfhbgbc jghtfr g supfriêknf `fj ujfbfknbg.

Kcj c hêvfa bf `camg, bfvfjcs vf-

• [f c gssfhtgjfhtc icr sc`rf vnlgs,

rninkgr sf c fafjfhtc fstç hnvfagbc, tghtc hc sfhtnbc achlntubnhga kcjc trghsvfrsga ( inlurg <). < ).

g pgrfbf bfvf sfr ganhmgbg kcj g igkf bgs vnlgs. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

2


Fstnkgbg g anhmg-lung, fxfkutgjcs cs kghtcs kcj cs tnocacs pgrg icrjgr c kgstfac (inlurg 74). 74).

Inlurg < ‛ Yfrnkghbc c hêvfa.

Fj sflunbg, bg jfsjg jghfnrg, gssfhtgjcs c sfluhbc tnocac hc cutrc kghtc pgrg kchlurgr c ganhmgjfhtc ( lurg =). =).

Inlurg 74 ‛ Icrjgìëc bc kgstfac. kgstfac.

Gs gbgs bf bcns kgstfacs cpcstcs cpcstcs bfvfj sfr ifntgs hc jfsjc hêvfa f kchtrcagbgs pfag jghlufnrg bf hêvfa cu pfac usc bc

Inlurg = ‛ Gssfhtghbc Gssfhtghbc c sfluhbc tnocac hc cutrc kghtc.

fskghtnamëc.

Ifntc nssc, fstnkgjcs g anhmg-lung quf sfrvnrç bf rfifrïhkng pgrg c gssfhtgjfhtc bgs

gbgs. Fssg anhmg bfvf fstgr prfsg f knrkuagbg

Gpûs c fxfkuìëc bcs kghtcs, icrjghbc cs kgstfacs, c prffhkmnjfhtc bg pgrfbf fh-

fj cutrcs bcns tnocacs, cu fj bcns pfqufhcs pfbgìcs bf jgbfnrg. Tcbfjcs kcackgr bcns prflcs, uj fj kgbg kghtc, pgrg quf g anhmg sf prfhbg hfafs (lurg (lurg >). >).

trf cs kghtcs kg jgns içkna, pcns, gc fstnkgr g anhmg-lung pgrg kgbg ujg bgs gbgs, fstgs pcbfj sfr afvghtgbgs sfj g prfckupgìëc

kcj g prujnbgbf (vfrtnkganbgbf) f kcj c hêvfa (mcrnzchtganbgbf) - lurg 77. 77.

Inlurg > ‛ Fstnkghbc g anhmg-lung.


Inlurg 77 ‛ Trffhkmnjfhtc bg pgrfbf fhtrf cs kghtcs.

6


G grlgj grlgjgssg gssg usgb usgbg g hc gssfh gssfhtgjfh tgjfhtc tc î kcjpcstg pcr knjfhtc, kga f grfng kcj trgìc bf 7?0?=. Fstg î gpankgbg fj qughtnbgbf gùh-

bghtf sc`rf kgbg gbg, bf jghfnrg quf pcssg gssfhtgr uj fafjfhtc kcj ouhtg bf 7 kj bf fspfssurg bf jgssg (lurgs (lurgs 70). 70).

Inlurg 72 ‛ Pf Pftn tn rg rghb hb c c fx fxkfs kfs sc bf gr lg lgjg jgssg ssg kc kcj j g

kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc.

Fj kgbg tnocac gssfhtgbc, bfvfjcs, tgh-

tc hc nhêknc kcjc hc j bg gbg, vfrnkgr g prujnbgbf kcj c c bf prujc f c hêvfa kcj c hêvfa bf `camg (lurgs 76 f 76 f 79 79). ). Inlurg 70 ‛ Gpankgìëc Gpankgìëc bf grlgjgssg.

C tnocac bfvf sfr pcsnknchgbc kcj g jgrkg vcatgbg pgrg knjg. Tcsnknchgjcs c fafjfhtc sc`rf g grlgjgssg kcj jcvnjfhtcs bf vgn f vfj pgrg prfssnchgr `fj5 fstf tgj`îj bfvf fstgr ganhmgbc kcj g anhmg-lung (inlurg ( inlurg 7;). 7; ).

Inlurg 76 ‛ Yfrnkghbc g prujnbgbf. prujnbgbf.

Inlurg 7; ‛ Gssfhtgjfhtc Gssfhtgjfhtc bf tnocacs.

C fxkfssc bf grlgjgssg bfvf sfr rfjcvnbc kcj g kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc f gpankgbc hg ouhtg vfrtnkga (lurg (lurg 72). 72). Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

Inlurg 79 ‛ Yfrnkghbc c hêvfa. hêvfa.

9


Bfssfs pchtcs, fxfkutgjcs g gbg bf jgrkgìëc f g gbg pgrg g icrjgìëc bcs kgs-

G grlgjgssg pcbf sfr gpankgbg bnrftgjfhtf hc tnocac g sfr gssfhtgbc kcj g kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc f, gpûs c gssfhtgjfhtc, `gtfjcs sc`rf c fafjfhtc kcj c kg`c, cu kcj g agtfrga bg kcamfr (lurg (lurg 7<). 7<).

tfacs pgrg pcstfrncr prffhkmnjfhtc bg pgrfbf (lurgs 7>). 7>).

Inlurg 7> ‛ Ingbgs Ingbgs bf jgrkg jgrkgìëc ìëc f pgrg pgrg icrj icrjgìëc gìëc bcs kgs kgstfac tfacs. s. Inlurg 7< ‛ Gpankghbc g grlgjgssg grlgjgssg hc tnocac g sfr gssfhtgbc. gssfhtgbc.

Cs kghtcs bgs pgrfbfs bfvfj sfr gjgrrgbcs, cu sfog, cs tnocacs sf nhtfrkgagj kchicrjf î jcstrgbc hg lurg 04. 04.

C afvghtgjfhtc bf pgrfbfs sfj fhkch-

trc, kchicrjf icn jcstrgbc hgs lurgs ghtfrncrfs, î juntc kcjuj fj kchstruìöfs kcj fstruturgs, cu sfog, kcj pnagrfs. Hc kgsc bf c`rgs kuog gavfhgrng bf vfbgìëc tfj fhkchtrc bf pgrfbfs, icrjghbc kcjpgrtnjfhtcs, fssgs pgrfbfs bfvfj sfr afvghtgbgs sfjprf pfacs kghtcs f fhkchtrcs, kchicrjf pcbfjcs vfr hg paghtg bg lurg 7=. 7=.

Inlurg 04 ‛ Gjgrrgìëc Gjgrrgìëc bcs kghtcs.

Hg anìëc ghtfrncr, fhsnhgjcs sc`rf g gjgrrgìëc bf pgrfbfs. [f pcr gkgsc cs tnocacs gprfsfhtgrfj vgrngìöfs bnjfhsnchga f/cu bficrjgìëc hc icrjgtc (fjpfhgjfhtc), c gssfhtgjfhtc bfvf sfr ifntc hnvfaghbc-sf gpfhgs ujg bgs igkfs bg pgrfbf ‛ bf prf prfifr ifrïhk ïhkng, ng, g igk igkf f fxt fxtfrh frhg g ‛, bfn bfnxgh xghbc bc g nrrfluagrnbgbf hg pgrtf nhtfrhg. G kcrrfìëc bfssg nrrfluagrnbgbf î ifntg kcj c rf`ckc (lurg (lurg 07). 07).

Inlurg 7= ‛ Kghtcs f fhkchtrcs bf pgrfbfs pgrg uhnëc bf

afvghtgjfhtc bgs pgrfbfs bf vfbgìëc. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

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Ygjcs fxfjpankgr? uj tnocac jgknìc tfj 6,6 kj bf gaturg f g ouhtg bf gjgrrgìëc (jgssg bf gssfhtgjfhtc), 7,6 kj5 hc tctga, tfjcs < kj. Gssnj, g lrgbugìëc bc fskghtnamëc

bfvf sfr bf sftf fj sftf kfhtêjftrcs. Bfpcns bf prfpgrgjcs cs fskghtnamöfs,

xgjcs prflcs hc sfluhbc trgìc bgs bugs ‑rîlugs‚ f gjgrrgjcs fhtrf fafs ujg anhmg

bf hyach, bfnxghbc-g `fj fstnkgbg (fssg anhmg rfspgabg f ganhmg g prnjfnrg gbg). Bfpcns, xgjcs prflcs hc tfrkfnrc trgìc f fstnkgjcs ujg anhmg bf hyach pgrg c rfspgabc bg sfluhbg gbg f gssnj pcr bnghtf,

Inlurg 07 ‛ Kcrrfìëc bf nrrfluagrnbgbfs.

icrjghbc c kgstfac (lurg ( lurg 0;). 0;). C`sfrvgìöfs

• Î juntc njpcrtghtf quf, ghtfs bc gssfhtgjfhtc, c tnocac jgknìc sfog jcamgbc pgrg igknantgr g gbfrïhkng. Gssnj, fanjnhgjcs c pû quf c fhvcavf, fvntghbc quf fstf g`scrvg çlug bg grlgjgssg.

• G prujnbgbf prujnbgbf f c hêvfa bfvfj sfr pfrifntcs f vfrnkgbcs g kgbg trïs cu qugtrc gbgs, utnanzghbc c c bf prujc f c hêvfa bf `camg, kcjc oç icn fxpankgbc.

• Gs pgrfbfs bfvfj sfr afvghtgbgs g gaturg bf, gprcxnjgbgjfhtf, 7,64 j f, bfpcns, igzfjcs g jchtglfj bc ghbgnjf. Inlurg 0; ‛ Anhmg bf hyach fstnkgbg fhtrf cs fskghtnamöfs.

Cutrg jghfnrg juntc kcjuj bf igzfr c afvghtgjfhtc bgs pgrfbfs î kcj c usc bc fskghtnamëc, quf î ujg mgstf bf jgbfnrg, cu

Gssfhtgjfhtc kcj àckcs bf kchkrftc

bf jftga, fj kuog supfriêknf sëc jgrkgbgs gs gaturgs bgs gbgs. Î juntc usgbc hg icrjgìëc bcs kghtcs bgs pgrfbfs (kgstfacs). Gs lr lrgb gbug ugìö ìöfs fs së sëc c if ifnt ntgs gs hg jf jfbn bnbg bg bg ga gatu tu-rg bc fafjfhtc jgns g fspfssurg bg ouhtg bf grlgjgssg bf gjgrrgìëc hg mcrnzchtga (lurg (lurg 00). 00).

C gssfhtgjfhtc kcj àckcs bf kchkrftc î sfjfamghtf gc oç bfskrntc pgrg g gavfhgrng kcj tnocacs jgknìcs. Nhnkngjcs c afvghtgjfh-

tc pfacs kghtcs utnanzghbc c c bf prujc f c hêvfa bf `camg. G grlgjgssg grlgjgssg bf gssfhtgjfhtc bf àckcs bf kchkrftc bfvf sfr ifntg kcj trgìc bf 7?º?9 (knjfhtc, kga f grfng cu pû bf pfbrg). Cs àckcs hëc sëc jgknìcs f pcssufj iurcs, jgs c iuhbc î ifkmgbc, pcns fstf î

g supfriêknf fj quf sf gpankg g grlgjgssg pgrg c gssfhtgjfhtc bg gbg sflunhtf5 pcrtghtc, cs àckcs sëc gssfhtgbcs kcj cs iurcs pgrg `gnxc. Yfog, g sflunr, g fxfkuìëc bf uj trfkmc bf pgrfbf fhtrf cs pnagrfs kcj àckcs bf kchkrftc?

Inlurg 00 ‛ Vsc bf fskghtnamöfs.


=


7. Nhnkngjcs c gssfhtgjfhtc bcs àckcs hc kghtc bnrfntc (lurgs (lurgs 02G f 02G f @).

Inlurgs 06G f @ ‛ Yfrnkghbc c hêvfa f g prujnbgbf. prujnbgbf.

;. C jfsjc prckfbnjfhtc bfvf sfr ifntc hc kghtc fsqufrbc pgrg quf sfog fstnkgbg g anhmg-lung (lurg (lurg 09). 09).

Inlurgs 02G f @ ‛ Gssfhtgjfhtc bc àckc bf kchkrftc hc Inlurg 09 ‛ Gss Gssfhtg fhtghbc hbc c àckc àckc bf kchk kchkrftc rftc hc kght kghtc c fsquf fsqufrbc. rbc.

kghtc bnrfntc.

2. Gssfhtgbcs cs bcns àckcs, fstnkgjcs

0. Gssfhtgbc c àckc hc kghtc bnrfntc,

bfvfjcs vfrninkgr c hêvfa f g prujnbgbf

g anhmg-lung pgrg c gssfhtgjfhtc bg gbg bf

( inlurgs 06G f 06G f @ ).

jgrkgìëc (lurgs (lurgs 0< f 0< f 0= 0=). ).

Inlurg 0< ‛ Fstnkghbc g anhmg-lung. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

>


Inlurg 0= ‛ Ingbg bf jgrkgìëc fxfkutgbg. fxfkutgbg.

Gssfhtgh fhtghbc bc c sflu sfluhbc hbc àck àckc c gc agbc bc jfn jfnc c àckc àckc.. Inlurg ;7 ‛ Gss

6. Kchkauêbg g gbg bf jgrkgìëc, fxf 9. C jfsjc prckfbnjfhtc î ifntc hc kghtc fsqufrbc (lurg (lurg ;0G f ;0G f @).

kutgjcs cs kgstfacs hcs bcns kghtcs. G sf-

luhbg gbg î nhnkngbg hc kghtc bnrfntc kcj jfnc àckc bf kchkrftc (lurgs (lurgs 0>, 0>, ;4 ;4 f f ;7 ;7). ).

Inlurg 0> ‛ Kcrtghbc c àckc bf kchkrftc. kchkrftc.

Inlurgs ;0G f @ ‛ Kghtc fsqufrbc.

Inlurg ;4 ‛ Gs Gssf sfht htghb ghbc c c jfn jfnc c àc àckc kc bf kc kchk hkrf rftc tc hc kg kght htc c bnr bnrfnt fntc. c. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

74


<. G pgrtnr bgê, fxfkutgjcs c kgstfac f c prffhkmnjfhtc bgs gbgs gtî ujg bftfrjnhg-

Gpûs fstubgrjcs g fxfkuìëc bf vfrlgs f kchtrgvfrlgs, kchtnhugrfjcs g fxfkuìëc bfssg pgrfbf.

bg gaturg, g pgrtnr bg quga sf bgrç kchtnhunbgbf gpûs g fxfkuìëc bc ghbgnjf (lurgs ( lurgs ;;G f @).

>. Cs àckcs bfvfj sfr gssfhtgbcs kcj gjgrrgìëc hcs kghtcs f hc fhkchtrc bf pgrfbfs. Yfog hgs lurgs ;6 g ;6 g ;> ;> kcjc kcjc î ifntg ujg knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc.

Inlurg ;6 ‛ Trnjfnrg gbg bc fhkchtrc bf pgrfbfs.

Inlurgs ;;G f @ ‛ Kgstfac bc kghtc bnrfntc.

=. Fxfkutgjcs g qugrtg gbg kcj àckcs kghgaftgs cs qugns nrëc rfkf`fr gs `grrgs bf gìc f c kchkrftc pgrg kchifkìëc bg kchtrgvfrlg (lurg (lurg ;2). ;2).

Inlurg ;2 ‛ @ackcs kghgaftgs hg qugrtg gbg.


Inlurgs ;9G f @ ‛ Nhnknghbc g sfluhbg gbg.

77


Inlurg ;> ‛ Afvghtghbc gs pgrfbfs.

74. Hc fhkchtrc bf pgrfbfs fxtfrhgs kcj nhtfrhgs, pcbfjcs igzfr g gjgrrgìëc kcj `grrgs bf gìc kcj bnàjftrc bf ±‚ (9,; jj) g kgbg trïs ingbgs cu kcj pnagrfs ( inlurgs 24 f ). 24 f 27 27).

Inlurg ;< ‛ Yfrnkghbc c hêvfa.

Inlurg 24 ‛ @grrgs bf gìc pgrg gjgrrgìëc gjgrrgìëc bf pgrfbfs fxtfr-

hgs kcj nhtfrhgs.

Inlurgs ;=G f @ ‛ Rfrkfnrg Rfrkfnrg gbg. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

Inlurg 27 ‛ Fh Fhkc kcht htrc rc bf pg pgrf rfbf bf nh nhtf tfrh rhg g kc kcj j pn pnag agrr bg pg pgrf rfbf bf fx fxtf tfrh rhg. g.

70


Gssfhtgjfhtc kcj àckcs kfràjnkcs C afvghtgjfhtc bf pgrfbfs kcj àckcs kfràjnkcs î `fj jgns rçpnbc f fkchòjnkc. Cs fafjfhtcs sëc jgns afvfs, pcrîj hëc cifrfkfj lrghbf rfsnstïhkng5 pcr nssc sëc utnanzgbcs fj gavfhgrng bf vfbgìëc bf c`rgs kcj fstrut urg bf kchkrftc. Fj pgrfbfs kcj àckcs kfràjnkcs, pcbfjcs fjùtnr gs tuùagìöfs pgrg nhstgagìöfs faîtrnkgs f mnbrçuankgs burghtf g fxfkuìëc bg gavfhgrng, fvntghbc c rfkcrtf bgs pgrfbfs hc inhga bc trg`gamc. Inlurg 2; ‛ Ackganzgìëc Ackganzgìëc bgs pgrfbfs, bc kghtc f bc fhkchtrc.

Tcr sfr ujg pgrfbf hëc rfsnstfhtf, hëc pcbfjcs gpankgr hfhmujg kgrlg sc`rf fag. C gssfhtgjfhtc bcs àckcs î ifntc kcj gjgrrgìëc f fhkchtrc bf pgrfbfs, icrjghbc pgrfbfs kcj fspfssurg kcrrfspchbfhtf g uj cu g jfnc tnocac. G grlgjgssg pgrg c gssfhtgjfhtc bfvf sfr kcj trgìc bf 7?0?= (knjfhtc, kga f grfng). Tgrg fxfjpaninkgr, vfog g fxfkuìëc bgs pgrfbfs TB7 f TB0 (inlurg ( inlurg 20) 20 ) f bcs kghtcs fxfkutgbcs kcj àckcs kfràjnkcs ( inlurgs 2; g 2; g 60 60G G f @ ). Inlurg 22 ‛ Nhnk Nhnknghb nghbc c c kgh kghtc tc fsqu fsqufrbc frbc (kgs (kgstfac tfac)) bg pgrf pgrfbf bf TB7.

Inlurg 26 ‛ Nh Nhnk nkng nghb hbc c c fh fhkc kcht htrc rc bg pg pgrf rfbf bf TB TB7 7 kc kcj j g pg pgrf rfbf bf TB TB0. 0.

Inlurg 20 ‛ Taghtg bgs pgrfbfs TB7 f TB0.


7;


Inlurg 29 ‛ Fxfkutghbc c kghtc bnrfntc bg pgrfbf pgrfbf TB0.

Inlurg 2< ‛ [fluhbg [fluhbg gbg gbg bc kghtc fsqufrbc fsqufrbc bg pgrfbf pgrfbf TB7. TB7.

Inlurgs 2>G f @ ‛ [fluhbg gbg bgs pgrfbfs TB7 f TB0.

Inlurg 2= ‛ [fluhbg gbg bc fhkchtrc bg pgrfbf TB7 kcj

g pgrfbf TB0. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

Inlurg 64 ‛ Kghtc fsqufrbc bg pgrfbf TB7. TB7.

72


Hfssf rntjc f snjuatghfnbgbf, fxfkutgjcs gs ingbgs fhtrf cs kgstfacs, fhkchtrc bf pgrfbfs f kghtcs gtî g inhganzgìëc bc trg`gamc (inlurg ( inlurg 6;). 6; ).

Inlurg 67 ‛ Rfrkfnrg Rfrkfnrg gbg.

Inlurgs 6; ‛ Tgrfbfs TB7 f TB0 kchkauêbgs.

Fhkuhmgjfhtc Gs pg rf bf bfs s bf vf vfbg bgìë ìë c kc kcj j fs fstr tr uturg bf kchkrftc bfvfj sfr trgvgbgs hc fhkchtrc bfstgs kcj vnlgs f agofs5 fssf trgvgjfhtc î bfhcjnhgbc fhkuhmgjfhtc. Hc kgsc bf c`rgs sfj fstruturg bf kchkrftc, rfkcjfhbg-sf quf g ÿatnjg ingbg bgs pgrfbfs sfogj trgvgbgs fhtrf sn kcj knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc. Rgj`îj kchmfknbc kcjc ‑gpfrtc bf gavfhgrng‚, fhkuhmgjfhtc î c ifkmgjfhtc bf gavfhgrng ouhtc äs agofs cu vnlgs supfrncrfs. Fstf bfvf sfr fxfkutgbc, hc jêhnjc, 76 bngs gpûs c tîrjnhc bc afvgh tgjfhtc bg gavfhgrng. C fspgìc fhtrf g agof, cu g vnlg, f g gavfhgrng bfvf sfr bf, gprcxnjgbgjfhtf, 04 kj. C fhkuhmgjfhtc î ifntc kcj tnocacs jgknìcs nhkanhgbcs fj ujg sû bnrfìëc, cu fj bnrfìöfs cpcstgs, kchicrjf pcbfjcs vfr hgs inlurg 62 f 62 f 66 66..

Inlurgs 60G f @ ‛ Yfrnkghbc c hêvfa. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

76


Grlgjgssg fxpghsnvg Cs tnocacs jgknìcs pgrg c fhkuhmg-

jfhtc pcbfj sfr su`stntuêbcs pfag grlgjgssg fxpghsnvg, quf î ujg jnsturg prchtg hg quga î gbnknchgbg çlug fj qughtnbgbf rfkcjfhbgbg pfac ig`rnkghtf. G icalg g sfr bfnxgbg fhtrf g gavfhgrng gav fhgrng f g fstruturg î bf 0 g ; kj, prffhkmnbg kcj g grlgjgssg fj kgbg uj bcs agbcs kcj g kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc (lurg (lurg 69). 69).

Inlurg 62 ‛ Fhkuhmgjfhtc kcj tnocacs jgknìcs.

Inlurg 69 ‛ Gpank Gpankghbc ghbc grlg grlgjgs jgssg sg fxpg fxpghsnv hsnvg g hc hc fhku fhkuhmgj hmgjfhtc fhtc..

Knhtgs bf Gjgrrgìëc Gs pgrf pgrfbfs bfs bf tnocac tnocacs s jgknì jgknìcs cs rfsn rfsnstf stfj j äs

kgrlgs bnstrnùêbgs, pcrîj hëc supcrtgj kgrlgs kchkfhtrgbgs. Tcr fxfjpac, ujg agof gpcngbg sc`rf gavfhgrng trghsjntf sfjprf kgrlgs bnstrnùêbgs gc achlc bf tcbg g pgrfbf ( lurg 6<). 6<).

Inlurg 66 ‛ Fh Fhku kuhm hmgj gjfht fhtc c ifn ifntc tc kc kcj j tno tnocac cacs s jg jgkn knìc ìcs s fj uj ujg g c` c`rg. rg.

C gssfhtgjfhtc bcs tnocacs bfvf sfr ifntc kcj grlgjgssg irgkg, kcj trgìc bf 7?;?70 g 7= (knjfhtc, kga mnbr gtgbc f grfng). Fj prîbncs, c fhkuhmgjfhtc bfvf sfr fxfkutgbc bf knjg pgrg `gnxc, cu sfog, bcs ghbgrfs supfrncrfs pgrg cs nhifrncrfs. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

Inlurg 6< ‛ Agof gpcngbg sc`rf gavfhgrng bf tnocacs jgknìcs. jgknìcs.

79


Oç ujg vnlg gpcngbg sc`rf gavfhgrng trghsjntf, hcrjgajfhtf, kgrlgs kchkfhtrgbgs. Hfssf kgsc, gs tfhsöfs sëc lrghbfs, f cs tnocacs hëc supcrtgj c pfsc f sf trnhkgj (lurg (lurg 6=). 6=).

Bnzfjcs quf gs kgrlgs fstëc uhnicr-

jfjfhtf bnstrnùêbgs qughbc gtugj kcj nluga nhtfhsnbgbf gc achlc bf tcbg ujg su-

pfriêknf. Gs knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc gpcngj f bnstrnùfj gs kgrlgs bg agof, f pcbfj sfr ifntgs fj c`rgs jgns snjpafs kcj àckcs kghgaftgs, hc nhtfrncr bcs qugns sf kcackgj `grrgs bf gìc bfsfhkcstgbgs hc iuhbc. G qughtnbgbf bf `grrgs vgrng bf bcns, trïs cu qugtrc, bfpfhbfhbc bg kgrlg quf fssgs knhtgs nrëc rfkf`fr? sf g agof î sû bf kc`frturg5 sf î sc`rgbc, kuog agof î c pnsc5 sf î tfamgbc ftk. (lurg ( lurg 94). 94).

Inlurg 6= ‛ Ynlg Ynlg gpcngbg gpcngbg sc`rf sc`rf g gavfhgrng gavfhgrng bf tnocacs tnocacs jgknìcs jgknìcs..

[fjprf quf mcuvfr kgrlgs kchkfhtrgbgs hg gavfhgrng, sfrng jfamcr kcackgr fafjfhtcs bf jgncr rfsnstïhkng (kchkrftc) pgrg bnstrnùnr gs kgrlgs f fvntgr iuturgs trnhkgs. Gs knh knhtgs tgs bf gjg gjgrrgì rrgìëc ëc sëc faf fafjfh jfhtcs tcs fstruturgns ifntcs bf kchkrftc f pcbfj rfkf`fr kgrlgs kchkfhtrgbgs sfj prcàfjgs, bnstrnùnhbc-gs gc achlc bc sfu kcjprnjfhtc. Fags sëc

fxfkutgbgs sc`rf g ÿatnjg gbg bg gavfhgrng (gbg bf rfspgabc) f tïj fssf hcjf pcrquf Inlurg 94 ‛ Knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc kcj kcj àckcs kghgaftgs.

pcbfjcs ‑gjgrrgr‚ tcbgs gs pgrfbfs fhtrf sn, bghbc jgncr scanbfz ä kchstruìëc (lurg (lurg 6>). 6>).

Tcbfjcs gnhbg fxfkutgr g kghgaftg bg knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc kcj tnocacs jgknìcs (inlurg 97). 97).

Inlurg 6> ‛ Knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc. gjgrrgìëc.


Inlurg 97 ‛ Knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc kcj kcj tnocacs jgknìcs. jgknìcs.

7<


0. Wughbc hëc mcuvfr ifrrglfj hcs pnagrfs, gs `grrgs bgs knhtgs sëc bc`rgbgs hgs kurvgs f fhkuhmgbgs hcs aghkfs rftcs (lurg ( lurg 9;). 9;).

C`sfrvgìöfs

• Ghtfs bg kchkrftglfj bg knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc, î hfkfssçrnc quf sf igìg g pgssglfj bf tuùagìëc bf çlug f bf fslctc,

bcs kchbuêtfs ftk. • Hc kgsc bf lrghbfs kgrlgs, gs knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc bfvfj sfr kgakuagbgs pcr fspfknganstgs, kcjc sf icssfj vnlgs. Yfog, g sflunr, g fxfkuìëc bf knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc fj ujg c`rg? 7. Hgs lurgs 90G f 90G f @, tfjcs g fxfkuìëc bg knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc kcj bugs `grrgs bf gìc fj àckcs kghgaftg. Yfog, tgj`îj, c fhlgstf bgs `grrgs hg grjgburg bc pnagr.

Inlurg 9; ‛ @grrgs bgs knhtgs bc`rgbgs hgs kurvgs. kurvgs.

;. Î njpcrtghtf quf gs `grrgs pgrg kchkrftc grjgbc, bf uj jcbc lfrga, qufj bfsfhkcstgbgs bcs iuhbcs bgs icrjgs. Tgrg nssc, usgjcs fspgìgbcrfs quf pcbfj sfr njprcvnsgbcs kcjc kgaìcs bf pfbrgs, cu fspgìgbcrfs prchtcs gbqunrnbcs fj kgsgs bf jgtfrnga bf kchstruìëc (lurg (lurg 92). 92).

Inlurg 92 ‛ Fspgìgbcrfs pgrg gs `grrgs.

2. Bfpcns quf gs `grrgs icrgj kcackgbgs hgs icrjgs, pcbfjcs nhnkngr g kchkrftglfj bg knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc (lurg (lurg 96G f 96G f @).

Inlurgs 90G f @ ‛ @grrgs bf gìc fj àckcs kghgaftgs pgrg

fxfkuìëc bg knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

7=


Inlurg 9< ‛ Fspgamghbc f gansghbc c kchkrftc.

Ynlgs Kcjc bnssfjcs, qughbc ujg lrghbf

kgrlg î bnstrnùêbg sc`rf g gavfhgrng, bfvfjcs fxfkutgr, hc rfspgabc bg gavfhgrng, vnlgs bf kchkrftc grjgbc prfvngjfhtf kgakuagbgs pcr fhlfhmfnrc fspfknganstg. Gc pfbrfnrc, kg`f scjfhtf fxfkutç-ags bf gkcrbc kcj c prcoftc. Yfog g fxfkuìëc bf vnlgs fj ujg c`rg? Inlurgs 96G f @ ‛ Kchkrftglfj bgs knhtgs knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc.

7. Kcj gs grjgburgs prchtgs, fstgs sëc kcackgbgs sc`rf gs pgrfbfs (lurg (lurg 9=). 9=).

Pfkcjfhbgjcs jcamgr tcbc c nhtfrncr bcs àckcs ghtfs bf igzfr g kchkrftglfj. 6. Kcj g kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc, igzfjcs c gbfhsgjfhtc, nstc î, g gkcjcbgìëc bc kchkrftc hc iuhbc bcs àckcs, f c gansgjfhtc bg supfriêknf (lurgs 99 f 99 f 9< 9<). ).

Inlurg 9= ‛ Kcackghbc grjgburg sc`rf sc`rf g pgrfbf.

0. Bfpcns quf icrgj kcackgbgs tcbgs gs grjgburgs sc`rf gs pgrfbfs, tcbgs anlgbgs fhtrf sn, bfvfjcs fhvcavï-ags kcj gs icrjgs bf jgbfnrg (lurgs (lurgs 9>G f 9>G f @).

Inlurg 99 ‛ Igzfhbc c gbfhsgjfhtc bc kchkrftc. kchkrftc.


7>


2. Fstghbc gs icrjgs `fj ujfbfknbgs fj sfu nhtfrncr, nhnkngjcs g kchkrftglfj (inlurgs ( inlurgs <7G f <7G f @ ).

Inlurgs 9>G f @ ‛ Icrjgs bf jgbfnrg kcackgbgs. kcackgbgs.

;. Kcackgbgs gs icrjgs bf jgbfnrg, ghtfs bf nhnkngr g kchkrftglfj, bfvfjcs jcamgr c nhtfrncr bgs icrjgs pgrg quf g jgbfnrg hëc suluf g çlug bc kchkrftc (lurg ( lurg <4). <4).

Inlurgs <7G f @ ‛ Kchkrftglfj bgs vnlgs. vnlgs.

6. Kchkauêbg g kchkrftglfj, glugrbg jcs gc tfjpc bf kurg bc kchkrftc pgrg bfpcns rftnrgr gs icrjgs bgs vnlgs (lurgs (lurgs <0G f <0G f @).

Inlurg <4 ‛ Jcamghbc c nhtfrncr bgs icrjgs. icrjgs. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

04


fafjfhtc g sfr fxfkutgbc î g kchtrgvfrlg, quf bfvf sfr pcsnknchgbg hg pgrtf bf `gnxc bg fsqugbrng (lurg (lurg <2). <2).

Inlurgs <0G f @ ‛ Pftnrghbc gs icrjgs bgs vnlgs.

Yfrlgs f Kchtrgvfrlgs Inlurg <2 ‛ @ackcs kghgaftgs pgrg pgrg kchtrgvfrlg.

Wughbc gs pgrfbfs pcssufj g`frtu-

rgs pgrg pcrtgs f oghfags, g kgrlg bnstrnùêbg

G fafvgìëc bg pgrfbf bfvf sfr nhtfrrcj-

pfag pgrfbf fhkchtrg cs ‑vgzncs‚ bcs vëcs, rfsuatghbc fj ujg sc`rfkgrlg hcs vîrtnkfs bcs vëcs, prcvckghbc, gssnj c fjpfrrgjfhtc bgs pcrtgs f oghfags f, gtî jfsjc, trnhkgs hcs vëcs (lurg (lurg <;). <;).

pnbg g ujg gbg ghtfs bf gtnhlnr g gaturg bc pfntcrna pgrg fxfkutgr g kchtrgvfrlg, g quga bfvfrç sfr ifntg sfjprf quf c vëc fxkfbfr g 4,64 j bf agrlurg. Yëcs kcj agrlurg nhifrncr hëc prfknsgj bf kchtrgvfrlg. Ifntg g kchkrftglfj bg kchtrgvfrlg, g fafvgìëc bg gavfhgrng bgs agtfrgns bc vëc bfvf kchtnhugr gtî gtnhlnr g gaturg chbf sfrç fxfkutgbg g vfrlg (lurg (lurg <6). <6).

Inlurg <; ‛ Rrnhkgs Rrnhkgs hcs vëcs bf pcrtgs f oghfags.

Tcr kgusg bnssc, î hfkfssçrnc fxfkutgr uj rficrìc fstruturga bfhcjnhgbc vfrlg f kchtrgvfrlg. Gs vfrlgs f kchtrgvfr kchtrgvfrlgs lgs pcbfj sfr prî-jcabgbgs cu jcabgbgs hc ackga fj icrjgs bf jgbfnrg cu fj àckcs kghgaftg. Kgsc c vëc hëc sfog pgrg ujg oghfag, c prnjfnrc Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

Inlurg <6 ‛ @ackcs kghgaftgs pgrg pgrg fxfkuìëc bg vfrlg.

Hc kgsc bf vëcs pgrg pcrtgs, sû î fxfkutgbg g vfrlg (inlurg ( inlurg <9). <9 ). 07


uatrgpgssghbc 04 kj bf kgbg agbc bc vëc5 oç pgrg vëcs bf 7,44 g 7,64 j, bugs `grrgs bf ;/=‚ kcj ;4 kj bf kcjprnjfhtc g jgns bf kgbg agbc (lurg (lurg <=). <=).

Inlurg <9 ‛ Yfrlg sc`rf sc`rf vëcs bf pcrtgs.

Tgrg kgscs kcjuhs bf pcrtgs f oghfags bf gtî 7,64 j bf agrlurg, fj pgrfbfs bf gavfhgrng bf tnocacs jgknìcs, utnanzgjcs bugs `grrgs bf ±‚ pgrg pgrfbfs bf jfnc-tnocac f bugs `grrgs bf 6/79‚ (= jj) pgrg pgrfbfs bf uj tnocac (lurg (lurg <<). <<).

Inlurg <= ‛ @grrgs pgrg vëcs bf bf 7,44 g 7,64 j.

Tgrg pgrfbfs bf àckcs f vëcs fhtrf 7,64 f 0,44 j, trïs tr ïs `grrgs bf ;/=‚ uatrgpgssghbc ;4 kj bf kgbg agbc bc vëc (lurg (lurg <>). <>).

Inlurg <> ‛ @grrgs pgrg vëcs fhtrf fhtrf 7,64 f 0,44 j. Inlurg << ‛ Bugs `grr `grrgs gs bf gìc hc nhtfr nhtfrncr ncr bcs àck àckcs cs kghg kghgaftgs aftgs..

C`sfrvgìöfs

• Î rfkcjfhbgbc quf vfrlgs f kchtrgvfrlgs jgncrfs quf 7, 64 j sfogj kgakuagbgs kcjc vnlgs.

Fj gj`cs cs kgcs, gs `grrgs bfvfj uatrgpgssgr c vëc fj 4,; kj bf kgbg agbc.

• Rghtc gs vfrlgs kcjc gs kchtrgvfrlgs bfvfj tfr, hc jêhnjc, 04 kj g

Tgrg pgrfbf kcj àckcs f vëcs bf gtî 7,44 j, utnanzgjcs ujg `grrg bf ;/=‚ (>,6 jj) Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

jgns pgrg kgbg agbc bc vëc. 00


Î njpcrtghtf quf gs `grrgs inqufj

G kc kchk hkrf rftg tglf lfj j bg bgs s vf vfrl rlgs gs f kc kcht htrg rg-vfrlgs hc ackga î uj prckfbnjfhtc quf nhtfrrcjpf c prckfssc bf afvghtgjfhtc bg gavfhgrng5 pcrtghtc, nhiaufhkng hg g prcbutnvnbgbf. G utnanzgìëc bf vfrlgs f kchtrgvfrlgs prî-ig`rnkgbgs gkfafrg c afvghtgjfhtc bg gavfhgrng f, kchsfqufhtfjfhtf, g prcbutnvnbgbf.

nscagbgs hc iuhbc bg icrjg pgrg quf c kchkrftc pfhftrf pcr `gnxc, fhvcavfhbc tctgajfhtf gs `grrgs. Tgrg nssc, usgjcs fspgìgbcrfs, quf icrgj jcstrgbcs ghtfrncrjfhtf. Tgrg kchifkìëc bgs vfrlgs, î hfkfssçrnc igzfr c fskcrgjfhtc bgs icrjgs. Nssc î njpcrtghtf pgrg g kchifkìëc bg vfrlg jcabgbg hc ackga (inlurgs ( inlurgs =4G f @) .

Kcj c còftnvc bf jcstrgr, hg prçtnkg, kcjc î ifntc c afvghtgjfhtc bg gavfhgrng bf vfbgìëc, nhnkngjcs hg pçlnhg > bfstg guag, g fxfkuìëc bf uj trfkmc fhtrf pnagrfs bf ujg pgrfbf kcj àckcs bf kchkrftc. Tcr pcssunr uj vëc bf oghfag quf hfkfssntg bf uj rficrìc fstruturga, fssf prckfbnjfhtc icn nhtfrrcjpnbc gpûs g fxfkuìëc bg tfrkfnrg ingbg (pçlnhg77), kcj g sflunhtf c`sfrvgìëc?

• G fxfkuìëc bg tfrkfnrg ingbg sû icn pcssêvfa gpûs cs fstubcs sc`rf vfrlgs f kchtrgvfrlgs, g`crbgbcs ghtfrncrjfhtf.

• Fxfkutgbg g tfrkfnrg ingbg, g qugrt g sfrç kcj àckcs kghgaftgs pgr g fxfkuìëc bg kchtrgvfrlg (inlurg ( inlurg =7). =7 ).

Inlurgs =4G f @ ‛ Fskcrgjfhtc bgs icrjgs. icrjgs. Inlurg =7 ‛ Wugrtg gbg kcj àckcs kghgaftgs.

[f c vëc fstnvfr rfhtf gc rfspgabc bg gavfhgrng, g vfrlg î bnspfhsgbg, oç quf g prûprng knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc pcbf

Gpû s g kch Gpûs kchkau kausëc sëc bg ingb i ngbg g kcj kc j àckc à ckcs s kghgaftgs, fj sfu nhtfrncr, kcackgjcs bugs `grrgs bf gìc (inlurg ( inlurg =0). =0).

su`stntuê-ag. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

0;


Fssgs `grrgs hëc pcbfj inkgr fhkcstgbgs hc iuhbc bg kghgaftg. Tcrtghtc, î hfkfssçrnc gigstgr gs `grrgs kcj galuj kgaìc5 hfstf kgsc, utnanzgjcs ujg pfqufhg pfbrg (inlurg (inlurg =2). =2).

Inlurg =0 ‛ @grrgs bf gìc hc nhtfrncr bcs àckcs kghgaftgs.

Kcjc sf trgtg bf pgrfbf fhtrf pnagrfs, gs `grrgs sëc fhlgstgbgs f gjgrrgbgs hg grjgburg bcs pnagrfs (lurgs (lurgs =;G f =;G f @).

Inlurg =2 ‛ Kgaìc fhtrf gs `grrgs bf ifrrc.

Kcj gs `grrgs gigstgbgs bc iuhbc bg kghgaftg, nhnkngjcs g kchkrftglfj ( inlurg =6) =6 ) .

Inlurg =6 ‛ Kchkrftglfj bg kghgaftg. kghgaftg.

Hëc pcbfjcs fsqufkfr bf quf fstg icrjg ifntg kcj àckcs bf kchkrftc bfvf sfr ujfbfknbg. Gssnj, prckfbfjcs kcj g kchkrftglfj (inlurgs ( inlurgs =9G f =9G f @ ).

Inlurgs =;G f @ ‛ Fhlgstf f gjgrrgìëc bgs `grrgs bf gìc. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

02


Yfog kcjc inkcu g kchtrgvfrlg hg inlurg ==. == .

Inlurg == ‛ Kchtrgvfrlg kchkauêbg.

Kchkauêbg g kchtrgvfrlg, glugrbgjcs g sfkglfj f, bfpcns, nhnkngjcs c afvghtgjfhtc bgs agtfrgns bc vëc bg oghfag gtî g gaturg bg vfrlg. Gpûs Gpû s gt gtnhl nhlnr nr g ga gatur turg g bgs agt agtfr frgns gns bc vëc, kcackgjcs ujg tçùg fskcrgbg kcj uj pchtgaftf hc kfhtrc bc vëc f nhnkngjcs c gssfhtgjfhtc bf uj àckc kghgaftg fj kgbg kghtc pgrg fxfkuìëc bg vfrlg. Ifntc nssc, fstnkgjcs g anhmg-lung (inlurg ( inlurg =>). =>). Inlurgs =9G f @ ‛ Kchkaunhbc g kchkrftglfj. kchkrftglfj.

C gbfhsgjfhtc bc kchkrftc pcbf sfr ifntc kcj g prûprng kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc ( inlurg =<). =< ).

Inlurg => ‛ @ackc kghgaftg hc kghtc.

Fstnkgbg g anhmg-lung, gssfhtgjcs cs àckcs kghgaftgs, kchkaunhbc g ingbg bg vfrlg (inlurgs ( inlurgs >4G f >4G f @ ).

Inlurg =< ‛ Gbfhsgjfhtc Gbfhsgjfhtc bc kchkrftc. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

06


Kcackgbgs gs `grrgs, pcbfjcs nhnkngr g kchkrftglfj (lurgs (lurgs >05 >05 >;G >;G f f @).

Inlurg >0 ‛ Jcamghbc g kghgaftg bg vfrlg.

Inlurgs >4G f @ ‛ Kchkauêbg g gbg bg vfrlg.

Glcrg,, kc Glcrg kcack ackgj gjcs cs gs bu bugs gs `grrgs `grrgs bf gì gìc c hc sfu nhtfrncr, gigstgbgs bc iuhbc, fhlgstgbgs f gjgrrgbgs hgs grjgìöfs bcs pnagrfs (lurg (lurg >7). >7).

Inlurgs >;G f @ ‛ Kchkrftghbc g vfrlg.

Inlurg >7 ‛ Bugs `grrgs bf gìc kcackgbgs kcackgbgs hg vfrlg. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

09


Gavfhgrng Fstruturga

Kcj g prûprng kcamfr bf pfbrfnrc, igzf-

jcs c gbfhsgjfhtc bc kchkrftc pgrg hganzgr g kchkrftglfj bg vfrlg (lurgs (lurgs >2G f >2G f @5 >6 >6). ).

G gavfhgrng fstruturga, gc kchtrçrnc kchtrçrnc bg gavfhgrng bf vfbgìëc, hëc hfkfssntg bf fstruturgs bf kchkrftc kcjc pnagrfs f vnlgs, pcns gs prûprngs pgrfbfs, quf sëc kmgjgbgs bf pcrtghtfs (rfsnstfhtfs), rfkf`fj f bnstrnùfj gs kgrlgs pgrg gs iuhbgìöfs.

Î uj prckfssc kchstrutnvc quf pcbf sfr fjprflgbc fj kgsgs tîrrfgs, sc`rgbcs f prîbncs bf jÿatnpacs pgvnjfhtcs, pcbfhbc sfr ujg gavfhgrng hëc grjgbg cu grjgbg.

• Hg gavfhgrng fstruturga hëc grjgbg, grjgbg, gs pgrfbfs hëc tïj grjgìöfs kcj `grrgs bf gìc, f g ifrrglfj bf rficrìc sû î utnanzgbg utnan zgbg fj knhtgs, vfrlgs f kchtrgvfrlgs hg gjgrrgìëc bcs fhkchtrcs bgs pgrfbfs f hgs ouhtgs mc-

rnzchtgns, tubc nssc pgrg fvntgr ssurgs. Fssf tnpc bf gavfhgrng î fxfkutgbg fj fbnkgìöfs bf gtî, hc jçxnjc, cntc ghbgrfs.

• Hg gavfhgrng fstruturga grjgbg, grjgbg, cs fafjfhtcs rfsnstfhtfs rfkf`fj grjgburgs hgs kgvnbgbfs vfrtnkgns bcs àckcs f, bfhtrc bfssgs kgvnbgbfs, kcackgjcs lrgutf.

@ackcs pgrg gavfhgrng fstruturga Tgrg c afvghtgjfhtc bgs pgrfbfs bf gavfhgrng fstruturga, utnanzgjcs àckcs fspfkngns `fj jgns rfsnstfhtfs quf cs àckcs usgbcs hg gavfhgrng bf vfbgìëc. Fssfs àckcs pcbfj sfr bf kchkrftc,

Inlurgs >2G f @ ‛ Gbfhsgjfhtc Gbfhsgjfhtc bc kchkrftc.

kfràjnkc, sêankc-kgakçrnc cu bf kchkrftc kfauagr. Hëc pcbfj gprfsfhtgr trnhkgs cu ssurgs, jgs bfvfj tfr grfstgs `fj rfluagrfs, vgzncs

f supfriêknf çspfrg pgrg lgrghtnr ujg `cg gbfrïhkng hc rfvfstnjfhtc f gkg`gjfhtc. Cs tnocacs jgknìcs tgj`îj pcbfj sfr usgbcs bfsbf quf sfogj gssfhtgbcs kcj ouhtgs vfrtnkgns bfsfhkchtrgbgs f gjgrrgbcs kcj ifrrglfhs hcs fhkchtrcs bf pgrfbfs. Cs àckcs pgrg gavfhgrng fstruturga bfvfj sfr jcbuagrfs, cu sfog, tfr c kcjprnjfhtc bugs vfzfs jgncr quf g agrlurg bc àckc,

Inlurg >6 ‛ Yfrlg prchtg. prchtg.


0<


jgns g fspfssurg bg ouhtg5 tubc nssc pgrg igknantgr hg mcrg bg fag`crgìëc bc prcoftc bg gavfhgrng. Hg fxfkuìëc bf c`rgs kcj gavfhgrng fstruturga, lfrgajfhtf sf usgj àckcs kfràjnkcs cu bf kchkrftc (fstf ÿatnjc î c jgns usgbc), pcns fssfs tnpcs bf àckcs sëc hcrjganzgbcs hcrjga nzgbcs pfag G@HR. G@HR. Kcjc bnssfjcs, cs àckcs bfvfj sfr jcbuagrfs pgrg igknantgr c prcoftc f sug

fxfkuìëc. Fafs sëc bnvnbnbcs fj igjêangs? bf 0> kj f bf ;> kj (inlurg ( inlurg >9). >9).

Inlurg >< ‛ Ouhtg bg grlgjgssg grlgjgssg pgrg gavfhgrng fstruturga.

C lrgutf î uj kchkrftc kcj gatg pagstn-

knbgbf f ffunbfz, kcjpcstc bf knjfhtc, grfng f `rntg. Î utnanzgbc pgrg prffhkmfr cs vgzncs bcs àckcs, kcj cu sfj grjgburg, fj ackgns chbf sf qufr rficrìgr g rfsnstïhkng. Rgj`îj Rgj`îj î usgbc pgrg fxfkutgr gs knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc, vfrlgs f kchtrgvfrlgs, kghtcs fj ‑A‚ f fj ‑R‚ ‑ R‚ (lurg >=). >=).

Inlurg >9 ‛ Igjêang bf àckcs pgrg gavfhgrng fstruturga.

C prcoftc bg c`rg fj gavfhgrng fstruturga bfvf sfr ifntc pcr fhlfhmfnrcs prcinssnchgns igjnangrnzgbcs kcj fstf prckfssc kchstrutnvc.

Grlgjgssg, lrgutf f grjgburgs Ga îj bc bcs s à ck ckcs cs,, tf jc jcs s gn hb hbg, g, kc jc kcjpchfhtfs bg gavfhgrng fstruturga, g grlgjgssg, c lrgutf f gs grjgburgs.

G g r l g j g ss g î k ch s t n t u ê bg b f k n -

Inlurg >= ‛ Bfspfoghbc lrgutf hc vgznc vgznc bc àckc.

jfhtc, grfng f kga f tfj g iuhìëc bf anlgr cs àckcs fhtrf sn, kcrrnlnhbc fvfhtugns nrrfluagrnbgbfs fhtrf cs àckcs. Bfvf sfr gatgjfhtf rfsnstfhtf f bf `cg trg`gamg`nanbgbf. G ouhtg bg grlgjgssg bfvf tfr 7 kj, kcj tcafràhkng bf ; jj ( inlurg ><) >< ) . Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

G r fs n s t ï h k n g b c l r g u t f î b f t f r jnhgbg pfac kgakuanstg bc prcoftc bg c`rg f bfvf sfr bugs vfzfs jgncr quf g rfsnstïhkng bc àckc, sflunhbc gs bftfrjnhgìöfs bg G@HR. G@HR. 0=


G s g r j g b u r g s s ë c ` g r r g s b f g ì c n h Gs trcbuznbgs hcs kghtcs f hcs fhkchtrcs bgs pgrfbfs pgrg rficrìgr g rfsnstïhkng bg gavfhgrng.

Gjgrrgìëc fj fhkchtrcs bf pgrfbfs G g j g r r g ì ë c h c s f h k c h t r c s b g s pgrfbfs î juntc njpcrtghtf, pcns sëc cs pchtcs bf trghsifrïhkng bf kgrlgs fhtrf pgrfbfs f chbf sf kchkfhtrgj gs tfhsöfs. Fag pcbf sfr fxfkutgbg bf trïs jghfnrgs? bnrftg, quf î c fhtrfagìgjfhtc bf àckcs5 kcj tfag bf gìc scabgbg5 f kcj `grrgs bf gìc tnpc lghkmc (inlurg ( inlurg >>) >> ) .

Inlurg 744 ‛ Icrjgìëc bcs pnagrftfs.

G n ht r cb uì ëc bg s `g r rg s hg s i n gb gs mcrnzchtgns bgs pgrfbfs kcjc knhtgs nhtfrjfbnçrngs, hcs rfspgabcs bg pgrfbf kcj knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc f hgs agofs, î njpcrtghtf pgrg g rfsnstïhkng bgs pgrfbfs hgs kchstruìöfs bf gavfhgrng. Naustrgìëc bf bftgamfs njpcrtghtfs bg gavfhgrng fstruturga (inlurgs 747 g 749)

Inlurg >> ‛ Gjgrrgì Gjg rrgìëc ëc fj fhkc htr htrc c b f p grf grfbfs bfs bf gav gavff-

hgrng fstruturga.

C usc bf pnagrftfs hcs fhkchtrcs bf pgrfbfs î ujg prçtnkg bnspfhsgbg fj pfqufhgs kchstruìöfs, jgs juntc usgbg fj lrghbfs fbninkgìöfs. Fssfs pnagrftfs sëc fxfkutgbcs kcj g kcackgìëc bf `grrgs bf gìc hcs vgzncs bcs àckcs f, fj sflunbg, gbnknchgjcs c lrgutf (inlurg ( inlurg 744) 744 ) . Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

Inlurg 747 ‛ Ifrrglfj bf knhtg bf gjgrrgìëc. gjgrrgìëc.

0>


Inlurgs 740G f @ ‛ Ifrrglfj bcs pnagrftfs.

Inlurgs 742G, @ f K ‛ Bftgamfs bf gssfhtgjfhtc. gssfhtgjfhtc.

Inlurg 74; ‛ Fsqugbrfogjfhtc bcs kghtcs. kghtcs.

Inlurg 746 ‛ Jcamghbc ghtfs bf kchkrftgr (lrgutf).

Inlurg 749 ‛ @cj`fgjfhtc bf kchkrftc. kchkrftc. Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

;4


Yfog sf Gprfhbfu

7. Gssnhgaf g gatfrhgtnvg quf hëc kcrrfspchbf gcs prckfbnjfhtcs pgrg c afvghtgjfhtc bf pgrfbfs.

g) ( ) Anjpgr g supfriêknf chbf sfrç afvghtgbg g pgrfbf. `) (

) Igzfr jgrkgìöfs bf anhmgs quf bfanjntgj gs pgrfbfs.

k) ( ) Nhnkngr c gssfhtgjfhtc pfac jfnc bg supfriêknf. b) ( ) Gssfhtgr uj fafjfhtc fj kgbg kghtc bg supfriêknf. 0. Kcjc î kchmfknbg g prnjfnrg ingbg bf fafjfhtcs bf gavfhgrng3

g) ( ) Ingbg bf supfriêknf. `) (

) Ingbg bf jgrkgìëc.

k) ( ) Ingbg bf hêvfa. b) (

) Ingbg bf prujc.

;. C trgvgjfhtc hc fhkchtrc bg pgrfbf bf vfbgìëc kcj g fstruturg bf kchkrftc î kmgjgbc bf? g) ( ) fskghtnamëc. `) ( ) gssfhtgjfhtc. k) ( ) jgrkgìëc. b) ( ) fhkuhmgjfhtc.

2. Chbf sëc fxfkutgbgs gs knhtgs bf gjgrrgìëc3 g) ( ) Hg ingbg bf jgrkgìëc. `) ( ) [c`rf g ÿatnjg ingbg bg gavfhgrng. k) ( ) Fhtrf g tfrkfnrg f g qugrtg ingbg. b) ( ) [c`rf g agof.

6. Gssnhgaf 6. Gssnhg af (Y) pgrg vfrbgbfnrc f (I) pgrg igasc. Fj sflunbg, jgrquf g gatfrhgtnvg kcrrftg. N- ( ) C pfbrfnrc f c fhlfhmfnrc fhlfhmfnrc pcbfj pcbfj fiftugr c kçakuac pgrg gs vnlgs bf bf kchkrftc.

NN- ( ) Gs vnlgs vnlgs bf kchkrftc kchkrftc sû sëc fxfkutgbgs fxfkutgbgs qughbc qughbc ujg lrghbf kgrlg kgrlg î bnstrnùêbg sc`rf g gavfhgrng. NNN- ( ) [cjfhtf c fhlfhmfnrc fhlfhmfnrc pcbf fiftugr c kçakuac pgrg pgrg gs vnlgs bf kchkrftc.

NY- ( ) Gs vnlgs bf kchkrftc sëc fxfkutgbgs hg gbg bf jgrkgìëc. g) ( `) ( k) ( b) (

) I‛ Y‛Y ‛I ) Y‛ I‛I ‛I ) I‛ I‛ Y‛ Y ) Y‛ Y‛ I‛ Y

Pfspcstgs bc Yfog sf Gprfhbfu ‛ Guag 2 7. b5 7. b5 Kursc bf Tfbrfnrc - Guag 6

0. `5 0. `5

;. g5 ;. g5

2. g5 2. g5

6. k5 6. k5 ;7

9. `5 9. `5

<. k5 <. k5

=. `5 =. `5

>. ` >. ` Nhstntutc Vhnvfrsga @rgsnafnrc

Curso de Pedreiro - Aula 05

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