Curso de Pedreiro - Aula 07

Yufçrhk ISPYK JC TCJPCHPK GSOG 5 @GZCBZCY, @G ZCBZCY, PCQCYZHFCBZKY C THYKY

Hbtrkjuåék @gtcbtcs jc Tkrtgs c Ngbcogs Pcvcsthfcbtk jc Gregfgssg Ikbtrgphsk Pcvcsthfcbtk ikf Thsks Icràfhiks Pcvcsthfcbtk jc Fgjchrg Pcvcsthfcbtk ikf Tcjrgs Pcvcsthfcbtk ikf Ognktgs jc Ikbirctk Kutrks Pcvcsthfcbtks Furks c Igoågjgs Qcng sc Gprcbjcu Pcspkstgs jk Qcng sc Gprcbjcu ’ Guogs 1 c 5

Hbsthtutk Sbhvcrsgo @rgshochrk Gjfhbhstrgåék

Jhrctkrg Ecrgo

Ouhz Acrbgbjk Jhbhz Bgsk Nksè Igroks Jhbhz Bgsk Hbîs Jhbhz Bgsk

Hrcbc Pkjrheucs jc Kohvchrg Zchxchrg Ph`chrk

Ecrcbtc Ecrgo

Ikkrjcbgåék Jhjçthig

Ugojkfhrk Pciimh

Fkjcstk Tgbtgoèg Aktkergg Jhrcåék jc Grtc

Igroks Cjugrjk T. Bgsk Gsshstcbtc Nuræjhig

Pgagcog Bgsk

Pk`crtk Igroks Govcs Gutkr

Ugojkfhrk Pciimh

Trkjuåék

Cjhtkrgåék

Fgriks Trgjk jc Igrvgomk

Hbsthtutk Sbhvcrsgo @rgshochrk

Hfgecbs

Hfprcssék HS@PG HS@PG - Hbjþstrhg Erçig c Cjhtkrg Otjg.

Gocxgbjrc Fkrshoog Pcvhsék

Pkscoh Gbgstçihk Yhovg Fgrihg Fkrchrg jc Igrvgomk

Pkjkvhg Cstgjugo @khtuvg - Hpcrù, lf 7,7 Igfpks jc @khtuvg - @khtuvg - YT ICT 7=334-444

Zkjks ks jhrchtks sék rcscrvgjks. Bék è pcrfhthjg g rcprkjuåék tktgo ku pgrihgo jcstc iursk.

Qcng, bg aheurg 7 , k jcscbmk jg pogbtg jc ufg pkrtg>

GSOG 5 @GZCBZCY, PCQCYZHFCBZKY C THYKY Hbtrkjuåék

Qgfks agogr bcstg guog sk`rc gsscbtgfcbtk jc csqugjrhgs< rcvcsthfcbtk jgs pgrcjcs quc jcvc scr cxciutgjk okek gpùs ikbiouhr gs hbstgogåócs mhjrçuohigs< c coètrhigs c g ah xgåék jc `gtcbtcs jc pkrtgs c ngbcogs. Bkrfgofcbtc, cssgs hbstgogåócs sék achtgs pkr cspcihgohstgs (cbigbgjkr (cbigbgjkr,, coctrhihstg c igrphbtchrk). Bk cbtgbtk, k gsscbtgfcbtk jks `gtcbtcs jc pkrtgs c ngbcogs pkjc scr cxciutgjk pcok pcjrchrk pgrg bék prcnujhigr k gbjgfcbtk jg k`rg, sceuhbjk gs krhcbtgåócs rcikfcbjgjgs. Csqugjrhgs sék ks ikfpkbcbtcs quc prktcecf gs g`crturgs ikbtrg g ouz bgturgo c çeug, scbjk tgf`èf uf cocfcbtk jcikrgthvk. Gs cstruturgs quc akrfgf gs csqugjrhgs sék imgfgjgs jc ighxhomks c pkjcf scr jc fgjchrg, acrrk, gåk, goufæbhk cti. Cf aubåék jg acrrgecf uthohzgjg pgrg scu aubihkbgfcbtk, pkjcfks tcr pkrtgs c ngbc ng bcog ogss jc g` g`rh rhr, r, jc ik ikrr rrcr, cr, jk ththpk pk vg vghh c vcf, `gsiuogbtc, jc cbrkogr cti.

cocvgåék jc ufg pkrtg. Aheurg 7 ’ Togbtg cf ikrtc c cocvgåék

K `gtcbtc jcvc scr ocvgjk gk vék kbjc scrç hbstgogjk, fkbtgjk cf csqugjrhg (àbeuok rctk) c trgvgjk ikf rcakråk cbtrc ks fkbtgbtcs (kf`rchrgs) c g trgvcssg ( eurg 0).

@gtcbtcs jc Tkrtgs c Ngbcogs

Gs pk pkrt rtgs gs sé sék k ik ikbs bsththtu tuæj æjgs gs jc `g `gtc tcbbtcs quc ikfpócf g grfgåék imuf`gjg (ahxgjg) ä govcbgrhg. Bk `gtcbtc, pkr fchk jc jk`rgjurgs, scrç ahxgjg g akomg quc è g pgrtc fùvco quc acimg k vék jk `gtcbtc. Ikfk gig`gfcbtk, bg nubåék cbtrc ks fkbtgbtcs jk `gtcbtc c g govcbgrhg, è hbstgogjg ufg eugrbhåék (fkojurg) quc csikbjc cvcbtughs agomgs. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

fkbtgjk c trgvgjk. trgvgjk. Aheurg 0 ’ @gtcbtc fkbtgjk 9


Tgrg g hbstgogåék jc ngbcogs, tgf`èf uthohzgfks `gtcbtcs xgjks äs akomgs. K grrc fgtc pgrg gig`gfcbtk bg govcbgrhg tgf`èf è achtk ikf eugrbhåék ( eurg 9).

Ahxgåék cf tgiks jc fgjchrg

Jurgbtc g cocvgåék jg govcbgrhg, gsscbtgf-sc, bks okighs kbjc scrç hbstgogjk k `gtcbtc, tgiks jc fgjchrg quc scrék cfùthjks bg prùprhg govcbgrhg. K `gtcbtc è xgjk sk`rc ks tgiks ikf pgrgausks ( eurg 3).

Aheurg 9 ’ @gtcbtc jc ngbcog.

G ogreurg jks `gtcbtcs `gtcbtcs jc pkrtgs c ngbcogs jcvc scr heugo ä cspcssurg jk thnkok fgihåk, ku jk òkik jc ikbirctk, fghs g cspcssurg jg gregfgssg jc rcvcsthfcbtk, ikfk pkjcfks vcr bg eurg :. jk `gtcbtc sk`rc sk`rc tgiks jc fgjchrg. fgjchrg. Aheurg 3 ’ Ahxgåék jk

Ks tgiks sék jc pcrk`g c jcvcf kiupgr uf cspgåk jc fchk thnkok. Cocs sék gsscbtgjks ikf gregfgssg jc ihfcbtk c grchg bk trgåk jc 7>9. Tgrg quc k `gtcbtc jg pkrtg scng `cf xgjk, jcvcfks gsscbtgr ks `gtcbtcs ikf

schs tgiks c, bk igsk jgs ngbcogs, qugtrk tgiks, ikbakrfc pkjcfks vcr bg eurg 1>

Aheurg : ’ Ogreurg jk `gtcbtc.

Ahxgåék jc `gtcbtcs G xgåék jks `gtcbtcs, ecrgofcbtc, è

achtg cf tgiks jc fgjchrg, ikf prceks ku ikf cspufg cxpgbshvg jc pkohurctgbk. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Gsscbtgfcbtk jc jc `gtcbtcs jc jc pkrtgs c ngbcogs. ngbcogs. Aheurg 1 ’ Gsscbtgfcbtk :


Tgrg g xgåék jk `gtcbtc sk`rc ks tg-

iks jc fgjchrg, cxciutgfks aurks bk `gtcbtc bg jhrcåék jks tgiks, uthohzgbjk ufg `rkig jc jhàfctrk uf pkuik fghkr quc k ikrpk jk pgrgausk. Cf sceuhjg, trkigfks g `rkig pkr kutrg ikf jhàfctrk uf pkuik fgh kr quc g ig`cåg jk pgrgausk c `rkigfks pgrg gogregr k hbæihk jk aurk, fghs ku fcbks, 7 if (jhstàbihg G c @ jg eurg 5).

bk `gtcbtc jg pkrtg. Aheurg = ’ Igrrchrg jc prceks bk

Jhstàbihg jk aurk jk `gtcbtc. `gtcbtc. Aheurg 5 ’ Jhstàbihg

Igsk k `gtcbtc nç vcbmg ikf aurks, g ikokigåék jc tgiks jcvc scr achtg bg pkshåék cf quc sc cbikbtrgf ks aurks. Gp ùs g ik Gpùs ikok okig igåé åék k c gp gpcr crtk tk jc tk tkjk jkss ks pgrgausks, tgfpgfks ks aurks ikf fgssg jc igogactgr, ku scrrgecf ikf ikog, pgrg fgbtcr ks pgrgausks `cf ah xks c hbvhsævchs.

bk `gtcbtc jg ngbcog. Aheurg 8 ’ Igrrchrg jc prceks bk

G imuf`gecf è cxciutgjg bgs g`crturgs jg govcbgrhg, ikf gregfgssg jc ihfcbtk c grchg bk trgåk jc 7>9. Gk cxciutgr g imuf`gecf, è prcihsk ufcjcicr g pgrcjc gbtcs.

Ahxgåék ikf prceks Ks prceks uthohzgjks pgrg xgåék jk

`gtcbtc pkjcf scr jc 00 x :0 ku 00 x :=. Cstcs sék xgjks cf igrrchrgs jhstrhùæjgs

cf igjg fkbtgbtc jk `gtcbtc, jk`rgjks pgrg ihfg c pgrg `ghxk. Gs igrrchrgs jcvcf scr jhstgbihgjgs g igjg 34 if jc ufg pgrg kutrg, scbjk trîs ku qugtrk igrrchrgs bk igsk jc `gtcbtcs jc pkrtgs, c jkhs ku trîs bk igsk jc ngbcogs. Igjg igrrchrg è ikfpkstg jc jkhs ku trîs prceks supcrhkrcs jk`rgjks ku pgrg ihfg ku pgrg `ghxk, c jkhs ku trîs h bacrhkrcs jk`rgjks jc fgbchrg ikbtrçrhg gks supcrhkrcs (aheurgs = c 8). Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Cspufg cxpgbshvg jc pkohurctgbk Kutrg fgbchrg jc xgr `gtcbtcs è ikf

cspufg cxpgbshvg jc pkohurctgbk. Bcssc igsk, k vék kbjc scrç xgjk k `gtcbtc jcvcrç

cstgr rcqugjrgjk, jchxgbjk gpcbgs ufg akoeg jc 7 g 7,3 if cf tkjg g vkotg, cbtrc k `gtcbtc c g govcbgrhg. G cspufg è gpohigjg cf vkotg jc tkjk k `gtcbtc ikf k guxæohk jc uf gpohigjkr, cf aghxgs jc 03 g 94 if, cf schs pkbtks. G çrcg 3


kbjc scrç gpohigjg jcvc cstgr ohfpg c hscbtg jc pkchrg, ùock, ergxg c jc kutrgs hfpurczgs. Wugbjk g cspufg akr gpohigjg cf govcbgrhg fuhtk rcsscigjg, rcikfcbjg-sc ufcjcicr cstg govcbgrhg. Zgf`èf è `kf sceuhr gs rcikfcbjgåócs jk ag`rhigbtc c cspcrgr, bk fæbhfk, ufg mkrg pgrg g cspufg scigr gbtcs jc thrgr k cxicjcbtc c jgr k gig`gfcbtk. 74, ks jctgomcs jg xg Qcng, bg eurg 74, åék jk `gtcbtc ikf g cspufg cxpgbshvg.

Tkshihkbgfcbtk jg rèeug jc goufæbhk goufæbhk ikf bævco Aheurg 77 ’ Tkshihkbgfcbtk (ohbmg gzuo).

G xgåék jk `gtcbtc jcvc tcr tcr,, ikfk

`gsc, k bævco jk phsk gig`gjk. Tgrg hssk, csthigfks ufg ohbmg pcogs tgohsigs jk phsk, quc hrç jctcrfhbgr g cspcssurg jk phsk k fghs prùxhfk pkssævco jk `gtcbtc. Tgrgocog g cssg ohbmg, cocvgfks k bævco cf 7,74 f c csthigfks, cbtrc prceks, kutrg ohbmg. Achtk hssk, fgrigfks bks fkbtgbtcs jks `gtcbtcs, ikf oçphs jc igrphbtchrk, g fcjhjg jc 4,8= ku 4,88, pgrthbjk jc ihfg pgrg `ghxk, ku scng, jg trgvcssg pgrg g `gsc jks fkbtgbtcs (eurg 70).

jk `gtcbtc ikf cspufg cxpgbshvg. cxpgbshvg. Aheurg 74 ’ Ahxgåék jk

Bhvcogfcbtk, prufhjgjc c imuf`gecf

Hbjcpcbjcbtc jg fgbchrg ikfk akh ahxgjk k `gtcbtc, cstc jcvc scr bhvcogjk c gprufgjk. G o gr greu eurg rg jk `g `gtc tcbt bt c jc jcvc vc sc scrr fg fghh kr quc g cspcssurg jg pgrcjc, 9 ku : if. Tkrtgbtk, gk scr ahxgjk bk vék, k `gtcbtc jcvc ahigr sgohcbtc bks jkhs ogjks jg pgrcjc. K bhvcogfcbtk jk `gtcbtc ikf k rcvcsthfcbtk jg pgrcjc è achtk pgssgbjksc g rèeug jc goufæbhk ikf bævco pcogs tgohsigs nç gsscbtgjgs bg pgrcjc, jcahbhbjk g cspcssurg jk rcvcsthfcbtk quc jcvc scr cxgtgfcbtc heugo gk cxicjcbtc jk `gtcbtc, quc vgh goèf jg cspcssurg jg govcbgrhg. Qcng, bg eurg 77, pkr fchk jc ufg ohbmg gzuo, k pkshihkbgfcbtk jg rèeug jc goufæbhk ikf bævco sk`rc gs tgohsigs. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

`gtcbtc. Aheurg 70 ’ Bævco jk `gtcbtc. 1


Cssgs fgrigs bks fkbtgbtcs jcvcf -

pcåg imuf`gjg bg govcbgrhg quc rcqugjrg k

igr gohbmgjgs ikf g ohbmg csthigjg. Cbték, `ghxgfks k vék jk `gtcbtc pgrg 0,4= ku 0,48 f,

vék cf quc sék xgjgs gs csqugjrhgs< cssc

trg`gomk è rçphjk, prkpkrihkbgbjk uf ùthfk gig`gfcbtk c `kg vcjgåék. K ikbtrgfgrik scrvc tgf`èf ikfk eg`grhtk pgrg rcqugjrgfcbtk jk vék. G vgbtgecf jcstc shstcfg è quc g csqugjrhg sù è hbstgogjg gpùs k gig`gfcbtk jk vék ikf tcxturg, phbturg ku qugoqucr rcvcsthfcbtk< gsshf, cvhtg-sc qugoqucr prkòcfg ikfk sunchrg, rhsiks ku csqugjrhg gfgssgjg. gfgssgjg.

agzcbjk ikf quc ks fkbtgbtcs qucf cfùth-

jks bk phsk gig`gjk cf 7 ku 0 if. Jcpkhs jc gprufgr c bhvcogr k `gtcbtc, gbtcs jg imuf`gecf, jcvcfks pkshihkbgr igoåks c iubmgs pgrg fgbtcr k `gtcbtc bg pkshåék ikrrctg. Bk igsk jc gsscbtgfcbtk ikf cspufg cxpgbshvg, pkjcfks uthohzgr k `gtcbtc fkbtgjk jg aç`rhig, quc è akrbcihjk ikf g akomg fkbtgjg ikf jk`rgjhågs c acimgjurgs. Jcvcfks sceuhr gs hbstruåócs jc fkbtgecf pcok fgbugo jk ag`rhigbtc. Tgrg imuf`gr ks ighxhomks fctçohiks,

G xgåék xgåék ikf ikbtrgfgrik ikbtrgfgrik pcrfhtc, ghb-

jg, quc sc pkssg rcfkvcr g csqugjrhg cf igsk jc fgbutcbåék bks ikfpkbcbtcs ikfk rkojgbgs, euhgs jcsohzgbtcs cti. Tgrg g hbstgogåék, jcvcfks sceuhr gs rcikfcbjgåócs jk ag`rhigbtc jgs csqugjrhgs csqugjrhgs.. Qcng, g sceuhr, goeubs jctgomcs jk gsscbtgfcbtk jc uf `gtcbtc jc pkrtg ( eurgs 7:G c @< 73< 71).

uthohzgfks ergpgs, quc sék pcjgåks jc pcrs

skojgjks bk ighxhomk ikf g cxtrcfhjgjc g`crtg, akrfgbjk uf ‟Q‖< hssk è jcbkfhbgjk rg`k jc gbjkrhbmg (eurg 79).

pgrg imuf`gr ighxhomks fctçohiks. fctçohiks. Aheurg 79 ’ Ergpgs pgrg

Bkrfgofcbtc, ks ighxhomks fctçohiks sék fkbtgjks cbighxgbjk-sc gs pcågs ikf rc`htcs ku skojg. Ikbtrgfgrik

Gtugofcbtc, k shstcfg fghs uthohzgjk pgrg g xgåék jc csqugjrhgs, prhbihpgofcbtc

Bhvcogbjk gbjk c vcrh vcrhahig ahigbjk bjk g prufh prufhjgjc jgjc Aheurgs 7:G c @ ’ Bhvco

gs fctçohigs, è ikf ikbtrgfgrik, quc è ufg

jk `gtcbtc.

Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

5


pgrg fgbtcr g pkshåék pkshåék jk `gtcbtc. `gtcbtc. Aheurg 73 ’ Igoåk pgrg Igfgjgs jc rcvcsthfcbtk rcvcsthfcbtk jc gregfgssg. gregfgssg. Aheurg 75 ’ Igfgjgs

Imgphsik

K imgphsik è g prhfchrg igfgjg jc gregfgssg gpohigjg bgs supcraæihcs, quc gs tkrbg rueksgs c rþsthigs pgrg agihohtgr g gjcrîbihg jk cf`kåk. Ikbsthtuh-sc jc ufg igfgjg `cf ahbg jc gregfgssg akrtc jc ihfcbtk c grchg erkssg bk trgåk jc 7>9 ku 7>:. Cssg gregfgssg è gpohigjg cf pgrcjcs jc thnkoks fgihåks, òkiks icràfhiks ku jc ikbirctk c tgf`èf cf phogrcs, vhegs c tctks (aubjks jc o gncs), uthohzgbjk g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk. Gbtc Gb tcss jc hb hbhi hihg hgrr k tr trg` g`go gomk mk,, jc jcvc vcfk fkss ufcjcicr gs supcraæihcs pgrg cvhtgr g g`skråék jg çeug jg gregfgssg< bk igsk jc tctks, pkjcfks jhspcbsgr k ufcjcihfcbtk.

Ikfpoctgbjk k cspgåk cbtrc cbtrc k `gtcbtc c g govcAheurg 71 ’ Ikfpoctgbjk bgrhg ikf gregfgssg c pcjgåks jc thnkok fgihåk.

Pcvcsthfcbtks jc Gregfgssg

Pcvcsthfcbtks sék ks prkicjhfcbtks uthohzgjks bg gpohigåék jc fgtcrhgo jc prktcåék c gig`gfcbtk bgs pgrcjcs hbtcrbgs c cxtcrbgs, phsks c tctks. K prkicjhfcbtk trgjhihkbgo, quc è g gpohigåék jc gregfgssg bgs supcraæihcs vcrthighs (pgrcjcs) c mkrhzkbtghs (phsks c tctks) è ikbsthtuæjk jc trîs igfgjgs jc gregfgssg sk`rcpkstgs jc fgbchrg ikbtæbug c ubhakrfc, quc sék k imgphsik, k cf`kåk (fgssg erkssg) c k rc`kik (fgssg ahbg) ’ aheurg 75 . Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Ocf`rgfks quc g supcraæihc cf quc scrç gpohigjk k imgphsik jcvc cstgr ohfpg c hscbtg jc pkchrg, ekrjurg ku hfpurczgs quc pkssgf prcnujhigr g gjcrîbihg. K imgphsik pkjc scr gpohigjk jhrctgfcbtc jk ighxktc jc fgjchrg gtè ufg jctcrfhbgjg goturg (· 7,:4 f)< jgæ pgrg ihfg, uthohzgfks uf gbjghfc c ufg jcscfpcbgjchrg ( aheurgs 7= c 78 ). =


Gpùs g gpohigåék jk imgphsik, imgphsik, jcvcfks geugrjgr trîs jhgs pgrg jgr scquîbihg gk rcvcsthfcbtk ikf cf`kåk. È hfpkrtgbtc, bcssc pcrækjk, quc gs supcraæihcs imgphsigjgs sc ngf ufcjcihjgs, ufcjcihjgs, bk bk fæbhfk, ufg vcz pkr jhg. Tkjcfks cbikbtrgr gregfgssg pgrg imgphsik hbjustrhgohzgjg, scbjk fghs açiho jc prcpgrgr c gpohiç-og bg supcraæihc. Ogbågbjk imgphsik jhrctgfcbtc jk ighxktc. Aheurg 7= ’ Ogbågbjk

Cf`kåk

Gpùs g iurg jk imgphsik, pkjcfks gpohigr k cf`kåk, ikbmcihjk tgf`èf ikfk fgssg erkssg, quc è ufg gregfgssg uthohzgjg pgrg rceuogrhzgr g supcraæihc jc pgrcjcs c tctks. Wugoqucr hfpcrachåék jg pgrcjc, jcsgohbmgfcbtk, agomgs jc gsscbtgfcbtk cti. sék ikrrhehjks ikf k cf`kåk ( eurg 07).

ikf ufg jcscfpcbgjc jcscfpcbgjchrg. hrg. Aheurg 78 ’ Ogågbjk imgphsik ikf

Cf gf`ks ks igsks, k imgphsik jcvc scr ogbågjk ikf g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk g ufg jhstàbihg jc 03 g 94 if, scbjk `cf cspgomgjk c ikf icrtg akråg pgrg quc g gregfgssg pcbctrc c sc ahxc `cf bg supcraæihc. Tgrg imgphsigr k tctk, jcvcfks ogbågr g gregfgssg jc fgbchrg `cf akrtc, jc prcacrîbihg, ä csqucrjg jk pcjrchrk, uthohzgbjk g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk ( eurg 04).

pgrg ikrrhehr g pgrcjc. Aheurg 07 ’ Cf`kåk pgrg

Imgphsigbjk k tctk. Aheurg 04 ’ Imgphsigbjk Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

8


K cf`kåk è ufg gregfgssg jc igo c grchg bg prkpkråék jc 7>9, g qugo, ecrgofcbtc, sc gjhihkbg ihfcbtk< bcstc igsk, g prkpkråék scrhg 7>7>1 ku 7>0>8 (ihfcbtk, igo c grchg). G cspcssurg jk cf`kåk jcvc cstgr cbtrc 7 c 0,3 if< cspcssurgs fghkrcs rcqucrcf quc g gpohigåék scng achtg pkr igfgjgs, pkhs k cf`kåk gpohigjk jc ufg sù vcz è igpgz jc bék gjcrhr ä supcraæihc. Gpùs Gp ùs uf ufcj cjci cicr cr g pg pgrc rcjc jc,, gpo gpohi higf gfks ks k cf cf-`kåk jc ihfg pgrg `ghxk, fgs gbtcs, jcvcfks gsscbtgr tgohsigs ikf g fcsfg gregfgssg jk cf`kåk< cstgs scrék g rcacrîbihg pgrg sc cxciutgr gs fcstrgs, quc sék ohbmgs jc gregfgssg quc scrvhrék jc euhg pgrg g gpohigåék jk cf`kåk. Qcng ikfk jcvc scr achtk k gsscbtgfcbtk jgs tgohsigs bg pgrcjc ( eurg 00).

Bk gsscbtgfcbtk jgs tgohsigs, è prcihsk tcr iuhjgjk pgrg quc k bhvcogfcbtk c g prufhjgjc cstcngf bk fcsfk bævco jg sgohîbihg jks `gtcbtcs, rcehstrks jc çeug, ighxgs jc tkfgjgs c jc hbtcrruptkrcs cti. ( eurg 09). Yc akr bcicssçrhk, cxciutgr goeubs gnustcs.

7. Trhfchrk, è prcihsk csthigr ufg ohbmg jc byokb bg pgrtc supcrhkr c gk okbek jk ikfprhfcbtk, pgrgocog ä supcraæihc, fgs gagstgjg jcog bg fcjhjg jg cspcssurg jk cf`kåk. 0. Gs tgohsigs, ikfk nç jhsscfks, sék gsscbtgjgs ikf g fcsfg gregfgssg jk cf`kåk, ikf gs agics jc arcbtc ä ohbmg jc byokb. 9. Cbtrc g ohbmg c g pgrcjc, sék gsscbtgjgs gs tgohsigs jhstgbihgjgs cbtrc 7,34 c 0,44 f cbtrc sh pgrg agihohtgr g uthohzgåék jg rèeug jc goufæbhk jc 0,44 f bk sgrrgacgfcbtk. :. Gs tgohsigs gsscbtgjgs vcrthigofcbtc jcvcf scr bhvcogjgs c gprufgjgs.

Zgohsigs gs bk bk bævco bævco jg jg ighxg ighxg jc tkfgjg tkfgjg c jk rceh rcehstrk. strk. Aheurg 09 ’ Zgohsi

Tgrg k gsscbtgfcbtk jc tgohsigs bk tctk, k gohbmgfcbtk è achtk ikf rèeug ku ikf bævco jc `komg ku, tkfgbjk-sc ikfk rcacrîbihg, k gohbmgfcbtk jk phsk gig`gjk, jk qugo sc csthig ufg ohbmg jc byokb pgrgocog g 7,44 f jc goturg c, jcstg ohbmg, g fcjhjg quc ikfpoctg k pè-jhrchtk (eurg 0:).

Gsscbtgfcbtk jc tgohsigs ikf rcacrîbihg rcacrîbihg gk gohAheurg 0: ’ Gsscbtgfcbtk Zgohsigs gsscbtgjgs, gsscbtgjgs, bhvcogjgs bhvcogjgs c gprufgjgs. gprufgjgs. Aheurg 00 ’ Zgohsigs Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

bmgfcbtk jk phsk gig`gjk. 74


Ikf gs tgohsigs gsscbtgjgs, gohbmgjgs, gprufgjgs c ikbskohjgjgs (jkhs jhgs, bk fæbhfk), jcvcfks prccbimcr ks cspgåks cbtrc cogs ikf gregfgssg jk prùprhk cf`kåk, quc akrfgrç gs aghxgs jcbkfhbgjgs fcstrgs. Trccbimhjks ks cspgåks cbtrc gs tgohsigs, ikf g rèeug jc goufæbhk, gprufgfks gs fcstrgs, gs qughs scrék gs euhgs pgrg g gpohigåék jk cf`kåk ( eurg 03).

K sgrrgacgfcbtk jcvc scr achtk okek jcpkhs jc g gregfgssg tcr jcsigbsgjk (cf ikbstruåék ihvho, jhzcfks ‟puxgjk‖), ku scng, cspcrgr quc cog pcrig uf pkuik jc çeug pgrg sc k`tcr k pkbtk hjcgo pgrg k sgrrgacgfcbtk. K trg`gomk è rcgohzgjk ikf rèeug jc goufæbhk gpkhgjg bgs fcstrgs, ikf fkvhfcbtks jc vgh c vcf (jhrchtg-csqucrjg c vhic-vcrsg) c jc `ghxk pgrg ihfg ( eurg 05).

Aheurg 03 ’ Cxciuåék jgs fcstrgs.

È bcicssçrhk agzcr k sgrrgacgfcbtk sk`rc gs fcstrgs c, pkstcrhkrfcbtc, sk`rc k cf`kåk. Qcrcfks cssc prkicjhfcbtk fghs gjhgbtc.

Ygrrgacgfcbtk. Aheurg 05 ’ Ygrrgacgfcbtk.

Cf`krg scng g fgbchrg fghs usugo jc sgrrgacgr, mç pcjrchrks quc sgrrgachgf ikf g rèeug agzcbjk fkvhfcbtks jc ihfg pgrg `ghxk, sceuhbjk g jhrcåék jgs fcstrgs, iruzgbjk c hbiohbgbjk g rèeug (eurg 0=).

Jcpkhs quc akrgf cxciutgjgs gs fcstrgs, jcvcfks cspcrgr jkhs jhgs pgrg cxciutgr k prccbimhfcbtk jks véks cbtrc gs fcstrgs, ikf cf`kåk cf pkråócs imgpcgjgs, jc tgo fgbchrg quc cxicjg k bævco jk pogbk jgs fcstrgs. G gregfgssg imgpcgjg jcvcrç scr ikfprhfhjg ikf g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk c, cf sceuhjg, agzcfks k sgrrgacgfcbtk (eurg 01).

Trccbimhfcbtk ikf gregfgssg gregfgssg imgpcgjg. imgpcgjg. Aheurg 01 ’ Trccbimhfcbtk Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Ygrrgacgfcbtk cbtrc gs gs fcstrgs. Aheurg 0= ’ Ygrrgacgfcbtk 77


rc`kik bg jcscfpcbgjchrg jc fgjchrg c gpohigfks g gregfgssg ikfprhfhbjk sk`rc g supcraæihc, grrgstgbjk g jcscfpcbgjchrg jc `ghxk pgrg ihfg ( aheurg 94 ).

Tgrg sg`cr sc g gregfgssg cstç ‟puxgbjk‖, cstgbjk bk pkbtk pgrg sgrrgacgfcbtk, jcvcfks prcsshkbgr ikf k jcjk g supcraæihc imgpcgjg. K jcjk bék pkjc pcbctrgr bg gregfgssg, sù prkvkigr uf ocvc gaubjgfcbtk< gsshf, g supcraæihc cstgrç bk pkbtk. Cxciutgfks k sgrrgacgfcbtk bk tctk pkshihkbgbjk g rèeug quc jcvc cstgr `cf gpkhgjg bgs fcstrgs, fkvhfcbtgbjk-g jc arcbtc pgrg trçs, ikbakrfc pkjcfks vcr bg aheurg 08 .

Gpohigåék jk rc`kik. Aheurg 94 ’ Gpohigåék

Gk cxciutgr cxciutgr csscs fkvhfcbtk fkvhfcbtkss jc `ghxk pgrg ihfg, sék akrfgjgs aghxgs jcohfhtgjgs pkr pcqucbks ks jc gregfgssg, quc jcvcf scr

cohfhbgjgs jurgbtc k gohsgfcbtk jg supcraæihc. K gohsgfcbtk è cxciutgjk ikf ufg jcscfpcbgjchrg ikf cspufg gikpogjg, agzcbjk fkvhfcbtks ihriuogrcs, ocf`rgbjk jc fgbtcr g supcraæihc scfprc ufcjcihjg ikf çeug c `rkxg (eurg 97).

Ygrrgacgfcbtk bk tctk. Aheurg 08 ’ Ygrrgacgfcbtk

Pc`kik

K rc`kik, ikbmcihjk tgf`èf ikfk fgssg ahbg, è g þothfg igfgjg jc rcvcsthfcbtk. Ikfk k gig`gfcbtk jg supcraæihc jk cf`kåk è `gstgbtc rþsthik, jcvcfks gpohigr ufg gregfgssg ikf pgstg jc igo c grchg ikf eréks `cf ahbks bk trgåk jc 7>7 ku 7>0 pgrg jgr fcomkr gig`gfcbtk ä supcraæihc. Yug cspcssurg jcvc imcegr imcegr,, bk fçxhfk, g 0 ff, ku scng, k suahihcbtc pgrg ik`rhr g ruekshjgjc jk cf`kåk. K rc`kik è gpohigjk jg sceuhbtc fgbchrg> ikf ufg `rkxg (ku trhbimg) c çeug, ufcjcicfks g supcraæihc nç rcvcsthjg ikf cf`kåk< cf sceuhjg, ikokigfks `gstgbtc Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Gohsgfcbtk jk rc`kik. Aheurg 97 ’ Gohsgfcbtk 70


Gregfgssgs cspcihghs

Tkjcfks cbikbtrgr, bk ikfèrihk cspcihgohzgjk, gregfgssgs hbjustrhgohzgjgs c prkbtgs pgrg scrcf gpohigjgs hfcjhgtgfcbtc, iungs rcikfcbjgåócs jc prcpgrk c jc gpohigåék sék jgjgs pcok ag`rhigbtc. Qcng, g sceuhr, bg prçthig, ks prkicjhfcbtks pgrg ks rcvcsthfcbtks cbshbgjks> 7. Tgrg imgphsigr, g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk jcvc igr hbiohbgjg jc tgo fgbchrg quc g greg-

fgssg bék ighg. Cstg jcvc scr ogbågjg sk`rc g supcraæihc, scr `cf cspgomgjg, jchxgbjk k imgphsik `cf rgok ( eurgs 90, 99 c 9:).

Imgphsigbjk k tctk. Aheurg 9: ’ Imgphsigbjk

0. Bk cf`kåk, gs tgohsigs pkjcf scr achtgs jc pcjgåks jc icràfhig, ikf cspcssurg cbtrc 7 c 0 if, ogreurg jc 3 if c ikfprhfcbtk cbtrc 74 c 73 if. Ikfcågfks k gsscbtgfcbtk pkr uf jks igbtks supcrhkrcs, tcbjk ikfk rcacrîbihg ufg ohbmg jc byokb `cf csthigjg cbtrc jkhs prceks, g qugo jcvc ikrrcr gagstgjg jg supcraæihc cbtrc 7 c 0,3 if< cssg fcjhjg ikrrcspkbjc ä cspcssurg jk cf`kåk (eurgs 93 c 91).

Imgphsigbjk g pgrcjc. pgrcjc. Aheurg 90 ’ Imgphsigbjk

csthigjg. Aheurg 93 ’ Ohbmg jc byokb csthigjg.

Aheurg 99 ’ Imgphsik Imgphsik `cf rgok.


Ikokigåék jgs tgohsigs tgohsigs supcrhkrcs. supcrhkrcs. Aheurg 91 ’ Ikokigåék 79


9. G`ghxk jg ohbmg jgs tgohsigs supcrhkrcs, jcvcfks tcr, bk fæbhfk, ufg ohbmg jc tgohsigs hbacrhkrcs quc gikfpgbmg g pkshåék jgs supcrhkrcs. G ohbmg hbacrhkr jcvc cstgr gohbmgjg vcrthigofcbtc ikf gs supcrhkrcs pcok k jc prufk (eurg ( eurg 95).

Trccbimcbjk ks cspgåks cspgåks cbtrc gs gs fcstrgs. Aheurg 98 ’ Trccbimcbjk

1. Achtk k prccbimhfcbtk, hbhihgfks k sgrrgacgfcbtk jk cf`kåk, agzcbjk fkvhfcbtks jc vgh c vcf ikf g rèeug jc goufæbhk, jc `ghxk pgrg ihfg, ku iruzgbjk ks fkvhfcbtks ikf g rèeug hbiohbgjg ( eurg :4). Zgohsigs supcrhkrcs supcrhkrcs c hbacrhkrcs. hbacrhkrcs. Aheurg 95 ’ Zgohsigs

:. Jcpkhs jc cxciutgjk k gsscbtgfcbtk jgs tgohsigs, prccbimcfks k cspgåk cbtrc cogs ikf gregfgssg jk cf`kåk, akrfgbjk gs fcstrgs (eurg 9=).

Ygrrgacgbjk k cf`kåk. cf`kåk. Aheurg :4 ’ Ygrrgacgbjk

5. Gpùs k tèrfhbk jk sgrrgacgfcbtk c iurg jk cf`kåk, cxciutgfks k prccbimhfcbtk ikf rc`kik. G fgbchrg jc gpohigr g gregfgssg è heugo g quc fkstrgfks bgs eurgs :7 c :0.

Aheurg 9= ’ Akrfgåék jgs fcstrgs.

3. Cxciutgjgs gs fcstrgs, sgrrgacgfks pgrg quc cogs ahqucf bk bævco quc jcvcrç tcr k cf`kåk. Achtk hssk, cbtrc gs fcstrgs, prccbimcfks ikf k cf`kåk, ogbågbjk, ikf g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk, pkråócs jc gregfgssg quc akrfgrék igfgjgs sk`rcpkstgs quc uotrgpgssgf k bævco jgs fcstrgs ( aheurg 98). Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Gpohigåék jk rc`kik. Aheurg :7 ’ Gpohigåék 7:


Gphokgbjk k skok. Aheurg :: ’ Gphokgbjk

Ikf k skok gphokgjk, fgrigfks ks pkbtks jc rcacrîbihg bgs qugtrk pgrcjcs, ikf g fgbeuchrg jc bævco c ufg ohbmg jc rcacrîbihg. @gscgbjk-sc bcssg ohbmg, ikf k guxæohk jc uf fctrk ku trcbg, pkshihkbgfks gs tgohsigs bks qugtrk igbtks, gs qughs jcvcf cstgr bhvcogjgs g`ghxk jk bævco jk phsk gig`gjk, ikrrcspkbjcbtc ä cspcssurg jk phsk quc scrç gsscbtgjk c jg gregfgssg ikogbtc ( eurg :3).

Aheurg :0 ’ :0 ’ Tgrcjc bgohzgjg bgohzgjg ikf ikf rc`kik.

=. Tgrg g gpohigåék jk cf`kåk c jk gig`gfcbtk bk tctk, k prkicjhfcbtk è k fcsfk. Qcng g ikokigåék jgs tgohsigs bg eurg :9.

Zgohsigs bk tctk. Aheurg :9 ’ Zgohsigs Tkshihkbgfcbtk jgs tgohsigs. Aheurg :3 ’ Tkshihkbgfcbtk

Ikbtrgphsk

K ikbtrgphsk è g `gsc pgrg k gsscbtgfcbtk jc qugoqucr rcvcsthfcbtk. È ufg greg-

K bævco jk phsk ku jk ikbtrgphsk jcvc scr ubhakrfc pgrg sgogs c jkrfhtùrhks, c cf jcsbævco pgrg ikzhbmgs, `gbmchrks c çrcgs jc scrvhåk. G cspcssurg jcvc scr jc gikrjk ikf g sug uthohzgåék< pkr cxcfpok, gs egrgecbs c çrcgs cxtcrbgs jcvcrék tcr fghkr cspcssurg pgrg rcshsthrcf g igregs äs qughs scrék su`fcthjgs. Gsscbt Gss cbtgjg gjgss gs tgo tgohsi hsigs gs bks qug qugtrk trk igbtks, csthigfks ufg ohbmg jc byokb sk`rc cogs, ahxgbjk bgs cxtrcfhjgjcs ikf

fgssg cspgomgjg ikf g bgohjgjc jc bhvcogr

g supcraæihc pgrg, jcpkhs, gpohigr-sc k rcvcsthfcbtk. Gbtcs jc cxciutgr k ikbtrgphsk, jcvcfks ohfpgr k okigo pgrg rcfkvcr rcstks jc gregfgssg, cbtuomks c jcfghs fgtcrhghs rcstgbtcs jg ikbstruåék. Gpùs g ohfpczg, k skok jcvc scr ufcjcihjk c gphokgjk pgrg sug skohjhigåék c ubhakrfhzgåék (eurg ( eurg ::). Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

73


prceks, ocf`rgbjk jc jchxç-og `cf csthigjg. Achtk hssk, gsscbtgfks gs tgohsigs hbtcrfcjhçrhgs ikf cspgågfcbtk jc 7,34 f pgrg agihohtgr k sgrrgacgfcbtk ikf rèeug jc 0,44 f ( aheurg :1).

Achtk k prccbimhfcbtk, ikf g rèeug jc goufæbhk, agzcfks k sgrrgacgfcbtk ikf fkvhfcbtks jc vgh c vcf, pgrg quc gs fcstrgs qucf bhvcogjgs, ubhakrfhzgjgs c ohsgs (eurg :=).

Ygrrgacgfcbtk jgs fcstrgs. fcstrgs. Aheurg := ’ Ygrrgacgfcbtk Zgohsigs bks bks igbtks c tgohsigs tgohsigs hbtcrfcjhçrhgs. hbtcrfcjhçrhgs. Aheurg :1 ’ Zgohsigs

Ygrrgacgjgs tkjgs gs fcstrgs, gpùs jkhs jhgs, prccbimcfks ikf gregfgssg ks cspgåks cbtrc gs fcstrgs, uotrgpgssgbjk k bævco jgs fcstrgs ( eurg :8).

K`scrvgåócs • G qugbthjgjc jc tgohsigs cstç rcog-

ihkbgjg ikf g çrcg. Tkr hssk, bék sék rcikfcbjgjgs jhstàbihgs cbtrc cogs fghkrcs quc 0,44 f. • Gs tgohsigs jcvcf igr `cf rcbtcs ä

ohbmg csthigjg. Gp ùs k gss Gpùs gsscb cbtg tgfcb fcbtk tk jc tk tkjg jgss gs tg tg-ohsigs, jcvcfks prccbimcr, ikf gregfgssg, ks cspgåks cbtrc cogs, akrfgbjk gs fcstrgs ( aheurg :5). Gregfgssg bks bks cspgåks cbtrc cbtrc gs fcstrgs. fcstrgs. Aheurg :8 ’ Gregfgssg

Cxciutgfks k sgrrgacgfcbtk qugbjk g gregfgssg gthbehr k pkbtk jc sgrrgacgr pgrg quc g gregfgssg cxicjcbtc scng rcthrgjg. Ikf g rèeug jc goufæbhk gpkhgjg bgs fcstrgs, agzcfks fkvhfcbtks jc vgh c vcf. Bg prçthig, vcrhigfks k pkbtk jc sgr-

rgacgfcbtk prcsshkbgbjk, ikf k jcjk, g gregfgssg, gaubjgbjk ocvcfcbtc scf sunç-ok. G gregfgssg jcvc cstgr bk pkbtk qugbjk k jcjk bék pcbctrgr bcog ( eurg 34).

Cspgåk gåkss cbtr cbtrc c tgoh tgohsigs sigs prcc prccbim bimhjk hjkss ikf ikf gre gregfg gfgssg ssg.. Aheurg :5 ’ Csp Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

71


G gregfgssg gregfgssg pgrg ikbtrgphsk ikbtrgphsk è prcp prcpgrggrgjg ikf grchg erkssg c, pgrg agihohtgr sug gpohigåék, cstg jcvc tcr ikbshstîbihg fkoc. Bk igsk jc ikbtrgphsk pgrg phsk quchfgjk, g grchg jcvc scr bg, c g gregfgssg, fghs scig, thpk agrkag. Thsk quchfgjk

K phsk jc ihfcbtk quchfgjk è achtk sk`rc k ikbtrgphsk, scbjk gohsgjk ikf jcscfpcbgjchrg. scfpcbgjc hrg. Gpohigfks ufg bgtg akrfgjg pkr ufg pgrtc jc phefcbtk jc pù ]gjrcz ® pgrg jgr ikr c jcz pgrtcs jc ihfcbtk pgrg jgr tkbgohjgjc csiurg, ku jc ihfcbtk Iguî ® `rgbik cstruturgo pgrg tkbgohjgjc fghs iogrg. Gpohigfks Gpohi gfks g bgtg bgtg sk`rc sk`rc k ikbtrgp ikbtrgphsk hsk jurgb jurgbtc tc g iurg ikf g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk, jhstrhùhbjk c gohsgbjk ikf g jcscfpcbgj jcscfpcbgjchrg chrg jc gåk.

sgrrgacgfcbtk. tk. Aheurg 34 ’ Tkbtk jc sgrrgacgfcb

Bk igsk jc ikbtrgphsk ikf cspcssurg supcrhkr g 9 if, è prcihsk ikfpgitgr gs igfgjgs jc gregfgssg gtè gthbehr k bævco jgs tgohsigs.

Pcvcsthfcbtk ikf Pcvcsthfcbtk Thsks Icràfhiks Trcpgrgåék jg supcraæihc

K sgrrgacgfcbtk è cxciutgjk gtè quc g supcraæihc goigbic k bævco jgs fcstrgs cf tkjks ks ogjks jg çrcg jk ikbtrgphsk ( eurg 37).

Gbt cs jc hbh Gbtcs hbhihg ihgrr k rcv rcvcst csthfc hfcbtk btk ikf phsks, jcvcfks cxciutgr g ohfpczg jk ikbtrgphsk. Qcng goeufgs jhigs jc ohfpczg> • Ergxgs c ekrjurgs> uthohzgfks jctcrecbtc

c csikvg. • Pcsæjuks jc gregfgssg ku jc rc`kik> rgspgfks ikf tgomgjchrg ku cspçtuog c bgoh-

zgfks ikf ufg vgsskurg. • Cffkrcsiîbihg > uthohzgfks çihjk furhçth-

ik jhouæjk cf çeug bg prkpkråék 7>74. • @kokr c ohfk> rgspgfks c ohfpgfks ikf

Ikbtrgphsk prkbtk. Aheurg 37 ’ Ikbtrgphsk

çeug cf `kf`g jc gotg prcssék pgrg usk jkfèsthik, quc è fuhtk cihcbtc pgrg ohfpczg.

K`scrvgåócs • Tcqucbgs agomgs c ùrgiks pkjcf

Qcng, tgf`èf k quc jcvcfks vcrhahigr gbtcs jc hbhihgr k rcvcsthfcbtk>

scr ikrrhehjks ikf gregfgssg c bhvcogjks ikf g rèeug jc goufæbhk ku ikf ufg jcscfpcbgjchrg. • Igsk scng bcicssçrhk, pkjcfks goh-

• G qugbthjgjc jc pcågs icràfhigs jcvc scr suihcbtc, ikf uf cxicjcbtc jc 04%

sgr ghbjg fghs k ikbtrgphsk ikf ufg jcscfpcbgjchrg jc poçsthik ku jc goufæbhk.

quc gs pcrjgs c rcikrtcs sék fghkrcs< c 74%


pgrg gsscbtgfcbtk ikf nubtgs jhgekbghs, cf pgrg ks jcfghs thpks jc nubtgs. 75


• Zkjgs gs ighxgs jc phsks phs ks jcvcf vhr ikf gs fcsfgs cspcihigåócs jc rcacrîbihg,

K`scrvgåócs • G gregfgssg jc rcnubtgfcbtk tgf`èf jcvc tcr cspcihigåócs pgrg k gf`hcb-

tgfgbmk c tkbgohjgjc.

tc kbjc scrç gpohigjg, ikfk çrcgs hbtcrbgs,

• Gs pcågs icràfhigs jcvcf akrfgr jc-

cxtcrbgs, ffcxævchs, cpùxh cti. • Ks cspgågjkrcs jc poçsthik tgf`èf jcvcrék gprcscbtgr cspcihigåócs pcok ag-

scbmks eckfètrhiks. Bcstc igsk, cstg`cocicr g akrfgåék jcscngjg. Achtg

g

vcrhigåék,

`rhigbtc jgs pcågs icràfhigs.

rcikfcbjgfks

g`rhr ufg ku fghs ighxgs gocgtkrhgfcbtc c hr ikokigbjk gs pcågs sk`rc k ikbtrgphsk, vcrhigbjk g ubhakrfhjgjc jcogs (eurg ( eurg 30). Wugoqucr hrrceuogrhjgjc jcvcrç scr ikfubhigjg gk rcspkbsçvco.

Nubtgs jc gsscbtgfcbtk

Gs nubtgs sék hbjhspcbsçvchs hbjhspcbsçvchs pgrg cvhtgr k jcsokigfcbtk jgs pcågs, jcvcbjk scr achtgs scfprc bk cbikbtrk jc pgrcjcs ikf phsks< cbikbtrk jc ikoubgs, phogrcs c vhegs< ikf kutrks fgtcrhghs ikfk pcjrg, fgjchrg cti.< cf pgrcjcs ikf tctk< cf pgrcjcs ikf pgrcjcs. Bk gsscbtgfcbtk jc phsks, jcvcfks cxciutgr g nubtg jc jcsskohjgrhzgåék (cbtrc phsk c pgrcjc). Nç gs nubtgs jc fkvhfcbtgåék sék cspgåks jhvhjhjks cf çrcgs jc 1,74 x 1,74 f (eurgs 39 c 3:).

Zcstgbjk g ubhakrfhjg ubhakrfhjgjc jc jks phsks phsks icràfhiks. icràfhiks. Aheurg 30 ’ Zcstgbjk

Gregfgssg ikogbtc

G gregfgssg ikogbtc jcvc scr gjcqugjg gk gf`hcbtc kbjc gs pogigs icràfhigs scrék gsscbtgjgs. Qcng gs gpohigåócs bg tg`cog 7> Zhpk jc gregfgssg ikogbtc

jcsskohjgrhzgåék. zgåék. Aheurg 39 ’ Nubtg jc jcsskohjgrh

Gpohigåék

GI-H

Çrcgs hbtcrbgs

GI-HH

Yk`rgjks, ogncs jc cjhaæihks, çrcgs cxtcrbgs c qugoqucr çrcg ikf hbihjîbihg jc rghks skogrcs

GI-HHH

Thsk sk`rc phsk ku pkricogbgtk

Zhpks ks jc gre gfg gfgss ssg g iko gbt c pgr g jct cr crfhfhZg`cog 7 ’ Zhp fkvhfcbtgåék. k. Aheurg 3: ’ Nubtg jc fkvhfcbtgåé

bgjks gf`hcbtcs. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

7=


K ikbtrgphsk jcvc cstgr prcpgrgjk gjcqugjgfcbtc, ohfpk, bhvcogjk c csqugjrcngjk pgrg quc k trg`gomk jc gsscbtgfcbtk scng pcrachtk, tgbtk bk gspcitk tèibhik ikfk cstèthik.

Cbtrc jkhs prceks, csthigfks ufg ohbmg jc byokb pgrgocog ä pgrcjc csikomhjg ikfk rcacrîbihg pgrg jctcrfhbgr k csqugjrk ( aheurg 35 ) .

Togbcngbjk k gsscbtgfcbtk

K pogbcngfcbtk jg ikokigåék jks phsks c akrfgåék jks jcscbmks (sc akr k igsk) c jgs nubt nu btgs gs jc gs gssc scbt btgf gfcb cbtk tk jc jcvc vc sc scrr pr prcv cvhg hgfc fcbt btc c cstujgjk. Jcvc-sc ùsigr rcjuzhr, gk fæbhfk, ks ikrtcs bgs pcågs. Bkrfgofcbtc, ks ikrtcs jcvcf igr cf okighs fcbks vhsævchs pgrg qucf gjcbtrg

bk gf`hcbtc ikfk, pkr cxcfpok, gtrçs jc pkrtgs, cf igbtks ku pgrcjcs< ku okighs kbjc, nç krhcbtgjk pcok prknctk, scrék ikokigjks k`nctks ku fùvchs. Ikbiouhbjk k pogbcngfcb pogbcngfcbtk, tk, csikomcfks uf igbtk kbjc sc hbhihgrç k gsscbtgfcbtk, agzcbjk k csqugjrcngfcbtk jgs pgrcjcs ikf uf csqugjrk fctçohik ku g ogscr ( eurg 33).

pgrgocog ä pgrcjc. pgrcjc. Aheurg 35 ’ Ohbmg jc byokb pgrgocog

Csthigfks ufg kutrg ohbmg pcrpcbjhiuogr ä gbtcrhkr, tkfgbjk, ikfk rcacrîbihg, g kutrg grcstg jg pcåg icràfhig. Gsshf, jcahbhfks k gohbmgfcbtk g scr sceuhjk pgrg k gsscbtgfcbtk jks phsks ( aheurg 3= ).

Csqugjrcngfcbtk jc uf jks igbtks igbtks jg pgrcjc. pgrcjc. Aheurg 33 ’ Csqugjrcngfcbtk

Qcrhigjk k csqugjrk cbtrc gs pgrcjcs,

ikokigfks (scf gregfgssg ikogbtc) ufg pcåg icràfhig bcssc igbtk, g qugo scrvhrç jc `gsc pgrg agzcr k gohbmgfcbtk jgs gjgs (eurg ( eurg 31).

pcrpcbjhiuogr gr ä gbtcrhkr. gbtcrhkr. Aheurg 3= ’ Ohbmg pcrpcbjhiuo

Tkjcfks ikbahrfgr, fgtcfgthigfcbtc, k csqugjrk jgs pgrcjcs jg sceuhbtc fgbchrg> jhstrhùæfks goeufgs pcågs scf gregfgssg gk okbek jgs ohbmgs jc rcacrîbihg c fgrigfks 4,=4 f cf uf jks scbthjks c 4,14 f bk kutrk scbthjk ( aheurg 38 ) .

icràfhig ikokigjg ikokigjg bk igbtk. igbtk. Aheurg 31 ’ Tcåg icràfhig Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

78


pcbgjchrg ikf jcbtcs jc 74 ff)< ikf pcågs icràfhigs heughs ku fghkrcs jc 93 if, cf quc g gregfgssg è gpohigjg bk tgrjkz, uthohzgfks ufg jcscfpcbgjchrg ikf jcbtc jc 1 ff. Gbtcss jc gpoh Gbtc gpohigr igr g gregfg gregfgssg ssg bk ikbtrgphsk, jcvcfks ufcjcicr g supcraæihc rcsphbegbjk çeug ikf ufg `rkxg, pgrg ufg `kg gjcrîbihg. Achtk hssk, ikokigfks gregfgssg bg jcscfpcbgjchrg c cspgomgfks bg supcraæihc ikf g ikomcr jc pcjrchrk, ku ikf k ogjk ohsk jg jcscfpcbgjchrg. Cf sceuhjg, uthohzgfks k ogjk jcbtgjk pgrg akrfgr ks ikrjócs quc hrék agihohtgr k bhvcogfcbtk c g xgåék jks phsks.

Ikf gregfgssg bk ikbtrgphsk, gk gsscbtgr gs pcågs sk`rc ks ikrjócs, cstcs jcvcf scr tktgofcbtc csfgegjks, akrfgbjk ufg igfgjg ubhakrfc cf tkjk k tgrjkz.

Aheurg 38 ’ 38 ’ Ikbrfgbjk Ikbrfgbjk k csqugjrk csqugjrk jgs pgrcjcs. pgrcjcs.

Bg eurg gihfg, g ohbmg jhgekbgo (vcr-

fcomg) jcvc fcjhr 7,44 f igsk gs pgrcjcs cstcngf cf csqugjrk.

Gsscbtgfcbtk pgssk g pgssk

Qcng, pgssk g pgssk, k gsscbtgfcbtk jc phsks cf ikbtrgphsk>

Ikbacrhjk k csqugjrk, c ikf gs ohbmgs jc rcacrîbihg `cf csthigjgs, pkjcfks hbhihgr k gsscbtgfcbtk jgs pcågs icràfhigs.

7. Hbhihgfks k gsscbtgfcbtk gpohigbjk gregfgssg ikogbtc cbtrc gs ohbmgs jc rcacrîbihg (eurg 14).

Gsscbtgfcbtk

G gregfgssg ikogbtc jcvc scr prcpgrgjg jc gikrjk ikf krhcbtgåócs jgjgs pcok ag`rhigbtc. Gpùs Gpùs g prcpgrgåék prcpgrgåék,, jchxgfks g gregfgssg jcsigbsgr pkr 73 fhbutks. Gbtcs jc gsscbtgr ks phsks, jcvcfks ohfpgr k tgrjkz pgrg rcfkvcr k pù `rgbik quc gs pcågs pkssucf bkrfgofcbtc. Igsk pkssug pgrgbg, ku qugoqucr kutrg prktcåék, tgf-

`èf ohfpgfks pgrg rcfkvî-og. Ks phsks bék jcvcf scr ufcjcihjks ikf çeug gbtcs jc scrcf gsscbtgjks bg supcraæihc. rcacrîbihg.. Aheurg 14 ’ Gregfgssg ikogbtc cbtrc gs ohbmgs jc rcacrîbihg

K gsscbtgfcbtk è achtk jg fcsfg fgbchrg cxciutgjg ikf gzuocnks. Csikomcfks ufg jcscfpcbgjchrg jc gåk jcbtgjg pgrg gpohigåék jg gregfgssg ikogbtc (bg gpohigåék jc gregfgssg bk ikbtrgphsk, rcikfcbjgfks ufg jcscfIursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

0. Cf sceuhjg, vgfks gsscbtgbjk gs pcågs icràfhigs c `gtcbjk ocvcfcbtc ikf k fgrtcok jc `krrgimg. Qcng, bg eurg 17, quc ks phsks igf gohbmgjks äs ohbmgs jc

rcacrîbihg. 04


Gsscbtgfcbtk jc jc phsks ikbiouæjk. ikbiouæjk. Aheurg 19 ’ Gsscbtgfcbtk

1. Jcvcfks ikrtgr aghxgs agh xgs jc 5 g 74 if jgs pcågs icràfhigs pgrg cxciutgr k rkjgpè. Jcpkhs, gpohigfks gregfgssg t grjkz bcssgs aghxgs c gsscbtgfks bg pgrcjc, ohechrgfcbtc scpgrgjgs jk phsk, prkphihgbjk uf rcnubtgfcbtk pcrachtk.

gohbmgjks äs ohbmgs ohbmgs jc rcacrîbihg. rcacrîbihg. Aheurg 17 ’ Thsks gohbmgjks

9. Sthohzgfks cspgågjkrcs gprkprhgjks pgrg ubhakrfhzgr gs nubtgs ( a h eurg 10 ) .

5. Gsscbtgjks ks rkjgpès, geugrjgfks 50 mkrgs pgrg hbhihgr k rcnubtgfcbtk. Pcvcsthfcbtk jc Fgjchrg

G fgj fgjchr chrg g è kutrk kutrk fgtcr fgtcrhgo hgo utho uthohzg hzgjk jk bk rcrcvcsthfcbtk tgbtk cf phsks ikfk cf pgrcjcs. Tgrg k rcvcsthfcbtk jc phsks, ks fghs usgjks sék cstcs> tgik c tgiék, pgrquctc c gsskgomk. Bcstg guog, vgfks agogr gpcbgs sk`rc k tgik c k tgiék. t giék. Zgik c tgiék

Yék pcågs jc fgjchrg fgihåg ikf 0 if jc cspcssurg, 5 if jc ogreurg c 7: c 07 if jc ikfprhfcbtk pgrg tgiks ( aheurg 1: )< nç k tgiék fcjc 74 x :4 if.

Cspgågjkrcs bgs nubtgs. nubtgs. Aheurg 10 ’ Cspgågjkrcs

:. È hfpkrtgbtc fgbtcr gs nubtgs scfprc ohfpgs pgrg g gpohigåék jc gregfgssg jc rcnubtgfcbtk. Jurgbtc k gsscbtgfcbtk, ks phsks jcvcf scr ohfpks ikf ufg cspufg ufcjcihjg ikf çeug ohfpg. 3. Zcbjk ikfk rcacrîbihg cssgs prhfchrgs ahgjgs, cxciutgfks k gsscbtgfcbtk jgs jcfghs pcågs icràfhigs gtè ikfpoctgr gs ahgjgs (aheurg 19). Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Zgik. Aheurg 1: ’ Zgik. 07


K gsscbtgfcbtk jc tgiks c jc tgiócs è achtk jhrctgfcbtc sk`rc k ikbtrgphsk, uf g uf hbjhvhjugofcbtc, ikf ikog TQG `rgbig. Ikf cssc fkjk hbjhvhjugohzgjk, pcrfhtcfsc hbþfcrgs fgbchrgs jc gsscbtgfcbtk c scbthjk ( aheurg 13).

Gssc scbt btgf gfcb cbtk tk jc tg tgik ikss c tg tgió iócs cs ik ikf f ik ikog og TQ TQG G `r `rgb gbig ig.. Aheurg 11 ’ Gs

G qugbthjgjc jc ikog jcvc jcvc scr pkr pkr vkotg jc 7 le pkr fctrk qugjrgjk. Wugoqucr jþvhjg, ocr gs hbstruåócs jg cf`gogecf. Gpùs k gsscbtgfcb gsscbtgfcbtk, tk, geugrjgf geugrjgfks ks jc jcz g trhbtg jhgs jc gikrjk ikf k gig`gfcbtk quc vgh scr jgjk< jcpkhs, cxciutgfks k ohxgfcbtk c g igogactgecf.

fgbchrgs jc gsscbtgfcbtk gsscbtgfcbtk c jc scbAheurg 13 ’ Jhacrcbtcs fgbchrgs thjk jc tgiks c tgiócs.

Igogactgecf

Tkr igusg jk gsscbtgfcbtk jhrctk bk ikbtrgphsk, è bcicssçrhk quc cstc tcbmg uf ùthfk bhvcogfcbtk c tcfpk jc iurg ikfk jctcrfhbgf gs bkrfgs `rgshochrgs> 0= jhgs.

È g vcjgåék jgs nubtgs jks tgiks c jks tgiócs ikf g prùprhg scrrgecf quc sc rcthrg jk ohxgfcbtk. Cssg scrrgecf è fhsturgjg ikf ikog TQG TQ G `rgbig c vcrbhz c cspgomgjg sk`rc g supcraæsupcraæ ihc. Achtg g igogactgecf, bkvgfcbtc g supcraæihc è ohxgjg pgrg rcic`cr k gig`gfcbtk.

K ikbtrgphsk jcvc cstgr `cf ohfpk c scik pgrg ufg `kg gjcrîbihg jg ikog. Ikstufg-sc agzcr uf tcstc jc gjcrîbihg, ikokigbjk uf pcjgåk jc poçsthik jc, fghs ku fcbks, 7,44 x 7,44 f sk`rc k ikbtrgphsk c geugrjgr 0: mkrgs. Gk rcthrgr k poçsthik, sc bék thvcr vgpkr jc çeug ku fgbimgs jc ufhjgjc, k ikbtrgphsk cstç scik. Bk igsk jk ikbtrgphsk tèrrck, quc g`skrvc ufhjgjc jk skok, è hfpkrtgbtc ikokigr ufg fgbtg jc hfpcrfcg`hohzgåék cbtrc g ognc (ku ogstrk) c k ikbtrgphsk. Bk gsscbtgfcbtk jc tgiks c jc tgiócs, cspgomgfks pcqucbgs igfgjgs jc ikog TQG `rgbig, jchxgbjk ufg cspcssurg jc 9 g : ff. Yk`rc g ikog, gsscbtgfks ks tgiks c ks tgiócs, akrfgbjk k jcscbmk jcscngjk ( aheurg 11 ). Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Pcvcsthfcbtk Pcvcsthfc btk ikf Tcjrgs

Ks rcvcsthfcbtks ikf pcjrgs jék ä govcbgrhg fghkr rcshstîbihg g imkqucs ku g`rgsék c `kg hfpcrfcg`hohzgåék, goèf jc tkrbgr ks furks c gs pgrcjcs açichs jc scrcf ogvgjks, prkpkrihkbgr `kg hskogåék tèrfhig c giþsthig, jurg`hohjgjc, jurg`hohjgjc, gspcitk rþsthik c gergjçvco. Cssgs sék ergbjcs igrgitcræsthigs quc jék `kg vgbtgecf g sug uthohzgåék. Gs pcjr pcjrgs gs pkjc pkjcf f scr gpohi gpohigjgs gjgs cf phsks hbtcrbks jc rcshjîbihgs, tcrrgåks, mgoo jc cbtrgjg, sgogs, sgbhtçrhks c quhbtghs. Bk igsk jc furks c pgrcjcs ohsgs ku pkuik g`skrvcbtcs, jcvcfks gpohigr imgphsik pgrg fcomkrgr g gjcrîbihg jg pcjrg, iung supcraæihc è pkrksg. 00


K rcvcsthfcbtk jcvc scr gsscbtgjk ikf gregfgssg prùprhg, jc `ghxk pgrg ihfg, pgrg quc gs pcjrgs jc `ghxk shrvgf jc gpkhk äs quc igf cf

ihfg. Tgrg scu gsscbtgfcbtk, prcpgrgfks uf ogstrk jc ikbirctk bk trgåk jc 7>9>1, jcvhjgfcbtc bhvcogjk ku ikf ighfcbtk bcicssçrhk. Yk`rc cssc ogstrk, gsscbtgfks gs ognktgs jc pcjrg, ikf gregfgssg jc ihfcbtk c grchg bk trgåk jc 7>9, ku gregfgssg ikogbtc prùprhg pgrg gsscbtgfcbtk jc pcjrgs. Cf okighs kbjc bék mç tràbshtk jc igrrks, gs pcjrgs pkjcf scr gsscbtgjgs ikf gregfgssg fhstg sk`rc k skok prcvhgfcbtc bhvcogjk c ikfpgitgjk.

rceuo uogrc grcss c nu nubtg btg s g`c g`crt rtgs gs pgr g Aheurg 18 ’ Tcj rgs rce pogbthk jc ergfg.

Gs ognkt ognktgs gs jc pc pcjr jrg g pk pkjc jcré rék k sc scrr tk tkjg jgss jk fcsfk tgfgbmk, ku jc tgfgbmks jhacrcbtcs, ikf nubt nu btgs gs igo igoga gact ctgj gjgs gs ikf ikf gre gregf gfgs gssg sg jc jc ihfc ihfcbt btk kc grchg bk trgåk jc 7>9, ku nubtgs scigs (scf gregfgssg), pgrg k pogbthk jc ergfg. Qcng, bgs eurgs 15 g 54, ks thpks jc nubtgs c jc gsscbtgfc gsscbtgfcbtks btks quc quc pkjcfks pkjcfks cxccxciutgr bk rcvcsthfcbtk ikf pcjrgs.

tgfgb fgbmks mks hr hrrce rce uog uogrc rcss c nub tg tgss Aheurg 54 ’ Tcj rgs jc tg ik`crtgs pgrg k pogbthk jc ergfg.

Pcvcsthfcbtk ikf Ognktgs jc Ikbirctk

gregfgssg.. Aheurg 15 ’ Nubtgs ikf gregfgssg

Wugbtk gk akrfgtk, tgfgbmk c cspcssurg, g jhvcrshigåék jc ognktgs jc ikbirctk

gpohigjgs ikfk rcvcsthfcbtk è fuhtk ergbjc. Igjg ag`rhigbtc tcf tc f k scu fkjcok c sugs vgbtgecbs, fgs k prkicssk jc cxciuåék jcssc thpk jc rcvcsthfcbtk è heugo g tkjks ks thpks. Gs ogn ognkt ktgs gs jc jc ikbi ikbirc rctk tk sék sék gss gsscb cbtg tgjg jgss sksk`rc ufg igfgjg jc grchg fèjhg skotg, scf qugoqucr gjcrcbtc ku gercegthvk, cf ufg supcraæihc ohfpg c bhvcogjg. Cogs sék ikbvcbhcbtcfcbtc grrufgjgs sk`rc uf ogstrk jc grchg, fgs jcvc-sc k`cjcicr g uf jctcrfhbgjk bævco c ighfcbtk.

jc pcjrgs. Aheurg 1= ’ Nubtgs ikf gregfgssg c pcjgåks jc Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

09


Ä fcjhjg quc gs ognktgs sék sék grrufgjgs, cstgs sék skigjgs ikf skquctc. Gs nubtgs cxhstcbtcs cbtrc cogs pkjcf scr prccbimhjgs ikf gsagotk qucbtc, igsk sc jcscnc uf phsk hfpcrfcçvco. K ikbnubtk jc ognktgs c jgs nubtgs n ubtgs prccbimhjgs ikf gsagotk ikbsthtuh ufg igfgjg hfpcrfcçvco, quc cvhtg g pcbctrgåék jg çeug c g ikbscqucbtc jcstruhåék jk phsk. K gsscbtgfcbtk jg igfgjg jc grchg pgrg rcic`cr gs ognktgs jcvc scr achtk sk`rc tcrrcbk rfc. Igsk cstc scng uf gtcrrk, jc vcfks pgssgr rkok ikfprcsskr pgrg ikfpgitç-ok. Sthohzgfks gs ognktgs jc ikbirctk cf pçthks hbjustrhghs, pkstks jc egskohbg, egrgecbs, quhbtghs, rugs, prgågs cti. Ks pkssævchs jcachtks ikfk gaubjgfcbtk jg ognktg pkr agomg bg `gsc (gtcrrk fgo cxciutgjk) sék agihofcbtc ikrrhehjks scf quc`rgs. @gstg rcthrgr gs ognktgs, ikrrhehr g agomg c gsscbtgr bk fcsfk ouegr. Qcng, bgs eurgs 57, 50 c 59 ks thpks jc ognktgs jc ikbirctk quc pkjcfks cbikbtrgr.

jc ikbirctk mcxgekbghs mcxgekbghs.. Aheurg 59 ’ Ognktgs jc

Kutrks Pcvcsthfc Pcvcsthfcbtks btks Tkricogbgtk

K pkricogbgtk è ikbsthtuæjk jc ufg fhsturg jc grehog, acojspgtk (rkimg quc bék ikbtèf fhbèrhk), iguohf cti., c jc gjhthvks ikogbtcs, su`fcthjg g ufg akrtc prcssék c quchfg cf gotg tcfpcrgturg (7.044 g 7.344 Í) quc rcsuotgrç cf uf phsk jc `ghxg pkrkshjgjc c `gstgbtc rcshstcbtc ä g`rgsék. Coc pkjc scr csfgotgjk c bék csfgotgjk. K prhfchrk rcic`c r cic`c ufg bg igfgjg jc cs fgotc gbtcs jg quchfg, scbjk pkstcrhkrfcbtc pkohjk< cssg igfgjg jc csfgotc, ikf k tcfpk, tcbjc g sc jcsegstgr. Nç k sceubjk tcf gig`gfcbtk bks pgjrócs scfhrrþsthik, rþsthik c sgthbgjk (aksik), ikf jurg`hohjgjc fghkr quc k csfgotgjk. Ikfk k pkricogbgtk bék è pkrksk, scu gsscbtgfcbtk jcvc scr achtk ikf gregfgssg ikogbtc gjhthvgjg ikf pkoæfcrks ikfk TQG, quc prkpkrihkbgrç ufg gjcrîbihg jk`rgjg sc ikfpgrgjg ä gregfgssg ikfuf. È hfpkrtgbtc cspgågr gs pcågs jc pkricogbgtk ikbakrfc gs rcikfcbjgåócs rcikfcbjgå ócs jk ag`rhigbtc c cactugr k rcnubtgfcbtk ikf gregfgssg tgf`èf gjhthvgjg.

jc ikbirctk rctgbeuogrcs rctgbeuogrcs c kbjuogrcs. kbjuogrcs. Aheurg 57 ’ Ognktgs jc

Ergbhohtk

Ergbhohtk (ergbhohtc ku fgrfkrhtc) è uf phsk ræehjk pkohjk ikf nubtgs poçsthigs jc jhogtgåék, ikbsthtuæjk jc ihfcbtk, fçrfkrc c ergbhtk ku qugrtzk trhturgjk, scbjk fkojgjk bk okigo. Gprcscbtg Gprc scbtg ikrcs ikrcs vgrhgjg vgrhgjgss cf aubåék aubåék jg ergbhomg c jk ikrgbtc prcscbtcs bg sug ikfpkshåék.

jc ikbirctk cf pcrspcithv pcrspcithvg. g. Aheurg 50 ’ Ognktgs jc Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

0:


G pg pgst stg g rc rcsu suototgb gbtc tc jg fh fhst stur urg g jk jkss ik ikfp fpkb kbcb cb-tcs jcvc scr gpohigjg sk`rc k ikbtrgphsk jcscfpcbgjk pgrg jchxgr g supcraæihc çspcrg c ikf ufg fcomkr gjcrîbihg. Cog jcvc scr gpohigjg ikf ikomcr jc pcjrchrk c rceuogrhzgjg ikf rèeug jc goufæbhk. Gs nu nubt btgs gs po poçs çsththig igss jc jc jho jhogt gtgå gåék ék qu quc c jcv jcvcf cf ak akrf rfgr gr

Qgfks jgr ikfk cxcfpok g cxciuåék jk ikbtrgphsk jk mgoo jc csigjg ( aheurg 53 ), bk qugo scrék pkshihkbgjgs bkvc tgohsigs.

qugjrgjks jc 7,34 x 7,34 f sék xgjgs bk ikbtrgphsk ikf bgtg jc ihfcbtk (eurg 5:).

Tkshihkbgfcbtk jgs tgohsigs jk mgoo jg jg csigjg. Aheurg 53 ’ Tkshihkbgfcbtk Aheurg 5: ’ Ergbhohtk.

Gp ùs g fg Gpùs fgri rigå gåék ék jg oh bm bmg g jc rc rcac ac-rîbihg, pkshihkbgfks gs tgohsigs, quc pkjcf scr achtgs ikf igiks jc thnkok fgihåk ku icràfhik, ku tgiks jc fgjchrg. Hbhihgfks pcoks igbtks c, jcpkhs, pkshihkbgfks tgohsigs hbtcrfcjhçrhgs, ikf cspgågfcbtk, fghs ku fcbks, g igjg 7,34 f pgrg agihohtgr g pgssgecf jg rèeug. Gpùs cspgågr gs tgohsigs, jcvcfks prccbimcr ikf gregfgssg ks cspgåks cbtrc cogs, akrfgbjk gs fcstrgs< jcpkhs, agzcfks k sgrrgacgfcbtk. Qcng, bgs eurgs 51G c @, k pkshihkbgfcbtk jgs tgohsigs bks igbtks.

Tgrg k pkohfcbtk, uthohzgfks ufg pkohtrhz ikf çeug c g`rgshvks (ohxgs) jc ergbuogåék :4, =4 c 714 prkercsshvgfcbtc. Ks prhfchrks pkohfcbtks pkjcf scr rcgohzgjks jkhs jhgs gpùs g gpohigåék jg pgstg c, pgrg ikrrhehr pcqucbgs agomgs, gpohigfks ufg igfgjg jc ihfcbtk ikfuf, ku `rgbik, c ikrgbtc. K þothfk pkohfcbtk è achtk tgf`èf ikf pkohtrhz, çeug c g`rgshvk ikf ergbuogåék 004. Tgrg bgohzgr cstg ohåék, vgfks gprcscb-

tgr goeubs prkicjhfcbtks sk`rc g cxciuåék jc ikbtrgphsks c gsscbtgfcbtks jc pcågs icràfhigs. È `kf ocf`rgr quc k ikbtrgphsk è achtk sk`rc k skok c, bk igsk jc ogncs, gpohigfks ufg igfgjg rceuogjkrg. Igfgjg rceuogjkrg

K prkicssk pgrg g gpohigåék jg igfgjg rceuogjkrg è achtk jg sceuhbtc fgbchrg> ohfpgr `cf g supcraæihc, jc prcacrîbihg, ikf ogvgjkrg jc prcssék< jcpkhs, gpohigr bgtg jc ihfcbtk ikf gjcshvk prùprhk, pgrg gufcbtgr g gjcrîbihg. G igfgjg jc gregfgssg jc rceuogrhzgåék, fghs bg quc g jk ikbtrgphsk, è gpohigjg jg fcsfg

fgbchrg cbshbgjg gbtcs, ku scng, ikf tgohsigs, fcstrgs c sgrrgacgfcbtk. G jhacrcbåg è quc g gregfgssg è fghs scig, pgrcihjg ikf ufg agrkag. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

03


Tkshihkbgbjk gs tgohsigs tgohsigs bks igbtks. igbtks. Aheurgs 51G c @ ’ Tkshihkbgbjk

Tkshihkbgjgs gs tgohsigs bks igbtks, vcrh -

igfks k bævco jcstgs c, cf sceuhjg, csthigfks ufg ohbmg jc byokb pgrg pkshihkbgr gs tgohsigs hbtcrfcjhçrhgs (eurgs 55G c @< 5=G c @).

byokb. Aheurgs 5=G c @ ’ Csthigbjk g ohbmg jc byokb.

Tkshihkbgjgs tkjgs gs tgohsigs, cxciutgTkshihkbgjgs fks gs fcstrgs ( eurgs 58G c @ g =0).

Aheurgs 55G c @ ’ @ ’ Qcrhigbjk Qcrhigbjk k bævco. bævco. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

01


Cxciutgbjk fcstrgs jg pgrcjc ä jhrchtg. jhrchtg. Aheurg =0 ’ Cxciutgbjk sigs pk pkshi shihkb hkbgjg gjgss pgr pgrg g akr akrfgr fgr gs fc fcstr strgs gs.. Aheurgs 58G c @ ’ Zgohsigs

Cxciutgjgs gs fcstrgs, hbhihgfks k prccbimhfcbtk prccbimhfc btk jc gregfgssg cbtrc cogs, pgrg g cxciuåék jk ikbtrgphsk ( eurgs =9 g =1).

Cxciutgbjk fcstrgs bk ogjk csqucrjk. csqucrjk. Aheurg =4 ’ Cxciutgbjk Hbhi hihg hgbj bjk k g ik ikok okig igåé åék k jg gr greg egfg fgss ssg g cb cbtr trc c gs fc fcst strg rgs. s. Aheurg =9 ’ Hb

Cxciutgbjk fcstrgs bk icbtrk. Aheurg =7 ’ Cxciutgbjk Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Cspg pgom omgb gbjk jk g gr greg egfg fgss ssg g cb cbtr trc c gs fc fcst strg rgss ik ikf f g rè rèeu eug. g. Aheurg =: ’ Cs 05


Bk gsscbtgfcbtk jks phsks icràfhiks, gpùs csikomcrfks ks igbtks, ikokigfks gs pcågs pgrg rcacrîbihg c csthigfks ufg ohbmg okbehtujhbgo c trgbsvcrsgofcbtc pgrg k gohbmgfcbtk jgs pcågs. Achtk hssk, hbhihgfks k gsscbtgfcbtk, cbikstgbjk gs pcågs bg ohbmg ( eurgs =5 g 84).

Aheurg =5 ’ Ohbmg jc rcacrîbihg csthigjg.

Ygrrgacgbjk. Aheurgs =3G c @ ’ Ygrrgacgbjk. Aheurg == ’ Cspgomgbjk gregfgssg ikf k ogjk jcbtgjk jg

jcscfpcbgjchrg.

Gsscbtgfcbtk tk jgs pcågs cbikstgjgs cbikstgjgs bg ohbmg ohbmg jc Aheurg =8 ’ Gsscbtgfcb Ikbtrgphsk prkbtk. Aheurg =1 ’ Ikbtrgphsk Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

rcacrîbihg. 0=


Qgfks fkstrgr, g sceuhr, g ikbstruåék jc uf furk ikf òkiks jc ikbirctk jc 74 x 04 x :4 if. Zkjk furk jcvc scr su`jhvhjhjk cf trcimks ikf ikfprhfcbtk fçxhfk jc 9,44 f< bk igsk jc furk ikf òkiks jc ikbirctk, k ikfprhfcbtk scrç jc 0,=4 f (sctc òkiks jc :4 if). Cbtrc ks trcimks, jchxgfks uf cspgåk jc 04 if kbjc scrç cxciutgjk uf phogrctc quc jgrç fghs rfczg c rcshstîbihg gk furk.

Hbhihgfks g ikbstruåék jk furk g`rhbjk ufg vgog kbjc scrç cxciutgjg g aubjgåék. G prkaubjhjgjc jg vgog vgh jcpcbjcr jg goturg jk furk c jg ikbshstîbihg jk skok. Cf tcrrcbks rfcs, pkjcfks tcr gs sceuhbtcs prkaubjhjgjcs ( tg`cog 0). @gtcbj cbjk k ikf k ig` ig`k k jk fgr fgrtcok tcok bks igb igbtks tks jg pcå pcåg. g. Aheurg 84 ’ @gt

Ycfprc tkfgbjk ikfk `gsc gs ohbmgs jc rcacrîbihg, vgfks gsscbtgbjk gs pcågs gtè g ikbiousék jk trg`gomk ( eurg 87).

Goturg jk furk (f)

Trkaubjhjgjc jg vgog (f)

7,44

4,04

7,34

4,94

0,44

4,:4

0,34

4,34

Trkaubjhjgjc jc vgogs vgogs pgrg cxciuåék cxciuåék jc furks. furks. Zg`cog 0 ’ Trkaubjhjgjc

K aubjk jg vgog jcvc scr `cf ikfpgitgjk (gphokgjk) gbtcs jc sc agzcr ufg `gsc jc ikbirctk fgerk sk`rc g qugo scrç cxciutgjk k `gojrgfc ikf ikbirctk bkrfgo ( eurg 80).

Ycquîbihg g jc gssc gsscbtgfc btgfcbtk btk jc jc pcågs pcågs icràfhi icràfhigs. gs. Aheurg 87 ’ Ycquîbih

Bk igsk jc pcågs fcbkrcs pgrg grrcfgtc, jcvcfks usgr acrrgfcbtgs prùprhgs pgrg ikrtc jc pcågs icràfhigs. Furks c Igoågjgs Furks

Ks furks pkjcf scr cxciutgjks ikf òkiks jc ikbirctk ku icràfhiks, thnkoks fgihåks ku jc skok-ihfcbtk c pogigs prèfkojgjgs. K okigo kbjc scrç ikbstruæjk jcvcrç cstgr tktgofcbtc scf cbtuomk c qugoqucr thpk jc vcectgåék. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

Grfgjurg jk phogrctc. phogrctc. Aheurg 80 ’ Grfgjurg 08


Igoågjgs

Cf goeubs igsks, scrç prcihsk cxciutgr `rkigs ikfk gs achtgs pgrg k `gojrgfc jgs aubjgåócs jg govcbgrhg.

jgs, jg fcsfg fgbchrg cxciutgjg bgs pgrcjcs jc govcbgrhg. Gthbehjg g goturg jcscngjg, acimgfks ks cspgåks jc 04 if cbtrc ks trcimks ikf jugs tçùgs, quc scrvhrék jc akrfg pgrg g ikbirctgecf jks phogrctcs. Cf furks ikf goturg supcrhkr g 0,44 f, bg fctgjc jg goturg, jcvcfks cxciutgr ufg ihbtg jc gfgrrgåék ikf jugs `grrgs jc acrrk jc = ff jc jhàfctrk, cf òkiks jk thpk igbgoctg, cf tkjg g cxtcbsék jk furk ( eurg 89).

K okigo kbjc scrç cxciutgjg g igoågjg jcvc cstgr ohfpk, scf cbtuomks c ikrpks cstrgbmks quc uotrgpgsscf k bævco jk skok ikfk pcqucbks rgfks jc vcectgåék, rcstks jc ikbstruåék cti., ocf`rgbjk quc k skok jcvc cstgr `cf ikfpgitgjk. K phsk jg igoågjg jcvc scr achtk ikf cspcssurg jc 3 if c, bgs cbtrgjgs jc igrrk, 5 if. Bk scbthjk jg ogreurg jg igoågjg, jcvcfks ikogr rhpgs g igjg 7,34 f quc scrvcf ikfk nubtgs jc jhogtgåék c jcvcf cstgr gpgrcbtcs, cf tkjg g cxtcbsék jg igoågjg. Bk igsk jc g igoågjg tcr fghs quc 7,34 f jc ogreurg, è prcihsk tgf`èf ikokigr rhpgs bk scbthjk jk scu ikfprhfcbtk, iungs nubtgs jcvcf scr jcscbikbtrgjgs. Bék sc pkjc csqucicr jk ighfcbtk jg igoågjg pgrg quc g çeug bék cfpkic< bk igsk jc igoågjgs pogbgs, k ighfcbtk è jc 7 if pgrg igjg 7,44 f jc ogreurg. K ikbirctk jcvc scr cspgomgjk ikf ufg cbxgjg, c g rceuogrhzgåék, ku scng, k bhvcogfcbtk, ikf g rèeug, jg fgbchrg cbshbgjg gbtcs (eurg 8:).

Ihbtg jc jc gfgrrgåék gfgrrgåék bg fctgjc jg goturg jk furk. furk. Aheurg 89 ’ Ihbtg

Bhvcogfcbtk jg igoågjg igoågjg ikf g rèeug. rèeug. Aheurg 8: ’ Bhvcogfcbtk

G grfgjurg jks phogrctcs è achtg ikf qugtrk `grrgs jc gåk jc = ff jc jhàfctrk (7/9‖), gfgrrgjgs ikf cstrh`ks jc 1 ff jc jhàfctrk (7/:‖). Gs qugtrk `grrgs sék gfgrrgjgs cf qugtrk pkbtgs jc gåk (cspcrgs) c pkjcf scr imuf`gjgs bk ikbirctk jg aubjgåék, ku imuf`gjgs jhrctgfcbtc bk ikbirctk jk `gojrgfc. K ocvgbtgfcbtk jk furk è achtk pkr g-

Tgrg ks phogrctcs c g ihbtg jc gfgrrgåék, rcikfcbjgfks ks sceuhbtc trgåk pgrg k ikbirctk> 7 sgik jc ihfcbtk (34 le)< : ogtgs (7= ohtrks) jc grchg< 1 ogtgs jc pcjrg< c 7 ¶ ohtrk jc çeug. Bk igsk jc phogrctcs, ogbågfks k ikbirctk cf igfgjgs jc, fghs ku fcbks, 34 if, ikfpgitgjgs ikf `grrg jc acrrk, jcvcbjk tkfgr iuhjgjk pgrg quc k acrrk bék cbikstc bgs tçùgs jg akrfg, gs qughs sù pkjcrék scr rcthrgjgs 0: mkrgs gpùs g ikbirctgecf. Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

K`scrvgåócs

K ikbirctk pgrg igoågjg pkjc tcr ks sceuhbtcs trgåks> • Ikbirctk fgerk> 7 sgik jc ihfcbtk< = ¶ ogtgs jc grchg< 77 ¶ ogtgs jc pcjrg< c 0 ogtgs jc çeug. • Ikbirctk pgrg phsk> 7 sgik jc ihfcbtk< : ogtgs jc grchg< 1 ogtgs jc pcjrg< c 7 ¶ ogtg jc çeug. 94


Qcng sc Gprcbjcu 7. Gsshbgoc g gotcrbgthvg quc bék bék hbjhig ufg jgs fgbchrgs jc sc xgr `gtcbtcs cf

pkrtgs c ngbcogs. g) ( ) Cf tgiks jc fgjchrg `) ( ) Ikf prceks i) ( ) Ikf cspufg cxpgbshvg jc pkohurctgbk pkohurctgbk j) ( ) Ikf ecssk 0. Gsshbgoc g gotcrbgthvg quc hbjhig g krjcf jks trîs rcvcsthfcbtks ikf gregfgssg. gregfgssg.

g) ( `) ( i) ( j) (

) rc`kik rc`kik ’ cf`kåk cf`kåk - imgphsik imgphsik ) imgphsik imgphsik ’ rc`kik - cf`kåk cf`kåk ) cf`kåk cf`kåk ’ rc`kik - imgphsik imgphsik ) imgphsik imgphsik ’ cf`kåk - rc`kik rc`kik

9. Gbtcs jc cxciutgr k ikbtrgphsk, ufg jgs rcikfcbjgåócs è>

g) ( `) ( i) ( j) (

) sgrrgacgr. ) ufcjcicr ufcjcicr c gphokgr k skok. ) gpohigr k rc`kik. ) imgphsigr.

:. K quc uthohzgfks pgrg ikogr tgiks c tgiócs;

g) ( `) ( i) ( j) (

) Ikog pgrg grtcsgbgtk ) Ikog TQG `rgbig ) Ikog pgrg fgjchrg ) Ikog csikogr

3. Gsshbgoc (Q) pgrg vcrjgjchrk c (A) pgrg agosk. Cf sceuhjg, fgrquc g gotcrbgthvg ikrrctg.

H- ( ) Igogactgecf bk rcvcsthfcbtk rcvcsthfcbtk jc tgiks tgiks c tgiócs tgiócs è achtg ikf g prùprhg prùprhg scrrgecf scrrgecf quc sc rcthrg jk ohxgfcbtk. HH- ( ) Gs pcjrgs pgrg rcvcsthfcbtk jcvcf scr gsscbtgjgs ikf ikog TQG `rgbig. g) ( `) ( i) ( j) (

)A-A )A-Q )Q-Q )Q-A

Pcspkstgs jk Qcng sc Gprcbjcu ’ Guog 1 7. j<

0. `<

9. i<

:. `<

3. g<

1. j.

. j . 3 < ` . : < ` . 9 < j . 0 < j . 7

5 g o u G ’ u c j b c r p G c s g n c Q k j s g t s k p s c P Iursk jc Tcjrchrk - Guog 5

97


Curso de Pedreiro - Aula 07

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