Carlos Alberto Alvaro de Oliveira - Efectividad y Proceso de Conocimiento

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Ícympa dj Achyjhpm// Je jc ~pj|jetj tpm`moa tpm`mo a |j pj ff jrhaem jrhaem mljplm dj cm hk~ch+ lmelhm djc ymcap dj cm jijlthyhdmd je jc ~palj|a x je cm hk~aptmelhm dj cm lacmàpmlhüe x djc dhícafa jetpj cm| ~mptj| x jc ozj% o zj% Je lzmeta m ca ~phkjpa# |j mdyhjptj mdyh jptj }zj jc ~palj|a dj`j m|~hpmp m zem jijlthyhdmd lzmch ﬍ lzmch ﬍lmdm# lmdm# }zj j}zhymcj m `z|lmp cm oz|thlhm kmtjphmc djc lm|a lae+ lpjta% Jcca |j yj pj ff pj ff jomda# jomda# jetpj atpm| lzj|thaej|# je ea jk~cjmp jc iapkmch|ka laka |h izjpm ze ﬍ ﬍e e je |ë kh|+ ka% âp |z ~mptj# jc mztap |a|thjej }zj cm laa~jpmlhüe cjfhthkm cm djlh|hüe djc ozj# ~zj| cm| ~mptj| tmk`hèe laetph`zxje m |z iapkmlhüe7 dj mbë j| j|jelhmc }zj# mze |hjeda yhm`cj ze ~paezelhmkhjeta jr ai ﬍lha # jc ozj ~pa+ kzjym jc laetpmdhltapha x atapfzj cm ~a|h`hchdmd dj }zj cm| ~mptj| |j ~paezelhje mc pj|~jlta%

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Pakmea "lhta dj cm :¯ jd% mcjkmem# dj =2827 cm

Je lzmeta lhjelhm lzctzpmc# dhphfhdm j|jelhmc+ kjetj m cm pj|aczlhüe dj ~pa`cjkm| ~pílthla|# jc Djpjlba |hjk~pj thjedj m cm pjmchmlhüe% Xm ca bm`ëm |jýmcmda Pzdaci Yae Objphef je cm fpme a`pm }zj j| Jc J|~ëphtz djc Djpjlba

=% jd% dmtm dj =2:2(? –Jc djpjlba jrh|tj ~mpm pjmchmp|j% Cm pjmchmlhüe j| cm yhdm x cm yjp+ dmd djc Djpjlba# j| jc ~pa~ha Djpjlba% Ca }zj ea |j tpmdzlj je pjmchdmd# ca }zj j|tí m~jem| je cm cjx# m~jem| je jc ~m~jc# j| ze djpjlba

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Tpmdzllhüe dj Pjea Pjea Lmymeh Lmymeh @pmhe# lae lae jr~pj|m jr~pj|m mztaphmlhüe mztaphmlhüe djc mztap% mztap% ^paij|ap thtzcmp dj Djpjlba Djpjlba ^palj|mc Lhyhc yhc dj ca| lzp|a| lzp|a| dj ~pjfpmda x ~a|fpmda dj cm Imlzctmd dj Djpjlba dj cm Zehyjp|hdmdj Ijdjpmc dj Pha Fpmedj da \zc "ZIFP\(% Daltap je Djpjlba ~ap cm Zehyjp|hdmd dj \ìa ^mzca "Z\^(% â|daltap ~ap cm Zehyjp|hdmd Cm \m~hjem dj Pakm%

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kjpmkjetj m~mpjetj# emdm kí| }zj ~mcm`pm| ymlëm|% âp jc laetpmpha# ca }zj |j pjmchm laka djpjlba j| Djpjlba# helcz|hyj lzmeda ea |j jelzjetpj je cm cjx x mze}zj jc ~zj`ca x cm lhjelhm ea bmxme takmda lae|lhjelhm dj èc‛ =% J| m|ë ~ap}zj# |a`pj tada je jc Djpjlba laka jethdmd ~pílthlm# cm djtjpkhemlhüe dj cm –j|je+ lhm‛ ea lak~pzj`m cm –jrh|tjelhm‛? jc djpjlba ea j| djpjlba |he kmehij|tmp|j je cm ~pílthlm x laka ~pílthlm% \aca jc lzk~chkhjeta bh|tü+ phla+laelpjta# je m}zjc kada dj |jp }zj j| cm yhfjelhm x }zj cj ~jpkhtj m ﬍pkmp|j laka jijl+ thym dhkje|hüe dj cm ~pílthlm bzkmea+|alhmc# tpme|iapkm cm ozphdhlhdmd je djpjlba 0%

cm |aczlhüe dj |z| mfzda| lae ffhlta|# }zj eap+ kmckjetj dj`jpëme |jp pj|zjcta| ~ap ca| djkí| üpfmea| djc J|tmda# cm| laetpmdhllhaej| jetpj jc yhjoa apdje x cm| hdjm| ejach`jpmcj|# pjda+ `cmdm| ~ap jc ijeükjea dj cm fca`mchmlhüe# ~pjdhlmeda cm pjdzllhüe djc m~mpmta j|tmtmc# helcz|a mc ~pjlha dj mipjetm| mc djpjlba md}zh+ phda dj |hfeh﬍lmthym| ~mpljcm| dj cm ~a`cmlhüe% Lhjptmkjetj# tada j|a lacmàpm ~mpm jc dj|+ lpèdhta dj cm ozph|dhllhüe x mlmppjm cm djkapm jrlj|hym djc ~palj|a# bmlhjeda }zj |j iapkj ze lmcda dj lzcthya ~pa~hlha ~mpm }zj# je jc cëkhtj# |j thjedm m yjp cm jijlthyhdmd ea laka ze kjdha# |hea laka ze ﬍e je |ë kh|ka%

Je jc ~cmea ~palj|mc# cm lzj|thüe dj cm jijlth+ yhdmd fmem lzjp~a m ~mpthp dj cm lae|lhjelhm md}zhphdm je jc hehlha djc |hfca RR je lzmeta mc lmpíltjp ~ÿ`chla djc ~palj|a# lae|hdjpmda ze kmc |alhmc " |alhmc Ó`jc# jr~pj|hüe dj Ijdj+ phla# jc Fpmedj(# ze ijeükjea jeijpkha# m |jp jrthp~mda ca kí| pí~hda ~a|h`cj <%

Jc ~mparh|ka ccjfü m tmc ~zeta }zj ~mpm mcfz+ ea| j|~ëphtz| kí| ~pílthla| tada |j pj|zkj je cm |aczlhüe pí~hdm# jr~jdhtm “izckhemetj“ mcfzem| yjlj| djc ~pa~ha ymcap oz|thlhm% J|m lae|jlzje+ lhm# |he jk`mpfa# ea yhjej ~ap lm|zmchdmd x ~mpjlj hehlhmp|j lae cm laedhlhüe djc bak`pj kadjpea# ~zj|ta metj ze kzeda dj imlthlhdmd jk~ëphlm x dj lmz|mchdmd# x ~ap j|a mrhacüfhlm+ kjetj ejztpa% Je j|m cëejm dj jetjedhkhjeta# |jfÿe Kmr Vj`jp# jc –dj|jelmetmkhjeta djc kzeda‛# jc pmlhaemch|ka# dj ﬍ej jc dj|jeyac+ yhkhjeta bh|tüphla dj Allhdjetj# ~ap kjdha dj cm |z|thtzlhüe dj ca| kjdha| kífhla| x jrtpm+ ppmlhaemcj| ~ap jc kètada x ~ap jc líclzca pm+ lhaemc je tada| ca| |jltapj| dj cm yhdm |alhmc 4% Dj j|j kada# cm ~jp|~jlthym –tjcjacüfhlm‛# mdm~tmdm lae ze apdje ymcapmthya# ym |hjeda |z|thtzhdm ~ap zem yh|hüe –kjlmehlh|tm‛ chfmdm m ze –j|}zjkm lmz|mc‛% Ca| ﬍ej| djome dj |jp cm jr~pj|hüe tjcjacüfhlm dj ze apdje aetamrha+ cüfhla “je jc lzmc jc ymcap pjhem |a`jpmea“ ~mpm

Je @pm|hc# jc kayhkhjeta je j|m dhpjllhüe tmk+ `hèe |j mfhfmetm “x ~mpjlj |jp j|tm zem lmz|m emdm dj|~pjlhm`cj“ je pmüe dj cm| eataphm| dj﬍lhjelhm| dj cm mdkheh|tpmlhüe dj oz|thlhm# mfa`hmdm lmdm yj kí| ~ap cm hetje|h ﬍lmlhüe dj ca| chthfha|# ~phelh~mckjetj tpm| jc ~palj|a dj pjdjkalpmthmlhüe hehlhmda lae cm ~pakzc+ fmlhüe dj cm Lae|thtzlhüe dj =822% Djetpa dj j|j lzmdpa mltÿme laka pjmlthya| cm ~jpkm+ ejelhm djc j|lak`pa cjfh|cmthya mztaphtmpha# cm| dh﬍lzctmdj| dj apdje jlaeükhla# ~acëthla x |alhmc ~ap cm| }zj ~m|m cm Emlhüe# ca| mebj+ ca| dj fpme ~mptj dj ca| lhzdmdmea| `pm|hcjýa|# mc pjlzpphp lae dj|j|~jpmlhüe mc Ozdhlhmc ~mpm

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OBJPHEF# Pzdaci yae% Fjh|t dj| pùkh|lbje Pjlbt| mzi dje yjp|lbhjdjeje \tzije |jhejp Jetvhlgczef # Tjhc 0# M`tjhczef 0# Ze+ yjpäedjptjp Ejzdpzlg djp :% "cjtje yjpäedjptje( Mzffmfj Cjh~hf =282# Mmcje# \lhjethm Yjpcmf# =892% Taka HHH# E¿ 4<# ~% =6# dj cm jdhlhüe j|~mýacm dj =8=># tpmd% Jeph}zj ^pëelj~j x \mtappj|# Kmdphd# Jdhtaphmc @mhccx +@mhcchjpj% Lip%# |a`pj j|j tjkm ~phkapdhmc# LM\TMEBJHPM EJYJ\# Metôeha% Kjtadacafhm Ozpëdhlm + ^pa`cjkm| Izedmkjetmh| % Lahk`pm jd%# Lahk`pm# =88<# ~% 0:% GCJHE# Ipme% _jht+zed _jht+zed Fjh|tj||tpùkzefje Fjh|tj||tpùkzefje hk ^paj||# ^paj||# laeijpjelhm ~paijphdm ~paijphdm je Dpj|dje Dpj|dje je =8>=% =8>=% Je? Pjdje# Pjdje# Yaptpäfj# Mzi|ät+ j# @phjij# yac% H# Vhje# Kme# =806# ~~% ==6+==2% ==6+==2% VJ@JP# Kmr% Jlaeakëm x |alhjdmd "j|àa dj |alhacafëm lak~pje|hym(# jd% ~pj~mpmdm ~ap Oabmeej| Vhelgcjkmee# tpmd% Oa|è Kjdhem Jlbmymppëm# Ozme Pazpm ^mpjccm# Jzfjeha Ëkm# Jdzmpda Fmplëm Kíxej x Oa|è Ijppmtjp Kapm% Iaeda dj Lzctzpm Jlaeü+ khlm# 6¯ pjhk~pj|hüe# Kèrhla D%I%# =824# ~í||hk%

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laeyjpthp|j je |hk~cj| kmehij|tmlhaej| dj ~pjtje|haej| |zòjthym|# mlm`meda cm mllhüe ~ap |jp jymczmdm m~jem| ~ap |z j ﬍lhjelhm je lzmeta m ca| aòjthya| x |z j ﬍lmlhm je ca| jijl+ ta|% Je cm laedhlhüe ~a|kadjpem jc pj|zctmda ~zjdj |jp mtjppmdap? ca| ~mtpaej| dj jymczm+ lhüe# cm| lmtjfapëm| dj cm mllhüe x djc lak~ap+ tmkhjeta je fjejpmc "~jp|aemc a he|thtzlhaemc( djompae dj ~mztmp|j ~ap ymcapj| laka jc `hje# ca oz|ta# cm ymchdj "mrhacüfhlm kmtjphmc(# ~mpm |jp ca| ymcapj| dj ca ÿthc# dj cm a~aptzehdmd# dj cm j﬍lhjelhm# dj cm j ﬍lmlhm% Je cm `m|j dj tada |j jetpaehm cm –hdjacafëm tjlealpíthlm‛7 cm cjfhthkmlhüe |j dm ~ap cm ~jpiapkmelj# |hje+ da z|zp~mda jc czfmp dj cm èthlm ~ap jc laealh+ khjeta dj cm| pjcmlhaej| jetpj ca| jcjkjeta| djc |h|tjkm x cm tèlehlm dj |z kmeh~zcmlhüe j﬍lhjetj? zem la|m j| `zjem |h jccm |j kzj|tpm mdjlzmdm mc ﬍e ~jp|jfzhda x j|tj ﬍e j| je |ë kh|ka dj|jm`cj ~ap ~padzlhp pj|zctmda| }zj |mth|imfme zem ﬍emchdmd kí| fjejpmc :% Cm lzj|thüe }zj |j lacalm je |jkjometj lae+ tjrta j| |h pjmckjetj |j kzj|tpm dj|jm`cj j|j th~a dj jijlthyhdmd# hedhijpjetj m cm oz|thlhm# }zj laedzlj m zem ejfmthym laetpm~a|hlhüe jetpj zthchtmph|ka x oz|thlhm je cm kjdhdm je }zj cm pjcmthyhm je izelhüe dj cm ~jpiapkmelj# mc tpme|iapkmp jc ozj je `zpülpmtm# m|hkhcmeda cm| izelhaej| jojlzthym x ozdhlhmc% M ezj|tpa jetjedjp# cm jijlthyhdmd |aca |j pjyj+ cm yhptza|m |h ea lacalm je jc chkà atpa| ymca+ pj| hk~aptmetj| djc ~palj|a# lakjemeda ~ap jc dj cm oz|thlhm# ~jpa ea |aca ~ap j|tj% Oz|thlhm je jc ~palj|a |hfeh﬍lm jojplhlha dj cm izelhüe ozph|dhllhaemc dj laeiapkhdmd lae ca| ymcapj| x ~phelh~ha| eapkmthya| laeiapkmdapj| djc ~palj|a oz|ta je djtjpkhemdm |alhjdmd "hk+ ~mplhmchdmd j hedj~jedjelhm djc üpfmea ozdh+ lhmc# laetpmdhltapha# mk~chm djije|m# hfzmcdmd

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6

Lhjptmkjetj# pmaej| dj ~acëthlm ozdhlhmc# je daedj fmem pjmclj cm hk~pj|lhedh`cj hk~mp+ lhmchdmd djc üpfmea ozdhlhmc# yzjcyje a~ap+ tzea |z tatmc m~mptmkhjeta tmeta djc ~jdhda laka dj cm hedhlmlhüe dj cm lmz|m ~jtjedh% \he jk`mpfa# kj ~mpjlj dj tadm laeyjehje+ lhm laapdhemp j|j phfaph|ka iapkmc lae jc ~phelh~ha dj cm jlaeakëm ~palj|mc# ~pj|tmeda m|ë kmxap mfhchdmd mc ~palj|a# je `z|lm dj cm kjoap jijlthyhdmd% Pjlzjpda cm jr~jphjelhm mcjkmem# mc ~jpkhthp cm kadh﬍lmlhüe dj cm djkmedm# hedj~jedhje+ tj dj cm mezjelhm djc mdyjp|mpha# |h jc üpfmea ozdhlhmc jethjedj }zj j|tí ~pj|jetj jc pj}zh|h+ ta dj cm –zthchdmd‛ ~mpm cm lmz|m "\mlbdhjech+ lbgjht? ¦ 09<# lae cm pjdmllhüe dj cm Eayjcm dj =8<<(% ^mpm cm ozph|~pzdjelhm lae|thtzxje jcjkjeta| djlh|hya| ~mpm cm m~chlmlhüe dj j|j laelj~ta# jc hetjpè| ~ÿ`chla je jc pí~hda dj|jeyacyhkhjeta djc ~palj|a x cm| jrhfjelhm| dj jlaeakëm djc ozhlha 2% Je j|tj kh|ka lmkhea# jc ¦ 0<:# <# dj cm Ap+ djemem ^palj|mc mz|tpëmlm mztaphm mc ozj ~jpkhthp cm kadh ﬍lmlhüe dj cm djkmedm |h ea laedzlj mc –pjtpm|a pjcjymetj‛ x mc –mfpmyha‛ djc dj|jeyacyhkhjeta djc ~palj|a 8% M dhlba kada dj yjp jc ~pa`cjkm ea }zjdü mojem cm Apdjemem ^palj|mc dj @jpem# lzxa ¦ 84 mdkhtj cm mctjpmlhüe dj cm mllhüe a dj cm pjlaeyjelhüe# |he jc lae|jethkhjeta dj cm ~mp+ tj laetpmphm# |h |j m~axm je lmz|m dj ~jdhp |j+ kjometj m cm metjphap ~pjtje|hüe a laejrm lae cm jojplhdm# jetjedhjeda jc üpfmea ozdhlhmc ea ~payjehp dj mbë ze mfpmyha lae|hdjpm`cj a dj+ kapm je jc ~palj|mkhjeta dj cm lmz|m =>%

\a`pj jc tjkm# mk~cha dj|jeyacyhkjeta je ÍCYMPA ÍCYMPA DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta% Da iapkmch|ka ea ~palj||a lhyhc # \ìa ^mzca# \mpmhym# =886# ~~% ==+9># ~í||hk% 2 Laka heiapkm Atbkmp OMZJPEHF% _hyhc~paj||pjlbt # 0¯ jd%# @jlg# Kzehlb# =82:# ¦ 4=# HHH# ~% =:># ca| tph`zemcj| mcjkmej| takme je lzjetm cm ~a|h`hchdmd dj }zj cm kadh ﬍lmlhüe jyhtj ze ezjya ~palj|a# ~jpa cm lae|hdjpme hemdkh|h`cj lzmeda dj jccm pj|zctm cm m~pjlhmlhüe dj pjcmlhaej| ozpëdhlm| tatmckjetj dh|thetm| jetpj cm| kh|km| ~mptj| a kmxap dh ﬍lzctmd dj djije|m djc djkmedmda% l 8 Mc pj|~jlta# IJPPH# Lappmda% \tpzttzpm djc ~palj||a j kadh ﬍ ﬍lmhaej mhaej djccm dakmedm % Ljdmk# ^mdzm# =86:# ~~% =>4+=>9% => TPACCJP# Mcah|% Yae dje Fpzedcmfje dj| hyhc~paj||zmcje Iapkmch|kz| % Bjc`hef ) Chlbtjebmbe# @m|hclm# =84:# ¦ 6# ~% 84%

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^PALJ\MC LHYHC

Je j|m ~jp|~jlthym# |j pjyjcm hetjpj|metj x aphfhemc cm |aczlhüe ~pjlaehmdm je cm mk~chm x ~paizedm pjiapkm hetpadzlhdm je jc ~palj+ |a lhyhc ~aptzfzè| alzpphdm je =88: x =889 ==# je }zj |j imlzctm# mze |he laelapdmelhm dj cm atpm ~mptj "L^L ~aptzfzè|# mptëlzca 06<# helh+ |a| = m 9(? m( cm mctjpmlhüe a mk~chmlhüe dj cm lmz|m dj ~jdhp je cm pè~chlm# |h jc ~palj|a cm mdkhtj# m ea |jp }zj cm mctjpmlhüe a cm mk~chm+ lhüe |jm lae|jlzjelhm dj laeij|hüe bjlbm ~ap jc djkmedmda x mlj~tmdm ~ap jc mltap7 `( cm mctjpmlhüe a mk~chmlhüe djc ~jdhda je cm pè+ ~chlm# ~zdhjeda# mdjkí| dj j|a# jc mltap# je lzmc}zhjp kakjeta# pjdzlhp jc ~jdhda x mk+ ~chmpca bm|tm cm laelcz|hüe dj cm dh|lz|hüe je ~phkjp fpmda dj ozph|dhllhüe |h cm mk~chmlhüe lae|h|tj je jc dj|jeyacyhkhjeta a lae|jlzje+ lhm djc ~jdhda ~phkhthya7 l( cm mk~chmlhüe a mctjpmlhüe djc ~jdhda dj m~chlmlhüe dj |melhüe ~jlzehmphm lak~zc|aphm je jc lm|a dj a`chfm+ lhaej| dj ~pj|tmlhüe dj bjlba heizefh`cj|# mc m`phfa dj ca dh|~zj|ta je jc mptëlzca 208# H# djc Lüdhfa Lhyhc# pj|~jtmda| ca| tèpkhea| djc mptëlzca 06<%0# djc L^L7 d( pj}zjphp mc mltap je cm| mllhaej| dj hedjkehmlhüe izedmdm| je pj|~ae|m`hchdmd lhyhc# bm|tm cm laelcz|hüe dj cm mzdhjelhm dj dh|lz|hüe x ozfmkhjeta je ~phkjp fpmda dj ozph|dhllhüe# cm laedjem djc djkmedmda je iapkm dj pjetm yhtmchlhm a tjk+ ~apmc "mptëlzca :96 djc Lüdhfa Lhyhc(# mze}zj hehlhmckjetj bmxm ~jdhda cm laedjem dj m}zjc je lzmetëm lhjptm7 j( cm kadh﬍lmlhüe |hkzctí+ ejm djc ~jdhda x dj cm lmz|m dj ~jdhp# dj|dj }zj jcca ea hk~ch}zj kadh ﬍lmlhüe dj pjcmlhüe ozpëdhlm dhyjp|m dj cm laetpayjpthdm% laetpayjpthdm%

Ea a`|tmetj# bm`hjeda mlzjpda dj cm| ~mptj|# xm cm pjiapkm dj =896# dmeda ezjym pjdmllhüe mc mptëlzca 060 djc L^L ~aptzfzè|# mztaphmpm cm mctjpmlhüe a mk~chmlhüe djc ~jdhda x dj cm lmz|m dj ~jdhp je lzmc}zhjp mctzpm djc ~palj|a# tmeta je ~phkjp laka je |jfzeda fpmda dj oz+ ph|dhllhüe# |mcya |h alzpphj|j zem ~jptzp`mlhüe helaeyjehjetj dj cm he|tpzllhüe# dh|lz|hüe x ozfmkhjeta djc ~cjhta ~cjhta =0% Jethjeda |j tpmtm m}zë dj jijlthyhdmd yhptza|m ~ap}zj cm ffjrh`hchmlhüe |zfjphdm jelmkhem zem |aczlhüe laeyjehjetj ~mpm cm lcmpm tje|hüe yjph﬍lmdm jetpj jc Djpjlba ^palj|mc x jc djpj+ lba kmtjphmc% ^hèe|j|j lüka cm |mth|imllhüe dj j|tj lappjpëm jc phj|fa dj ~pacaefmp|j# m yjlj| dj kmejpm he|a|tjeh`cj# ~ap lae|hdjpmlhaej| ~zpmkjetj iapkmcj|# dmeda czfmp m heljptjm| j heoz|thlhm|% X ea|atpa| |m`jka|# ca| a~jpmda+ pj| ~pílthla| djc Djpjlba# lüka j| dhiëlhc# je cm tje|hüe lmpfmdm dj cm mtkü|ijpm djc ~palj|a# mpthlzcmp dj kada lappjlta jc ~jdhda a cm lmz|m ~jtjedh# lzxm jrtje|hüe x mclmelj |aca ~zjdje |jp mdjlzmdmkjetj m~pjlhmdm| je jc ﬍emc dj cm he|tpzllhüe# a helcz|hyj dj|~zè| dj ~paijphdm cm |jetjelhm% ¡Lzíetm| yjlj| ca| màfmda| ea |j mppmelme ca| lm`jcca| x ca| `zjea| ozjlj| |j dj|j|~jpme mc lae|tmtmp }zj mýa| dj tpm`m+ oa izjpae ~jpdhda| ~ap cm helappjltm iapkzcm+ lhüe djc ~jdhda hehlhmc a ~ap lae|jlzjelhm dj dj﬍lhjelhm je cm ﬍ omlhüe djc bjlba ozpëdhla izedmkjetmcTadmyëm je jc ík`hta dj cm laetpm~a|hlhüe iap+ kmch|ka yjp|z| heiapkmch|ka# |jýmca zem dj

== J|m pjiapkm# lzxm hk~aptmelhm j| heejfm`cj# heejfm`cj# ~ap ca }zj pj~pj|jetm dj kadjpehdmd kadjpehdmd x dj mdjlzmlhüe m cm| djtjpkhemetj| djtjpkhemetj| mrhacü+ fhlm| djc ~palj|a mltzmc# ~payhjej dj cm ~paizedm mctjpmlhüe djtjpkhemdm ~ap ca| djlpjta|+cjxj| <08+M# djc =0 dj dhlhjk`pj dj =88:# x =2># djc 0: dj |jthjk`pj dj =889% Yh|hüe mk~chm x mljptmdm mc pj|~jlta je TJRJHPM DJ \AZ\M# Khfzjc% J|tzda| |a`pj a eaya ~palj||a lhyhc % 0¯ jd%# Cjr# Ch|àm# =886# ~í||hk% =0 J|~jlë﬍lmkjetj |a`pj jc ~zeta# CJ@PJ DJ IPJHTM\# Oa|è% Hetpadzæìa ma ^palj||a Lhyhc "laeljhta j ~phelë~ha| fjpmh| î cz da Lüdhfa pjyh|ta(# Lahk`pm jd%# Lahk`pm# =889# E¿ 9%<# ~~% =02+=08# E¿ =>%0%4# ~~% =98+=60# E¿ =>%0%:# ~% =60% ^mpm Cj`pj dj Ipjh+ tm| "A `% `% lht%# ~~% =6=+=60(# cm kadh﬍lmlhüe |hkzctíejm djc ~jdhda x dj cm lmz|m dj ~jdhp j| ~a|h`cj ea |aca lzmeda mcfzea| dj ca| bjlba| }zj hetjfpme cm ezjym lmz|m dj ~jdhp lahelhdme lae bjlba| }zj hetjfpme cm lmz|m dj ~jdhp aphfhemphm a cm lmz|m dj ~jdhp pjlaeyjelhaemc a izedje jrlj~lhaej| djdzlhdm|# |hea tmk`hèe lzmeda# ~ap ca kjea|# jc ezjya ~jdhda |j pj~aptj m zem pjcmlhüe kmtjphmc dj~jedhjetj a |zljdíejm dj cm ~phkjpm% Tmk`hèe |a`pj cm lzj|thüe# je cm ü~thlm dj cm he|z﬍lhjelhm dj cm| mcjfmlhaej| x djc ~phelh~ha dh|~a|hthya# cm| hetjpj|metj| x pjcjymetj| a`|jpymlhaej| dj LA\TM J \HCYM# \HCYM# ^mzcm% \mejmkjeta j laedje|mæìa ea eaya ^palj||a Lhyhc % Cjr# |j~mpmtm |%d%# Ch|àm# ~~% 002+0<4%


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cm| kí| ~pjalz~metj| tjedjelhm| jijlthyhdmd “x m|ë |j jethjedj cm jijlthyhdmd lae oz|thlhm“ je cm mltzmcj| djc Djpjlba `pm|hcjýa? Ea jrh|thpí yjpdm+ mz|jelhm dj lacmàpmlhüe jetpj jc iapkmch|ka jrlj|hya# jrmfj+ djpm jijlthyhdmd je cm jc üpfmea ozdhlhmc x cm| ~mptj|# pmda# je cm mdkh|hüe dj ca| pj+ mz|jelhm dj lacmàpmlhüe ~ap}zj j|tj j| pjmckjetj jc ÿeh+ lzp|a|% Zea dj ca| lm|a| të~hla| jetpj jc üpfmea ozdhlhmc x la lmkhea ~mpm |jp |aczlhaemdm| j| cm iapkmlhüe djc he|tpzkjeta cm| ~mptj|# ~ap}zj j|tj j| cm| heezkjpm`cj| dh ﬍lzctmdj| dj mfpmya# mbapm ~zj|tm laka pjmckjetj jc ÿehla lmkh+ ~payjehjetj| dj cm mefz|thme+ jelmpfa dj cm ~mptj "mptëlzca ea ~mpm |jp |aczlhaemdm| tj tmpjm dj ~pj|tmp ozph|dhllhüe :0:# H# djc L^L(% M|ë# |h zea dj cm| heezkjpm`cj| dhihlzc+ dj iapkm djkalpíthlm% Jc ~ze+ tmdj| ~payjehjetj| dj cm ca| dalzkjeta| mccë pjcmlhaem+ ta j| m|m |hfeh﬍lmthya# je cm mefz|thmetj tmpjm dj ~pj|+ da| ea hetjfpm jc he|tpzkjeta# tmp ozph|dhllhüe dj iapkm kjdhdm je }zj jc Ozdhlhmc |aca ca| tph`zemcj| `pm|hcjýa| lm|h he+ djkalpíthlm1 ~zjdj cjfhthkmp|j x |jp ~pj|+ ymphm`cjkjetj# mze je cm he|tme+ thfhmda “laka j| mctmkjetj lhm apdhemphm# ea kmedme |z~chp dj|jm`cj ~ap cm hk~aptmelhm dj cm imctm x |j ehjfme m laealjp jc |z pac he|thtzlhaemc“ lzmeda |j pjlzp|a ~ap hemdkh|h`cj% M yjlj| yzjcym pjmc x jijlthym j|m laa~jpmlhüe# |a`pj jc iapkmch|ka ccjfm m mcmp|j m ca| ~heílzca| dj tada ~ap}zj jc màfmda j| cm hetjpmllhüe djc cm| jrmfjpmlhaej| djc ~palj|a pakmea+lmeüehla? Ozdhlhmc lae cm |alhjdmd lhyhc% Lacmàpmlhüe jc pjlzp|a djom dj |jp laealhda ~ap}zj cm tjk+ m}zë |hfeh﬍lm# dj|dj cm ~jp|~jlthym djc üpfmea ~j|thyhdmd izj djka|tpmdm lae la~hm djc Dhmpha dj Oz|thlhm# x ea lae ljpth ﬍lmlhüe djc mplbhya oz+ ozdhlhmc# aëp m cm| ~mptj|# |z| pj~pj|jetmetj| a kmedmtmpha| ozdhlhmcj|# heyhtíedaca| m ~pa~a+ dhlhmc# a ~ap}zj ea |j ~pj|jetü jc ljpth﬍lmda dj ejp j|lcmpjlhkhjeta| |a`pj cm kmtjphm dj bjlba tjeap jetjpa dj cm djlh|hüe mfpmymdm# ¡m ~j|mp }zj a dj djpjlba# m|ë laka ~mpm |z~chp cm| imctm| j|tm`m pj~padzlhdm hetjfpmckjetj je jc üpfmea mlm|a jrh|tjetj|% a﬍lhmc# }zj jc dhchfjetj pjlzppjetj lzhdü dj helap+ X lae j|j j|~ëphtz# lae j|m helchemlhüe ~ap ~apmp m ca| mzta|/- Ca| pj|zctmda| a`tjehda| dj bmljp oz|thlhm# }zj cm ozph|~pzdjelhm dj cm kí| j|m iapkm ~zjdje hk~pj|haemp dj|dj jc ~zeta dj mctm Laptj dj \zhm# jc @zedj|fjphlbt# bm lae+ yh|tm kjpmkjetj j|tmdë|thla# ~jpa lae ljptjm ea |hdjpmda jrlj|a dj iapkmch|ka x bm lmch ﬍lmda |hpyje m cm oz|thlhm% Cm jijlthyhdmd }zj |z|tjetm j|m laka djejfmlhüe dj oz|thlhm cm| bh~ütj|h|# je+ kmejpm dj yjp jc ~pa`cjkm j| cm jijlthyhdmd pzhe# tpj atpm|# jc ea+pjlh`hkhjeta dj pjlzp|a hetjp+ ~jpiap iapkme kmelj lj% ~pjalz~mdm tme |acmkjetj lae cm ~jp ~zj|ta ~ap ~jp|aem |he pj~pj|jetmlhüe j|lphtm# \he jk`mpfa# jc ~palj|a ea izj bjlba ~mpm dj kmehij|tmlhüe pjlzp|mc ea mlak~mýmdm dj lm|thfmp dj|mtjelhaej|# x |ë ~mpm bmljp oz|thlhm# cm la~hm ljpth ﬍lmdm dj cm djlh|hüe hk~zfemdm a dj|ja j|jelhmc kzlbm| yjlj| m~mptmda lae jc ~zj|tm je jc lappja je jc ÿcthka dëm djc ~cma x ea laealhkhjeta djc mfpmyha je lzj|thüe# dj pjlh`hdm ~ap cm mztaphdmd ozdhlhmc m dj|thjk~a% jrtpjkm hk~aptmelhm ~mpm cm kjoap |aczlhüe Tada Ta da j|a lae `m|j je jc mptëlzca 4 dj cm Lae|+ djc chthfha% Jc kjpa djijlta iapkmc ea ~zjdj thtzlhüe Ijdjpmc |zhm# ¡lzxm ÿehlm ~pjalz~m+ |jpyhp dj izedmkjeta ~mpm hk~jdhp jc mllj+ lhüe j| m|jfzpmp cm hfzmcdmd dj tada| metj cm |a m cm ozph|dhllhüe% Ea jrh|thpí yjpdmdjpm cjx=<-

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WE% djc T%[? T%[? Tada Tada dalzkjeta a mlta }zj j| mejrmda# helap~apmda helap~apmda a helczhda elczhda mc ~palj|a |j dhlj dhlj }zj izj ozetmda % M|ë# dmda }zj cm mzta|# djlhdhka| pjjk~cmmpca ~ap –helap~apmp m ca| mzta|‛ % jr~pj|hüe z|mdm ~ap jc mztap j| ozetmp ma| mzta|# =< Lip%# ~ap tada|#TPACCJP# tada|#TPACCJP# Mcah|% –C‘he –C‘heffzjelj dj cm Lae|thtzthae Ièdèpmcj dj cm Laeièdèpmthae \zh||j |zp cj| dpaht| dj ~mpthj| dj+ ymet cj| tph`zemzr lmetaemzr je kmthâpj dj ~palèdzpj lhyhcj‛% Je? Lm~~jccjtth x Tmccae "apfmehmdapj|(% Izedmkjetmc fzmpjetjj| ai tbj ~mpthj| he lhyhc chthfmthae # Fhziipâ# Khcmea# =86<# ~% 9<6% Hedhlmlhüe `h`chafpí﬍lm kí| mk~chm je ÎCYMPA DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta% Da iapkmch|ka % A`% lht%# ~~% =8<+=8:%

020

^PALJ\MC LHYHC

\jýmca dj ~m|mdm }zj je jc pèfhkje mltzmc djc Lüdhfa dj =86< ea jrh|tj ehefzem pjfcm dj hk~aejp mc pjcmtap djc mfpmya cm djejfmlhüe chkhemp je cm imctm dj ~hjm| j|jelhmcj|# ~zj| jc |z~chkhjeta ea j|tí yjdmda# |jm je jc mptëlzca :06# lm~zt# |jm je jc mptëlzca ::6% Cm |memlhüe m}zë djijedhdm |j jelzjetpm# ~ap jc laetpmpha# je |hetaeëm lae jc ymcap pjcmthya dj cm| iapkm| cjfmcj|# m|jetmda je jc |h|tjkm dj ezchdmdj| mda~tmda jetpj ea|atpa| =4% Dj lzmc}zhjp kada# jethjeda dj `zjem |zfjpjelhm m cm lae|hdjpm+ lhüe dj ca| dalta|# ~mpm zem ~a|h`cj helcz|hüe je cm ~pürhkm pjiapkm djc ~palj|a lhyhc# cm lpjmlhüe dj zem pjfcm |jkjometj m cm laetj+ ehdm je jc |hk~cj x j ﬍lhjetj mptëlzca 640# 4# djc L^L ~aptzfzè|? –\h imctmpj mcfÿe jcjkjeta }zj jc tph`zemc |z~jphap lae|hdjpj ejlj|mpha ~mpm jc ozfmkhjeta djc pjlzp|a# ca jrhfhpí ~ap a﬍lha |hk~cj‛% HHH

Cm| ÿcthkm| lae|hdjpmlhaej| hetpadzojpae je cm dh|lz|hüe jc ymcap lm~htmc dj cm laa~jpmlhüe# |a`pj jc lzmc ~hje|a }zj j| laeyjehjetj lje+ tpmp mbapm jc iala djc meích|h|% Jc hzdhlhzk z apda hzdhlhmphz|# yhfjetj bm|tm jc |hfca RYHH# jpm kzx he ffzjelhmda ~ap cm| hdjm| jr~pj|m| je cm pjtüphlm x je cm tü~hlm mph|tatèch+ lm# laelj`hda x ~je|mda laka mp| dh||jdjedh x mp| a~~aejedh jt pj|~aedjedh# tada lae yh|tm m pj|acyjp jc ~pa`cjkm# }zj alz~m`m jc ljetpa dj cm dh|lz|hüe% Je cm cüfhlm dj ca ~pa`m`cj#

~pj|z~zj|tm ~ap tmc laelj~lhüe# cm heyj|thfm+ lhüe dj cm yjpdmd ea |j ~pj|jetm`m laka jc pj|zctmda dj zem pmüe hedhyhdzmc# |hea djc j|+ izjpa lak`hemda dj cm| ~mptj|# pjyjcíeda|j hk~cëlhtm zem mlthtzd dj tacjpmelhm je pjcmlhüe m ca| –~zeta| dj yh|tm‛ djc atpa x jc lmpíltjp dj |alhm`hchdmd djc |m`jp% Laka jc hzdhlhzk jpm hk~zj|ta ~ap cm ~pílthlm ozdhlhmc mc kmpfje dj cm mztaphdmd j|tmtmc# ~payjehjetj m~jem| dj cm jcmàpmlhüe daltphemphm# |he ehefzem `m|j je pjfcm j|lphtm# pjlcmkm`m dj kmejpm hetpëe|jlm zem ~mphtmphm x pjlë~palm pjfcmkjetmlhüe djc dhícafa ozdhlhmc =:% Jc ~zeta dj hk~aptmelhm ~mpm ezj|tpa tjkm j| j|j –apdje h|aeükhla‛# }zj yh|m`m m fmpmethmp cm hfzmcdmd jetpj fa+ `jpemetj| x fa`jpemda|# jetpj jc ozj x cm| ~mp+ tj| x jetpj cm| ~pa~hm| ~mptj| =9% Jc lmk`ha dj ~jp|~jlthym# hetpadzlhdm ~ap cm cüfhlm dj ^jtpz| Pmkz| "=:=:+=:60( =6# xm me+ thlh~m`m zem mctjpmlhüe dj pzkà }zj `z|lm he+ lap~apmp mc Djpjlba ca| kètada| ~pa~ha| dj cm lhjelhm dj cm emtzpmcjm# ze ~je|mkhjeta aphje+ tmda ~ap jc |h|tjkm# je `z|lm dj zem yjpdmd kjea| ~pa`m`cj# lae m|~hpmlhaej| dj ljptjm# mc hk~chlmp jc ~m|a djc hzdhlhzk mc ~palj||z|% Tada j|a |j ~atjelhmchm# m ~mpthp djc |hfca RYHH# lae cm j|tmthmlhüe djc ~palj|a# lae cm m~pa~hmlhüe djc apda hzdhlhmphz| ~ap jc |a`j+ pmea# ~ap jc ~pëelh~j# }zj ~m|m m pjhyhedhlmp jc kaea~acha dj cm cjfh|cmlhüe je kmtjphm ~palj+ |mc# tjedjelhm dj|~zè| helpjkjetmdm ~ap cm| hdjm| djc hczkheh|ka x ~ap jc yjpdmdjpa tjppj+ kata ~padzlhda ~ap cm Pjyaczlhüe Ipmelj|m =2%

=4 Mtjeta m j|a| ymcapj| j|jelhmcj|# j|jelhmcj|# Fmcjea Cmljpdm xm je |z tj|h| dj lítjdpm# je =8:<# jc bax lcí|hla lcí|hla Dj|~mlba \mejmdap \mejmdap## ~% ==0# m﬍pkm`m# lae jetjpm pmüe# }zj –|jpí |hjk~pj |mem`cj cm imctm dj pj~pj|jetmlhüe dj cm| ~mptj| ~ap ~paij|haemc bm`hchtmda‛% Dmeda zem hetjp~pjtmlhüe jrmltm mc mptëlzca =< djc L^L# jc \TO# Laptj J|~jlhmc# ÿehlm# " P\TO# 92!<2<(# djlhdhü }zj –Cm imctm dj he|tpzkjeta dj kmedmta lae|thtzxj djijlta |mem`cj je cm| he|tmelhm| apdhemphm|# m~chlíeda|j# ~mpm jc ﬍e dj pjfzcmphmlhüe dj cm pj~pj|jetmlhüe ~a|tzcmtaphm# ca dh|~zj|ta je jc mptëlzca =< djc L^L‛% Je jc kh|ka |jethda? \TO# 0¯ |jllhüe# lae tpj| yata| yjelh+ da|# P\TO# 9>!2:# <¯ t%# PJ\~% ==:%962+KT# ==:%962+KT# pjc% Kheh|tpa Ehc|ae Emyj|# y% z%# DOZ dj 09!86# ~% 08%=02% =: Mc pj|~jlta# cm a`pm izedmkjetmc dj FHZCHMEH# Mcj||medpa% Hc laeljtta dj ~paym "laetph`zta mccm cafhlm fhzphdhlm(# Fhziipâ# Khcmea# =89=# ~~% =4:+=49# ~í||hk% Yjp# tmk`hèe# djc kh|ka mztap# –Cafhlm djc dhphtta "tjaphm djcc‘mpfakjetmhaej‛(% Je? Jelhlca~jdhm djc Dhphtta # RRY "=86:( ==+==2% 2% djpea(# he Jelhlca~jdhm djc Dhphtta # RRRYH "=826(# ~~% =>=+== =9 ^HLMPDH# Ehlacm% Ehlacm% A`% A`% lht%# ~% ==9% ==9% –Tada a ca }zj Mph|tütjcj| je|mýü j| imc|a "=:<9(‛% =6 \j pjyjcm |hfeh﬍lmthya jc tëtzca dj cm tj|h| dj fpmdzmlhüe dj ^hjppj dj cm Pmkèj? –Tad Mehkmdyjp|haej| | "=:4<(% Cm heffzjelhm Cm lpëthlm m cm yhjom cüfhlm mclmeü |z ~cjehtzd lae cm ~z`chlmlhüe dj cm a`pm Mph|tatjchlmj Mehkmdyjp|haej dj |z cüfhlm ~zjdj |jp iaptmcjlhdm ~ap jc bjlba dj }zj# da| mýa| metj| dj cm kzjptj dj Pmkz|# Khctae bz`hj|j ~z`chlmda ze ~j}zjýa tpmtmda mc pj|~jlta? Mpth| cafhlmj ^cjehap He|thtztha md ^jtph Pmkh Kjtbadzk laelheemtm% =2 ^HLMPDH# Ehlacm% m% A`% lht%# ~~% ==>+= ==>+==6% =6%


02<


\j ~hjpdj# m|ë# cm dhkje|hüe pj+ tüphlm djc ~palj|a% Kí| }zj j|a# cm hetpakh|hüe j|tmtmc djc ~palj+ |a ozdhlhmc ~m|m m pj ffjomp|j je ca| ~adjpj| djc ozj% Jc üpfmea ozdhlhmc m|zkj zem ~a|hlhüe da+ khemetj x |z~jphap lae pjcmlhüe m cm| ~mptj|% Jc ezjya apdje ~pj+ |jetm ze lmpíltjp –m|hkètphla‛ je cm kjdhdm je }zj |j `m|m je cm mztaphdmd# je cm ojpmp}zëm x je cm cüfhlm `zpalpíthlm =8%

laetpayjp|hm# ~jpa tmk`hèe cm pjlz~jpmlhüe djc lmpíltjp h|a+ Jc dëmcafa x cm la+ eükhla djc ~palj|a# lae cm ~mp+ a~jpmlhüe |aca ~zjdje |jp thlh~mlhüe mlthym dj cm| ~mptj|% mclmemda| ~ap jc iaptmcj+ Jc dhícafa m|ë j|thkzcmda |z`|+ lhkhjeta dj ca| ~adjpj| thtzxj lae yjetmom cm a~a|hlhüe dj cm| ~mptj|# ~ap |z ~mp+ thlh~mlhüe kí| mlthym x cjmc x jc laeipaetj# dmeda alm|hüe je jc ~palj|a dj iapkmlhüe mc laelzp|a dj cm| mlthyhdmdj| dj cm djlh|hüe# djetpa dj dj ca| |zojta| ~palj|mcj|# lae zem yh|hüe ea mztaphtmphm mk~chm lacmàpmlhüe tmeta je djc ~m~jc djc ozj x kí| cm heyj|thfmlhüe dj ca| bjlba| laetjk~apíejm je lzmeta laka je cm ymcaphmlhüe dj cm m cm dhyh|hüe djc tpm`moa lmz|m% J|j aòjthya |aca ~zjdj M ~mpthp dj ca| mýa| lhelzjetm jetpj jc üpfmea ozdhlhmc x |jp mclmemda ~ap jc iaptmcjlh+ djc |hfca RR# lae cm pjeaymlhüe cm| ~mptj|% khjeta dj ca| ~adjpj| dj cm| dj ca| j|tzdha| dj cüfhlm ozpëdh+ 0> ~mptj|# ~ap |z ~mpthlh~mlhüe lm x jc èeim|h| ~pj|tmda mc |je+ kí| mlthym x cjmc je jc ~palj|a thda ~pa`cjkíthla djc Djpjlba# dj iapkmlhüe dj cm djlh|hüe# djetpa dj zem |j pj|lmtm je lhjptm kjdhdm cm dhkje|hüe pj+ yh|hüe ea mztaphtmphm djc ~m~jc djc ozj x kí| tüphlm x dhmcèlthlm djc ~palj|a% Tmc ijeükjea alzpphü jrmltmkjetj lzmeda “xm ~pjmezelhme+ laetjk~apíejm je lzmeta m cm dhyh|hüe djc da jc ~a|kadjpeh|ka“ kí| mfzda| x zpfjetj| tpm`moa jetpj jc üpfmea ozdhlhmc x cm| ~mptj| 00% |j yacyëme ca| laeffhlta| dj ymcapj|# x kí| hk+ Mlj~tmdm| j|m| ~pjkh|m| mrhacüfhlm|# lzk~cj 0= ~pjlh|a| x jcí|thla| ca| laelj~ta| % m~mptmp cm helm~mlhdmd ~mpm jc dhícafa j|thkz+ cmdm ~ap cm mltzmc laeiapkmlhüe djc ~palj|a \j pjlz~jpm# m|ë# jc ymcap j|jelhmc djc dhíca+ ozdhlhmc `pm|hcjýa# m|jetmda je atpa| ymca+ fa ozdhlhmc je cm iapkmlhüe djc ozhlha# ipzta pj|0<% âp tadm| j|m| pmaej|# j| dj cm kmxap dj cm laa~jpmlhüe dj cm| ~mptj| lae jc üpfmea laeyjehjelhm pj|tm`cjljp jc apda h|aeükhla# ozdhlhmc x dj j|tj lae cm| ~mptj|# |jfÿe cm| pj+ ~pa~ü|hta }zj ~mpjlj |jp dj kmfem hk~aptme+ fcm| iapkmcj| djc ~palj|a% J|m lae|jlzjelhm# lhm ~mpm cm jijlthyhdmd yhptza|m je jc ~palj|a ~ap atpa cmda# |j pjizjpm ~ap cm ~jplj~lhüe dj laealhkhjeta% dj zem djkalpmlhm kí| ~mpthlh~mthym# lae ze lae|jlzjetj jojplhlha kí| mlthya dj cm lhz+ Lcmpa j|tí }zj j|j dj|ja# mdjkí| dj cm ejlj+ dmdmeëm# helcz|hyj dj emtzpmcjm ~palj|mc% Cm |mphm j hedh|~je|m`cj ~pjdh|~a|hlhüe lzctzpmc# hdjm dj laa~jpmlhüe bm dj hk~chlmp# mbapm |ë# |aca ~zjdj |jp mclmemda kjdhmetj pjiapkm| ze ozj mlthya# lacalmda je jc ljetpa dj cm dj lzýa cjfh|cmthya% \he ~pjalz~mlhüe dj

–

=8 ^HLMPDH# Ehlacm% A`% lht%# ~% ==6% TJRJHPM DJ \AZ\M# \AZ\M# Khfzjc% A`% lht%# ~~% ~~% 26+22% Ta~hg ~hg zed Ozph|~pzdje "Jhe @jhtpmf zp pjlbt|vh||jelbmitchlbje Fpzedfjeiap|lbzef(# lzoxm 0> M|ë# cm a`pm ddjj YHJBVJF# YHJBVJF# Tbjadap% Tbjadap% Ta =¯ jdhlhüe dmtm dj =8:<# dj Fhzchmeh# mpph`m lhtmdm# x dj Lbmák ^jpjckme "y%f%# Tpmtm Tpmtmda da dm Mpfzkjetmæì Mpfzkjetmæìa a "m eaym pjtüphlm(# je lacmàpmlhüe lae Czlhj Ac`jpjlbt|+Txtjlm# =8:2# jdhlhüe `pm|hcjým je cm tpmd% dj Kmphm Jpkmethem Fmcyìa F% ^jpjhpm# Kmpthe| Iaetj|# \ìa ^mzca# =889(% 0= âp j|a# xm je =86< a`|jpym`m a`|jpym`m @MZP# Ipht% Cj| fmpmethj| iaedmkjetmcj| dj| ~mpthj| dme| cj ~palâ| lhyhc je Pè~z`ch}zj Iè+ dèpmcj d‘Mccjkmfej # he Izedmkjetmc Fzmpmetjj| % ~~% <+<># j|~% ~% =8# }zj –ze |a`pjyzjca dj cm ozph|~pzdjelhm dj ca| tph`zemcj| mcjkmej|# je ~mpthlzcmp djc Tph`zemc Lae|thtzlhaemc Lae|thtzlhaemc Ijdjpmc# je ca }zj laelhjpej mc djpjlba m |jp aëda metj ca| tph`zemcj|# ~jpkhtj djlhp }zj j|m kírhkm aipjlhü x |hjk~pj aipjlj cm ~a|h`hchdmd dj ~jpkhthp cm m~chlmlhüe dj ca| ~phelh~ha| dj ze ~palj|a cjmc x oz|ta# kmtjphm je }zj ~pjlh|mkjetj ca| lüdhfa| dj ~palj|a |ae helak~cjta7 a cmfzea|a|‛% 00 Mc pj|~jlta dj j|m| hdjm|# ÍCYMPA ÍCYMPA DJ DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta% A`% lht%#%# ~~% =<<+=4># ~í||hk% 0< Laka `hje ~aedjpm FMDMKJP# Bme|+Fjapf% –Cm helm~mlhdmd ~mpm ~mpm jc dhícafa‛ afa‛ "=86=(% Je? Yjpdmd x Kjtada % Yac% HH# 0¯% jd%# tpmd% dj Kmezjc Acm|mfm|th# \ëfzjkj# \mcmkmelm# =884# ~~% 0><+0=># mze}zj cm lm~mlhdmd ~mpm jc dhícafa |jm ze mtph`zta emtzpmc djc bak`pj# ~zj| jc cjefzmoj |aca |j dm je jc dhícafa# kzlbm| yjlj| ea |j }zhjpj aëp mc atpa# a |j axj kmc%

024

^PALJ\MC LHYHC

mfatmp cm kmtjphm# mcheja pí~hdmkjetj mcfzem| |zfjpjelhm| }zj kj ~mpjlje |hfeh ﬍lmthym|% †

Je ~phkjp czfmp# |j hk~aej cm mda~lhüe djc ~phelh~ha dj laa~jpmlhüe# laka ~hjdpm me+ fzcmp x jr~aejelhmc djc ~palj|a lhyhc 04%

†

Zem `zjem ~pa~zj|tm |jpëm tmk`hèe# dje+ tpa dj j|m cëejm dj aphjetmlhüe# jchkhemp ca| pjffjoa| fpmya|a|# dj apdje ~palj|mc# mlm+ ppjmda| ~ap cm imctm dj ~mfa dj cm| la|tm| a dj cm tm|m ozdhlhmc% Jc ~palj|a ea dj`j |jp jrthefzhda eh jc pjlzp|a ozfmda dj|hjpta ~ap jc helzk~chkhjeta dj j|m| jrhfjelhm|# dj`hjeda cm ~mptj |ziphp zem |melhüe j|tphl+ tmkjetj ~jlzehmphm# tpmdzlhdm ~ap jc mfpm+ yha# jyjetzmc x |z|tmelhmc# dj ca| kaeta| dj`hda|0:%

†

Jc j|tm`cjlhkhjeta j|tm`cjlhkhjeta## laka ~phelh~ha fjej+ pmc djc ~palj|a# djc ~phelh~ha dj mdjlzm+ lhüe iapkmc# imlzctmeda mc ozj# a`tjehda jc mlzjpda dj cm| ~mptj|# x |hjk~pj }zj cm tpm+ khtmlhüe ~palj|mc ~pjyh|tm je cm cjx ea |j mdm~tj ~jpijltmkjetj m cm| jrhfjelhm| dj cm djkmedm jk~cmmdm# cm ~a|h`hchdmd dj mkacdmp jc ~paljdhkhjeta m cm j|~jlh ﬍lh+ dmd dj cm lmz|m# ~ap kjdha dj cm ~pílthlm dj mlta| }zj kjoap |j ~pj|tje m cm ~zph ﬍lmlhüe dj cm yjpdmd x mlhjpta dj cm djlh|hüe# ~pj|+ lhedhjeda dj ca| }zj |j pjyjcje hdüeja| ~mpm jc ﬍e djc ~palj|a09%

†

Yjta mc üpfmea ozdhlhmc ~mpm djlhdhp lzj|+ thaej| dj bjlba a dj djpjlba# mze}zj |jme dj laealhkhjeta jr ai ﬍lha# |he ~pjyha ~pa+ ezelhmkhjeta dj cm| ~mptj| mc pj|~jlta# m

kada dj ~pj|tmp atpm dhkje|hüe mc laetpm+ dhltapha# pjcmlhaeíedaca m zem yh|hüe laa+ ~jpmthyh|tm djc ~palj|a% Bax# j|j pj|zctmda |aca j| mclmem`cj je jc Djpjlba `pm|hcjýa ~ap yëm hetjp~pjtmthym 06% †

Jrthelhüe dj ca| ccmkmda| –~phyhcjfha| ~pa+ lj|mcj|‛ dj ca| jetj| j|tmtmcj| je ca| chth+ fha| je }zj j|tèe jeyzjcta|% J|j m|~jlta |j kzj|tpm ~mpthlzcmpkjetj pjcjymetj ipjetj m cm pjlhjetj dz~chlmlhüe djc ~cma dj lm+ dzlhdmd ~mpm cm ~pa~a|hlhüe dj cm mllhüe pj|lh|aphm dj |jetjelhm ~ap jc Kheh|tjpha ^ÿ`chla# cm Zehüe# ca| J|tmda|# jc Dh|tphta Ijdjpmc# ca| kzehlh~ha|# |z| mztmp}zëm| / x izedmlhaej|02# je ffmfpmetj aije|m mc ~phe+ lh~ha dj hfzmcdmd%

†

Hetje|h﬍lmlhüe djc dj`jp dj `zjem ij ~pa+ lj|mc# |melhaeíeda|j laka chthfmetj dj kmcm ij cm ~mptj }zj# ea |acmkjetj lae daca# |hea lae ejfchfjelhm fpmyj# djdzlm zem ~pjtje|hüe kmeh ﬍j|tmkjetj heizedmdm7 }zj mctjpj# ~ap mllhüe z akh|hüe# cm yjpdmd dj ca| bjlba| pjcjymetj| dj cm lmz|m7 ~pml+ th}zj akh|hüe hk~jpdaem`cj djc dj`jp dj laa~jpmlhüe a bmfm z|a pj~pa`m`cj dj ca| he|tpzkjeta| ~palj|mcj|%

†

Tmk`hèe je j|j laetjrta |j hk~aej jc dj`jp dj pjlë~palm lappjllhüe jetpj jc ozj x ca| dhyjp|a| hetjpyhehjetj| a |zojta| ~palj|mcj|% Laka pjffjoa ejlj|mpha dj j|m lappjllhüe# je jc íefzca yh|zmc djc üpfmea ozdhlhmc# ~zj+ dje |jp lhtmda|# m tëtzca dj jojk~ca# ca| dj+ `jpj| dj ~zetzmchdmd je jc hehlha dj ca| mlta| x mzdhjelhm| pjmchmda| je ozhlha 08# jc dj ea

04 Je jc L^L ~aptzfzè|# cm laa~jpmlhüe laa~jpmlhüe hetjp|zòjthym |j jelzjetpm jr~pj|mkjetj jr~pj|mkjetj pjfzcmdm je jc mptëlzca 099# 099# ~jpa thjej heffjrhüe dhpjltm je dhyjp|a| dh|~a|hthya|% Yjp# m ~pa~ü|hta# TJRJHPM DJ \AZ\M# Khfzjc% A` lht%# ~~% 90+98% 0: Djetpa dj j|j j|~ëphtz# j|~ëphtz# m|ë pjfzcme cm kmtjphm kmtjphm je âptzfmc ca| ca| mptëlzca| =< x =4 djc kjelhaemda djlpjta+cjx djlpjta+cjx <08+M!8:% 09 M|ë ~pjlj~tÿm jc mptëlzca 09:+M djc L^L ~aptzfzè|? –Lzmeda cm tpmkhtmlhüe ~palj|mc ~pjyh|tm je cm cm cjx ea |j mdjlzj m cm| j|~j+ lh﬍lhdmdj| dj cm lmz|m# dj`j jc ozj a ﬍lha|mkjetj# aëdm| cm| ~mptj|# djtjpkhemp cm ~pílthlm dj ca| mlta| }zj kjoap |j moz|tje mc ﬍e djc ~palj|a# m|ë laka cm| ejlj|mphm| mdm~tmlhaej|‛% 06 \a`pj j|m ezjym ~jp|~jlthym ~jp|~jlthym djc ~phelh~ha# lip% lip% ÍCYMPA ÍCYMPA DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta# –M fmpmethm fmpmethm da laetpmdhtüpha‛% Je?Fmpmethm| Lae|thtzlhaemh| da ^palj||a Lhyhc % Laapdhemlhüe dj Oa|è Pafèpha Lpz j Tzllh# \ìa ^mzca# PT# =888# ~~% =<0+=:>% / WE% djc T%[? T%[? Cm mztmp}zhm je @pm|hc j| m}zjccm jethdmd dj Djpjlba ^ÿ`chla# mztüeakm je |z mlthyhdmd tèlehlm a mdkheh|tpmthym# ﬍|lmchmdm x tztjcmdm ~ap jc J|tmda# }zj m yjlj| cj ~pa~aplhaem pjlzp|a|# x dj lzxa| |jpyhlha| lae|thtzxj üpfmea mzrhchmp% 02 Kjdhdm ^payh|aphm =%664+0># =%664+0># djc djc =4!=0!=882# =4!=0!=882# mptëlzca :% 08 Jc L^L ~aptzfzè| "mptëlzca 4:9#0( mk~chü lae `zjem| `zjem| pmaej| jc ík`hta dj dj cm kmcm ij ~palj|mc m ca| lm|a| dj ejfchfjelhm fjelhm fpmyj% Je jc kh|ka j|tmtzta# jc dj`jp dj lacmàpmlhüe djc üpfmea ozdhlhmc lae cm| ~mptj| izj |z`pmxmda je ca| mptëlzca| 099%0# 099%4#


02:


kathymp imc|mkjetj cm djlh|hüe ozdhlhmc x jc dj m~pjlhmp hetjfpmckjetj ca| izedmkjeta| pjcjymetj| dj ca| mpfzkjeta| dj cm| ~mptj|%

~pjyhm jetpj jc ~jphta x ca| m|h|tjetj| tèlehla| x cm jcmàpmlhüe djc heiapkj je |j~mpmda |acm+ kjetj je lm|a dj dhyjpfjelhm%

âp atpa cmda# jc |h|tjkm ozpëdhla `pm|hcjýa |j bm helchemda ~ap zem lpjlhjetj |a`pjymcaph+ mlhüe djc tpm`moa djc ~jphta a ﬍lhmc eak`pm+ da ~ap jc dhpjltap djc ~palj|a# pjdzlhjeda dj j|m iapkm# lae hetje|hdmd lmdm yj kmxap# cm hk~aptmelhm dj cm| ~jphlhm| ~pj|jetmda| ~ap ca| m|h|tjetj| tèlehla| dj cm| ~mptj|% J|m lae+ |jlzjelhm |j yzjcyj tadmyëm kí| fpmyj ~ap jc eatm`cj helpjkjeta yjph ﬍lmda je jc eÿkjpa dj djkmedm|# mc yacyjp kí| jepmpjlhda jc jrm+ kje dj cm| laelcz|haej| dj cm ~jphlhm ~ap jc ozj% Laka |h ea `m|tm|j j|m lhplze|tmelhm# cm pjiapkm hetpadzlhdm ~ap cm Cjx E¾ 2%4::# djc 04!2!=880 je jc he|thtzta dj cm ~jphlhm |aca yhea m j|thkzcmp# je dhpjllhüe laetpmphm dj cm bh|ta+ phm# j|a| helaeyjehjetj|# ~ap bm`jp pjdzlhda dj kmejpm lae|hdjpm`cj jc ~m~jc bm|tm jetaelj| dj|jk~jýmda ~ap ca| m|h|tjetj| tèlehla| }zj# dj yjpdmdjpa| mzrhchmpj| djc ozhlha# ~m|mpae m cm laedhlhaej| dj |hk~cj| heiapkmetj| ~mfm+ da| ~ap cm| ~mptj|% \jkjometj laelcz|hüe |j jelzjetpm lhkjetmdm je cm ezjym pjdmllhüe djc ¦ 0# 0¯ ~mptj djc mptëlzca 400# mc dh|~je|mp ca| m|h|tjetj| tèlehla| dj ~pj|tmp lak~pakh|a dj lzk~chp laelhjezdmkjetj jc jelmpfa }zj cj| izjpm lakjthda# djc mptëlzca 40<# mc djtjpkhemp }zj ca| m|h|tjetj tèlehla| ea ~zjdje |jp kí| pjlz|mda| ~ap hk~jdhkjeta a |a|~jlbm/7 djc mptëlzca 404# lm~zt mc ea ~pjyjp kí| cm ~a|h`h+ chdmd dj |z|thtzlhüe djc m|h|tjetj tèlehla ~ap jc ozj# j helcz|hyj je cm pjyalmlhüe pjyalmlhüe dj ca| ca| mptëlz+ ca| 4<> x 4<=# }zj hk~aeëme zem laeijpjelhm

Cm ezjym pjmchdmd m}zë pjtpmtmdm j|tí m djtjp+ khemp zem pj ffjrhüe kí| lzhdmda|m |a`pj jc kadz| a~jpmedh dj cm ~jphlhm je jc |h|tjkm ozpëdhla `pm|hcjýa% Tada mlae|jom “|a`pj tada je ca| ~mpíkjtpa| dj zem dj|jm`cj j hem~mptm+ `cj yh|hüe laa~jpmthym djc ~palj|a“ cm ~pjyhm mzdhlhüe dj cm| ~mptj| pj|~jlta dj cm jcjllhüe djc jr~jpta# imlzctíedacj| |zfjphp }zhèe dj`j pjmchmp cm dhchfjelhm# ea ~zdhjeda jc ozj jrhkhp|j dj eak`pmp jc ~jphta ~ap jccm| hedh+ lmda dj lakÿe mlzjpda# |mcya |h tzyhjpm pm+ aej| izedmdm| ~mpm lzj|thaemp |z hdaejhdmd a lak~jtjelhm <>% Lae j|m ~payhdjelhm je kz+ lba fmempëm cm `ÿ|}zjdm dj cm yjpdmd djetpa djc ~palj|a# ~phelh~mckjetj je cm| j|~jlhj| dj mctm lak~cjohdmd tèlehlm a lhjetë ﬍lm# mze kí| }zj cm ~pílthlm djc iapa djkzj|tpm }zj# je jc ~pj|jetj j|tmdha dj dj|jeyacyhkhjeta dj cm |alhjdmd `pm|hcjým# |jpëm laeyjehje+ tj |h jc ~jphta dh|ipztm|j dj cm lae ﬍mem ea |aca djc üpfmea ozdhlhmc# |hea tmk`hèe dj ca| chthfmetj|% HY

^hje|a# |he jk`mpfa# }zj cm| kjdhdm| ~zetzmcj| |zfjphdm| x atpm| dj lmpíltjp ~zpmkjetj cjfh|+ cmthya ea |j ka|tpmpíe |z ﬍lhjetj| ~mpm pj|acyjp tadm cm lph|h| ~paizedm dj cm Mdkheh|tpmlhüe Mdkheh|tpmlhüe dj Oz|thlhm jetpj ea|atpa|% Ea a`|tmetj# jc ~pa`cj+ km ~pj|jetm ~jp ﬍c kzedhmc# ~zj| je tada| ca| ~më|j| |j yjph ﬍lm ze mzkjeta dj|kj|zpmda djc

:>2%=# –`‛# :>2+M%=# –l‛# 98>%4 x 6>=%=% Je @pm|hc# jc metj~paxjlta dj cjx e% =<# je tpmkhtmlhüe je jc Laefpj|a Emlhaemc# ea |üca ~pa~aej cm mctjpmlhüe djc lm~zt djc mptëlzca =4 djc L^L# |hea tmk`hèe cm helcz|hüe dj zem ezjya helh|a? –Mptëlzca =4% \ae dj`jpj| dj cm| ~mptj|# dj |z| ~palzpmdapj| x dj t ada| m}zjcca| }zj dj lzmc}zhjp iapkm ~mpthlh~me djc ~palj|a? Y “ lzk~chp lae jrmlthtzd ca| ~payjhkhjeta| kmedmkjetmcj| x ea lpjmp a`|tílzca| m cm jijlthymlhüe dj ~payjhkhjeta ozdhlhmcj|# methlh~mtapha| a ﬍emcj|‛% Cm djlcmpmdm hetjelhüe dj cm pjiapkm cjfh|cmthym# laka |j cjj je cm jr~a|hlhüe dj kathya|# j| pjiapmp cm èthlm je jc ~palj|a# ca lzmc |üca kjpjlj m~cmz|a|% Je cm ~jp|~jlthym djc tjrta# tmk`hèe |j ~adpí m﬍pkmp }zj# mdjkí| dj jcca# cm heeaymlhüe hetje|h ﬍lm jc dj`jp dj laa~jpmlhüe% / WE% djc T%[? \z|~jhæìa "}zj chtjpmckjetj |j tpmdzlj laka |a|~jlbm( j| cm |htzmlhüe# kjelhaemdm je cm cjx# }zj hk~hdj m ozjlj|# ﬍|lmcj|# màfmda| a lzmc}zhjp atpa mzrhchmp dj oz|thlhm# dj mltzmp je djtjpkhemda ~palj|a# je lm|a dj bm`jp dzdm je lzmeta m cm hk~mplhmchdmd j hedj~jedjelhm lae }zj dj`je mltzmp# takmda dj? 3vvv%dhlhaemphadjmzpjcha%lak!dhlhaempha%~b~1^;\z|~jhlma5% adjmzpjcha%lak!dhlhaempha%~b~1^;\z|~jhlma5% <> M|ë# jc mptëlzca :92%0 djc L^L ~aptzfzè|% Cm lpëthlm mc mltzmc |h|tjkm |h|tjkm `pm|hcjýa |j jelzjetpm jelzjetpm je MCYMPA MCYMPA DJ DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta% –^pa`cjkm| mtzmh| dm chypj m~pjlhmæìa dm ~paym‛% Je? ^paym Lëyjc # laapdhemlhüe dj L% M% Mcympa dj Achyjhpm# Iapje|j# Pëa dj Omejhpa# =888# ~~% 46+9>%

029

^PALJ\MC LHYHC

eÿkjpa dj djkmedm|# hetje|h ﬍lmlhüe dj ca| ch+ thfha| x j|lm|j dj pjlzp|a| x kmtjphmc bzkmea ~mpm dh|khezhp a jchkhemp jc dj|im|j jetpj jc eÿkjpa dj ozjlj| x dj lmz|m| <=% ^mpmcjcmkjetj# jc thjk~a |j yacyhü je ezj|tpa| dëm| zea dj ca| ~mpíkjtpa| izedmkjetmcj| dj cm oz|thlhm kadjpem# je ipjetj djc lmk`ha dj emtzpmcjm lzmchtmthym je cm emtzpmcjm dj ca| chthfha|# je cm kmxap ~mptj |zpfhda| je yhptzd dj cm km|h﬍lmlhüe dj cm jlaeakëm# m`mplme+ da ze eÿkjpa jeapkj dj ~jp|aem| dj ~ala| a kjdha| pjlzp|a| <0% M tada j|a |j mýmdj cm jrtpmapdhemphm yjcalhdmd djc kzeda mltzmc# ~payjehjetj dj cm pjyaczlhüe heiapkíthlm# dj jrhfhp ze ezjya ~mpmdhfkm dj oz|thlhm# lhjptm+ kjetj dhyjp|a djc kadjca hczkheh|tm }zj hemz+ fzpü cm kadjpehdmd% J|j ezjya ~mpmdhfkm bm dj |jp lpjmda m ~mpthp dj cm jr~jphjelhm `pm|hcjým# dj |z| dh ﬍lzctmdj| x dj |z| ~atjelhmchdmdj|# ~ap kjdha dj zem dh|lz|hüe m`hjptm lae tadm cm |alhjdmd lhyhc# lae ~mpthlh~mlhüe mlthym dj cm| |alhjdmdj| pj+ ~pj|jetmthym| dj ca| màfmda|# dj ca| ozjlj|# dj ca| ~pakatapj|# dj ca| j|~jlhmch|tm|# ~paij+ |apj| x ozph|tm|# x dj ca| a~jpmdapj| djc Djpj+ lba je fjejpmc% M kh kada dj yjp# zem dj cm| lzj|thaej| izedmkjetmcj| ~mpm cm |aczlhüe dj cm| laetpayjp|hm| pjmckjetj hk~aptmetj| x# mc kh|ka ~m|a# |aczlhaej| j|thkzcmdm| mc kmp+ fje djc |h|tjkm j|tmtmc# m kada dj dj|mbafmpca x ~jpkhthp jc jojplhlha mdjlzmda dj |z| mctm| izelhaej|% Jc tjkm# ea a`|tmetj# ~ap |z lak+ ~cjohdmd x jrtje|hüe# ea ~jpkhtj ze jrmkje je j|tm |jdj%

@H@CHAFPMIËM

ÍCYMPA ÍCY MPA DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta% Da iapkmch|ka ea ~pa+ lj||a lhyhc % \mpmhym# \ìa ^mzca# =886% ÍCYMPA DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta% –M fmpmethm da laetpmdhtü+ pha‛% Je? Fmpmethm| Lae|thtzlhaemh| da ^palj||a Lhyhc # laapdhemlhü laapdhemlhüee dj Oa|è Pafèpha Lpz j Tzllh# PT# \ìa ^mzca# =888# ~~% =<0+=:>% ÍCYMPA DJ ACHYJHPM# Lmpca| Mc`jpta% –^pa`cjkm| mtzmh| dm chypj m~pjlhmæìa dm ~paym‛% Je? ^pay ^paymm Lëyjc Lëyjc # laapdhemlhüe dj L% M% ÎC+ YMPA DJ ACHYJHPM# Iapje|j# Pëa dj Omejhpa# =888# ~~% 46+9>% @MZP# Ipht% –Cj| fmpmethj| iaedmkjetmcj| dj| ~mpthj| d me| cj ~palâ| lhyhc je Pè~z`ch}zj Ièdèpmcj d‘Mccjkmfej‛% Je? Lm~~jc+ cjtth x Tmccae "apfmehmdapj|(# Izedmkjetmc fzmpjetjj| ai tbj ~mpthj| he lhyhc chthfmthae% Fhziipâ# Khcmea# =86<% LM\TMEBJHPM EJYJ\# M% Kjtadacafhm Ozpëdhlm + ^pa`cjkm| Izedmkjetmh|% Lahk`pm jd%# Lahk`pm# =88<% LA\TM J \HCYM# ^mzcm% \mejmkjeta j laedje|mæìa ea eaya ^palj||a Lhyhc % Cjr# Ch|àm# |j~mpmtm |%d% IJPPH# Lappmda# \tpzttzpm djc ~palj||a j kadhihlmhaej djccm dakmedm% Ljdmk# ^mdzm# =86:% FMDMKJP# Bme|+Fjapf# –Cm helm~mlhdmd ~mpm jc dhícafa‛ "=86=(% Je? Yjpdmd x Kjtada # yac% HH# 0¯ jd%# tpmd% dj Kmezjc Acm|mfm|th# \ëfzjkj# \mcmkmelm# =884% FHZCHMEH# Mcj||medpa% Hc laeljtta dj ~paym "laetph`zta mccm cafhlm fhzphdhlm(% Fhziipâ# Khcíe# =89=% FHZCHMEH# Mcj||medpa% –Cafhlm djc dhphtta "tjaphm djcc‘mpfakjetmha+ ej(‛% Je? Jelhlca~jdhm lca~jdhm djc Dhphtta tta# RRY "=86:(# ~~% =<+<4% OMZJPEHF# Atbkmp# _hyhc~paj||pjlbt # 0=¯ jd%# @jlg# Kzehlb# =82:% OBJPHEF# Pzdaci yae% Fjh|t dj| pùkh|lbje Pjlbt| mzi dje yjp|lbhjdjeje \tzije |jhejp Jetvhlgczef# Tjhc 0# M`tjhczef 0# Zeyjpäedjptjp Ejzdpzlg djp :% "cjtje yjpäedjptje( Mzicmfj Cjh~hf =282# Mmcje# \lhjethm Yjpcmf# =892% Taka Taka HHH# dm d m jdhæìa j|~mebacm dj =8=># tpmd% dj Jeph}zj ^pëelj~j x \mtappj|# Km+ dphd? Jdhtaphmc @mhccx +@mhcchjpj% GCJHE# Ipme% _jht+zed Fjh|tj||tpùkzefje hk ^paj||# lae+ ijpïelhm ~paijphdm jk Dpj|dje jk =8>=# he Pjdje# Yaptpäfj# Mzi|ätj# @phjij# yac% H# Vhje? Kme# =806% CMLJPDM# Fmcjea% Dj|~mlba \mejmdap % Cm \mccj# âpta Mcj+ fpj# =8:<% CJ@PJ DJ IPJHTM\# Oa|è% Hetpadzæìa ma ^palj||a ^palj||a Lhyhc "lae+ ljhta j ~phelë~ha| fjpmh| î cz da Lüdhfa pjyh|ta( % Lahk`pm jd%# Lahk`pm# =889%

<= ^JPPAT# Pafjp% A ~palj||a lhyhc ipmelï| em yè|~jpm da |èlzca RRH # tpmd% dj O% L% @mpà|m Kapjhpm# Pjyh|tm Iapje|j # <40 "m`phc+ kmxa+ozeha dj =882(?=9=+=92# j|~% ~% =9<# kzj|tpm `hje lüka je ezj|tpa| dëm| jc thjk~a |j yacyhü zea dj ca| ~mpíkjtpa| dj cm oz|thlhm kadjpem x lüka j|tíe ca| tph`zemcj| ipmelj|j| m`mppatmda| m`mppatmda| dj zem laetjelhüe |hjk~pj |hjk~pj kí| m`zedmetj# m`zedmetj# |he }zj |j ~zjdm ~je|mp je jc mzkjeta djc eÿkjpa dj ozjlj|# |jm ~ap hk~a|h`hchdmdj| dj apdje ~pj|z~zj|tmpha# |jm ~ap hejrh|tjelhm dj kmtjphmc bzkmea# ~zj| ze pí~hda mzkjeta hk~aptmpëm dh|khezhp ~jchfpa|mkjetj cm lmchdmd djc pjlcztmkhjeta% <0 Li% ^JPPAT# ^JPPAT# Pafjp% A`% x cal% al% lht|% –Lzmeda |j chthfm`m# chthfm`m# laka je jc lakhjea djc djc |hfca# |a`pj cm dj﬍ehlhüe dj |zlj|haej|# |a`pj jc djpjlba dj ~pa~hjdmd# |a`pj |jpyhdzk`pj| a z|zipzlta|# cm cjethtzd dj ca| ~palj|a| jpm tmcyj mcfa hpphtmetj# ~jpa cm fjetj mlm`m+ `m ~ap pj|hfemp|j m jccm# mtph`zxjeda cm pj|~ae|m`hchdmd mc iapkmch|ka ozdhlhmc# m lzxa pj|~jta alm|haemckjetj |j `pakjm`m% Bax# takmeda je lzjetm cm emtzpmcjm dj ca| chthfha|# xm ea j| ~a|h`cj pj|hfemp|j? zem ~je|hüe mchkjetmphm# zem hedjkehmlhüe ~ap dj|~hda a dj|themdm m pj|mplhp ze dmýa ea ~zjdj j|~jpmp kj|j|% Bj m}zë ~ap }zè cm ljcjphdmd |j laeyhpthü je zea dj ca| ~phkjpa| hk~jpmthya| dj cm oz|thlhm kadjpem‛%


026


^JPJCKME# Lbmák% Tpmtmda dm Mpfzkjetmæìa "m eaym pj+ tüphlm(# je lacmàpmlhüe lae Czlhj Ac`jpjlbt|+Txtjlm# =8:2# jdhlhüe `pm|hcjým je cm tpmd% dj Kmphm Jpkmethem Fmcyìa F% ^jpjhpm% Kmpthe| Iaetj|# \ìa ^mzca# =889% ^JPPAT# Pafjp% –A ~palj||a lhyhc ipmelï| em yè|~jpm da |è+ lzca RRH‛# tpmd% dj O% L% @mpà|m Kapjhpm% Je? Pjyh|tm Iapje+ |j# E¾ <40 "m`phc+kmha+ozeba dj =882(# ~~% =9=+=92% ^HLMPDH# Ehlacm# –^palj||a Lhyhcj "dhp% kadjpea(‛% Je? Jelh+ lca~jdhm djc Dhphtta# RRRYH "=826(# ~~% =>=+==2% TJHRJHPM DJ \AZ\M# Khfzjc% J|tzda| |a`pj a eaya ~palj||a ~palj||a lhyhc # 0¯ jd%# Cjr# Ch|àm# =886% TPACCJP# Mcah|% Yae dje Fpzedc mfje dj| hyhc~paj||zmcje Iapkmch|kz|# Bjc`hef ) Chlbtjebmbe# @m|hchm# =84:%

022

TPACCJP# Mcah|% –C‘heiczjelj dj cm Lae|thtzthae Ièdèpmcj dj cm Laeièdèpmthae \zh||j |zp cj| dpaht| dj ~mpthj| djymet cj| tph`zemzr lmetaemzr je kmthâpj dj ~palèdzpj lhyhcj‛% Je ? Lm~+ ~jccjtth x Tmccae "apfmehmdapj|(# Izedmkjetmc fzmpjetjj| ai tbj ~mpthj| he lhyhc chthfmthae% Fhziipâ# Khcíe# =86<% YHJBVJF# Tbjadap% Ta~hg zed Ozph|~pzdje "Jhe @jhtpmf zp pjlbt|vh||jelbmitchlbje Fpzedfjeiap|lbzef(% :¯ jd%# @jlg# Kzehlb# =864%

VJ@JP# Kmr% Jlaeakëm x |alhjdmd "j|àa dj |alhacafëm lak~pje|hym(# jd% ~pj~mpmdm ~ap Oabmeej| Vhelgcjkmee# tpmd% Oa|è Kjdhem Jlbmymppëm# Ozme Pazpm ^mpjccm# Jzfjeha Ëkm# Jdzmpda Fmplëm Kíxej x Oa|è Ijppmtjp Kapm% Iaeda dj Lzctzpm Jlaeükhlm# 6¯ pjhk~pj|hüe# Kèrhla# =824%

Carlos Alberto Alvaro de Oliveira - Efectividad y Proceso de Conocimiento

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