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618
WVKOD_JL OASAL
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6% De dl okerdxrk jerds bdlaedjbk vdsjlrj lj a`wkvrjeoaj bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds>, bjbk ztd ovdje lks wvdstwtdsrks fêsaoks wjvj tej abj de lafdvrjb q baneabjb ht`jej8% _d otabj, wkv rjerk, bd lks bdvdohks aehdvderds j lj wvkwaj ekoaÿe bd bdvdohks fêsaoks bd lj wdvskej, ztd
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Ds nvjebd lj aeodvrdyj rdv`aeklÿna rdv`aeklÿnaoj oj jl vdswdork% _d hjflj bd bdvdohks ejrtvjlds, bdvdohks ht`jeks, bdvdohks bdl hk`fvd, bdvdohks aebaabtjlds, bdvdohks wùflaoks stfidraks, lafdvrjbds ctebj`derjlds, lafdvrjbds wùflaojs, bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds bdl hk`fvd (_ALS (_ALSJ, J, Iksá Jckesk bj, Otvsk bd Bavdark Okesrartoakejl, w% :4>!% Bkq wvdcdvdeoaj j lj dxwvdsaÿe “bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds‐ ek sklk wkvztd qj dsrê aeokvwkvjbj j lj rvjbaoaÿe, saek rj`faáe wkvztd dxwvdsj vjykejfld`derd lj okeodwoaÿe jbkwrjbj de dl rdxrk% 8 Jsà, Mkevjb HD__D, jwtb jwtb Wjtlk Wjtlk FKEJSABD_, Otvsk bd Bavdark Okesrartoakejl , >j% db%, _ïk Wjtlk, @jlhdavks, :11>, w% 4:2% Rj`faáe sdnùe Hdssd, lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds, `ês vdsrvaenabj`derd, ske jztdllks ojla ojbks ok`k rjlds wkv dl bdvdohk anderd% _dnùe Iksá Jckesk bj _ALSJ, Otvsk % Kf% oar%, w% :41, lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds ctebj`derjlds dsrjfldode lks wvaeoawaks okestsrjeoajbkvds okestsrjeoajbkvds bd lj okeodwoaÿe bdl `tebk q bd lj abdklknàj wklàraoj bd ojbj kvbdej`aderk itvàbaok, itvàbaok, bdsanejebk ljs wvdvvknjrajs d aesrartoakeds oke ztd dl bdvdohk wksarak okeovdrayj ljs njvjeràjs bd tej okeadeoaj banej, lafvd d antjlarjvaj bd rkbjs ljs wdvskejs% 1 Ocv% @AVJEBJ, Ikvnd, @jetjl bd Bavdark Okesrartoakej Okesrartoakejl l , rk`k AS, Bavdarks Ctebj`derjas , Oka`fvj, Oka`fvj db%, :188, ww% 8-:7% :7 Lj fùsztdbj bd dcdoraabjb bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds ctebj`derjlds,, sdújlj fade _dvnd NTAEOHJVB, Bvkar wvkodsstdl - Bvkar ok``t` bt wvkoès , d` okljfkvjîïk ok` @keaztd Fjebvjo, Xjadv Ljnjvbd d @álaej Bktohq, Wjvas, Bjllky, 677:, ww% 4?-42, ds dl cdeÿ`dek `ês `jvojerd bdl ejl bdl sanlk XX% Ál `deoakej lj oáldfvd bdoasaÿe Javdq s% Avljebj, bdl 7>+:7+:1>1, de ztd lj Okvrd Dtvkwdj bd lks Bdvdohks bdl Hk`fvd `jeacdsrÿ st oljvj wvdkotwjoaÿe oke lj dxandeoaj “bd wvkrdndv ek `ês bd ckv`j rdÿvaoj k altskvaj, saek bd ckv`j okeovdrj q dcdoraj‐, lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds% :: Ocv% lj làedj bd bdsjvvkllk rvjyjbj oke `jek `jdsrvj wkv Wjtlk FKEJSABD_, Otvsk% Kf oar%, ww% 463-46>, rj`faáe oke `deoaÿe j badvsks krvks bkot`derks vdljraks j bdvdohks ht`jeks wvkbtoabks wvkbtoabks de dl sanlk XX%
RK@K ::1 + DEDVK 67::
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VDSA_RJ ITVÀBAOJ BDL WDVÙ
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?% De dl sasrd`j itvàbaok fvjsaldúk, dsjs wkebdvjoakeds ksrderje dekv`d jlojeod wvêoraok, wkvztd lj Okesrartoaÿe bd :188 wksaraÿ bd ckv`j dxwvdsj lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds bd wva`dvj, sdntebj q rdvodvj ndedvjoaÿe% Jbd`ês bd dllk, dl ® : bdl jvràotlk 4 bd lj Okesrartoaÿe fvjsaldúj dsrjrtqd bd `kbk dxwvdsk ztd “ljs ekv`js bd eabkvjs bd lks bdvdohks q njvjeràjs ctebj`derjlds radede jwlaojoaÿe ae`dbajrj‐% Dsrj ùlra`j baswksaoaÿe okesrartoakejl sd vdasrd bd nvje saneaojbk% Wkv te ljbk, wvaeoawjl`derd de `jrdvaj wvkodsjl, lks wvdodwrks okesjnvjbkvds bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds ek bdwdebde bd lj dbaoaÿe bd ldqds okeovdrayjbkvjs% Wkv krvk, de lj Okesrartoaÿe fvjsaldúj, lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds bd ojvêordv wvkodsjl k aeckv`jbkvds bdl wvkodsk ek rtadvke st d ojoaj wldej okebaoakejbj j lj vdntljoaÿe wkv ldq aecvjokesrartoakejl% Jbd`ês bd dllk, ek sd basotrd `ês de lj bkorvaej bdl Bdvdohk Okesrartoakejl dl wjwdl bd
lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds q bd ljs ekv`js bd wvaeoawak ‟aeoltsad bd jztdlljs okesabdvjbjs `dvj`derd wvknvj`êraojs‟ ok`k bavdorajs `jrdvajlds wdv`jederds, aeotljebk wksaraj`derd j rkbks lks ÿvnjeks okeovdrayjbkvds, aeoltsad jztdllks deojvnjbks bd lj itvasbaooaÿe, bdfadebk dsrks rk`jvljs de okesabdvjoaÿe de otjlztadvj bd lks `k`derks bd lj joraabjb okeovdrayjbkvj:?% Wkv oadvrk, lj `ês a`wkvrjerd ctderd itvàbaoj bd ljs ekv`js bd wvaeoawak ske wvdoasj`derd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds% Ok`k sd d, ojbj dy `ês eks basrjeoaj`ks bd lj okeodwoaÿe rvjbaoakejl, ztd dàj j lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds ok`k sa`wlds njvjeràjs, ok`k `dvk bdvdohk bd bdcdesj bdl oatbjbjek cvderd jl Dsrjbk q ek, ok`k lks ok`wvdebd lj `ês vdoaderd bkorvaej, ok`k bdvdohks okesrartraks aesrartoakejlds, oke j`wlaj q ctdvrd wkrdeoajlayjoaÿe% Lj otdsraÿe sd vddlj wjvraotljv`derd sdesafld wkv otjerk bd dsj ckv`j sd jrvaftqd jl ÿvnjek itbaoajl, de dl wljek itvàbaok-stfidrak, dl wkbdv bd didvodv wksaraj`derd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds (lafdvrjb wksaraj! q bd dxanav k`asakeds bd lks wkbdvds wùflaoks, j `kbk bd darjv jnvdsakeds ldsajs wkv wjvrd bd dsrks (lafdvrjb ednjraj!:2% Wkv dsk `as`k, de baohj ekv`jraabjb bd ojvêordv dsdeoajl`derd wvaeoawajl sd deotdervj okerdeabj te jtráeraok krkvnj`aderk bd ok`wdrdeoaj wjvj lj lafvd aedsranjoaÿe itvasbaooakejl bdl bdvdohk% Lj wjvraotljvabjb jztà, oke vdljoaÿe j krvks rawks bd vdnljs itvàbaojs, ds ztd lj ok`wdrdeoaj wjvj dl bdsotfva`aderk bdl bdvdohk de dl
:6 _d santd jztà lj sàerdsas vdjlayjbj wkv Wjtlk FKEJSABD_, Otvsk% Kf% oar%, ww% 4:3-462% Dl nvje okesrartoakejlasrj rj`faáe `deoakej lj otjvrj ndedvjoaÿe bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds9 ctebj`derjlds9 dl bdvdohk j lj bd`kovjoaj, dl bdvdohk j lj aeckv`joaÿe q dl bdvdohk jl wltvjlas`k, bdvdohks dsks bd lj `jqkv a`wkvrjeoaj, ok`k sd d, wdvk ztd dsojwje j lks là`ards dsrvdohks bd dsrd dsrtbak (kf% oar%, ww% 462-463!% :? OJEKRALHK, Iksá Ikjzta` Nk`ds, Bavdark Okesrartoakejl, 2© db%, Oka`fvj, Jl`dbaej, :18>, w% :?6% :2 Afàbd`, w% 228%
?77
WVKOD_JL OASAL
ojsk okeovdrk sd aeotlj oke lks wvaeoawaks bd `jedvj j`wlaj d aebdrdv`aejbj:4% Lj okesrjrjoaÿe sd `tdsrvj dvbjbdvj`derd vdldjerd, de lj `dbabj ztd, sadebk cjotlrjbk dxwvdsj`derd de lj Okesrartoaÿe dl didvoaoak bd te bdvdohk wvkbtoabk wkv lks itdods, sd ldnara`j lj joraabjb bdl Wkbdv Itbaoajl cvderd j lj skoadbjb ok`k te rkbk, aeoltsad cvderd j lj vdsasrdeoaj bd aerdvdsds okervjvaks%
2% Jerds bd jejlayjv de dswdoad lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds ztd `ês bd odvoj sd vd dvde jl wvkodsk ‟wjvj bdswtás wvkotvjv dxrvjdv jlntejs okesdotdeoajs wvêoraojs bd ljs wvd`asjs hjsrj jhkvj dsrjfldoabjs‟, a`wkvrj rdedv wvdsderd rj`faáe rvds jswdorks dsdeoajlds a`wlaojbks de st okeodwoaÿe, det`dvjbks desdntabj9 j! Lj qj `deoakejbj ekv`jraj bdl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl, ekvrd ek sklk bd lj vdntljoaÿe ldnasljraj bdl wvkodsk, saek rj`faáe bdl vdnlj`derk bd lj okebtorj bd ljs wjvrds q bdl ÿvnjek itbaoajl de dl wvkodsk okeovdrk, q rj`faáe de lj bdrdv`aejoaÿe bdl wvkwak okerdeabk bd lj bdoasaÿe% f! Lj stwvd`joàj bdl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl9 “ek ske lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds ztd sd `tdde de dl ê`fark bd lj ldq, saek lj ldq ztd bdfd `kdvsd de dl ê`fark bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds‐ :3% o! Dl ojvêordv wvaeoawaklÿnaok bdl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl, j alt`aejv ljs vdnljs qj dxasrderds, wdv`aradebk jl `as`k rad`wk
lj ckv`tljoaÿe bd krvjs vdnljs dswdoà ojs wjvj skltoakejv otdsrakeds wvkodsjlds okeovdrjs% Fjik dl ùlra`k êentlk astjl, dl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl sd wvdsderj ok`k ekv`j jfadvrj, jl dsrjfldodv wtvj q sa`wld`derd te wvknvj`j q jv`jv oadvrj bavdooaÿe ejlàsraoj wjvj lj aebaswdesjfld okeovdrayjoaÿe itvasbaooakejl, de kwksaoaÿe, jsà, j jztdlljs ekv`js ztd okeradede tej kvbde wksaraj k ednjraj, ojwjods bd sdv jwvdhdebabjs wkv dl itdy bd ckv`j `ês k `deks bavdorj:>%
4% Bd wjsk, ds aerdvdsjerd kfsdvjv ztd jteztd lj wksaoaÿe dervd vdnljs q wvaeoawaks sdj ojbj dy `ês rdetd, de lj `dbabj ztd rkbj aerdvwvdrjoaÿe bd rdxrk, sdnùe lj `kbdvej hdv`deátraoj, dxand de `jqkv k `dekv `dbabj te “hjodv wvkbtorak‐, ek sd `tdsrvj okvvdork jv`jv ztd rkbj vdnlj itvàbaoj, j st dy, okeraded de bdrdv`aejbks là`ards tej ekv`j bd wvaeoawak :8, lk ztd bd oadvrj ckv`j dla`aejvàj lj bacdvdeoaj otjlarjraj dervd j`fjs ojrdnkvàjs, wvdokeayjbj wkv Dssdv% Lj jwlaojoaÿe okeovdrj bdl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl, bd otjlztadv `kbk, ek sd basrjeoaj vjbaojl`derd bdl wvkodsk bd jwlaojoaÿe bdl bdvdohk de ndedvjl% Dsrd, ok`k aerderá bd`ksrvjv de krvj kwkvrteabjb:1, sd wvdsderj edodsjvaj`derd ok`k kfvj bd jok`kbjoaÿe bd lk ndedvjl jl okeovdrk, jl vdztdvav te aeodsjerd rvjfjik bd jbjwrjoaÿe q hjsrj
:4 Jsà, @DADV, Assjm, “Jtstósten bds ndsohvadfde ndsohvadfdede de Vdohrs btvoh jllnd`daed Wvaeyawadeekv`de‐% De9 Wvaeyawadeekv`de teb Sdv- cjhvdes`jxa`d` ,, de okljfkvjoaÿe oke Vtbklc Krrk`jee, Yüvaoh, _ohtlrhdss Sdvljn, :11?, ww% 43-48% De lj `as`j làedj, kfsdvj cjhvdes`jxa`d` Iksá Ojvlks Sadavj bd JEBVJBD, Ks bavdarks ctebj`derjas ej Okesrartaîïk wkvrtntdsj bd :1>3 , :1>3 , Oka`fvj, Jl`dbaej, :18>, w% 643, ztd, j cjlrj bd ldq ztd okeovdraod bdrdv`aejbk bdrdv`aejbk bdvdohk ctebj`derjl, ctebj`derjl, “dl wvaeoawak bd jwlaojfalabjb bavdorj jld ok`k aebaojbkv bd didotrjfalabjb ae`dbajrj bd ljs ekv`js okesrartoakejlds, okesrartoakejlds, wvdst`aáebksd st wdvcdooaÿe, dsrk ds, st jtrkst oadeoaj fjsjbj de dl ojvêordv làztabk q oadvrk bd st okerdeabk bd sderabk% Sje, wtds, jztà aeoltabks dl bdfdv bd lks itdods q bd lks bd`ês kwdvjbkvds itvàbaoks bd jwlaojv lks wvdodwrks okesrartoakejlds q lj jtrkvayjoaÿe wjvj ztd oke dsd e lks okeovdraode wkv àj aerdvwvdrjraj‐% :3 Ocv% lj dxwvdsaj ckv`tljoaÿe bd Ikvnd @AVJEBJ, @jetjl% Kf% oar%, e% 37-A, ww% 686-68?% :> Ocv% @DADV @DADV Assjm% Kf% Kf% oar%, w% :2% _dnùe Iksdwh D__DV, Wvaeoawaks q Wdesj`aderks Itvàbaoks Ndedvjlds q Ckv`js ztd Jbkwrje de dl Bdvdohk Wvajbk , rvjb% bd Dbtjvbk Sjlderà Cakl, Fjvodlkej, Fksoh, :13:, ww% 3?->7, ljs vdnljs okeradede ÿvbdeds bavdorjs= lks wvaeoawaks, sklj`derd ovardvaks wjvj lj itsra ojoaÿe bd tej kvbde% :8 Ok`k stnadvd stnadvd Assjm Assjm @DADV% Kf% oar%, ww% 4?-42% 4?-42% :1 JLSJVK BD KLASDAVJ KLASDAVJ,, Ojvlks Jlfdvrk, Bk Ckv`jlas`k ek Wvkodssk Oaal % Oaal % Kf% oar%, ww% :17-:1:%
RK@K ::1 + DEDVK 67::
?7:
VDSA_RJ ITVÀBAOJ BDL WDVÙ
bd ovdjoaÿe, wkvztd dl ldnasljbkv ek ds k`eawkrderd de lj wvdasaÿe bd rkbjs d aeet`dvjflds wksafalabjbds kcvdoabjs wkv lj aejnkrjfld vaztdyj bd lj abj%
ldq ds teadvsjl q hjq ojsks de lks otjlds ek ds wksafld rvjrjv Aeoltsad tej vdnlj ljs oksjs oke dxjorartb bd te itvàbaoj oljvj q jwjvderd`kbk teadvsjl% De jztdllks `derd teàkoj wtdbd sdv ojsks, wtds, de lks otjlds ds rvjesckv`jbj bd jotdvbk edodsjvak hjfljv bd te `kbk oke ljs wdotlajvabjbds bdl teadvsjl, sae sdv wksafld hjojsk okeovdrk, wkv jlkvjJsà, dl vankv bdl ckv`jlas`k odvlk dxjorj`derd, lj ldq jodwoakeds d abdjs bdl wvkwak vdstlrj rd`wdvjbk wkv ljs edrj lk `ês okvvaderd, sae anekitdy% odsabjbds bd lj abj, jntbavjv ztd hjq jlnùe dvvkv‐% Lj yêebksd dl okestaork dervd dl dztabjb sd wvdsrjvàj, jsà, wjvj jswdork teàkok bd ljs ojdla`aejv lj basrjeoaj dervd lj vjordvàsraojs dxrdvejs q lj vjoakejlayjoaÿe jfsrvjooaÿe bd lj ekv`j q lj okeovdrartb `jrdvajl, ztd bdfd lldjv j ojfk dl ÿvnjbdl ojsk itynjbk9 “rjl ds lj ejrtvjldyj bd ek itbaoajl, dervd`dyoljbj bd a`wdvjraks lk dztarjrak9 tej okvvdooaÿe bd lj ldq de áraoks, vdnljs tralarjvajs q bd okedeadeoaj lj `dbabj de ztd st teadvsjlabjb lj bdij k wksrtljbks wklàraoks, ztd vk`wde oke aeok`wldrj‐67% lj jfsrvjooaÿe q lj ndedvjlabjb% Dl itdy, j _d otabj, sae ltnjv j btbjs, bd jwlaojv lj st dy, ek ds tej `êztaej salknàsraoj, ea ldq oke dztabjb, joraabjb okeejrtvjl jl dl wvkodsk, ok`k cdeÿ`dek otlrtvjl, sd wvkwak jork bd itynjv, q ek bd stsrartavwvdsrj j skltoakeds bd `jrd`êraoj dxjoralj wkv lj dztabjb% Q de dsj jwlaojoaÿe bd rtb% Dllk jld ‟ds ftdek vdsjlrjv‟ ek sklk lj vdnlj k bdl wvaeoawak, bdl bdvdohk rktr wjvj dl dotjoakej`aderk bd ljs otdsrakeds oktvr, dl sasrd`j cteoakej ok`k ldentj, cêoraojs q bd bdvdohk, saek rj`faáe wjvj dsrk ds, ok`k sasrd`j bd vdnljs bd tsk bd lj okebtooaÿe bdl wvkodsk q ekrkvaj`derd ljs wjljfvjs bdl ldentjid itvàbaok de lj otjl de lj vdokldooaÿe q jlkvjoaÿe bdl `jrdvajl sd ek`fvje lks hdohks j sdv jwvdoajbks q cêoraok bd aerdvás wjvj lj bdoasaÿe% jlkvjbks% De dvbjb, lks sanea ojbks dxAeoltsad tej vdnlj itvàbaoj oljvj q jwjvdewvdsks de lj ldentj itvàbaoj, d`wldjbj de rd`derd teàkoj wtdbd sdv rvjesckv`jbj lj jwlaojoaÿe kwdvjraj bdl Bdvdohk, ske de oadvrj `dbabj, bd jotdvbk oke ljs wdotrje j`fantks q kwaejflds ok`k ljs vdnljs lajvabjbds bdl ojsk okeovdrk, wkv jlkvjoakbd tsk bd lj ldentj itvàbaoj baorjbj wkv ljs eds d abdjs bdl wvkwak itdy% ekv`js6:% Bd jhà lj wdv`jederd edodsabjb bd okerdxrtjlayjvlks, wkv lj aesdvoaÿe de dl Qj Jvasrÿrdlds hjfàj okesrjrjbk dl cdeÿokerkvek dswdoà ok cêoraok bd ljs ojtsjs, `dek, otjebk rvjrÿ de st Áraoj j Eaoÿ`jwjvj dxrvjdvsd lj bdoasaÿe itsrj jbdotjbj ek, `k`derk olêsaok de lj hasrkvaj bd lj bdl ojsk okeovdrk, dswdoajl`derd oke lj dwadamdaj, bd ljs vdljoakeds dervd ldnjlabjb jqtbj bd lks wvaeoawaks% q dztabjb% Wjvj dl dsrjnavarj, “lk dztarjrak, sa fade ds itsrk, ek lk ds bd jotdvbk 3% De lk okeodveaderd j lks bdvdohks ctebjoke lj ldq, saek ok`k tej okvvdooaÿe bd lj `derjlds q j lks wvaeoawaks, lj okeovdrayj itsraoaj ldnjl% Lj ojtsj bd dllk ds ztd rkbj oaÿe sd vdjlayj dxoltsaj`derd wkv dl itdy
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‐
67 JVA_RßRDLD_, Áraoj Eaok`êztdj , rvjb% dsw% bd I% Wjllà Fkedr, @jbvab, Nvdbks, :184, S, :7, ::?>f, w% 63?% 6: Ocv% CDVVJIKLA, Ltana, Bdvdohk q Vjyÿe - Rdkvaj bdl Njvjeras`k Wdejl , Wdejl , rvjb% bd Wdvcdork Jebvás Afjúdy dr êl, wvÿlknk bd Ekvfdvrk Fkffak, @jbvab, Rvkrrj, :114, w% 43% Rj`faáe lj okvvdljoaÿe dervd lj ldentj q dl ldentjid aerdvek bdl sasrd`j ds dsdeoajl wjvj lj rdkvàj hdv`deátraoj wvdokeayjbj wkv Rdvoak _j`wjak CDVVJY, Aervkbtîïk jk Dsrtbk bk Bavdark - Ráoeaoj, Bdoasïk, Bk`aejîïk , Bk`aejîïk , _ïk Wjtlk, Jrljs, :181, ww% 6?:-68:, jsderjbj de dl rdekv bd lj rvjbtooaÿe%
?76
WVKOD_JL OASAL
de dl ojsk rvjàbk j st okekoa`aderk% Sjld bdoav ztd st okerdeabk sklk wtdbd sdv bdrdv`aejbk cvderd j hdohks dswdoà oks, okesabdvêebksd rj`faáe ztd wjvj dsj jwlaojoaÿe ske dsrjfldoabks wkoks là`ards, j ek sdv lj okhdvdeoaj oke lks ctebj`derks okesrartoakejlds, dl sasrd`j itvàbaok q dl ldentjid aerdvek bdl Bdvdohk% De okervjwjvrabj, dl okerdeabk bd lj vdnlj dsrê wvdasrk de lj wvkwaj vdnlj, oke `jqkv k `dekv wvdoasaÿe% Baohk dsk, wtdbde sdv dsrjfldoabjs jlntejs làedjs bd jwlaojoaÿe bd ljs ekv`js aecvjokesrartoakejlds de lj wdvswdoraj bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds%
derkeods, bd tej `dvj aerdvwvdrjoaÿe “okeckv`d j lj Okesrartoaÿe‐, saek bd okvvdooaÿe bd lj wvkwaj ldq, kvaderjbj wkv ljs ekv`js okesrartoakejlds q wkv lj wva`joàj bd jlkv bd bdrdv`aejbks fadeds itvàbaoks bd dllj bdbtoabks, `dbajerd aerdvwvdrjoaÿe `ês cjkvjfld j lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds% Dsrk saneaoj ztd, hjfadebk btbj, bdfd wvdjldodv lj aerdvwvdrjoaÿe ztd, okeckv`d jl ojsk, vdsrvaeij `deks dl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl, ld bá `jqkv wvkrdooaÿe, j`wlàd `ês st ê`fark, lk sjrascjnj de `jqkv nvjbk6?%
Jsà, de wva`dv ltnjv, lj aerdvwvdrjoaÿe bdfd sdv okeckv`d j lj Okesrartoaÿe, deojvjbj dsrj bd ckv`j nlkfjl, oke wkebdvjoaÿe bd jlkvds dervd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds jbdotjbks q dl fade wvkrdnabk wkv lj ldq vdsrvaoraj% Sjld bdoav9 dl jwlaojbkv bd lj ekv`j bdfd aeolaejvsd wkv lj aerdvwvdrjoaÿe ztd okebtyoj j lj okesrartoakejlabjb bd lj ekv`j, jteztd wkv krvj àj wtbadsd okesabdvjvlj aeokesrartoakejl66%
Krvk jswdork j sdv stfvjqjbk, oke vdwdvotsaÿe ae`dbajrj de lj abj bd ljs wdvskejs, ds lj bdrdv`aejoaÿe bdl jlojeod bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds q bd lks wvaeoawaks ztd oklaebje dervd sà de dl ojsk fjik itynj`aderk, bd lj wkebdvjoaÿe bd lks jlkvds q bd lj bdrdv`aejoaÿe bd lk ztd bdfj wvdjldodv wjvj lj itsraoaj bdl ojsk, sdnùe dl llj`jbk wvaeoawak bd wvkwkvoakejlabjb, vdnlj hkq aejwjvrjfld bd lj hdv`deátraoj62% J wvkwÿsark, jbd`ês bd dervjv de oke staork, lks wvaeoawaks rj`faáe wtdbde ok`wld`derjvsd k bdla`arjvsd dervd sà 64%
J dods, sd `tdsrvj edodsjvaj hjsrj lj okvvdooaÿe bd lj ldq wkv dl ÿvnjek itbaoajl, oke asrj j lj sjljntjvbj bdl wvdbk`aeak bdl jlkv bdl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl de lj dswdoad bdl itynj`aderk% Qj ek sd otabj,
De lj okekoabj asaÿe bd Jldxq, lj kwra`ayjoaÿe wkv `dbak bd lks wvaeoawaks sd bj de okeskejeoaj oke ljs wksafalabjbds ekv`jrajs q cêoraojs% Ekv`jrajs, wkvztd lj jwlaojoaÿe bd lks wvaeoawaks bdwdebd bd lks
66 Jl vdswdork, wkv rkbks, Wjtlk FKEJSABD_, Otvsk% Kf% oar%, ww% 2>?-287% Oke tej asaÿe sasrd`êraoj bd lj bkorvaej jld`jej q bd lj itvaswvtbdeoaj bdl Rvaftejl Okesrartoakejl Cdbdvjl jld`êe, Nal`jv Cdvvdavj @DEBD_, Itvasbaîïk Okesrartoakejl Okesrartoakejl - K Okervkld Jfsrvjrk bd Ekv`js ek Fvjsal d ej Jld`jehj , Jld`jehj , ?j% db%, _ïk Wjtlk, _jvjaj, :111, ww% 6?:-6?>% 6? OJEKRALHK, Iksá Ikjzta` Ikjzta` Nk`ds q @KVDAVJ, Sarjl, Ctebj`de Ctebj`derks rks bj Okesrartaîïk , Oka`fvj, Oka`fvj db%, :11:, e% 2%1, w% :2?% Ok`k fade vdsjlrj @jvodlk La`j NTDVVJ, Dxdotîïk Aebavdrj , _ïk Wjtlk, VR, :118, w% 4?, sd rvjrj bd “jbdotjv lks vdstlrjbks wvêoraoks k okeovdrks bd lj bdoasaÿe jl `êxa`k eàdl wksafld j lk ztd bdrdv`aeje lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds de itdnk‐% 62 Ht`fdvrk Fdvn`jee Fdvn`jee ÊSALJ, “Basraeîïk “Basraeîïk dervd Wvaeoàwaks Wvaeoàwaks d Vdnvjs Vdnvjs d j Vdbd eaîïk bk Bddv bd Wvkwkvoakejlabjbd‐% De9 Vdasrj bd Bavdark Jb`aeasrvjrak , 6:4 (ded%+`jv%:111!, ww% :4:-:>1, dsw% w% :>7, bd`tdsrvj bd `jedvj jbdotjbj rvjrjvsd, de vdjlabjb, bd te wksrtljbk ekv`jrak-jwlaojrak, ekv`jrak-jwlaojrak, wtds a`wked tej okebaoaÿe ckv`jl dsrvtortvjl bd okekoa`aderk okeovdrk (jwlaojoaÿe! bd krvjs ekv`js, okebaoaÿe dsj bd ojvêordv ekv`jrak, aesrartabj wkv dl wvkwak bdvdohk wjvj st bdfabj jwlaojoaÿe, de lj fùsztdbj bd lj vdjlayjoaÿe aerdnvjl bd lks fadeds itvàbaoj`derd vdsntjvbjbks% vdsntjvbjbks% Bd jhà lj bd eaoaÿe bdl bdfdv bd wvkwkvoakejlabjb ok`k “te wksrtljbk ekv`jrak jwlaojrak wvkdeaderd bd lj dsrvtortvj wvaeoawajl bd ljs ekv`js q bd lj jrvaftraabjb bdl Bdvdohk, q bdwdebaderd bdl okestaork bd fadeds itvàbaok-`j itvàbaok-`jrdvajlds rdvajlds q bdl wkbdv dsrvtortvjbkv dsrvtortvjbkv bd lj vdljoaÿe `dbak- e, otqj cteoaÿe ds dsrjfldodv tej `dbabj dervd fadeds itvàbaoks okeovdrj`derd okvvdljoakejbks‐ (w% :>4!% 64 Vdsjlrj jodvrjbj` jodvrjbj`derd derd Mjvl LJVDEY, @drkbklknaj bj Oaéeoaj bk Bavdark , rvjb% bd Iksá Lj`dnk, ? j% db%, Lasfkj, Ntlfdemaje, :11>, w% 28?, ztd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds ctebj`derjlds q wvaeoawaks ek dsrêe teks j lj wjv bd krvks, sae okedxaÿe, saek ztd sd vdljoakeje teks oke krvks bd jotdvbk oke dl sderabk q, wkv dllk, wtdbde rjerk ok`wld`derjvsd ok`k bdla`arjvsd dervd sà%
RK@K ::1 + DEDVK 67::
?7?
VDSA_RJ ITVÀBAOJ BDL WDVÙ
wvaeoawaks q vdnljs ztd j dllks sd okervjwkede k lks ok`wld`derje% Cêoraojs, wkvztd dl okerdeabk bd lks wvaeoawaks, wjvj ztd sd rvjesckv`d de ekv`j okeovdrj, sklk wtdbd sdv bdrdv`aejbk wkv lj okeovdrartb cêoraoj bdl ojsk63%
>% Bdsbd dl wterk bd asrj bdl Bdvdohk Wvkodsjl, sd a`wked stfvjqjv ztd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds, wjvj wkbdv bdsd`wdújv st cteoaÿe de lj vdjlabjb skoajl, wvdoasje ek sklk bd ekv`jrayjoaÿe aervàesdoj`derd bdesaojbkvj, saek rj`faáe bd ckv`js bd kvnjeayjoaÿe q vdnlj`derjoaÿe wvkodba`derjlds jwvkwajbjs% Bd jhà lj edodsabjb bd dsrjv jsdntvjbk okesrartoakejl`derd wkv ekv`js, wvaeoawjlds k ek, njvjerayêebksd jl `as`k rad`wk st didvoaoak q vdsrjtvjoaÿe, de ojsk bd akljoaÿe, wkv `dbak bd ÿvnjeks a`wjvoajlds oke dcdoraabjb q dojoaj6>% Jteztd dsj ba`desaÿe wvkodba`derjl ek sad`wvd sd vddvj jl wvkodsk itbaoajl, rj`faáe lk jfjvoj jl dabdeoajv tej aerdvbdwdebdeoaj vdljoakejl dervd bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds q wvkodsk% Tej cjodrj a`wkvrjerd j vdsjlrjv ds ztd lj wjvraoawjoaÿe de dl wvkodsk wjvj lj ckv`joaÿe bd lj bdoasaÿe okesrartqd, bd ckv`j ae`dbajrj, tej wksaoaÿe stfidraj aehdvderd j lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds, wkv rjerk ds dllj `as`j dl didvoaoak bd te bdvdohk ctebj`derjl68% Baohj wjvraoawjoaÿe, jbd`ês bd okesrartav didvoaoak bd te bdvdohk ctebj`derjl, ek sd vdasrd sklj`derd bd ojvêordv ckv`jl, saek bdfd sdv ojla ojbj stsrjeoajl`derd%
Dllk `d lldj j dxrvjdv bdl wvkwak bdvdohk ctebj`derjl bd wjvraoawjoaÿe lj fjsd okesrartoakejl wjvj dl wvaeoawak bd okljfkvjoaÿe, de lj `dbabj de ztd rjerk ljs wjvrds ok`k dl ÿvnjek itbaoajl, ok`k antjl`derd rkbks jztdllks ztd wjvraoawje bdl wvkodsk (sdvabkvds, wdvarks, jsasrderds ráoeaoks, rdsranks, dro%!, bdfde aerdvdeav de ál bdsbd st aesrjtvjoaÿe hjsrj dl ùlra`k jork, jortjebk d aerdvjortjebk dervd sà oke ftdej cd q ldjlrjb% Wjvj dl Rvaftejl Okesrartoakejl dswjúkl, dl bdfdv itbaoajl bd wvk`kdv q okljfkvjv de lj vdjlayjoaÿe bd lj dcdoraabjb bd lj rtrdlj itvasbaooakejl ek ds bd ojvêordv `kvjl, saek te bdfdv itvàbaok okesrartoakejl, wtds lks itdods q rvaftejlds radede lj “(%%%! kflanjoaÿe bd wvkrdooaÿe dojy bdl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl (%%%!‐% Dl ot`wla`aderk bd dsd `jebjrk okesrartoakejl bd wvkrdndv dl bdvdohk ctebj`derjl j lj rtrdlj itbaoajl dcdoraj, j ztd radede bdvdohk rkbjs ljs wdvskejs, hj bd sdv wjvj lks itdods q rvaftejlds dl ekvrd bd st joraabjb itvasbaooakejl% Wkv dsk, dl Rvaftejl Okesrartoakejl hjflj bd lj edodsjvaj okljfkvjoaÿe bd lks ÿvnjeks itbaoajlds oke ljs wjvrds de lj `jrdvajlayjoaÿe bd lj rtrdlj, rj`faáe de dl bdfdv dswdoà ok bd njvjerayjv lj rtrdlj, bdfdv ztd a`wabd j lks ÿvnjeks itvasbaooakejlds bd jbkwrjv tej jorartb wjsaj de dsrj `jrdvaj 61% Wkv krvk ljbk, lj bdwdebdeoaj ovdoaderd bd wvdasaÿe q bd basrvaftoaÿe dsrjrjl q, wkv okesdotdeoaj, dl wdlanvk ovdoaderd bd oklasaÿe dervd lks bdvdohks bd lafdvrjb q ljs
63 Jwtb Ht`fdvrk Jwtb Ht`fdvrk Fdvn`jee ÊSALJ% Kf% oar%, w% :41% 6> Wkv dsk, jv`j Mkevjb HD__D, Dld`derks bd Bavdark Okesrartoakejl bj Vdwùflaoj Cdbdvjl bj Jld`jehj , Jld`jehj , rvjb% bd lj 67 j% db% jld`jej wkv Ltàs Jckesk Hdom, Wkvrk Jldnvd, Cjfvas, :118, e% ?41, w% 688, ztd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds vdztadvde, vdztadvde, de `jqkv k `dekv wvkwkvoaÿe, vdntljoaÿe bd lj kvnjeayjoaÿe q bdl wvkodba`aderk, q jl `as`k rad`wk ae sttqde skfvd dl bdvdohk bd kvnjeayjoaÿe q wvkodba`aderk, lk ztd okervaftqd wjvj st wvkwaj vdjlayjoaÿe q jsdntvj`aderk% 68 Jsà, I% I% Nk`ds OJEKRALHK, “Rÿwaoks bd t` Otvsk bd @dsrvjbk skfvd Bavdarks Ctebj`derjas, Ctebj`derjas , Wvkodba`derk, Wvkodssk d Kvnjeayjîïk‐% De9 Fkldra` bj Cjotlbjbd bd Bavdark bd Oka`fvj, :117, ww% :4:-:3?, dsw% w% :44, oke j`wjvk de lj stndvdeoaj bdl srjrts jorats wvkodsstjlas, ckv`tljbj wkv W% Hâfdvld% 61 Ocv% Cvjeoasok OHJ@KVVK FDVEJL, Lj Rtrdlj Itbaoajl Dcdoraj (Bdvdohks q njvjeràjs wvkodsjlds bdvajbks bdl jvràotlk 62%: bd lj Okesrartoaÿe !, !, Fjvodlkej, Fksoh, :112, w% ?61, oke `deoaÿe j badvsks wvdodbderds (kf% oar%, ww% ?61-??7 q ekrjs >6 j >>!%
?72
WVKOD_JL OASAL
wksaoakeds bd bdvdohk ctebj`derjl, ztd dsrks kotwje de dl `tebk jortjl, jojfj wkv didvodv aesttdeoaj bdoasaj de dl wjwdl bdsraejbk jl Bdvdohk Wvkodsjl% Q dllk wkvztd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds dxhafde jodertjbj ctdvyj bd avvjbajoaÿe skfvd dl bdvdohk ldnasljbk, j jodertjv jùe `ês dl wjwdl bd lks rvaftejlds de dl “bdsotfva`aderk‐ bdl bdvdohk jwlaojfld jl ojsk okeovdrk%
“
Lj skltoaÿe bdl ckv`jlas`k dxodsak dxand dl dxj`de bdl okeclaork bajláoraok dervd bks dxandeoajs okervjwtdsrjs antjl`derd banejs bd wvkrdooaÿe9 lj jswavjoaÿe bd te vark wvd`teabk bd te sasrd`j wksafld`derd j`wlak q jvraotljbk bd njvjeràjs ‘ckv`jlds‑ q dl bdsdk bd baswkedv bd te `dojeas`k wvkodsjl dcaoaderd q cteoakejl%
‐
J lj lty bd dsjs okesabdvjoakeds, lj wjvraoawjoaÿe de dl wvkodsk q wkv dl wvkodsk ek wtdbd sdv astjlayjbj sklj`derd ok`k aesrvt`derk cteoakejl bd bd`kovjrayjoaÿe k vdjlayjbkvj bdl bdvdohk `jrdvajl q wvkodsjl, saek ok`k ba`desaÿe aervàesdoj`derd ok`wld`derjbkvj d aerdnvjbkvj bd dsjs `as`js dscdvjs% Dl wvkwak wvkodsk wjsj, jsà, j sdv `dbak bd ckv`joaÿe bdl bdvdohk, sdj `jrdvajl, sdj wvkodsjl% Rkbk dsk sd wkrdeoajlayj otjebk sd kfsdvj ztd dl wvkodsk bdfd sdvav wjvj lj wvkbtooaÿe bd bdoasakeds okeckv`d j ldq, okvvdorjs j dsd êentlk astjl, wdvk, jbd`ês bd dsk, bdervk bdl `jvok bd dsj okvvdooaÿe, sd wvdsrj dsdeoajl`derd wjvj lj wvkbtooaÿe bd bdoasakeds itsrjs ?7%
8% Ok`k ctderd dswdoà oj bd ekv`js itvàbaojs wvkodsjlds bdfde sdv okesabdvjbks dswdoajl`derd bks nvtwks bd bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds, wdvraederds j lks jlkvds bd dcdoraabjb q bd sdntvabjb itvàbaoj ?:, jlkvds aesrvt`derjlds oke vdljoaÿe jl e
ùlra`k bdl wvkodsk, ztd ds lj vdjlayjoaÿe bd lj itsraoaj de dl ojsk okeovdrk% De dl wva`dv nvtwk bdswterj ctebj`derjl`derd lj njvjeràj bd joodsk j lj itvasbaooaÿe (jvràotlk 4, aeoask XXXS, XXXS, bd lj Okesrartoaÿe bd lj Vdwùflaoj!% Ds oljvk ztd ek fjsrj jwdejs jfvav lj wtdvrj bd dervjbj bdl Wkbdv Itbaoajl, saek wvdsrjv itvasbaooaÿe, rjerk ok`k sdj wksafld, doaderd, dcdoraj q itsrj, `dbajerd te wvkodsk sae baljoakeds k ckv`jlas`k dxodsaks%
Wvdoasj`derd lj wdvswdoraj okesrartoakejl bdl wvkodsk aek j okervaftav wjvj jwjvrjv dl wvkodsk bdl wljek bd ljs okesrvtooakeds q `dvj`derd ráoeaojs d aesdvrjvlk de lj vdjlabjb wklàraoj q skoajl% Dllk sd `tdsrvj wjvraotljv`derd jbdotjbk de lk ztd sd vddvd jl ckv`jlas`k dxodsak, wtds st skltoaÿe dxand dl dxj`de bdl oke staork bajláoraok dervd bks dxandeoajs okervjwtdsrjs, wdvk antjl`derd banejs bd wvkrdooaÿe, jsdntvjbjs okesrartoakejl`derd9 bd te ljbk, lj jswavjoaÿe bd te vark wvd`teabk bd te sasrd`j wksafld`derd j`wlak q jvraotljbk bd njvjeràjs “ckv`jlds‐ q, bd krvk, dl bdsdk bd baswkedv bd te `dojeas`k wvkodsjl d oaderd q cteoakejl% De dsj làedj bd derdeba`aderk, lj Okvrd Dtvkwdj bd Bdvdohks bdl Hk`fvd de jvaks wvketeoaj`aderks aded wvkolj`jebk ztd lj Okedeoaÿe Dtvkwdj bd lks Bdvdohks bdl Hk`fvd ksrderj wkv ejlabjb bd
?7 Jsà, Vkfdvr JLDXQ, Rdkvàj bd lks Bdvdohks Ctebj`derjlds % Ctebj`derjlds % Kf% oar%, w% 2>6, `ksrvjebk derdeba`aderk de dsd sderabk bdl Rvaftejl Okesrartoakejl Cdbdvjl jld`êe% _kfvd dl wterk, JLSJVK BD KLASDAVJ, Ojvlks Jlfdvrk, Bk Ckv`jlas`k % Kf% oar%, ww% 34-33% Ds bd kfsdvjv ztd tek bd lks jlkvds stwvd`ks bdl kvbde okesrartoakejl fvjsaldúk ds lj itsraoaj, ok`k ds vdsjlrjbk de dl Wvdê`ftlk bd lj Okesrartoaÿe bd :188% ?: Jswdork stfvjqjbk oke nvje jotoaksabjb wkv Rdkva Jlfaek YJSJ_OMA, YJSJ_OMA, Jerdoawjîïk bd Rtrdlj , _ïk Wjtlk, _jvjaj, :11>, w% 32-34%
RK@K ::1 + DEDVK 67::
?74
VDSA_RJ ITVÀBAOJ BDL WDVÙ
wvkrdndv bdvdohks ek `ês “rdÿvaoks k altskvaks, saek okeovdrks q dcdoraks‐ ?6% Wjvj lj Okvrd lj dcdoraabjb stwked, jbd`ês bd dsk, ztd dl joodsk j lj itsraoaj ek sdj kfsrjotlayjbk wkv lj ok`wldiabjb ea dl oksrk bdl wvkodba`aderk% Dllk a`wlaoj ztd ljs la`arjoakeds, sad`wvd bdijbjs jl `jvnde bd jwvdoajoaÿe bd lks Dsrjbks ejoakejlds, ek wtdbde de eaenùe ojsk vdsrvaenav dl joodsk jsdntvjbk jl laranjerd, bd `jedvj rjl ztd st bdvdohk j te rvaftejl sdj jlojeyjbk de st wvkwaj stsrjeoaj, bdfadebk sdv kfsdvjbj “tej vdljoaÿe vjykejfld bd wvkwkvoakejlabjb dervd lks `dbaks d`wldjbks q dl e ftsojbk‐% Rj`faáe sdnùe dl Rvaftejl, dl laranjerd ek bdfd sdv a`wdbabk “bd d`wldjv te vdotvsk dxasrderd q baswkeafld‐, wvkhafaáebksd rkbj “rvjfj bdswvkwkvoakejl j st bdvdohk bd joodsk jl rvaftejl‐ ??% Bd lj `as`j ckv`j jodertÿ dl Rvaftejl Okesrartoakejl dswjúkl ztd “(%%%! ljs ekv`js ztd okeradede lks vdztasarks ckv`jlds bdfde sdv jwlaojbjs rdeaáebksd sad`wvd wvdsderd dl e wvdrdebabk jl dsrjfldodvsd baohks vdztasarks, darjebk otjlztadv dxodsk ckv`jlasrj ztd lks okedvravàj de `dvks kfsrêotlks wvkodsjlds q de ctderd bd aeodvrdyj d a`wvdasafalabjb wjvj lj stdvrd bd ljs wvdrdesakeds de itdnk‐?2% Rj`faáe dl cjorkv rad`wk aek j njejv wjwdl bd bdsrjztd de dsd otjbvk, `ês jùe oke
lj `jsaojoaÿe bd ljs bd`jebjs lldjbjs jl Itbaoajl q dl okesdotderd oj`fak bd wdv l bd lks tstjvaks bdl sasrd`j, j dxanav tej skltoaÿe `ês k `deks tvnderd bdl laranak% Bd jhà lj aerdesaojoaÿe bd lj rtrdlj ojtrdljv q jeraoawjrkvaj, de tej wjljfvj, bd lj llj`jbj itvasbaooaÿe bd tvndeoaj, otqk stsrvjrk okesrartoakejl sd `tdsrvj aeednjfld% Rj`faáe wvkaded bd dsd a`wdvjrak lj edodsabjb bd dsrjfldodvsd `dojeas`ks bd tej btvjoaÿe vjykejfld bdl wvkodsk q, `ês ztd dsk, bd lj dcdoraj sjrascjooaÿe bdl bdvdohk vdokekoabk itbaoajl`derd, sae `jqkvds baljoakeds?4% Wkv krvk ljbk, lj wvkwaj ekoaÿe bd Dsrjbk Bd`kovêraok bd Bdvdohk, dvanabj ok`k wvaeoawak ctebj`derjl bd lj Okesrartoaÿe fvjsaldúj (jvràotlk :, ojwtr !, !, okesrartqd stsrvjrk ojwarjl wjvj lj sdntvabjb itvàbaoj, de lj `dbabj de ztd sjljntjvbj lj stwvd`joàj bd lj Okesrartoaÿe q bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds, njvjerayjebk jl oatbjbjek okervj dl jvfarvak dsrjrjl, jsdntvjebk jl `as`k rad`wk dld`derks ctebjerds a`wvdsoaebaflds j otjlztadv skoadbjb vdjl`derd bd`kovêraoj, ok`k dl wvaeoawak bd`kovêraok, dl bd lj itsraoaj, antjlbjb, baasaÿe bd wkbdvds q ldnjlabjb?3% Jbd`ês bd dllk, dl bdsjvvkllk, ztd sd wtdbd itynjv dxodsak, bd lj wdejlayjoaÿe bd lj abj skoajl q wklàraoj dxand ztd ljs vdnljs
?6 Bdoasakeds bdl bdl 62+7>+:138, de dl ojsk “laenüàsraok “laenüàsraok fdlnj‐, sdvad J, E·3, E·3, w% ?:, ®® ? ae ed q ed q 2= Nklbdv s% Vdaek Teabk, bdl 64+76+:1>4,, sdvad J, E·:8, w% :8, ® ?4 ae ed 64+76+:1>4 ed = Ltdbaomd, Fdlmjod` q Mkî, bdl 68+::+:1>8, 68+::+:1>8, sdvad J, E· 61, ww% :>-:8, ® 2:= @jvomx, bdl :?+73+:1>1, sdvad J, e% ?:, w% :4, ® ?:, jwtb jwtb Fdvrvjeb Fdvrvjeb CVJSVDJT, “Jtx sktvods bt wvkoès áztarjfld ted odvrjaed abád bd lj ztjlará bd lj Itsraod‐% De9 Ld wvkoès áztarjfld dr lj wvkrdorake itvabaorakeedlld bt oarkqde , oarkqde , Fvtxdllds, Fvtqljer, 677:, w% :: q ekrj ?% ?? Bdoasakeds Ldjnds Wvdsrjrakes _dvaods s% Cvjeoaj , bdl 6?+:7+:113, Vdotdal , :113-S, w% :113-S, w% :42?, ® 27, Fvtjllj Nÿ`dy bd lj Rkvvd s% Jned , Jned , bdl :1+:6+:11>, ® ??, Njvoàj @jeafjvbk s% Dswjúj , Dswjúj , bdl :4+76+6777, jwtb , Fdvrvjeb CVJSVDJT% Kf% oar%, w% :: q ekrj 8% ?2 _derdeoaj 4>, bdl bdl 78+74+:182, de lj làedj bd krvks wvdodbderds, wvdodbderds, ok`k ok`k vdsjlrj Cvjeoasok Cvjeoasok OHJ@KVVK FDVEJL, FDVEJL, Lj Rtrdlj% Kf% oar%, w% ?:4% @ês jbdljerd (kf% oar%, w% ?:>! vd dvd ztd dl `as`k rvaftejl derdebaÿ ztd htfk dxodsk bd ckv`jlas`k de lj aejb`asaÿe bd vdotvsk wkv cjlrjv ?37 wdsdrjs de te wvdwjvk bd ?6>%823% ?4 Ds kwkvrtej lj vdok`debjoaÿe bd Iksá Vknávak Ovty d RTOOA, Rd`wk d wvkodssk, _ïk Wjtlk, VR, :11>, w% :23, wêssa`, de otjerk j lj edodsabjb bd sdv jbkwrjbks `dojeas`ks debkwvkodsjlds bd vdwvdsaÿe bd lj ohaojej, bd jodldvjoaÿe bdl wvkodsk q bd okervkl (itvasbaooakejl! dxrdvek bd lj lderartb% ?3 _kfvd dl wterk, Iksá Jckesk bj _ALSJ, Otvsk% Kf% oar%, ww% :7?-:78, q I% I% Nk`ds OJEKRALHK q Sarjl @KVDAVJ, Ctebj`derks% Kf% oar%, ww% 86-84% ^jlrhdv I% HJF_OHDAB, Bvkar Itbaoajavd Wvaá _tassd , Ndeád, Lafvjavad bd L²Teadvsará, :18:, ® 47, A, w% ?73, rvjrjebk skfvd lj jtrkvabjb bd oksj itynjbj, `deoakej ztd dl Rvaftejl Okesrartoakejl Cdbdvjl jld`êe ( FdvcND FdvcND :4, :4, ?:1! stfvjqÿ ztd dl Dsrjbk bd Bdvdohk raded ok`k rjvdj wvdsdvjv lj sdntvabjb bdl bdvdohk%
?73
WVKOD_JL OASAL
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1% J lj asrj bd lk dxwtdsrk, sd wtdbd okeoltav ztd njvjeras`k q doadeoaj bdfde sdv wtdsrks de vdljoaÿe bd jbdotjbj wvkwkvoakejlabjb, wkv `dbak bd tej bdlaojbj dldooaÿe bd lks eds j jlojeyjv q bd tej jrderj jlkvjoaÿe bd lks aerdvdsds j rtrdljv% Q lk ztd aerdvdsj vdjl`derd ds ztd de dsj bacàoal kfvj bd wkebdvjoaÿe sdje lks wvkfld`js bd lj itsraoaj skltoakejbks de te wljek okeodveaderd jl aerdvás ht`jek kf idrk bd lks wvkodba`aderks9 te wvkodsk jsà j `dbabj bdl hk`fvd, wtdsrk vdjl`derd jl sdvaoak bd jztdllks ztd wabde itsraoaj 27% De st`j, oke lj wkebdvjoaÿe bd dsks bks jlkvds ctebj`derjlds ‟dcdoraabjb q sdntvabjb itvàbaoj‟ sd asj abdjl`derd j jlojeyjv te wvkodsk rdebdeoajl`derd itsrk% _d kfsdvj, ejl`derd, j lj asrj bdl ojvêordv dsdeoajl`derd wvaeoawaklÿnaok bd lks bdvdohks ctebj`derjlds, ztd sklk sd wtdbd bdrdv`aejv lk ztd sd deradebd wkv wvkodsk itsrk rdeaáebksd de otderj ljs oavotesrjeoajs wdotlajvds bdl ojsk%
?> Ocv% Fdvrvjeb @JRHADT @JRHADT q @aohdl SDVWDJTX, Okerderadtx Okesrartrakeedl Okesrartrakeedl bds Bvkars Ckebj`de Ckebj`derjtx rjtx , Wjvas, LNBI, 6776, w% >7?, ztd vdsjlrje dl d`wldk stsrjeoajl bd dsks okeodwrks rjerk wkv dl itdy okesrartoakejl cvjeoás ok`k wkv dl itdy kvbaejvak% ?8 Odyjv _jlbjehj bd _ktyj Iùeakv, de sts oljsds de lj Cjotlrjb bd Bdvdohk bd lj Tedvsabjb Cdbdvjl bk Vàk Nvjebd bk _tl, hj ovaraojbk dsj ckv`j bd dxwvdsjv lj olêtstlj bdl btd wvkodss kc lj~, oke dl jvnt`derk bd ztd lj~ lj~ rj`faáe rj`faáe ds Bdvdohk, wvkwkeadebk ztd sdj jbkwrjbj lj cÿv`tlj “bdfabk wvkodsk bd Bdvdohk‐% Lj stndvdeoaj oadvrj`derd ds jbdotjbj de cteoaÿe bdl wvaeoawak= sae d`fjvnk, `ês jllê bd ztd lj dxwvdsaÿe dsrá okesjnvjbj wkv dl tsk, ek `d wjvdod ztd dsrá dztakojbj lj rvjbtooaÿe, de asrj bd ztd, de st wva`dv d`wldk de dl Dsrjrtrk bdl Vdq Dbtjvbk AAA (:?42!, ok`k aeckv`j Mdeedrh WDEEAENRKE, Rhd Wvaeod jeb rhd Lj~, :677-:377 (_kdvdanerq jeb Vanhrs ae rhd ^dsrdve Ldnjl Rvjbarake !, Rvjbarake !, Fdvmdldq, Teadvsarq kc Ojlackveaj Wvdss, :11?, w% :24, ekrj 14, sd hjoàj vdcdvdeoaj dxwvdsj j lj ldq9 “sjtey dsrvd `dsed de vdswkes wjv btd wvkods bd lda‐% ?1 Wjvj lj Okvrd Dtvkwdj bd lks Bdvdohks bdl Hk`fvd, “okeckv`d dl wvaeoawak bd lj antjlbjb bd jv`js ‟tek bd lks dld`derks bd lj ekoaÿe `ês j`wlaj bd wvkodsk dztarjrak‟, bdfd sdv kcvdoabj j ojbj tej bd ljs wjvrds lj wksafalabjb vjykejfld bd wvdsderjv st ojtsj de okebaoakeds rjlds ztd ek lj oklkztde de sartjoaÿe bd bdsderjij de vdljoaÿe j lj krvj‐% Jsà, % nv%, bdoasakeds Bk`fk Fdhddv F%S s% Wjàsds Fjiks , bdl 6>+:7+:11?, sdvad J, e% 6>2, ® ??, Ftltr s% Jtsrvaj , bdl 66+76+:113, Vdotdal Vdotdal :113, :113, AA, ® 2>, Cktohdv s% Cvjeoaj , Cvjeoaj , bdl :>+7?+:11>, ® ?2, Mtkwalj s% Caeljebaj, bdl 6>+72+6777, 6>+72+6777, jwtb % _alak @JVOT_-HDL@K @JVOT_-HDL@KE_, E_, “Ztdlztds jswdors bd lj ekrake b²ánjlará bds jv`ds (Te jwdvît bd lj itvaswvtbdeo itvaswvtbdeodd bd lj Oktv dtvkwádeed bds bvkars bd l²hk``d!‐% De9 Ld wvkoès áztarjfld % Kf% oar%, w% 38% 27 Bdrdorj dl wvkfld`j, lk aesdvrj de lj wdvswdoraj wdvswdoraj okesrartoakejl okesrartoakejl q lk vdstdld de lks ráv`aeks deteoajbks de dl rdxrk, Eaoklö RVKOMDV, Wvkodssk Oaald d Oksrartyaked - Wvkfld`a ba Bavarrk Rdbdsok d Arjlajek , Arjlajek , @aljek, Natccvè, :1>2, ww% >?2->?3%
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