BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Setiap hari tanpa kita sadari banyak senyawa kimia yang kita gunakan tanpa tahu jenisnya. Salah satunya adalah aldehid. Aldehid merupakan senyawa kimia yang memiliki aroma yang khas dan wangi. Sehari-hari kita mengenal kayu manis sebagai pengharum masakan, kemudian vanili yang memberikan aroma khas yang terkenal. Tanpa kita ketahui, ternyata kayu manis dan vanillin mengandung senyawa aldehid. Untuk itu, perlu ditambah pengetahuan pengetahuan kita tentang aldehid beserta sifat-sifatnya.
1.2 Rumusan Masalah
Dalam penyusunannya, makalah ini dibatasi dengan pertanyaan: 1.
Apa yang dimaksud dengan aldehid?
2.
Apa saja sifat-sifat senyawa aldehid?
3.
Apa saja reaksi-reaksi yang terjadi pada senyawa aldehid?
4.
Apa saja manfaat senyawa aldehid dalam kehidupan?
1.3 Tujuan Penulisan
Makalah ini disusun dengan tujuan: 1. Untuk mengetahui dan memahami pengertian aldehid. 2. Untuk mengetahui dan mengenal tentang sifat-sifat senyawa aldehid. 3. Untuk mengetahui reaksi-reaksi yang terjadi pada senyawa aldehid. 4. Untuk mengetahui manfaat dan aplikasi senyawa aldehid dalam kehidupan.
Senyawa Aldehid
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN I. Pengertian
Aldehid adalah senyawa organik yang mencakup kelompok fungsional karbonil , C=O. Atom karbon kelompok ini memiliki dua sisa obligasi yang dapat ditempati oleh hidrogen atau alkil atau aril substituen. Gugus fungsi yang dikenal sebagai gugus karbonil, yaitu atom karbon yang dihubungkan dengan atom oksigen oleh ikatan ganda dua. Aldehida adalah senyawa organic yang karbon-karbonilnya (karbon yang terikat pada oksigen) selalu berikatan dengan paling sedikit satu hydrogen. Aldehid dan keton termasuk senyawa yang sederhana jika ditinjau berdasarkan tidak adanya gugus-gugus reaktif yang lain seperti – OH OH atau – Cl Cl yang terikat langsung pada atom karbon di gugus karbonil – CO CO seperti yang bisa ditemukan misalnya pada asam-asam karboksilat yang mengandung gugus – COOH. COOH. Rumus umum aldehid ialah: O
|| atau R – C – C – OH – OH dimana R adalah alkil R – C – C – H – H O || atau Ar – Ar – C C – OH – OH dimana Ar adalah aromatik Ar – Ar – C C – H – H
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
Pada gambar di atas kita bisa melihat bahwa keduanya memiliki ujung molekul yang sama persis. Yang membedakan hanya kompleksitas gugus lain yang terikat. Jika kita menuliskan rumus molekul untuk molekul-molekul di atas, maka gugus
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terkadang sulit dibedakan dengan alkohol. Misalnya etanal dituliskan sebagai CH 3CHO dan metanal sebagai HCHO. II. Penamaan Aldehid
Penamaan aldehid didasarkan pada jumlah total atom karbon yang terdapat dalam rantai terpanjang – terpanjang – termasuk termasuk atom karbon yang terdapat pada gugus karbonil. Jika ada gugus samping yang terikat pada rantai terpanjang tersebut, maka atom karbon pada gugus karbonil harus selalu dianggap sebagai atom karbon nomor 1. Penamaan aldehid bisa menggunakan sistem IUPAC atau penamaan secara Trivial. Sistem Tatanama IUPAC memberikan akhiran karakteristik al untuk aldehida. Sebagai contoh, H2C = O adalah methan al, lebih umum disebut formaldehida. Karena gugus karbonil aldehid harus selalu terletak di ujung rantai karbon, diberi no 1, dan karena itu mendefinisikan penomoran arah. Menurut Trivial, cara pemberian nama senyawa aldehid dilakukan dengan mengganti akhiran – at at pada nama trivial asam alkanoat yang bersangkutan dengan akhiran – akhiran – aldehida. aldehida. Contoh nama IUPAC disediakan (dengan warna biru) dalam diagram berikut. Namanama umum adalah merah, dan nama-nama yang diturunkan hitam. Dalam Nama umum di dekat atom karbon gugus karbonil sering ditunjuk oleh huruf Yunani. Atom berdekatan dengan fungsi alfa, dihapus berikutnya adalah beta dan seterusnya.
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Tiga contoh kelompok asil memiliki nama spesifik ditunjukkan di bawah ini.
Tabel beberapa nama aldehid: Jumlah atom C
Asam Alkanoat
Aldehid
Alkanal
Rumus molekul
Nama trivial
Rumus molekul
Nama trivial
Rumus molekul
Nama IUPAC
1
H – COOH
Asam Format
H – CHO
Formaldehida
H – CHO
Metanal
2
CH3COOH
Asam Asetat
CH3CHO
Asetaldehida
CH3CHO
Etanal
3
C2H5COOH
Asam Propionat
C2H5CHO
Propionaldehida
C2H5CHO
Propanal
4
C3H7COOH
Asam Butirat
C3H7CHO
Butiraldehida
C3H7CHO
Butanal
5
C4H9COOH
Asam Valerat
C4H9CHO
Valeraldehida
C4H9CHO
Pentanal
– CH2 – – CH – CH2 – COH CH3 – CH2 CH – CH2 – COH | CH3 (2 - metil pentanal) (α – metil – metil valeraldehid)
CH3 – CH3 – CH CH = CH – CH – COH COH
– CH2 – COH CH3 – CH3 – CH CH – CH2 – COH | CH3 (3 – (3 – metil metil butanal) (β - metil butiraldehid)
– CH2 – COH CH2 – CH2 – CH2 CH2 – CH2 – COH | | OH OH
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Keisomeran pada aldehid Keisomeran pada aldehid dimulai dari aldehid yang memiliki 4 rantai C. Contoh: C 4 H 8O – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CHO – CHO CH3 – CH
Butanal
– CH – – CHO CH3 – CH CHO | CH3 2-metil propanal
C 6 6 H 12 12O – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CHO – CHO CH3 – CH
Heksanal
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH – – CH CH2 – CHO – CHO | CH3 3-metil pentanal
CH3 | – C – CH – CH2 – CHO – CHO CH3 – C | CH3 3,3-dimetil butanal
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CHO – CHO | CH3 4-metil pentanal
– CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CHO – CHO CH3 – CH | CH3 2-metil pentanal
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH – – CHO CHO | C2H5 2-etil butanal
CH3 | – CH – – CH – CHO CH3 – CH CH – CHO | CH3 2,3-dimetil butanal
CH3 | – CH2 – C – C – CHO – CHO CH3 – CH | CH3 2,2-dimetil butanal
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III. Sifat-sifat Aldehid
Aldehid memiliki macam-macam sifat ditinjau dari beberapa aspek : 1.
Sifat Fisis/fisika a. Titik didih
Aldehid sederhana seperti metanal memiliki wujud gas (titik didih -21°C), dan etanal memiliki titik didih +21°C. Ini berarti bahwa etanal akan mendidih pada suhu yang mendekati suhu kamar. Aldehid lainnya berwujud cair, dengan titik didih yang semakin meningkat apabila molekul semakin besar. Besarnya titik didih dikendalikan oleh kekuatan gaya-gaya antar-molekul. Berikut akan disajikan tabel titik didih beberapa senyawa aldehide yang mempunyai satu atau dua atom karbon : Senyawa
rumus
Bobot molekul Satu karbon 16
Titik didih 0 ( C)
Metana
CH4
Formaldehide
HCHO
Metanol
CH3OH
Etana
C2H6
Asetaldehid
CH3CHO
44
20
etanol
CH3CH2OH
46
78
26 32 Dua karbon 30
-161
-21 65 -89
keterangan
Tak ada ikatan hidrogen atau interaksi polarpolar Interaksi polarpolar Ikatan hidrogen Tak ada ikatan hidrogen Interaksi polarpolar Ikatan hidrogen
Tabel titik didih beberapa senyawa yang mempunyai satu/dua karbon
b. Gaya dispersi van der Waals
Gaya tarik ini menjadi lebih kuat apabila molekul menjadi lebih panjang dan memiliki lebih banyak elektron. Peningkatan gaya tarik ini akan meningkatkan ukuran dipol-dipol temporer yang terbentuk. Inilah sebabnya mengapa mengapa titik didih meningkat apabila jumlah atom karbon dalam rantai juga meningkat pada aldehid.
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c. Gaya tarik dipol-dipol van der Waals
Aldehid adalah molekul polar karena adanya ikatan rangkap C=O. Seperti halnya gaya-gaya dispersi, juga akan ada gaya tarik antara dipol-dipol permanen pada molekulmolekul yang berdekatan. Ini berarti bahwa titik didih akan menjadi lebih tinggi dibanding titik didih hidrokarbon yang berukuran sama,yang mana hanya memiliki gaya dispersi. Apabila dibandingkan titik didih dari tiga ti ga senyawa hidrokarbon yang memiliki besar molekul yang mirip. Ketiga senyawa ini memiliki panjang rantai yang sama, dan jumlah elektronnya juga mirip (walaupun tidak identik). Perhatikan Perhatikan tabel berikut : molekul CH3CH2CH3 CH3CHO CH3CH2OH
tipe alkana aldehid alkohol
titik didih (°C) -42 +21 +78
Pada tabel di atas bisa melihat bahwa aldehid (yang memiliki gaya tarik dipol-dipol dan gaya tarik dispersi) memiliki titik didih yang lebih tinggi dari alkana berukuran sebanding yang hanya memiliki gaya dispersi. Akan tetapi, titik didih aldehid lebih rendah dari titik didih alkohol. Pada alkohol, terdapat ikatan hidrogen ditambah dengan dua jenis gaya-tarik antar molekul lainnya (gaya-tarik dipol-dipol dan gaya-tarik dispersi). Walaupun aldehid merupakan molekul yang sangat polar, namun keduanya tidak memiliki atom hidrogen yang terikat langsung pada oksigen, sehingga tidak bisa membentuk ikatan hidrogen sesamanya. d. Kelarutan dalam air
Aldehid yang kecil dapat larut secara bebas dalam air tetapi kelarutannya berkurang seiring dengan pertambahan panjang rantai. Sebagai contoh, metanal, etanal yang merupakan
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Tentunya juga terdapat gaya dispersi dan gaya tarik dipol -dipol antara aldehid dengan molekul air. Pembentukan gaya-gaya tarik ini melepaskan energi yang membantu menyuplai energi yang diperlukan untuk memisahkan molekul air dan aldehid satu sama lain sebelum bisa bercampur. Apabila panjang rantai meningkat, maka "ekor-ekor" hidrokarbon dari molekul-molekul (semua hidrokarbon sedikit menjauh dari gugus karbonil) mulai mengalami proses di atas. Dengan menekan diri diantara molekul-molekul air, ekor-ekor hidrokarbon tersebut memutus ikatan hidrogen yang relatif kuat antara molekul-molekul air tanpa menggantinya dengan dengan ikatan yang serupa. Ini menjadi proses yang tidak bermanfaat dari segi energi, sehingga kelarutan berkurang. 0
0
Senyawa
Titik leleh ( C)
Titik didih ( C)
Formaldehid Asetaldehid Butiraldehid benzaldehid
-92 -123 -99 -26
-21 20 76 179
Kelarutan dalam air (g/100ml) Bercampur sempurna Bercampur sempurna 4 0,3
Tabel tetapan fisis dan kelarutan beberapa aldehid
e. ikatan dan kereaktifan
1. Ikatan pada gugus karbonil
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Pada temperature kamar, aldehid suku yang rendah berwujud gas, suku tengah berwujud cairan sedangkan suku tinggi berupa padatan. Makin panjang rantai C nya maka makin harum baunya seperti bau bunga-bungaan dan buah-buahan,sehingga beberapa senyawanya digunakan untuk pewangi. 2. Sifat Spektral Aldehid A. Spektra inframerah Spektrum inframerah berguna untuk mendeteksi gugus karbonil dalam suatu aldehid. Namun adanya gugus karbonil belum tentu menandakan bahwa zat tersebut termasuk aldehid sebab ada beberapa senyawa lain yang memiliki gugus karbonil(ester,asam karboksilat,dll). Untuk aldehid bukti yang saling menunjang dapat dicari dalam spektra inframerah dan nmr, karena resapan yang unik dari hidrogen sianida. Resapan C=O dari aldehide adalah sekitar cm-1
1700
(sekitar 5,8μm). Jika gugus karbonil itu berkonjug berkonjugasi asi dengan suatu ikatan rangkap
atau cincin benzena letak resapan bergeser ke frekuensi yang sedikit lebih rendah. Uluran CH(dari) gugus aldehid,yang menunjukkan resapan tepat disebelah resapan kanan CH alifatik,adalah karakteristik suatu aldehid. Biasanya dijumpai dua peak(puncak) dalam daerah ini. Kedua peak CH dari aldehid akan tampak jelas dalam spektrum butanal, tetapi peak yang lebih dekat ke resapan CH alifatik biasanya dikaburkan oleh resapan alifatik ini. B. Spektra nmr Elektron dalam suatu gugus karbonil, seperti electron dalam ikatan rangkap atau awan pi aromatic, akan digerakkan oleh suatu medan magnet luar. Medan imbasan molekuler yang dihasilkan mempunyai efek yang dalam pada absorpsi nmr dari proton aldehida. Resapan nmr
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cukup jelas dalam spectra nmr butanal. Dalam suatu aldehida, penguraian proton aldehida kadang-kadang dapat di gunakan untuk menentukan ban yaknya hydrogen α. Spectrum butanal menunjukkan suatu triplet untuk proton – CHO, CHO, suatu indikasi akan adanya dua hydrogen α. α.
2.
Sifat kimia
1. Sifat mendamar
Jika suatu larutan aldehid dalam air diberi larutan NaOH atau KOH maka zat cairnya akan bewarna kuning dan sesaat kemudian mengendaplah suatu zat amorf yang bewarna merah kekuning-kuningan. kekuning-kuningan. 2. Reaksi dengan PX 5 dihasilkan geminal halida
R-CHO
+ PCl5 R-CHCl2 + PCl3
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a. Reduksi pereaksi tollens(larutan Ag beramoniak)
Pereaksi tollens dibuat dengan cara menetesi Larutan perak nitrat(AgNO 3) dengan larutan amonia (NH3) sedikit demi sedikit hingga endapan yang mula-mula terbentuk larut +
kembali. Pereaksi Tollens mengandung ion diamminperak(I), [Ag(NH 3)2] . Ion ini dibuat dari larutan perak(I) nitrat. Caranya dengan memasukkan setetes larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam larutan perak(I) nitrat yang menghasilkan sebuah endapan perak(I) oksida, dan selanjutnya tambahkan larutan amonia encer secukupnya untuk melarutkan ulang endapan tersebut. Untuk melakukan uji dengan pereaksi Tollens, beberapa tetes aldehid dimasukkan ke dalam pereaksi Tollens yang baru dibuat, dan dipanaskan secara perlahan dalam sebuah penangas air panas selama beberapa menit.
aldehid
Larutan tidak berwarna menghasilkan sebuah endapan perak berwarna abu-abu, atau sebuah cermin perak pada tabung uji.
Aldehid mereduksi ion diamminperak(I) menjadi logam perak. Karena larutan bersifat basa, maka aldehid dengan sendirinya dioksidasi menjadi sebuah garam dari asam karboksilat yang sesuai. Persamaan setengah reaksi untuk reduksi ion diamminperak(I) menjadi perak adalah sebagai berikut:
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b. Reduksi pereaksi fehling atau bennedict
Larutan Fehling dan larutan Benedict adalah varian dari larutan yang secara ensensial sama. Keduanya mengandung ion-ion tembaga(II) yang dikompleks dalam sebuah larutan basa.Larutan Fehling mengandung mengandung ion tembaga(II) yang dikompleks dengan ion tartrat dalam larutan natrium hidroksida. Pengompleksan ion tembaga(II) dengan ion tartrat dapat mencegah terjadinya endapan tembaga(II) hidroksida. Larutan Benedict mengandung ion-ion tembaga(II) yang membentuk kompleks dengan ion-ion sitrat dalam larutan natrium karbonat. Lagi-lagi, pengompleksan ion-ion tembaga(II) dapat mencegah terbentuknya sebuah endapan – kali ini endapan tembaga(II) karbonat. Larutan Fehling dan larutan Benedict digunakan dengan cara yang sama. Beberapa tetes aldehid ditambahkan ke dalam reagen, dan campurannya dipanaskan secara perlahan dalam sebuah penangas air panas selama beberapa menit.
aldehid
Larutan biru menghasilkan sebuah endapan merah gelap dari tembaga(I) oksida.
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akan menghasilkan persamaan lengkap:
5. Sifat polimerisasi
Polimerisasi ada 2 jenis : 1. Polimerisasi adisi Terjadi antara 2 atau lebih molekul dari zat yang sejenis asetaldehid dengan pengaruh sedikit asam sulfat pekat dapat membentuk trimernya yang disebut paretanal yang berantai lingkar. 3CH3CHO (CH3CHO)3
2. Polimerisasi kondensasi kondensasi Adalah 2 molekul atau lebih dari sejenis zat yang tidak sejenis membentuk sebuah molekul baru yang besar dengan melepaskan H 2O. NH3 atau molekul lain yang sederhana dalam hal ini aldehid dapat berkondensasi berkondensasi dengan :
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Produk Produk oksidasi reaksi ini adalah asam karboksilat dan produk redok snya redok snya adalah alkohol.
Untuk
aldehida
dengan
atom
hidrogen
pada
posisi
alfa,
misalnya
RC H R'CHO.Disproporsionasi R'CHO.Disproporsionasi (reaksi reduksi dan oksidasi terjadi bersamaan) su atu aldehida yang tak memiliki atom-atom alfa-hidrogen alfa -hidrogen menjadi alkohol dan asam(garam) dalam basa kuat 30-60%.
Mekanisme :
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7. Pembuatan Aldehid
1. Oksidasi alkohol primer dengan oksidator lemah C2H5OH → CH3CHO + H2O 2. Uap alkohol dilakukan pada temperatur panas C2H5OH → CH3CHO + H2 Nama aldehid berasal dari reaksi ini, karena aldehid merupakan alkohol yang kekurangan kekurangan hidrogen (alkohol dehidrogenatum). dehidrogenatum). 3. Destilasi kering garam Na atau asam karboksilat dengan Na-formiat R-COONa + H-COONa R-C-H + 2NaCO2 4. Metanal(formaldehid) terbentuk pula sebagai hasil antara pembentuk karbohidrat secara fotosintesa didalam daun. Sehingga Formaldehide dapat dibuat dengan beberapa cara : 1. Pembuatan cara teknik
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1. REAKSI ADISI
Merupakan suatu reaksi yang mengubah senyawa karbon tidak jenuh(mempunyai ikatan rangkap) menjadi senyawa karbon jenuh(tidak mempunyai ikatan rangkap). Karena aldehid memiliki ikatan rangkap antara C dan O maka aldehid dapat diadisi. a. Adisi dengan H 2
Adisi dengan H 2 (hidrogen) menghasilkan alkohol primer. H
H
R-C=O + H-H R-C-OH H contoh : H
H
CH3-CH2-C=O + H-H CH3-CH2-C-OH H Propanal
propanal
b. Adisi dengan air
Air dapat mengadisi suatu gugus karbonil,untuk membentuk suatu 1,1 diol yang
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Cl3CCHO + H2O ↔ Cl3CCH(OH)2 kloral
kloral hidrat
Formaldehid dan kloral keduanya lebih rekatif dibandingkan dengan kebanyakan aldehid lainnya,karena karbon karbonil masing-masing mempunyai muatan positif yang cukup besar. Dalam formaldehid,tak terdapat gugus alkil untuk membantu menyebarkan muatan positif. Dalam kloral,gugus Cl 3-C- yang menarik elektron dengan kuat itu meningkatkan muatan positif dengan cara menggeser rapatan elektron. c. Reaksi dengan Alkohol
Seperti air,alkohol dapat mengadisi suatu gugus karbonil.Dalam kebanyakan hal,kesetimbangan terletak pada sisi aldehid,sama seperti reaksi dengan air. Produk adisi sau molekul suatu alkohol pada suatu aldehid disebut dengan hemiasetal sedangkan produk dua
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sedikit hemiasetal dan asetalnya. Terhadap hal umum ini terdapat suatu kecualian penting. Suatu molekul memiliki gugus OH pada γ atau δ (1,4 – – 1,5) 1,5) terhadap gugus karbonil aldehid mengalami suatu reaksi intra molekul untuk membentuk suatu cincin hemiaseta beranggotakan beranggotakan lima-enam hemiasetal siklik. Dalam kebanyakan hal suatu hemiasetal tak dapat diisolasi. Namun asetal bersifat stabil dalam larutan dan bukan asam dan dapat diisolasi. Jika suatu asetal diinginkan sebagai produk reaksi antara suatu aldehid dan suatu alkohol,maka digunakan alkohol berlebih untuk mendorong tahapan reaksi ini menuju produk tersebut. d. Reaksi dengan hidrogen sianida ( HCN ) 0
Hidrogen sianida(titik didih 26 C) dapat dianggap sebagai gas atau cairan yang mudah menguap. Dalam operasi laboratorium yang normal,HCN digunakan sebagai gas,tetapi dengan menggunakan alat yang khusus HCn dapat digunakan sebagai cairan(dan
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H2O dan ROH membutuhkan katalis asam untuk mengadisi gugus karbonil namun katalis -
kuat seperti CN tidak membutuhkan katalis. Sianohidrin merupakan zat-antara sintetik yang sangat berguna. Misalnya gugus CN dapat dihidrolisis menjadi gugus karboksil atau ester. Juga gugus – OH OH (dari) sianohidrin jauh lebih reaktif dari gugus – OH OH alkohol biasa dan dapat digantikan oleh amonia untuk menghasilkan gugus asam amino. Sifat yang kedua ini dimanfaatkan dalam sintesis asam amino. e. Reaksi adisi dengan natrium bisulfit (NaHSO 3)
Pada rekasi adisi ini digunakan natrium bisulfit pekat sehingga menghasilkan produk berbentuk kristal dan sukar larut,tetapi dapat diuraikan apabila diberi penambahan asam. Umum :
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2. REAKSI ADISI-ELIMINASI
Beberapa reagensia mengalami adisi ke dalam aldehida yang diikuti dengan eliminasi air atu molekul kecil lain untuk memperoleh suatu produk yang mengandung suatu ikatan rangkap. O R – C – C – H – H + H – H – NuH NuH
OH adisi
R – C – C – H – H
Eliminasi
NuH
-H O 2
Suatu produk adisi yang tak stabil A. Reaksi dengan amonia dan amina Primer
R – C – C – H – H Nu
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O
H+, Kalor
- CH + Benzaldehida Benzaldehida
-H2O
- NH2 Anilina
- CN = N Suatu imina (87%)
Mekanisme untuk pembuatan imina pada hekekatnya merupakan proses dua tahap. Tahap pertama yaitu adisi amina nukleofilik pada karbon karbonil yang bermuatan positif parsial, yang diikuti dengan lepasnya proton dari nitrogen dan diperolehnya proton oleh oksigen.
Tahap 1, Adisi :
O
Cepat
-
O
Cepat
OH
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Dalam asam : Tidak nukleofilik -
RNH2 + H
RNH3
-
Tahap kedua dalam reaksi ini adalah eliminasi gugus OH yang terprotonkan sebagai
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Diduga reaksi itu berjalan lewat sederet zat antara imina :
R
CO2H
CHO + H2NCH R Aldehida
asam
-H2O
R
CO2H
CH = NCH R
R
CO2H
CH2N = C R
H2O
R
CO2H
CH2NH2 + C = O R Asam keto
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C. Reaksi dengan Hidrazina dan Senyawa Sehubungan
Imina mudah terhidrolisis (dipaksa pisah oleh air). Tahap awal hidrolisis adalah protonasi nitrogen imina. Jika suatu gugus elektronegatif terikat pada nitrogen imina itu, maka kebasaan nitrogen itu berkurang dan hidrolisis terkurangi.
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Reaksi wittig bersifat serbaguna. Alkil halida yang digunakan untuk membentuk ilid dapat berupa halida metil, primer atau sekunder. Produk reaksi wittig adalah suatu alkena dengan ikatan rangkap dalam posisi yang diinginkan. Sayang kadang-kadang sulit untuk cis atau – trans trans akan menonjol dalam suatu reaksi tertentu. meramalkan apakah produk – cis
O
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*Beberapa senyawa nitrogen yang membentuk produk substistusi stabil dengan aldehida pada hidrazina
Nama
Struktur
Hidroksilamina
HONH2
Produk dengan RCHO RCH =NOH
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3. REAKSI REDUKSI
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C=C tereduksi (tetapi C=O tidak):
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OH
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C=O tereduksi (tetapi C=C tidak):
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seperti kalium hidroksida atau kalium t -butoksida -butoksida dalam pelarut dimetil sulfoksida (DMSO).
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