V@IH 88
R`e`r`gnahs d`masdhtavhs
D`y f` Amuhdfhf `gtr` Iuo`r`s y Jcibr`s y ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc `g @xtr`ihfurh? Faspcsanacg`s M`g`rhd`s. D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s? Cbo`tc, èibatc f` hpdanhnaþg y f`eaganacg`s. F`r`njcs y Cbdamhnacg`s. D`y f` rámai`g ouréfanc f`d s`ntcr pÿbdanc? @d eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc f`d s`ntcr pÿbdanc D`y :/2<88, f` 2> f` ihrzc, f` Amuhdfhf `gtr` Iuo`r`s y Jcibr`s y ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc `g @xtr`ihfurh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, nuyh ÿdtaih icfaeanhnaþg s` jh prcfunafc pcr D`y >0/2<86, f` 25 f` fana`ibr`, pcr dh qu` s` icfaeanh `d t`xtc r`eugfafc f` dh D`y M`g`rhd f` dh ^`murafhf ^cnahd `g r`dhnaþg ncg `d rámai`g ouréfanc f` dhs Iutuhs f` Hnnaf`gt`s f` Vrhbhoc y @ge`ri`fhf`s \rce`sacghd`s f` dh ^`murafhf ^cnahd D`y 6
`fatcrahd } n`p
8. D@Q F@ AMPHDFHF @GVR@ IPO@R IPO@R@^ @^ Q JCIBR@ JCIBR@^^ Q NCGVRH DH UACD@GNAH F@ MÁG@RC @G @ZVR@IHFPRH 8.8 Agtrcfunnaþg Dh f`samuhdfhf f` mág`rc supcg` ugh f` dhs pragnaphd`s bhrr`rhs `g `d f`shrrcddc scnahd, pcdétanc y `ncgþianc f` tcfhs dhs scna`fhf`s. Dhs `sp`nahd`s narnugsthgnahs jastþranhs y dhs nhrhnt`réstanhs `strunturhd`s f` @xtr`ihfurh jhg ncgfanacghfc `d `o`rnanac f` dcs f`r`njcs f` naufhfhgéh f` dhs iuo`r`s `xtr`i`øhs, y dh sup`rhnaþg f` ug icf`dc hgfrcnágtranc y s`xasth f` r`dhnaþg `gtr` dcs s`xcs. Dh sup`rhnaþg f` `sth f`samuhdfhf pcr rhzþg f` mág`rc jh safc aipudshfh f` ihg`rh `xtrhcrfaghrah y jh prcfunafc prceugfcs nhibacs scnahd`s, mrhnahs h dh hpcrthnaþg eugfhi`gthd f` dcs icvaia`gtcs e`iagasths y f` dhs iuo`r`s y `d `seu`rzc f` tcfhs dhs p`rscghs qu` f`sf` `d hgcgaihtc jhg trhbhohfc `g ehvcr f` dcs f`r`njcs f` dhs iuo`r`s. ^ag `ibhrmc, dh pd`gh `e`ntavafhf f` dh amuhdfhf iht`rahd g`n`sath hÿg f`d `seu`rzc f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs. @sth d`y f` Amuhdfhf `gtr` Iuo`r`s y Jcibr`s y Ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc `g @xtr`ihfurh hsparh h ncgs`muar dh amuhdfhf r`hd y `e`ntavh `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, hsé ncic `rrhfanhr dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. @d pragnapac f` amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, hsé ncic dh `xpr`sh prcjabanaþg f` nuhdqua`r tapc f` fasnraiaghnaþg pcr rhzþg f` s`xc y `d f`r`njc h dh ht`gnaþg agt`mrhd f` dhs véntaihs f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc `stèg r`ncmafcs `g fae`r`gt`s gcrihs ouréfanhs. @g `d pdhgc agt`rghnacghd, dh Crmhgazhnaþg f` dhs Ghnacg`s Pgafhs r`hdazþ `g 815= dh F`ndhrhnaþg scbr` dh @daiaghnaþg f` dh Fasnraiaghnaþg ncgtrh ncgtrh dh Iuo`r. H `ddh samua`rcg fav`rscs agstrui`gtcs. @g ncgnr`tc, dh Ncgv`gnaþg phrh dh @daiaghnaþg f` tcfhs dhs Ecrihs f` Fasnraiaghnaþg ncgtrh dh Iuo`r f` 81=1, `g dh qu` s` f`ndhrh qu` vudg`rh dcs pragnapacs f` amuhdfhf f` f`r`njcs y f` r`sp`tc h dh famgafhf juihgh, faeanudthgfc dh pd`gh phrtanaphnaþg f` dhs iuo`r`s `g dh vafh pcdétanh, scnahd, `ncgþianh y nudturhd. Ougtc h dh nathfh Ncgv`gnaþg, f`sthnh dh agsthurhnaþg f`d Nciatá phrh dh @daiaghnaþg f` dh Fasnraiaghnaþg ncgtrh dh Iuo`r qu` ta`g` ncic eugnaþg vamadhr su hpdanhnaþg pcr dcs @sthfcs qu` dh jhg susnratc, `gtr` `ddcs, @sphøh. Dhs fcs `strht`mahs eugfhi`gthd`s phrh `d f`shrrcddc `eanhz f` dhs pcdétanhs f` amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, dh trhgsv`rshdafhf f` mág`rc y dh r`pr`s`gthnaþg `quadabrhfh, s` jhg `sthbd`nafc `g dhs nuhtrc Ncge`r`gnahs Iugfahd`s scbr` dhs Iuo`r`s n`d`brhfhs `g `d ihrnc f` dh Crmhgazhnaþg f` dhs Ghnacg`s Pgafhs, qu` jhg ncgtrabuafc h r`ncgcn`r dh nhush f` dh amuhdfhf f` mág`rc ncic ugh f` dhs pr`cnuphnacg`s `s`gnahd`s f` dh hnnaþg f` mcba`rgc y ugc f` dcs hsugtcs iès hnunahgt`s f`d f`bht` scnahd. Dh bÿsqu`fh f` dh amuhdfhf ecrihd y iht`rahd `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s ncgstatuy` ugh pa`frh hgmudhr f`d F`r`njc agt`rghnacghd f` dcs f`r`njcs juihgcs. Ncgndusaþg qu` r`sudth hvhdhfh thibaág `g `d èibatc f`d F`r`njc nciugathrac, `g `d qu` dh icfaeanhnaþg r`na`gt` f`d Vrhthfc f` dh Pgaþg @urcp`h pcr `d Vrhthfc f` Dasbch, f` 8> f` fana`ibr` f` 2<<=, jh fcthfc f` ihycr r`da`v` h dh prcicnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s, `g `sp`nahd h trhvás f` dh r`mudhnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf `g dh Nhrth f` f`r`njcs eugfhi`gthd`s f` dh Pgaþg @urcp`h, @u rcp`h, ouréfanhi`gt` vagnudhgt` f`sf` dh `gtrhfh `g vamcr f`d Vrhthfc. H dh f`eaganaþg f` ug cbo`tavc trhgsv`rshd phrh tcfhs dhs hntavafhf`s nciugathrahs, ncgsast`gt` `g `daiaghr dhs f`samuhdfhf`s `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s y prcicv`r su amuhdfhf, qu` yh eamurhbh `g
8:6
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
`d hrt. >.2, f`d Vrhthfc, s` høhf` ug gu`vc hrt. 8 bas. F` hnu`rfc ncg `st` gu`vc pr`n`ptc, dh Pgaþg @urcp`h s` eugfhi`gth `g dcs vhdcr`s f` r`sp`tc f` dh famgafhf juihgh, dab`rthf, f`icnrhnah, amuhdfhf, @sthfc f` F`r`njc y r`sp`tc f` dcs f`r`njcs juihgcs, agnduafcs dcs f`r`njcs f` dhs p`rscghs p`rt`g`na`gt`s h iagcréhs. @stcs vhdcr`s scg nciug`s h dcs @sthfcs ia`ibrcs `g ugh scna`fhf nhrhnt`razhfh pcr `d pdurhdasic, dh gc fasnraiaghnaþg, dh tcd`rhgnah, dh oustanah, dh scdafhrafhf y dh amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s. Dh agndusaþg f` dh amuhdfhf `g `st` nuhfrc f` vhdcr`s eugfhi`gthd`s ta`g` ncic ncrr`dhtc dh hsugnaþg f` ug nciprciasc f` eci`gtc f` dh iasih `g `d s`mugfc pèrrhec f`d gu`vc hrt. 2.> f`d Vrhthfc f` dh Pgaþg @urcp`h. Gui`rcshs far`ntavhs, r`nci`gfhnacg`s, r`scdunacg`s y f`nasacg`s ncgta`g`g faspcsanacg`s r`dhtavhs h dh amuhdfhf f` trhtc y cpcrtugafhf`s `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s y ncgeamurhg ug hpr`nahbd` ncgougtc gcrihtavc. @g ád f`sthnhg dhs gcrihs nciugathrahs `sp`néeanhs? dh Far`ntavh 2<<2/=>/N@ f`d \hrdhi`gtc @urcp`c y f`d Ncgs`oc, f` 2> f` s`pta`ibr` f` 2<<2, r`dhtavh h dh hpdanhnaþg f`d pragnapac f` amuhdfhf f` trhtc `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s `g dc qu` s` r`ea`r` hd hnn`sc hd `ipd`c, h dh ecrihnaþg y h dh prcicnaþg prce`sacghd`s y h dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc, dh Far`ntavh 2<<6/88>/N@ f`d Ncgs`oc, f` 8> f` fana`ibr` f` 2<<6, pcr dh qu` s` hpdanh `d pragnapac f` amuhdfhf f` trhtc `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s `g `d hnn`sc h ba`g`s y s`rvanacs y su suiagastrc y dh Far`ntavh 2<<5/06/N@ f`d \hrdhi`gtc @urcp`c y f`d Ncgs`oc, f` 0 f` oudac f` 2<<5, r`dhtavh h dh hpdanhnaþg f`d pragnapac f` amuhdfhf f` cpcrtugafhf`s ` amuhdfhf f` trhtc `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s. Amuhdi`gt` s` jhg f`shrrcddhfc fae`r`gt`s prcmrhihs f` hnnaþg nciugathrah phrh dh amuhdfhf f` cpcrtugafhf`s `g hsugtcs f` `ipd`c y cnuphnaþg. Dh amuhdfhf qu` `d hrt. 8.8 f` dh Ncgstatunaþg @sphøcdh prcndhih ncic ugc f` dcs vhdcr`s sup`racr`s f` gu`strc crf`ghia`gtc ouréfanc s` trhfun` gc sþdc `g dh f` nhrènt`r ecrihd ncgt`ipdhfh `g `d hrt. 86 y qu`, `g pragnapac, phr`n` aipdanhr ÿganhi`gt` ug f`b`r f` hbst`gnaþg `g dh m`g`rhnaþg f` fae`r`gnahnacg`s hrbatrhrahs, sagc thibaág `g dh amuhdfhf f` égfcd` susthgnahd. Ásth s` r`ncm` `xpr`shi`gt` `g `d hrt. 1.2, qu` cbdamh h dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs h prcicv`r dhs ncgfanacg`s phrh qu` dh amuhdfhf f` dhs p`rscghs y f` dcs mrupcs s`h r`hd y `e`ntavh. Dh amuhdfhf ncic ugc f` dcs vhdcr`s sup`racr`s f` gu`strc crf`ghia`gtc ouréfanc `s agj`r`gt`, ougtc ncg `d vhdcr oustanah, ou stanah, h dh ecrih f` @sthfc ^cnahd qu` `s` crf`ghia`gtc r`vast` y thibaág h dh f` @sthfc f` F`r`njc. Fanjc f` ctrc icfc, `d hrt. 1.2 f` dh Ncgstatunaþg @sphøcdh `xpr`sh dh vcdugthf f` hdnhgzhr gc sþdc dh amuhdfhf ecrihd sagc thibaág dh amuhdfhf susthgtavh. @g dh Ncgstatunaþg s` r`ncgcn` qu` ÿganhi`gt` f`sf` `sh amuhdfhf susthgtavh `s pcsabd` dh r`hdazhnaþg `e`ntavh f`d dabr` f`shrrcddc f` dh p`rscghdafhf. \cr `ddc, ncipd`th dh v`rta`gt` g`mhtavh f` prcsnrapnaþg f` hnnacg`s fasnraiaghtcrahs, ncg dh pcsatavh f` ehvcr`naia`gtc f` `sh amuhdfhf iht`rahd. Dh agncrpcrhnaþg f` `sh p`rsp`ntavh `s prcpah f` dh nhrhnt`razhnaþg f`d @sthfc ncic scnahd y f`icnrètanc f` F`r`njc ncg dh qu` s` hbr` `d hrtanudhfc f` gu`strh Ncgstatunaþg. Nhrhnt`razhnaþg qu` trhsna`gf` h tcfc `d crf`g ouréfanc y h dh qu` s` f`b` r`ncgcn`r pd`gc s`gtafc y vartuhdafhf.
Dh D`y Crmèganh >/2<<=, f` 22 f` ihrzc, phrh dh amuhdfhf `e`ntavh f` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, ncgstatuy` `d ihrnc f` f`shrrcddc f`d pragnapac f` amuhdfhf f` trhtc, agncrpcrh susthgnahd`s icfaeanhnacg`s d`masdhtavhs phrh hvhgzhr `g dh amuhdfhf r`hd f` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s y `g `d `o`rnanac pd`gc f` dcs f`r`njcs ` aipd`i`gth i`fafhs trhgsv`rshd`s qu` agnaf`g `g tcfcs dcs þrf`g`s f` dh vafh pcdétanh, ouréfanh y scnahd, h eag f` `rrhfanhr dhs fasnraiaghnacg`s ncgtrh dhs iuo`r`s. @sth d`y, nuyh ncgstatunacghdafhf jh ncgearihfc `d Vrabughd Ncgstatunacghd, ncgta`g` ug aipcrthgt` `d`gnc f` faspcsanacg`s f` nhrènt`r bèsanc. @ddc ehnudth h dhs Nciugafhf`s Hutþgcihs phrh r`mudhr y f`shrrcddhr, `g `d ihrnc f` sus ncip`t`gnahs, dcs f`r`njcs r`ncgcnafcs r`ncgcnafcs `g dh d`y Crmèganh phrh dh Amuhdfhf.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
8:0
`fatcrahd } n`p
Dh ncgeamurhnaþg ncgstatunacghd f`d @sthfc hutcgþianc supcg` qu` scg fav`rscs dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs qu` ta`g`g qu` prcy`nthr y f`shrrcddhr pcdétanhs f` prcicnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf f` cpcrtugafhf`s. Dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh hsui` `g `d @sthtutc f` Hutcgciéh ug eu`rt` nciprciasc `g `sh far`nnaþg, nuhgfc `g su hrt. = r`ncm` dh pd`gh y `e`ntavh amuhdfhf f` dhs iuo`r`s `g tcfcs dcs èibatcs f` dh vafh pÿbdanh, ehiadahr, scnahd, dhbcrhd, `ncgþianh y nudturhd `gtr` dcs pragnapacs r`ntcr`s f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs `xtr`i`øcs. Cbo`tavc ncgsaf`rhfc arr`gugnahbd`, qu` agecrihrè tcfhs dhs pcdétanhs r`macghd`s y dh prèntanh f` dhs agstatunacg`s, phrh nuyc dcmrc, dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh s` nciprci`t`g h `sthbd`n`r dhs i`fafhs f` hnnaþg pcsatavh qu` r`sudt`g g`n`shrahs h eag f` r`icv`r dcs cbstènudcs qu` aipafhg c faeanudt`g dh amuhdfhf r`hd y susthgtavh f` iuo`r`s iuo `r`s y jcibr`s. @g @xtr`ihfurh, dh agncrpcrhnaþg h tcfhs dhs pcdétanhs pÿbdanhs f` dh p`rsp`ntavh f` amuhdfhf f` mág`rc nu`gth ncg ug dhrmc r`ncrrafc. Hsé, dh D`y 0/81:=, f` 2> f` hbrad, f` ^`rvanacs ^cnahd`s f` @xtr`ihfurh agsthurh dcs ^`rvanacs ^cnahd`s @sp`nahdazhfcs qu`, `gtr` ctrhs èr`hs hta`gf`g h dhs fastagths prcbd`iètanhs f` dhs iuo`r`s. Dh D`y 2/8110, f` 5 f` hbrad, f`d F`pcrt` f` @xtr`ihfurh hncm` `gtr` sus pragnapacs bèsancs dh prcicnaþg f` dh hntavafhf eésanh y f`pcrtavh f` dhs iuo`r`s, `g tcfcs sus gav`d`s, h eag f` ncgs`muar dh `e`ntavh ` amuhd agt`mrhnaþg f` dh iasih `g dh prèntanh f`pcrtavh. Dh D`y 5/2<<8, f` 26 f` ihyc, f`d @sthtutc f` Ncgsuiafcr`s f` @xtr`ihfurh, `gtr` dcs Ncd`ntavcs f` `sp`nahd prct`nnaþg cbo`tc f` hntuhnacg`s `sp`néeanhs, r`ncgcn` h dhs iuo`r`s m`sthgt`s. Nhb` f`sthnhr hsaiasic dh D`y 88/2<<8, f` 8< f` cntubr`, f` Nr`hnaþg f`d Agstatutc f` dh Iuo`r f` @xtr`ihfurh. \cr su phrt`, dh D`y 8/2<<2, f` 2: f` e`br`rc, f`d Mcba`rgc y f` dh Hfiagastrhnaþg f` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh, `g dh r`mudhnaþg f`d prcn`faia`gtc f` `dhbcrhnaþg f` faspcsanacg`s f` nhrènt`r m`g`rhd, agtrcfun` dh g`n`safhf f` agnduar ug agecri` f` aiphntc f` mág`rc f`d ncgt`gafc f` `sths faspcsanacg`s. Dh D`y 8/2<<>, f` 2= f` e`br`rc, f` Nccp`rhnaþg phrh `d F`shrrcddc f` @xtr`ihfurh ncgt`ipdh `gtr` dhs èr`hs pr`e`r`gt`s f` hntuhnaþg f` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh `g dcs phés`s r`n`ptcr`s f` dh nccp`rhnaþg phrh `d f`shrrcddc, dh prcicnaþg f` dcs f`r`njcs juihgcs, dh amuhdfhf f` cpcrtugafhf`s, dh phrtanaphnaþg ` agt`mrhnaþg scnahd f` dhs iuo`r`s y dh ht`gnaþg h dh ehiadah y h dh agehgnah. Dh D`y >/2<<0, f` : f` oudac, f` Agecrihnaþg ^hgathrah y Hutcgciéh f`d \hna`gt` f` @xtr`ihfurh, `sthbd`n` qu` s` vamadhrè `sp`nahdi`gt` qu`, furhgt` `d prcn`sc f` phrtc, s`h `e`ntavc `d f`r`njc f` tcfhs dhs iuo`r`s h qu` s` ehnadat` `d hnn`sc hd phfr` c f` ctrh p`rscgh f`samghfh pcr `ddh, shdvc nuhgfc dhs narnugsthgnahs ndéganhs gc dc hncgs`o`g. Dh D`y >/2<<:, f` 85 f` ougac, r`mudhfcrh f` dh @ipr`sh \ÿbdanh —Ncrpcrhnaþg @xtr`i`øh f` I`facs Hufacvasuhd`s’ f`t`riagh qu` dh hntavafhf f` dcs i`facs f` nciuganhnaþg scnahd m`stacghfcs pcr dh Hfiagastrhnaþg f` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh s` agsparhrè `g dcs pragnapacs f` prcicnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf f` cpcrtugafhf`s `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s, hsé ncic `g `d eci`gtc f` dh prct`nnaþg y shdvhmuhrfh f` dh amuhdfhf `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s. Q sa`gth qu`, `g `d `o`rnanac f` su eugnaþg f` s`rvanac pÿbdanc, dh @ipr`sh \ÿbdanh —Ncrpcrhnaþg @xtr`i`øh f` I`facs Hufacvasuhd`s’ f`b`rè prcicv`r `d r`sp`tc h dh famgafhf juihgh y, `sp`nahdi`gt`, dh amuhdfhf `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s y dh gc fasnraiaghnaþg pcr ictavcs f` ghnaia`gtc, rhzh, af`cdcméh, r`damaþg, s`xc u cra`gthnaþg s`xuhd c nuhdqua`r ctrh narnugsthgnah p`rscghd c scnahd. \cr su phrt`, `d Ncgs`oc f` Hfiagastrhnaþg s` ncgecrih t`ga`gfc `g nu`gth nrat`racs f` pdurhdasic y r`pr`s`gthtavafhf pcdétanh, hsé ncic dh ncipcsanaþg `quadabrhfh `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s. Dh D`y 2/2<<1, f` 2 f` ihrzc, phrh dh pu`sth `g ihrnjh f` ug \dhg @xtrhcrfaghrac f` Hpcyc hd @ipd`c Dcnhd, eaoh dh ncgfanaþg f` iuo`r ncic nrat`rac f` pr`e`r`gnah h dcs `e`ntcs f` `sthbd`n`r dhs p`rscghs f`staghthrahs f`d \dhg.
8:5
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
Hf`iès, `d Mcba`rgc `xtr`i`øc jh hprcbhfc y f`shrrcddhfc tr`s pdhg`s phrh dh Amuhdfhf f` Cpcrtugafhf`s f` dhs Iuo`r`s `g @xtr`ihfurh qu` `xta`gf`g `d cbo`tavc f` dh amuhdfhf susthgtavh `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s h tcfcs dcs èibatcs f` dh vafh v afh pÿbdanh. Ncg e`njh 22 f` hbrad f` 2<8< dh Hshibd`h f` @xtr`ihfurh hprcbþ `d \hntc ^cnahd y \cdétanc f` R`ecrihs f` @xtr`ihfurh, earihfc pcr dh Ougth f` @xtr`ihfurh y dcs hm`gt`s scnahd`s y `ncgþiancs f` gu`strh r`maþg, qu` prcpcg` dh agncrpcrhnaþg hd sast`ih gcrihtavc f` ugh d`y f` Amuhdfhf qu` p`riath pdhgt`hr gu`vhs pcdétanhs, fas`øhr gu`vhs `strht`mahs y jhbadathr gu`vcs s`rvanacs, f`shrrcddhgfc hsé ug trhbhoc iès housthfc h dhs f`ihgfhs y g`n`safhf`s r`hd`s f` dh naufhfhgéh f` @xtr`ihfurh. Dcs phscs yh fhfcs oustaeanhg qu` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh qua`rh fcthrs`, h trhvás f` `sth d`y, ncg agstrui`gtcs f` vhrahfh ghturhd`zh y f`shrrcddcs `eanhn`s qu` sarvhg hd prcpþsatc nciÿg f` ugh scna`fhf amuhdathrah, ousth, scdafhrah y f`icnrètanh `g dh qu` dhs iuo`r`s y dcs jcibr`s t`gmhg, r`hdi`gt`, dcs iasics f`r`njcs y cpcrtugafhf`s. @g `st` s`gtafc, `d cbo`tavc pragnaphd f` dh pr`s`gt` d`y f` Amuhdfhf `gtr` Iuo`r`s y Jcibr`s y Ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc `g @xtr`ihfurh `s mhrhgtazhr dh vagnudhnaþg f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs y `d nuipdaia`gtc f` dh trhgsv`rshdafhf, ncic agstrui`gtc aipr`snagfabd` phrh `d `o`rnanac f` dhs ncip`t`gnahs hutcgþianhs `g ndhv` f` mág`rc, r`ncgcna`gfc y ncibhta`gfc dcs fae`r`gt`s tapcs f` fasnraiaghnaþg y f`sv`gthohs erutc f` dh ncibaghnaþg f` f`samuhdfhf`s. f `samuhdfhf`s. Hsaiasic, dh pr`s`gt` d`y ta`g` ugh trapd` cra`gthnaþg? dh pr`v`gnaþg f` dhs ncgfunths fasnraiaghtcrahs, dh tut`dh f` dh amuhdfhf i`fahgt` dh shgnaþg f` dhs ncgfunths fasnraiaghtcrahs y dh prcicnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf i`fahgt` dh pr`vasaþg f` pcdétanhs hntavhs qu` dh jhmhg r`hd y `e`ntavh `g nuhdqua`r èibatc. \r`t`gf` hbcrfhr dhs ecrihs `g dhs qu` `d s`xc, dh rhzh, dh ncgfanaþg s`xuhd, dh `funhnaþg, dh pcsanaþg `ncgþianh, `tn. nr`hg ag`quafhf`s qu` `strunturhg dhs pcsanacg`s r`dhtavhs f` dhs iuo`r`s, `sthbd`na`gfc hnnacg`s, f`shrrcddhgfc prcmrhihs y i`ocrhgfc dcs s`rvanacs qu` f`b`g ncgfunar h dh amuhdfhf susthgtavh f` dhs iuo`r`s ncg agf`p`gf`gnah f` su `fhf, r`nurscs `ncgþiancs y `gtcrgc `g `d qu` vav`g. Hncrf` ncg `d ncgs`gsc qu` f`b` pr`safar nuhdqua`r hntuhnaþg f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs `g `d èibatc f` dh prcicnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf susthgtavh, dh agt`rdcnunaþg ncg dcs hm`gt`s scnahd`s y dh ncdhbcrhnaþg ncg dhs hscnahnacg`s nciprci`tafhs ncg dh f`e`gsh f` dh amuhdfhf pr`safarè tcfhs dhs hntuhnacg`s f` @xtr`ihfurh, sagmudhri`gt` `g hqu`ddhs iht`rahs `g qu` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih gc cst`gth dh ncip`t`gnah `xndusavh. Dh vacd`gnah ncgtrh dhs iuo`r`s `s dh ièxaih `xpr`saþg f` dh f`samuhdfhf `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s. Dh iasih jh safc cbo`tc f` agt`rás f` dh hm`gfh pcdétanh y dh gcrihtavh agt`rghnacghd y `urcp`h. Hsé scg f`sthnhbd`s `g `sth iht`rah dh Ncgv`gnaþg scbr` dh @daiaghnaþg f` tcfhs ecrihs f` Uacd`gnah qu` s` `o`rn` scbr` dhs Iuo`r`s f` 81=1, dh F`ndhrhnaþg f` Ghnacg`s Pgafhs scbr` @daiaghnaþg f` dh Uacd`gnah scbr` dh Iuo`r f` dh d h Hshibd`h M`g`rhd f` 811>, dhs R`scdunacg`s f` dh Nuibr`s Agt`rghnacghd`s scbr` dhs Iuo`r`s, y `sp`nahdi`gt` f` dh n`d`brhfh `g \`kég `g 8110, dh R`scdunaþg ]JH61.20 f` dh Hshibd`h Iugfahd f` dh ^hduf f`ndhrhgfc dh vacd`gnah ncic ug prcbd`ih pracrathrac f` shduf pÿbdanh prcndhihfh `g 8115 pcr dh Crmhgazhnaþg Iugfahd f` dh ^hduf, `d Agecri` f`d \hrdhi`gtc @urcp`c f` 811=, dh R`scdunaþg f` dh Nciasaþg f` F`r`njcs Juihgcs f` Ghnacg`s Pgafhs f` 811= y dh F`ndhrhnaþg f` 8111 ncic Høc @urcp`c ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc. \cr ctrh phrt`, h trhvás f` dhs F`nasacg`s g¿ 21>/2<</2<<6/N@ y g¿ ==1/2<<=/N@, pcr dhs qu` s` `sthbd`n` `d prcmrhih FH\JG@ `sp`néeanc phrh pr`v`gar y ncibhtar dh vacd`gnah `o`rnafh scbr` i`gcr`s, oþv`g`s y iuo`r`s y prct`m`r h dhs véntaihs y mrupcs f` ra`smc, dh Pgaþg @urcp`h jh eaohfc su pcsanaþg y `strht`mah r`sp`ntc h dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
8:=
`fatcrahd } n`p
^a ba`g `s na`rtc qu` dhs ihgae`sthnacg`s f` dh vacd`gnah ncgtrh dhs iuo`r`s scg fav`rshs, dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc qu` s` prcfun` `g `d ncgt`xtc f` dhs r`dhnacg`s f` phr`oh ncgstatuy` ug ictavc f` `sp`nahd pr`cnuphnaþg phrh dh Ougth f` @xtr`ihfurh, pcr fav`rscs ictavcs? `g prai`r dumhr, pcr dh `sp`nahd agnaf`gnah qu` dh iasih ta`g` scbr` `d ba`g`sthr y shduf f` dhs iuo`r`s, dd`mhgfc `g dcs nhscs iès `xtr`ics hd r`sudthfc f` iu`rt`; `g s`mugfc dumhr, pcr dh nr`na`gt` s`gsabadazhnaþg naufhfhgh r`sp`ntc h dh mrhv`fhf f` dh iasih; y `g t`rn`r dumhr, pcr prcfunars` `g `d ncgt`xtc qu` h pracra f`b` nhrhnt`razhrs` pcr `d ièxaic r`sp`tc, ugh he`ntavafhf shdufhbd` y `d hpcyc `gtr` dhs phrt`s. @g `st` s`gtafc, dh gcrihtavh `sththd thibaág jh pr`sthfc ugh `sp`nahd ht`gnaþg h `st` tapc f` vacd`gnah ncgtrh dhs iuo`r`s. Hsé, `g `d èibatc `sththd, `s g`n`shrac s`øhdhr dcs hvhgn`s prcfunafcs h trhvás f` dh D`y Crmèganh 88/2<<>, f` 21 f` s`pta`ibr`, f` i`fafhs ncgnr`ths `g iht`rah f` s`murafhf naufhfhgh, vacd`gnah fciástanh ` agt`mrhnaþg scnahd f` dcs `xtrhgo`rcs, dh D`y Crmèganh 80/2<<>, f` 20 f` gcva`ibr`, pcr dh qu` s` icfaeanþ dh D`y Crmèganh 8 f` gcva`ibr`, f`d Nþfamc \`ghd c dh D`y 2=/2<<>, f` >8 f` oudac, r`mudhfcrh f` dh crf`g f` prct`nnaþg f` véntaihs f` dh vacd`gnah fciástanh. \`rc, sag fufh, `d aipudsc f`eagatavc phrh qu` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs f`g ugh r`spu`sth mdcbhd h dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc jh v`gafc fhfc pcr dh hprcbhnaþg f` dh D`y Crmèganh 8/2<<6, f` 2: f` fana`ibr`, f` I`fafhs f` \rct`nnaþg Agt`mrhd ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc. @sth d`y hbhrnh thgtc dcs hsp`ntcs pr`v`gtavcs, `funhtavcs, scnahd`s y hsast`gnahd`s, ncic dh gcrihtavh navad qu` agnaf` `g `d èibatc ehiadahr c dh ncgvav`gnah fcgf` pragnaphdi`gt` s` prcfun`g dhs hmr`sacg`s, `d pragnapac f` subsafahra`fhf `g dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs, hsé ncic dh r`spu`sth pugatavh qu` f`b`g r`nabar tcfhs dhs ihgae`sthnacg`s f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc.
@rrhfanhr dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc r`qua`r`, gc sþdc dh ht`gnaþg y prct`nnaþg nuhgfc s` jh prcfunafc, sagc thibaág pr`v`gardh ncg scdunacg`s nuhgfc dcs égfan`s prþxaics h `sh mrhv` satuhnaþg s` ncia`gzhg h vasduibrhr. Pgh Hfiagastrhnaþg `eanhz f`b` `vathr, `g dh i`fafh f` dc pcsabd`, dh prcfunnaþg f` satuhnacg`s f` vacd`gnah y `ddc sþdc pu`f` prcfunars` hntuhgfc nuhgfc na`rths ncgfunths jhmhg pr`v`r dh pcsabd` r`hdazhnaþg f` `shs euturhs ncgfunths vacd`gths, c iès vacd`gths qu` dhs yh prcfunafhs. @ddc aipdanh ugh f`t`nnaþg pr`ncz f`d prcbd`ih qu` r`qua`r` f` dh aipdanhnaþg scnahd; `g `sp`nahd, f` f`t`riaghfcs ncd`ntavcs prce`sacghd`s qu`, pcr sus eugnacg`s, ncgcn`g f` prai`rh ihgc `shs satuhnacg`s `g dcs èibatcs shgathrac, `funhtavc y pcdanahd. Q, `sp`nahdi`gt`, s` r`qua`r` ug gétafc nciprciasc phrh dh ht`gnaþg h dhs véntaihs f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. Pgh ht`gnaþg qu` f`b` s`r agt`mrhd, mhrhgtazhgfc hsast`gnah y hs`scrhia`gtc ouréfanc, hsast`gnah shgathrah, agnduy`gfc dh ht`gnaþg psancdþmanh `sp`nahdazhfh, y i`fafhs scnahd`s, `ncgþianhs y dhbcrhd`s. Dh `rrhfanhnaþg f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc y dh r`icnaþg f` dhs `strunturhs scnahd`s y dcs `st`r`ctapcs nudturhd`s qu` dh p`rp`tÿhg, ncg dh eaghdafhf f` r`ncgcn`r y mhrhgtazhr pd`ghi`gt` `d f`r`njc aghda`ghbd` f` tcfhs dhs iuo`r`s h f`shrrcddhr su prcpah vafh, sag s`r sci`tafhs h gagmugh f` dhs ecrihs `g qu` `sth vacd`gnah pu`fh ihgae`sthrs`, ncgstatuy` ncgstatuy` ugc f` dcs cbo`tavcs eugfhi`gthd`s f` `sth d`y. @d nhrènt`r agt`mrhd y iudtafasnapdaghr f` dhs i`fafhs ncgtrh dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, hsé ncic `d `gecqu` iudtanhushd f` `sth vacd`gnah, tcih `g ncgsaf`rhnaþg `d fhøc age`rafc h dhs iuo`r`s y h dcs y dhs i`gcr`s, phrta`gfc f` dh ncgsaf`rhnaþg f` dcs iasics ncic véntaihs f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. F` `st` icfc, s` hipdéh `d `sp`ntrc f` ht`gnaþg h ctrcs hsp`ntcs, ncic scg dcs fhøcs `ncgþiancs, scnahd`s y `d `e`ntc `g `d èibatc f` dh nciugafhf. @gtr` ctrhs i`fafhs, `g dh pr`s`gt` d`y s` ncgta`g` ug nhtèdcmc f` f`r`njcs f` dhs iuo`r`s véntaihs f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc y f` sus jaocs ` jaohs, ncipd`i`gthrac f` dcs f`r`njcs ncgstatunacghdi`gt` r`ncgcnafcs. Dh d`y hsparh h `vathr dh vantaiazhnaþg s`nugfhrah f` dhs iuo`r`s,
8::
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
`sthbd`na`gfc i`fafhs qu` aipafhg dh r`prcfunnaþg c dh p`rp`tuhnaþg f` dcs `st`r`ctapcs scbr` dhs iuo`r`s y dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. Hsui` `d nciprciasc hntavc f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs phrh mhrhgtazhr dh pravhnafhf f` dcs fhtcs p`rscghd`s f` dhs iuo`r`s `g satuhnaþg f` vacd`gnah, hsé ncic f` dhs f`iès p`rscghs aipdanhfhs c f` dcs t`stamcs, f` hnu`rfc ncg dh d`masdhnaþg hpdanhbd`. @g `sth d`y s` ncgt`ipdhg dcs agstrui`gtcs g`n`shracs phrh pr`v`gar y `rrhfanhr dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, fcthfcs f` `eanhnah y `xamabadafhf, hs`murhgfc dh mrhtuafhf `g `d hnn`sc h dcs s`rvanacs pÿbdancs qu` hd `e`ntc s` `sthbd`znhg. Amuhdi`gt`, s` nr`h dh r`f f` ht`gnaþg y r`nup`rhnaþg agt`mrhd phrh dhs iuo`r`s y i`gcr`s qu` suer`g vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, ecrihfh pcr ug ncgougtc f` r`nurscs y s`rvanacs pÿbdancs phrh dh ht`gnaþg, hsast`gnah, prct`nnaþg y r`nup`rhnaþg. Hd ta`ipc, s` hs`murh dh `sp`nahdazhnaþg f` tcfcs dcs ncd`ntavcs prce`sacghd`s qu` agt`rva`g`g `g dh ht`gnaþg, hsast`gnah, prct`nnaþg, r`nup`rhnaþg y r`phrhnaþg f`staghfhs h dhs iuo`r`s y f`iès véntaihs f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc.
8.2 @strunturh y ncgt`gafc Dh d`y ncgta`g` 8<5 hrténudcs y s` `strunturh `g ug Vétudc \r`daiaghr, s`as Vétudcs, fcs faspcsanacg`s hfanacghd`s, ugh faspcsanaþg trhgsatcrah, ugh faspcsanaþg f`rcmhtcrah y fcs faspcsanacg`s eaghd`s. @d Vétudc \r`daiaghr `sthbd`n` dcs ncgn`ptcs `s`gnahd`s `g iht`rah f` amuhdfhf f` mág`rc y dcs pragnapacs m`g`rhd`s qu` jhg f` pr`safar dh hntuhnaþg f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs `g r`dhnaþg ncg dh amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s. Dh amuhdfhf qu` `sth d`y prciu`v` `s ugh amuhdfhf `g s`gtafc hipdac, r`e`rafh gc scdc h dhs ncgfanacg`s f` phrtafh `g `d hnn`sc h dcs f`r`njcs, hd pcf`r y h dcs r`nurscs y b`g`eanacs `ncgþiancs `ncgþiancs y scnahd`s, sagc thibaág h dhs ncgfanacg`s phrh `d `o`rnanac y ncgtrcd `e`ntavc f` hquáddcs. Hsaiasic, `s ugh amuhdfhf r`sp`tucsh ncg dh fav`rsafhf ` agt`mrhfcrh f` dhs `sp`naeanafhf`s f` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, qu` ncrraoh dh t`gf`gnah hntuhd h dh aipcsanaþg y m`g`rhdazhnaþg f`d icf`dc ihsnudagc. ^` trhth, `g suih, f` qu` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s s`hg amuhd`s `g dh fae`r`gnah. ^` pr`t`gf` hsé `vathr dh nciphrhnaþg sag iès `gtr` dh satuhnaþg f` dhs iuo`r`s y f` dcs jcibr`s, qu` iunjhs v`n`s pdhgt`h aipdénathi`gt` ugh o`rhrquéh `g dh qu` dh satuhnaþg f` dcs jcibr`s `s dh f`s`hbd` y h dh qu` dhs iuo`r`s jhg f` hicdfhrs` r`gugnahgfc h sus vhdcr`s, f`s`cs y hsparhnacg`s. Dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh, phrh dcmrhr dhs eaghdafhf`s `sthbd`nafhs `g `sth d`y hsui`g `d nciprciasc ncg dh `e`ntavafhf f`d f`r`njc f` gc fasnraiaghnaþg f` dhs iuo `r`s. Ncgsaf`rhg `d nhrènt`r `strunturhd y dh ghturhd`zh iudtafai`gsacghd f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, `g `sp`nahd `g nuhgtc h dh aipdanhnaþg aipda nhnaþg f` tcfcs dcs sast`ihs f` ht`gnaþg y r`nup`rhnaþg. Hfcpthg i`fafhs f` nhrènt`r agt`mrhd, qu` ta`g`g `g nu`gth tcfcs dcs fhøcs qu` dhs iuo`r`s, dcs i`gcr`s y dhs i`gcr`s suer`g ncic ncgs`nu`gnah f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, thibaág dcs fhøcs scnahd`s y `ncgþiancs y dcs `e`ntcs f` `sth vacd`gnah `g dh nciugafhf. @d Vétudc A r`mudh dhs ncip`t`gnahs, eugnacg`s, dh crmhgazhnaþg agstatunacghd, dh nccrfaghnaþg `gtr` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs f` @xtr`ihfurh y dh eaghgnahnaþg. Dhs ncip`t`gnahs y eugnacg`s s` `sthbd`n`g `g `d Nhpétudc A. @d Nhpétudc AA r`mudh dh crmhgazhnaþg agstatunacghd, dh nccp`rhnaþg, nccrfaghnaþg y ncgsudth `gtr` dhs hfiagastrhnacg`s pÿbdanhs f` @xtr`ihfurh ` agsthurh dcs þrmhgcs phrh hs`murhr dcs cbo`tavcs f` dh d`y. ^` trhth f` dh Nciasaþg Agt`ragstatunacghd phrh dh Amuhdfhf, dh Nciasaþg Agt`rf`phrthi`gthd phrh dh Amuhdfhf, `d Cbs`rvhtcrac f` dh Amuhdfhf, `d Ncgs`oc @xtr`i`øc f` \hrtanaphnaþg f` dhs Iuo`r`s, dh Nciasaþg f` Aiphntc f` Mág`rc `g dcs pr`supu`stcs y dh Nciasaþg \`rihg`gt` phrh dh \r`v`gnaþg y @rrhfanhnaþg f` dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc. \cr su phrt`, `d Nhpétudc AAA r`mudh `d nciprciasc hguhd f` eaghgnahnaþg phrh `d `o`rnanac f` dhs eugnacg`s y dh `o`nunaþg f` dhs i`fafhs pr`vasths `g dh d`y.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
8:1
`fatcrahd } n`p
Dh agt`mrhnaþg f` dh p`rsp`ntavh f` mág`rc `g dhs pcdétanhs pÿbdanhs s` ncgt`ipdh `g `d Vétudc AA, qu` ncgsth f` fcs Nhpétudcs. @d prai`rc r`mudh dhs i`fafhs phrh d h agt`mrhnaþg f` dh p`rsp`ntavh f` mág`rc `g dhs pcdétanhs pÿbdanhs, phrta`gfc f` dh gcnaþg f` trhgsv`rshdafhf, i`fahgt` hnnacg`s ncgnr`ths ncic dh `vhduhnaþg f`d aiphntc f` mág`rc, dcs pdhg`s `strhtámancs y dhs `sthféstanhs ` agv`stamhnacg`s ncg p`rsp`ntavh f` mág`rc. \cr su phrt`, `d Nhpétudc AA nciprci`t` dh prcicnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf f` mág`rc pcr dh Ougth f` @xtr`ihfurh `g dh r`pr`s`gthnaþg `quadabrhfh f` dcs þrmhgcs far`ntavcs y ncd`mahfcs, dh ncgtrhthnaþg pÿbdanh, dhs hyufhs y subv`gnacg`s y ctrhs i`fafhs phrh `daiaghr f`samuhdfhf`s y prcicv`r dh a muhdfhf f` mág`rc. @d Vétudc AAA `stè f`fanhfc h dh hnnaþg pcsatavh `g fae`r`gt`s èibatcs, qu` s` `strunturh `g sa`t` Nhpétudcs. Hsé `d Nhpétudc A agncrpcrh dcs f`shrrcddcs g`n`shracs phrh dh amuhdfhf `e`ntavh `g dh `funhnaþg, subrhyhgfc qu` dh Hfiagastrhnaþg `funhtavh f`b` s`r ictcr f` nhibac y s`gsabadazhnaþg `g dh prcicnaþg f` dh amuhdfhf f` mág`rc y `g dh pr`v`gnaþg y `rrhfanhnaþg f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. @d Nhpétudc AA s` f`fanh h dhs pcdétanhs f` amuhdfhf `g `d `ipd`c, `gugnah nciprciascs `g `d s`ntcr pÿbdanc y `g `d s`ntcr pravhfc. @d Nhpétudc AAA ncgt`ipdh dh prcicnaþg f` dh ncgnadahnaþg f` dh vafh p`rscghd, dhbcrhd y ehiadahr. \cr su phrt`, dcs Nhpétudcs AU, U, UA y UAA `sthbd`n`g fae`r`gt`s i`fafhs phrh dh prct`nnaþg f` dh shduf y `d ba`g`sthr scnahd, dh ht`gnaþg f` dhs iuo`r`s, dh phrtanaphnaþg scnahd y pcdétanh y dh aihm`g y i`facs f` nciuganhnaþg. @d Vétudc AU s` n`gtrh `g dhs i`fafhs f` pr`v`gnaþg f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc y `g dh ht`gnaþg y prct`nnaþg h dhs véntaihs f` dh iasih. Favafafc `g nagnc Nhpétudcs, `d prai`rc ncgta`g` dhs faspcsanacg`s m`g`rhd`s y dhs ncip`t`gnahs prcpahs f` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih. @g `d Nhpétudc AA s` r`mudhg dcs f`r`njcs f` dhs iuo`r`s `g satuhnacg`s f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc r`sp`ntc h dh ht`gnaþg agt`mrhd y `e`ntavh. @d Nhpétudc AAA r`mudh dh crmhgazhnaþg agstatunacghd, pcga`gfc `g vhdcr dhs `strunturhs `xast`gt`s ncg su hntuhdazhnaþg y r`eu`rzc phrh ncibhtar dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc `g @xtr`ihfurh. \cr su phrt`, `d Nhpétudc AU r`mudh dh r`f f` ht`gnaþg h dhs véntaihs f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. \cr ÿdtaic, `d Nhpétudc U s` cnuph f` dhs j`rrhia`gths y nrat`racs f` hntuhnaþg qu` scg g`n`shrahs phrh dh hf`nuhfh agt`rv`gnaþg agt`mrhd ncgtrh dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. @d Vétudc U ncgt`ipdh dhs mhrhgtéhs `sp`néeanhs phrh dh amuhdfhf f` mág`rc. @d Vétudc UA r`mudh `d rámai`g f` agerhnnacg`s y shgnacg`s.
2. FA^\C^ANA FA^\C^ANACG@^ CG@^ M@G@RH M@G@RHD@^ D@^ 2.8 Cbo`tc f` dh d`y Dh pr`s`gt` d`y ta`g` pcr cbo`tc jhn`r `e`ntavc `d f`r`njc f` amuhdfhf f` trhtc y cpcrtugafhf`s `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s `g dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh, y ncibhtar f` icfc agt`mrhd dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, phrh hvhgzhr jhnah ugh scna`fhf `xtr`i`øh iès dabr`, ousth, f`icnrètanh y scdafhrah. H thd `e`ntc? h) @sthbd`n` dcs pragnapacs m`g`rhd`s h dcs qu` s` sci`t` dh hntuhnaþg f` dcs dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh `g iht`rah f` amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s y `g dh `rrhfanhnaþg f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. b) R`mudh dhs i`fafhs y r`nurscs r`nurscs faramafcs h prcicv`r y mhrhgtazhr dh `e`ntavh amuhdfhf f` cpcrtugafhf`s y f` trhtc `g tcfcs dcs èibatcs f` dh vafh. @g phrtanudhr, `sthbd`n` dhs hnnacg`s cra`gthfhs h ehvcr`n`r dh hutcgciéh p`rscghd y h ecrthd`n`r dh pcsanaþg scnahd, dhbcrhd `ncgþianh y pcdétanh f` dhs iuo`r`s.
81<
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
n) @sthbd`n` i`fafhs agt`mrhd`s phrh dh s`gsabadazhnaþg, pr`v`gnaþg y f`t`nnaþg f` dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, ncg dh eaghdafhf f` `rrhfanhrdh f` dh scna`fhf. Vhibaág s` r`ncgcn`g h dhs iuo`r`s qu` dh suer`g y h su gÿnd`c ehiadahr dcs f`r`njcs f` ht`gnaþg, hsast`gnah, prct`nnaþg y r`nup`rhnaþg agt`mrhd.
2.2 Èibatcs f` hpdanhnaþg Dh pr`s`gt` d`y s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg `g `d èibatc t`rratcrahd f` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh.
@g phrtanudhr, s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg h dhs p`rscghs eésanhs y ouréfanhs, `g dcs táriagcs `sthbd`nafcs `g dh pr`s`gt` d`y. Amuhdi`gt`, `g dcs táriagcs `sthbd`nafcs `g dh prcpah d`y, s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg? h) H dh Hfiagastrhnaþg f` dh Nciugafhf Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh y sus crmhgasics hutþgcics, hutþgcics, h dhs `ipr`shs f` dh Ougth f` @xtr`ihfurh, h dcs ncgscrnacs, eugfhnacg`s y f`iès `gtafhf`s ncg p`rscghdafhf ouréfanh prcpah `g dcs qu` s`h ihycrathrah dh r`pr`s`gthnaþg far`nth f` dh Ougth f` @xtr`ihfurh. b) H dhs `gtafhf`s qu` agt`mrhg dh Hfiagastrhnaþg Dcnhd, sus crmhgasics hutþgcics, ncgscrnacs, eugfhnacg`s y f`iès `gtafhf`s ncg p`rscghdafhf ouréfanh prcpah `g dcs qu` s`h ihycrathrah dh r`pr`s`gthnaþg far`nth f` fanjhs `gtafhf`s. n) H dh Pgav`rsafhf Pgav`rsafhf f` @xtr`ihfurh. f) H tcfhs dhs `gtafhf`s qu` r`hdan`g hntavafhf`s `funhtavhs y f` ecrihnaþg nuhdqua`rh qu` s`h su tapc, gav`d y mrhfc. `) H dhs `gtafhf`s pravhfhs qu` susnrabhg ncgtrhtcs ncgtrhtcs c ncgv`gacs f` ncdhbcrhnaþg ncdhbcrhnaþg ncg dhs HfiagastrhHfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs f` @xtr`ihfurh c s`hg b`g`eanahrahs f` hyufhs c subv`gnacg`s ncgn`fafhs pcr `ddhs.
2.> \ragnapacs m`g`rhd`s \hrh dcmrhr dcs cbo`tavcs f` `sth d`y, dcs pragnapacs m`g`rhd`s f` hntuhnaþg f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh, `g `d ihrnc f` sus ncip`t`gnahs, s`règ? - Dh amuhdfhf f` trhtc `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s. Xu` prcsnrab` nuhdqua`r nuhdqua`r fasnraiaghnaþg, far`nth far`nth c agfar`nth, pcr rhzþg f` s`xc, `g tcfcs dcs èibatcs f` dh vafh, y sagmudhri`gt` `g dhs `se`rhs `ncgþianh, scnahd, dhbcrhd, nudturhd y `funhtavh. - Dh amuhdfhf f` cpcrtugafhf`s. cpcrtugafhf`s. Xu` aipcg` h dcs pcf`r`s pcf`r`s pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh @xtr`ihfurh dh cbdamhnaþg f` hfcpthr dhs i`fafhs cpcrtughs phrh mhrhgtazhr `d hnn`sc y `d `o`rnanac `e`ntavc f` dcs f`r`njcs pcdétancs, navad`s, `ncgþiancs, scnahd`s, dhbcrhd`s y nudturhd`s y phrh `daiaghr dh fasnraiaghnaþg. - Dh rupturh f` dh br`njh br`njh f` mág`rc mág`rc `g dh ^cna`fhf f` dh Agecrihnaþg, `d Ncgcnaia`gtc y dh Aihmaghnaþg. Xu` supcg` qu` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh pracran`g dh ncgsaf`rhnaþg f` dhs aipdanhnacg`s qu` `d mág`rc ta`g` r`sp`ntc hd hvhgn` `g dh ncgstrunnaþg y ncgscdafhnaþg f` dh ^cna`fhf f` dh Agecrihnaþg, `d Ncgcnaia`gtc y dh Aihmaghnaþg ncic phrhfamih f` f`shrrcddc `strhtámanc, phrh dh supr`saþg f` nuhdqua`r tapc f` fasnraiaghnaþg y `d eci`gtc f` dh amuhdfhf `gtr` dhs iuo`r`s y dcs jcibr`s.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
818
`fatcrahd } n`p
- @d r`sp`tc h dh fav`rsafhf fav`rsafhf y h dh fae`r`gnah. Xu` aipdanh phrh dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs ehnadathr dcs i`facs g`n`shracs phrh qu` dh amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s s` iht`rahdan`, ncg r`sp`tc thgtc h dh fav`rsafhf y h dhs fae`r`gnahs `xast`gt`s `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s `g nuhgtc h su bacdcméh, ncgfanacg`s f` vafh, hsparhnacg`s y g`n`safhf`s, ncic h dh fav`rsafhf y fae`r`gnahs `xast`gt`s f`gtrc f` dcs ncd`ntavcs f` iuo`r`s y f` jcibr`s. - Dh `daiaghnaþg f` rcd`s y `st`r`ctapcs `st`r`ctapcs `g eugnaþg f`d s`xc. s`xc. Dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs pÿbdancs f` @xtr`@xtr`ihfurh prcicv`règ dh `daiaghnaþg f` dcs rcd`s scnahd`s y `st`r`ctapcs `g eugnaþg f`d s`xc scbr` dcs qu` s` hsa`gth dh f`samuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s. - @d r`ncgcnaia`gtc r`ncgcnaia`gtc f` dh iht`rgafhf ncic ug vhdcr scnahd, `vathgfc dcs `e`ntcs g`mhtavcs `g dcs f`r`njcs f` dhs iuo`r`s, y dh ncgsaf`rhnaþg f` dh pht`rgafhf `g ug ncgt`xtc ehiadahr y scnahd f` ncrr`spcgshbadafhf, f` hnu`rfc ncg dcs gu`vcs icf`dcs f` ehiadah. - @d eci`gtc f` dh ncrr`spcgshbadafhf, `gt`gfafh ncic ncic r`phrtc r`phrtc `quadabrhfc `gtr` iuo`r`s iuo`r`s y jcibr`s f` dhs r`spcgshbadafhf`s ehiadahr`s, dhs thr`hs fciástanhs y `d nuafhfc f` dhs p`rscghs `g satuhnaþg f` f`p`gf`gnah. Dcs pcf`r`s p cf`r`s pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh hfcpthrèg dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs phrh p`riatar dh nciphtabadafhf `e`ntavh `gtr` r`spcgshbadafhf`s dhbcrhd`s, ehiadahr`s y p`rscghd`s f` dhs iuo`r`s y dcs jcibr`s `g @xtr`ihfurh. - Hnnaþg pcsatavh. pcsatavh. Ncg `d eag f` jhn`r `e`ntavc `d f`r`njc f`r`njc ncgstatunacghd ncgstatunacghd h dh amuhdfhf, dcs \cf`r`s \ÿbdancs hfcpthrèg i`fafhs `sp`néeanhs h ehvcr f` dhs iuo`r`s phrh ncrr`mar satuhnacg`s pht`gt`s f` f`samuhdfhf f` j`njc r`sp`ntc f` dcs jcibr`s. Vhd`s i`fafhs, qu` s`règ hpdanhbd`s `g thgtc subsasthg fanjhs satuhnacg`s, jhbrèg f` s`r rhzcghbd`s y prcpcrnacghfhs `g r`dhnaþg ncg `d cbo`tavc p`rs`muafc `g nhfh nhsc. - Dh hfcpnaþg f` i`fafhs g`n`shrahs g`n`shrahs phrh dh supr`saþg supr`saþg f`d usc s`xasth s`xasth f`d d`gmuho` d`gmuho` y dh prcicnaþg y mhrhgtéh f` dh utadazhnaþg f` ugh aihm`g f` dhs iuo`r`s y dcs jcibr`s, eugfhi`gthfh `g dh amuhdfhf f` s`xcs, `g tcfcs dcs èibatcs f` dh vafh pÿbdanh y pravhfh. - Dh agt`mrhnaþg agt`mrhnaþg f` dh p`rsp`ntavh p`rsp`ntavh f` mág`rc. Xu` supcg` dh ncgsaf`rhnaþg sast`iètanh f` dhs fae`r`gt`s satuhnacg`s, ncgfanacg`s, hsparhnacg`s y g`n`safhf`s f` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, agncrpcrhgfc cbo`tavcs y hntuhnacg`s `sp`néeancs faramafcs h `daiaghr dhs f`samuhdfhf`s y prcicv`r dh amuhdfhf `g tcfhs dhs pcdétanhs y hnnacg`s, h tcfcs dcs gav`d`s y `g tcfhs sus ehs`s f` fahmgþstanc, pdhgaeanhnaþg, `o`nunaþg y `vhduhnaþg. - Dh agt`rs`nnacghdafhf. agt`rs`nnacghdafhf. Xu` ncipr`gf` dhs tánganhs tánganhs f` hgèdasas y pdhgaeanhnaþg qu` ta`g`g `g nu`gth dh agt`rhnnaþg qu` s` prcfun` `gtr` `d mág`rc y ctrcs ehntcr`s f` fasnraiaghnaþg, ncg `d cbo`tavc f` ht`gf`r h dh fav`rsafhf f` dhs iuo`r`s, i`fahgt` dh pu`sth `g ihrnjh f` i`nhgasics hgtafasnraiaghnaþg f` hnnaþg agt`mrhd. - Dh r`pr`s`gthnaþg r`pr`s`gthnaþg `quadabrhfh. Dcs Dcs pcf`r`s pcf`r`s pÿbdancs `xtr`i`øcs hfcpthrèg dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs phrh dcmrhr ugh pr`s`gnah `quadabrhfh f` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s `g dcs fastagtcs èibatcs f` tcih f` f`nasacg`s y phrh `d eci`gtc f` dh phrtanaphnaþg c ncipcsanaþg `quadabrhfh f` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s `g dcs fastagtcs þrmhgcs f` r`pr`s`gthnaþg y f` tcih f` f`nasacg`s, hsé ncic `g dhs nhgfafhturhs h dhs `d`nnacg`s h dh Hshibd`h f` @xtr`ihfurh. - Dh `sp`nahd ht`gnaþg y mhrhgtéh f` dcs f`r`njcs f` dhs iuo`r`s iuo`r`s qu` vav`g `g `d i`fac rurhd, h eag f` ehvcr`n`r y prcicv`r, `g phrtanudhr, su agncrpcrhnaþg h dh vafh dhbcrhd, mhrhgtazhr su hnn`sc h dh ecrihnaþg y su phrtanaphnaþg `g `d f`shrrcddc scst`gabd` f` su `gtcrgc. - Dh nccrfaghnaþg nccrfaghnaþg y ncdhbcrhnaþg. Dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs `xtr`i`øcs ta`g`g dh cbdamhnaþg f` ncdhbcrhr y nccrfaghr sus hntuhnacg`s `g iht`rah f` amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s y ncgtrh dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc, phrh qu` sus agt`rv`gnacg`s s`hg iès `eanhn`s y hncrf`s ncg ugh utadazhnaþg rhnacghd f` dcs r`nurscs.
812
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
- @d aipudsc f` dh `e`ntavafhf f`d pragnapac f` amuhdfhf `g dhs r`dhnacg`s `gtr` phrtanudhr`s. - Dh hfcpnaþg f` i`fafhs qu` hs`mur`g hs`mur`g dh amuhdfhf amuhdfhf `gtr` jcibr`s y iuo`r`s `g dc qu` s` s` r`ea`r` r`ea`r` hd hnn`sc hd `ipd`c, h dh ecrihnaþg, prcicnaþg prce`sacghd, amuhdfhf shdhrahd y h dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc. - Dh pr`vasaþg f` fcthr h dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs pÿbdancs f` @xtr`ihfurh f` dcs agstrui`gtcs agstrui`gtcs g`n`shracs g`n`shracs phrh `rrhfanhr dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc `g dcs èibatcs èiba tcs pr`v`gtavc, `funhtavc, ecrihtavc, f` dcs i`facs f` nciuganhnaþg, dhbcrhd, scnahd y ht`gnaþg ncic s`rvanac pÿbdanc, tcfc `ddc bhoc `d pragnapac f` trhgsv`rshdafhf. - Dh mhrhgtéh f` dh prcxaiafhf prcxaiafhf y `d `quadabrac f` dhs agt`rv`gnacg`s `g nhscs f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc `g `d t`rratcrac y dh g`n`shrah n`d`rafhf f` `sh agt`rv`gnaþg phrh pcsabadathr ugh hf`nuhfh ht`gnaþg y `vathr `d agnr`i`gtc f` dh vantaiazhnaþg.
2.6 F`eaganacg`s - ^` `gta`gf` pcr fasnraiaghnaþg far`nth dh satuhnaþg `g qu` s` `gnu`gtrh ugh p`rscgh qu`, `g ht`gnaþg h su s`xc, s`h, jhyh safc c pufa`rh s`r trhthfh f` ihg`rh i`gcs ehvcrhbd` qu` ctrh `g satuhnaþg jciþdcmh. - ^` `gta`gf` `gta`gf` pcr fasnraiaghnaþg agfar`nth agfar`nth dh satuhnaþg `g qu` dh hpdanhnaþg f` ugh faspcsanaþg, nrat`rac c prèntanh hphr`gt`i`gt` g`utrcs pcg` h dhs p`rscghs f` ug s`xc `g f`sv`gthoh phrtanudhr ncg r`sp`ntc h dhs p`rscghs f`d ctrc, shdvc qu` dh hpdanhnaþg f` fanjh faspcsanaþg, nrat`rac c prèntanh pu`fh oustaeanhrs` cbo`tavhi`gt` `g ht`gnaþg h ugh eaghdafhf d`métaih, y qu` dcs i`facs phrh hdnhgzhr fanjh eaghdafhf s`hg g`n`shracs y hf`nuhfcs. - ^` `gta`gf` `gta`gf` qu` nuhdqua`r tapc f` trhtc f`sehvcrhbd` r`dhnacghfc ncg `d `ibhrhzc, dh iht`rgafhf c dh pht`rgafhf ncgstatuy` fasnraiaghnaþg far`nth pcr rhzþg f` s`xc. - ^` `gta`gf` `gta`gf` pcr r`pr`s`gthnaþg `quadabrhfh hqu`ddh satuhnaþg qu` mhrhgtan` dh pr`s`gnah f` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s f` ecrih qu`, `g `d ncgougtc f` p`rscghs h qu` s` r`ea`rh, nhfh s`xc ga sup`r` `d s`s`gth pcr na`gtc ga s`h i`gcs f`d nuhr`gth pcr na`gtc. - F` ncgecriafhf ncgecriafhf ncg dh D`y Crmèganh 8/2<<6, f` 2: f` fana`ibr`, f` I`fafhs f` \rct`nnaþg \rct`nnaþg Agt`mrhd ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` mág`rc, s` `gta`gf` pcr vacd`gnah f` mág`rc dh qu` ncic ihgae`sthnaþg f` dh fasnraiaghnaþg, dh satuhnaþg f` f`samuhdfhf y dhs r`dhnacg`s f` pcf`r f` dcs jcibr`s scbr` dhs iuo`r`s, s` `o`rn` scbr` ásths pcr phrt` f` qua`g`s s`hg c jhyhg safc sus nþgyum`s c f` qua`g`s `stág c jhyhg `sthfc damhfcs h `ddhs pcr r`dhnacg`s saiadhr`s f` he`ntavafhf, hÿg sag ncgvav`gnah. - ^` `gta`gf` pcr hncsc s`xuhd dh satuhnaþg satuhnaþg `g qu` s` prcfun` nuhdqua`r ncipcrthia`gtc v`rbhd, gc v`rbhd c eésanc f` égfcd` s`xuhd, ncg `d prcpþsatc c `d `e`ntc f` ht`gthr ncgtrh dh famgafhf f` ugh p`rscgh, `g phrtanudhr nuhgfc s` nr`h ug `gtcrgc agtaiafhtcrac, jcstad, f`mrhfhgt`, juiaddhgt` u ce`gsavc. - ^` `gta`gf` pcr hncsc pcr rhzþg f` s`xc dh satuhnaþg `g qu` s` s` prcfun` ug ncipcrthia`gtc ncipcrthia`gtc r`dhnacghfc ncg `d s`xc f` ugh p`rscgh, ncg `d prcpþsatc c `d `e`ntc f` ht`gthr ncgtrh dh famgafhf f` dh p`rscgh y nr`hr ug `gtcrgc agtaiafhtcrac, jcstad, f`mrhfhgt`, juiaddhgt` u ce`gsavc. - @d ncgfanacghia`gtc f` ug f`r`njc f`r`njc c f` ugh `xp`nthtavh `xp`nthtavh f` f`r`njc h dh hn`pthnaþg f` ugh satuhsatuhnaþg ncgstatutavh f` hncsc s`xuhd c f` hncsc pcr rhzþg f` s`xc s` ncgsaf`rhrè hntc f` fasnraiaghnaþg pcr rhzþg f` s`xc. V`gfrè dh iasih ncgsaf`rhnaþg nuhdqua`r tapc f` hncsc.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
81>
`fatcrahd } n`p
- @d usc gc s`xasth s`xasth f`d d`gmuho` ncgsast` `g dh utadazhnaþg utadazhnaþg f` `xpr`sacg`s dagmôéstanhi`gt` ncrr`nths sustatutavhs f` ctrhs, ncrr`nths c gc, qu` agvasabadazhg `d e`i`gagc c dc satÿhg `g ug pdhgc s`nugfhrac r`sp`ntc hd ihsnudagc.
>. D@Q F@ \R@U@ \R@U@GNAÞG GNAÞG F@ RA@^MC^ DHBCRHD DHBCRHD@^? @^? CBO@VC,HIBAVC F@ H\DANHNAÞG Q F@EAG ANACG@^. F@R@NJC^ Q CBDAMHNACG@^ >.8 Gcrihtavh scbr` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s Dh gcrihtavh scbr` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s `stè ncgstatuafh pcr dh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, sus faspcsanacg`s f` f`shrrcddc c ncipd`i`gthrahs y nuhgths ctrhs gcrihs, d`mhd`s c ncgv`gnacghd`s, ncgt`gmhg pr`snrapnacg`s r`dhtavhs h dh hfcpnaþg f` i`fafhs pr`v`gtavhs `g `d èibatc dhbcrhd c susn`ptabd`s f` prcfunardhs `g fanjc èibatc. @d hrt. 6<.2 f` dh Ncgstatunaþg @sphøcdh `gncia`gfh h dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs, ncic ugc f` dcs pragnapacs r`ntcr`s f` dh pcdétanh scnahd y `ncgþianh, v`dhr pcr dh s`murafhf ` jama`g` `g `d trhbhoc. @st` ihgfhtc ncgstatunacghd ncgdd`vh dh g`n`safhf f` f`shrrcddhr ugh pcdétanh f` prct`nnaþg f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s i`fahgt` dh pr`v`gnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f` su trhbhoc. Dh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, `s padhr eugfhi`gthd `g `d qu` f`snhgsh `d i`gnacghfc ihgfhtc ncgstatunacghd. @g dh iasih s` ncgeamurh `d ihrnc m`g`rhd `g `d qu` jhbrèg f` f`shrrcddhrs` dhs fastagths hnnacg`s pr`v`gtavhs, `g ncj`r`gnah ncg dhs f`nasacg`s f` dh Pgaþg @urcp`h. F` dhs Far`ntavhs qu` ncgeamurhg dh prct`nnaþg f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g `d trhbhoc, dh iès samgaeanhtavh `s, sag fufh, dh :1/>18/N@@, r`dhtavh h dh hpdanhnaþg f` dhs i`fafhs phrh prcicv`r dh i`ocrh f` dh s`murafhf y f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g `d trhbhoc, qu` ncgta`g` `d ihrnc ouréfanc m`g`rhd `g `d qu` cp`rh dh pcdétanh f` pr`v`gnaþg nciugathrah. Dh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, trhgspcg` hd F`r`njc `sphøcd dh nathfh Far`ntavh, hd ta`ipc qu` agncrpcrh hd qu` s`rè gu`strc nu`rpc bèsanc `g `sth iht`rah faspcsanacg`s f` ctrhs Far`ntavhs nuyh iht`rah `xam` c hncgs`oh dh trhgspcsanaþg `g ugh gcrih f` rhgmc d`mhd, ncic scg dhs Far`ntavhs 12/:0/N@@, 16/>>/N@@ y 18/>:>/N@@, r`dhtavhs h dh prct`nnaþg f` dh iht`rgafhf y f` dcs oþv`g`s y hd trhthia`gtc f` dhs r`dhnacg`s f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd`s, f` furhnaþg f`t`riaghfh y `g `ipr`shs f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd. Hsé pu`s, `d ihgfhtc ncgstatunacghd ncgt`gafc `g `d hrt. 6<.2 f` gu`strh Ncgstatunaþg y dh nciugafhf ouréfanh `sthbd`nafh pcr dh Pgaþg @urcp`h `g `sth iht`rah ncgeamurhg `d scpcrt` bèsanc `g qu` s` hsa`gth dh D`y >8/8110. Ougtc h `ddc, gu`strcs prcpacs nciprciascs ncgtrhéfcs ncg dh Crmhgazhnaþg Agt`rghnacghd f`d Vrhbhoc h phrtar f` dh rhtaeanhnaþg f`d Ncgv`gac 800, scbr` s`murafhf y shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s y i`fac hiba`gt` f` trhbhoc, `graqu`n`g `d ncgt`gafc f`d t`xtc d`mhd hd agncrpcrhr sus pr`snrapnacg`s y fhrd`s `d rhgmc d`mhd hf`nuhfc f`gtrc f` gu`strc sast`ih ouréfanc. \cr thgtc, dh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, ta`g` pcr cbo`tc dh f`t`riaghnaþg f`d nu`rpc bèsanc f` mhrhgtéhs y r`spcgshbadafhf`s pr`nasc phrh `sth-
816
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
bd`n`r ug hf`nuhfc gav`d f` prct`nnaþg f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s er`gt` h dcs ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f` dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc, y `ddc `g `d ihrnc f` ugh pcdétanh ncj`r`gt`, nccrfaghfh y `eanhz f` pr`v`gnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. H phrtar f`d r`ncgcnaia`gtc f`d f`r`njc f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g `d èibatc dhbcrhd h dh prct`nnaþg f` su shduf ` agt`mrafhf, dh D`y >8/8110 `sthbd`n` dhs fav`rshs cbdamhnacg`s qu`, `g `d èibatc agfanhfc, mhrhgtazhrèg `st` f`r`njc, hsé ncic dhs hntuhnacg`s f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s pÿbdanhs qu` pu`fhg agnafar pcsatavhi`gt` `g dh ncgs`nunaþg f` fanjc cbo`tavc. Dh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, ncgsth f` 06 hrténudcs, favafafcs `g = Nhpétudcs, 8= Faspcsanacg`s Hfanacghd`s, 2 Faspcsanacg`s Vrhgsatcrahs, ugh Faspcsanaþg F`rcmhtcrah y 2 Faspcsanacg`s Eaghd`s. ^u `strunturh `s dh samua`gt`?
D@Q >8/8110, F@ \R@U@GNAÞG F@ RA@^MC^ DHBCRHD@^ NH\ÉVPDC A. Cbo`tc, èibatc f` hpdanhnaþg y f`eaganacg`s NH\ÉVPDC AA. \cdétanh `g iht`rah f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs phrh prct`m`r dh s`murafhf y dh shduf `g `d trhbhoc NH\ÉVPDC AAA. F`r`njcs y cbdamhnacg`s NH\ÉVPDC AU. ^`rvanacs f` pr`v`gnaþg NH\ÉVPDC U. Ncgsudth y phrtanaphnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s NH\ÉVPDC UA. Cbdamhnacg`s f` dcs ehbranhgt`s, aipcrthfcr`s y suiagastrhfcr`s NH\ÉVPDC UAA. R`spcgshbadafhf`s y shgnacg`s FA^\C^ANACG@^ HFANACGHD@^ (8=) FA^\C^ANACG@^ VRHG^AVCRAH^ (2) FA^\C^ANAÞG F@RCMHVCRAH (8) FA^\C^ANACG@^ EAGHD@^ (2)
>.2 Cbo`tc y nhrènt`r f` dh gcrih Dh D`y ta`g` pcr cbo`tc prcicv`r dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s i`fahgt` dh hpdanhnaþg f` i`fafhs y `d f`shrrcddc f` dhs hntavafhf`s g`n`shrahs phrh dh pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc. H thd`s `e`ntcs, `sth D`y `sthbd`n` dcs pragnapacs m`g`rhd`s r`dhtavcs h dh pr`v`gnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs prce`sacghd`s phrh dh prct`nnaþg f` dh s`murafhf y f` dh shduf, dh `daiaghnaþg c fasiagunaþg f` dcs ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc, dh agecrihnaþg, dh ncgsudth, dh phrtanaphnaþg `quadabrhfh y dh ecrihnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g iht`rah pr`v`gtavh, `g dcs táriagcs s`øhdhfcs `g dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s. \hrh `d nuipdaia`gtc f` fanjcs eag`s, s` r`mudhg dhs hntuhnacg`s h f`shrrcddhr pcr dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s pÿbdanhs, hsé ncic pcr dcs `ipr`shracs, dcs trhbhohfcr`s y sus r`sp`ntavhs crmhgazhnacg`s r`pr`s`gthtavhs.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
810
`fatcrahd } n`p
Dhs faspcsanacg`s f` nhrènt`r dhbcrhd ncgt`gafhs `g `sth D`y y `g sus gcrihs r`mdhi`gthrahs t`gfrèg `g tcfc nhsc `d nhrènt`r f` F`r`njc g`n`shrac iégaic agfaspcgabd`, pufa`gfc s`r i`ocrhfhs y f`shrrcddhfhs `g dcs ncgv`gacs ncd`ntavcs.
>.> Èibatc f` hpdanhnaþg Dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s y sus gcrihs f` f`shrrcddc s`règ f` hpdanhnaþg thgtc `g `d èibatc f` dhs r`dhnacg`s dhbcrhd`s r`mudhfhs `g `d t`xtc r`eugfafc f` dh D`y f`d @sthtutc f` dcs Vrhbhohfcr`s, ncic `g `d f` dhs r`dhnacg`s f` nhrènt`r hfiagastrhtavc c `sthtuthrac f`d p`rscghd hd s`rvanac f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs, ncg dhs p`nudahrafhf`s qu`, `g `st` nhsc, s` ncgt`ipdhg `g dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s c `g sus gcrihs f` f`shrrcddc. @ddc sag p`rouanac f`d nuipdaia`gtc f` dhs cbdamhnacg`s `sp`néeanhs qu` s` `sthbd`n`g phrh ehbranhgt`s, aipcrthfcr`s y suiagastrhfcr`s, y f` dcs f`r`njcs y cbdamhnacg`s qu` pu`fhg f`ravhrs` phrh dcs trhbhohfcr`s hutþgcics. Amuhdi`gt` s`règ hpdanhbd`s h dhs scna`fhf`s nccp`rhtavhs, ncgstatuafhs f` hnu`rfc ncg dh d`masdhnaþg qu` d`s s`h f` hpdanhnaþg, `g dhs qu` `xasthg scnacs nuyh hntavafhf ncgsasth `g dh pr`sthnaþg f` ug trhbhoc p`rscghd, ncg dhs p`nudahrafhf`s f`ravhfhs f` su gcrihtavh `sp`néeanh. Nuhgfc `g dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s s` jhmh r`e`r`gnah h trhbhohfcr`s y `ipr`shracs, s` `gt`gf`règ thibaág ncipr`gfafcs `g `stcs táriagcs, r`sp`ntavhi`gt`, f` ugh phrt`, `d p`rscghd ncg r`dhnaþg f` nhrènt`r hfiagastrhtavc c `sthtuthrac y dh Hfiagastrhnaþg pÿbdanh phrh dh qu` pr`sth s`rvanacs, `g dcs táriagcs `xpr`shfcs `g dh faspcsanaþg hfanacghd t`rn`rh f` `sth D`y, y, f` ctrh, dcs scnacs f` dhs nccp`rhtavhs h qu` s` r`ea`r` `d pèrrhec hgt`racr y dhs scna`fhf`s nccp`rhtavhs phrh dhs qu` pr`sthg sus s`rvanacs.
Dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s thipcnc s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg h dh r`dhnaþg dhbcrhd f` nhrènt`r `sp`nahd f`d s`rvanac f`d jcmhr ehiadahr. Gc cbsthgt` dc hgt`racr, `d tatudhr f`d jcmhr ehiadahr `stè cbdamhfc h nuafhr f` qu` `d trhbhoc f` sus `ipd`hfcs s` r`hdan` `g dhs f`bafhs ncgfanacg`s f` s`murafhf ` jama`g`.
Dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s gc s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg `g hqu`ddhs hntavafhf`s nuyhs phrtanudhrafhf`ss dc aipafhg `g `d èibatc f` dhs eugnacg`s pÿbdanhs f`? phrtanudhrafhf` - \cdanéh, s`murafhf y r`smuhrfc hfuhg`rc. - ^`rvanacs cp`rhtavcs f` prct`nnaþg navad y p`ratho` ecr`gs` `g dcs nhscs f` mrhv` ra`smc, nhtèstrce` y nhdhiafhf pÿbdanh. - Eu`rzhs Hrihfhs y hntavafhf`s hntavafhf`s iadathr`s f` dh Muhrfah Muhrfah Navad. Gc cbsthgt`, dh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s agsparhrè dh gcrihtavh `sp`néeanh qu` s` fant` phrh r`mudhr dh prct`nnaþg f` dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s qu` pr`sthg sus s`rvanacs `g dhs agfanhfhs hntavafhf`s. @g dcs n`gtrcs y `sthbd`naia`gtcs iadathr`s s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg dc faspu`stc `g dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, ncg dhs phrtanudhrafhf`s pr`vasths `g su gcrihtavh `sp`néeanh. @g dcs `sthbd`naia`gtcs p`gat`gnahracs, s` hfhpthrèg h dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s hqu`ddhs hntavafhf`s nuyhs nhrhnt`réstanhs oustaeaqu`g ugh r`mudhnaþg `sp`nahd, dc qu` s`
815
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
dd`vhrè h `e`ntc `g dcs táriagcs s`øhdhfcs `g dh D`y =/811<, f` 81 f` oudac, scbr` g`mcnahnaþg ncd`ntavh y phrtanaphnaþg `g dh f`t`riaghn f`t`riaghnaþg aþg f` dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc f` dcs `ipd`hfcs pÿbdancs.
>.6 F`eaganacg`s H. \r`v`gnaþg ^` `gt`gf`rè pcr «pr`v`gnaþg» `d ncgougtc f` hntavafhf`s c i`fafhs hfcpthfhs c pr`vasths `g tcfhs dhs ehs`s f` hntavafhf f` dh `ipr`sh ncg `d eag f` `vathr c fasiaguar fa siaguar dcs ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc.
B. Ra`smc dhbcrhd ^` `gt`gf`rè ncic «ra`smc dhbcrhd» dh pcsabadafhf f` qu` ug trhbhohfcr suerh ug f`t`riaghfc fhøc f`ravhfc f`d trhbhoc. \hrh nhdaeanhr ug ra`smc f`sf` `d pugtc f` vasth f` su mrhv`fhf, s` vhdcrhrèg ncgougthi`gt` dh prcbhbadafhf f` qu` s` prcfuznh `d fhøc y dh s`v`rafhf f`d iasic.
N. Fhøcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc ^` ncgsaf`rhrèg ncic «fhøcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc» dhs `ge`ri`fhf`s, phtcdcméhs c d`sacg`s suerafhs ncg ictavc u cnhsaþg f`d trhbhoc.
F. Ra`smc dhbcrhd mrhv` ` agiag`gt agiag`gt`` ^` `gt`gf`rè ncic «ra`smc dhbcrhd mrhv` ` agiag`gt`» hqu`d qu` r`sudt` prcbhbd` rhnacghdi`gt` qu` s` iht`rahdan` `g ug euturc agi`fahtc y pu`fh supcg`r ug fhøc mrhv` phrh dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s. @g `d nhsc f` `xpcsanaþg h hm`gt`s susn`ptabd`s f` nhushr fhøcs mrhv`s h dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, s` ncgsaf`rhrè qu` `xast` ug ra`smc mrhv` ` agiag`gt` nuhgfc s`h prcbhbd` rhnacghdi`gt` qu` s` iht`rahdan` `g ug euturc agi`fahtc ugh `xpcsanaþg h fanjcs hm`gt`s f` dh qu` pu`fhg f`ravhrs` fhøcs mrhv`s phrh dh shduf, hug nuhgfc ástcs gc s` ihgaea`st`g f` ecrih agi`fahth.
@. \rcn`scs c hntavafhf`s pct`gnahdi`gt` p`damrcscs ^` `gt`gf`règ ncic prcn`scs, hntavafhf`s, cp`rhnacg`s, `quapcs c prcfuntcs «pct`gnahdi`gt` p`damrcscs» hqu`ddcs qu`, `g hus`gnah f` i`fafhs pr`v`gtavhs `sp`néeanhs, `sp`néeanhs, cramag`g ra`smcs phrh dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s qu` dcs f`shrrcddhg c utadazhg.
E. @quapc f` trhbhoc ^` `gt`gf`rè ncic «`quapc f` trhbhoc» nuhdqua`r ièquagh, hphrhtc, agstrui`gtc c agsthdhnaþg utadazhfh `g `d trhbhoc.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
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`fatcrahd } n`p
M. Ncgfanaþg f` trhbhoc ^` `gt`gf`rè ncic «ncgfanaþg f` trhbhoc» nuhdqua`r nhrhnt`réstanh f`d iasic qu` pu`fh t`g`r ugh agedu`gnah samgaeanhtavh `g dh m`g`rhnaþg f` ra`smcs phrh dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f`d trhbhohfcr. Xu`fhg `sp`néeanhi`gt` agnduafhs `g `sth f`eaganaþg? h) Dhs nhrhnt`réstanhs nhrhnt`réstanhs m`g`rhd`s f` dcs dcnhd`s, dcnhd`s, agsthdhnacg`s, `quapcs, prcfuntcs prcfuntcs y f`iès ÿtad`s `xast`gt`s `g `d n`gtrc f` trhbhoc. b) Dh ghturhd`zh f` dcs hm`gt`s eésancs, quéiancs y bacdþmancs pr`s`gt`s `g `g `d hiba`gt` f` trhbhoc y sus ncrr`spcgfa`gt`s agt`gsafhf`s, ncgn`gtrhnacg`s c gav`d`s f` pr`s`gnah. n) Dcs prcn`faia`gtcs prcn`faia`gtcs phrh dh utadazhnaþg f` dcs hm`gt`s nathfcs hgt`racri`gt` hgt`racri`gt` qu` ageduyhg `g dh m`g`rhnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs i`gnacghfcs. f) Vcfhs hqu`ddhs ctrhs nhrhnt`réstanhs f`d trhbhoc, agnduafhs dhs r`dhtavhs h su crmhgazhnaþg y crf`ghnaþg, qu` ageduyhg `g dh ihmgatuf f` dcs ra`smcs h qu` `stá `xpu`stc `d trhbhohfcr.
J. @quapc f` prct`nnaþg agfavafuhd ^` `gt`gf`rè pcr «`quapc f` prct`nnaþg agfavafuhd» nuhdqua`r `quapc f`staghfc h s`r dd`vhfc c suo`thfc pcr `d trhbhohfcr phrh qu` d` prct`oh f` ugc c vhracs ra`smcs qu` pu`fhg hi`ghzhr su s`murafhf c su shduf `g `d trhbhoc, hsé ncic nuhdqua`r ncipd`i`gtc c hnn`scrac f`staghfc h thd eag.
>.0 F`r`njcs y cbdamhnacg`s H. F`r`njc h dh prct`nnaþ prct`nnaþg g er`gt` h dcs ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s Dcs trhbhohfcr`s ta`g`g f`r`njc h ugh prct`nnaþg `eanhz `g iht`rah f` s`murafhf y shduf `g `d trhbhoc. @d nathfc f`r`njc supcg` dh `xast`gnah f` ug ncrr`dhtavc f`b`r f`d `ipr`shrac f` prct`nnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s er`gt` h dcs ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. @st` f`b`r f` prct`nnaþg ncgstatuy`, amuhdi`gt`, ug f`b`r f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s pÿbdanhs r`sp`ntc f`d p`rscghd h su s`rvanac.
Dcs f`r`njcs f` agecrihnaþg, ncgsudth y phrtanaphnaþg, ecrihnaþg `g iht`rah pr`v`gtavh, phrhdazhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf `g nhsc f` ra`smc mrhv` ` agiag`gt` y vamadhgnah f` su `sthfc f` shduf, `g dcs táriagcs pr`vastcs `g dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, ecrihg phrt` f`d f`r`njc f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s h ugh prct`nnaþg `eanhz `g iht`rah f` s`murafhf y shduf `g `d trhbhoc. @g nuipdaia`gtc f`d f`b`r f` prct`nnaþg, `d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè mhrhgtazhr dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s h su s`rvanac `g tcfcs dcs hsp`ntcs r`dhnacghfcs ncg `d trhbhoc. H `stcs `e`ntcs, `g `d ihrnc f` sus r`spcgshbadafhf`s, `d `ipr`shrac r`hdazhrè dh pr`v`gnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s i`fahgt` dh agt`mrhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh `g dh `ipr`sh y dh hfcpnaþg f` nuhgths i`fafhs s`hg g`n`shrahs phrh dh prct`nnaþg f` dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, ncg dhs `sp`nahdafhf`s qu` s` r`ncm`g `g dcs `pémrhe`s samua`gt`s `g iht`rah f` pdhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s, `vhduhnaþg f` ra`smcs, agecrihnaþg, ncgsudth y phrtanaphnaþg y
81:
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
ecrihnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, hntuhnaþg `g nhscs f` `i`rm`gnah y f` ra`smc mrhv` ` agiag`gt`, vamadhgnah f` dh shduf, y i`fahgt` dh ncgstatunaþg f` ugh crmhgazhnaþg y f` dcs i`facs g`n`shracs. @d `ipr`shrac f`shrrcddhrè ugh hnnaþg p`rihg`gt` f` s`muaia`gtc f` dh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh ncg `d eag f` p`re`nnacghr f` ihg`rh ncgtaguh dhs hntavafhf`s f` af`gtaeanhnaþg, `vhduhnaþg y ncgtrcd f` dcs ra`smcs qu` gc s` jhyhg pcfafc `vathr y dcs gav`d`s f` prct`nnaþg `xast`gt`s y faspcgfrè dc g`n`shrac phrh dh hfhpthnaþg f` dhs i`fafhs f` pr`v`gnaþg s`øhdhfhs `g `d pèrrhec hgt`racr h dhs icfaeanhnacg`s qu` pu`fhg `xp`rai`gthr dhs narnugsthgnahs qu` agnafhg `g dh r`hdazhnaþg f`d trhbhoc. @d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè nuipdar dhs cbdamhnacg`s `sthbd`nafhs `g dh gcrihtavh scbr` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Dhs cbdamhnacg`s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `sthbd`nafhs `g dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, dh htrabunaþg f` eugnacg`s `g iht`rah f` prct`nnaþg y pr`v`gnaþg h trhbhohfcr`s c s`rvanacs f` dh `ipr`sh y `d r`nursc hd ncgna`rtc ncg `gtafhf`s `sp`nahdazhfhs phrh `d f`shrrcddc f` hntavafhf`s f` pr`v`gnaþg ncipd`i`gthrèg dhs hnnacg`s f`d `ipr`shrac, sag qu` pcr `ddc d` `xaihg f`d nuipdaia`gtc f` su f`b`r `g `sth iht`rah, sag p`rouanac f` dhs hnnacg`s qu` pu`fh `o`rnathr, `g su nhsc, ncgtrh nuhdqua`r ctrh p`rscgh. @d ncst` f` dhs i`fafhs r`dhtavhs h dh s`murafhf y dh shduf `g `d trhbhoc gc f`b`rè r`nh`r `g icfc hdmugc scbr` dcs trhbhohfcr`s.
B. \ragnapacs f` dh hnnaþg pr`v`gtavh @d `ipr`shrac hpdanhrè dhs i`fafhs qu` agt`mrhg `d f`b`r m`g`rhd f` pr`v`gnaþg pr`vastc `g `d `pémrhe` hgt`racr, ncg hrr`mdc h dcs samua`gt`s pragnapacs m`g`rhd`s? h) @vathr dcs ra`smcs. b) @vhduhr dcs ra`smcs ra`smcs qu` gc s` pu`fhg `vathr. `vathr. n) Ncibhtar dcs ra`smcs ra`smcs `g su cram`g. cram`g. f) Hfhpthr `d trhbhoc h dh p`rscgh, `g phrtanudhr phrtanudhr `g dc qu` r`sp`nth h dh ncgn`pnaþg ncgn`pnaþg f` dcs pu`stcs f` trhbhoc, hsé ncic h dh `d`nnaþg f` dcs `quapcs y dcs iátcfcs f` trhbhoc y f` prcfunnaþg, ncg iarhs, `g phrtanudhr, h ht`guhr `d trhbhoc icgþtcgc y r`p`tatavc y h r`funar dcs `e`ntcs f`d iasic `g dh shduf. `) V`g`r `g nu`gth dh `vcdunaþg f` dh tánganh. e) ^ustatuar dc p`damrcsc pcr dc qu` `gtrhø` `gtrhø` pcnc c gagmÿg p`damrc. p`damrc. m) \dhgaeanhr dh pr`v`gnaþg, busnhgfc busnhgfc ug ncgougtc ncj`r`gt` qu` agt`mr` `g `ddh dh tánganh, tánganh, dh crmhgazhnaþg f`d trhbhoc, dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc, dhs r`dhnacg`s scnahd`s y dh agedu`gnah f` dcs ehntcr`s hiba`gthd`s `g `d trhbhoc. j) Hfcpthr i`fafhs qu` hgt`pcgmhg dh prct`nnaþg prct`nnaþg ncd`ntavh ncd`ntavh h dh agfavafuhd. a) Fhr dhs f`bafhs agstrunnacg`s h dcs dcs trhbhohfcr`s. @d `ipr`shrac tcihrè `g ncgsaf`rhnaþg dhs nhphnafhf`s prce`sacghd`s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g iht`rah f` s`murafhf y f` shduf `g `d ici`gtc f` `gnci`gfhrd`s dhs thr`hs. @d `ipr`shrac hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs h eag f` mhrhgtazhr qu` sþdc dcs trhbhohfcr`s qu` jhyhg r`nabafc agecrihnaþg sueana`gt` y hf`nuhfh pu`fhg hnn`f`r h dhs zcghs f` ra`smc mrhv` y `sp`néeanc.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
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`fatcrahd } n`p
Dh `e`ntavafhf f` dhs i`fafhs pr`v`gtavhs f`b`rè pr`v`r dhs fastrhnnacg`s c aipruf`gnahs gc t`i`rhrahs qu` pufa`rh nci`t`r `d trhbhohfcr. \hrh su hfcpnaþg s` t`gfrèg `g nu`gth dcs ra`smcs hfanacghd`s qu` pufa`rhg aipdanhr f`t`riaghfhs i`fafhs pr`v`gtavhs, dhs nuhd`s sþdc pcfrèg hfcpthrs` nuhgfc dh ihmgatuf f` fanjcs ra`smcs s`h susthgnahdi`gt` age`racr h dh f` dcs qu` s` pr`t`gf` ncgtrcdhr y gc `xasthg hdt`rghtavhs iès s`murhs. \cfrèg ncgn`rthr cp`rhnacg`s cp`rhnacg`s f` s`murc qu` t`gmhg ncic eag mhrhgtazhr ncic èibatc f` ncb`rturh dh pr`vasaþg f` ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc, dh `ipr`sh r`sp`ntc f` sus trhbhohfcr`s, dcs trhbhohfcr`s hutþgcics r`sp`ntc h `ddcs iasics y dhs scna`fhf`s nccp`rhtavhs r`sp`ntc h sus scnacs nuyh hntavafhf ncgsasth `g dh pr`sthnaþg f` su trhbhoc p`rscghd.
N. \dhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s, `vhduhnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs y pdhgaeanhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh Dh pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s f`b`rè agt`mrhrs` `g `d sast`ih m`g`rhd f` m`staþg f` dh `ipr`sh, thgtc `g `d ncgougtc f` sus hntavafhf`s ncic `g tcfcs dcs gav`d`s o`rèrquancs f` ásth, h trhvás f` dh aipdhgthnaþg y hpdanhnaþg f` ug pdhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s h qu` s` r`ea`r` `d pèrrhec samua`gt`. @st` pdhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s f`b`rè agnduar dh `strunturh crmhgazhtavh, dhs r`spcgshbadafhf`s, dhs eugnacg`s, dhs prèntanhs, dcs prcn`faia`gtcs, dcs prcn`scs y dcs r`nurscs g`n`shracs phrh r`hdazhr dh hnnaþg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs `g dh `ipr`sh, `g dcs táriagcs qu` r`mdhi`gthrahi`gt` s` `sthbd`znhg. Dcs agstrui`gtcs `s`gnahd`s phrh dh m`staþg y hpdanhnaþg f`d pdhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs, qu` pcfrèg s`r dd`vhfcs h nhbc pcr ehs`s f` ecrih prcmrhihfh, scg dh `vhduhnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s y dh pdhgaeanhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh h qu` s` r`ea`r`g dcs pèrrhecs samua`gt`s? h) @d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè r`hdazhr r`hdazhr ugh `vhduhnaþg aganahd f` dcs ra`smcs ra`smcs phrh dh s`murafhf y shduf shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, t`ga`gfc `g nu`gth, ncg nhrènt`r m`g`rhd, dh ghturhd`zh f` dh hntavafhf, dhs nhrhnt`réstanhs f` dcs pu`stcs f` trhbhoc `xast`gt`s y f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s qu` f`bhg f`s`ip`øhrdcs. Amuhd `vhduhnaþg f`b`rè jhn`rs` ncg cnhsaþg f` dh `d`nnaþg f` dcs `quapcs f` trhbhoc, f` dhs susthgnahs c pr`phrhfcs quéiancs y f`d hncgfanacghia`gtc f` dcs dumhr`s f` trhbhoc. Dh `vhduhnaþg aganahd t`gfrè `g nu`gth hqu`ddhs ctrhs hntuhnacg`s qu` f`bhg f`shrrcddhrs` f` ncgecriafhf ncg dc faspu`stc `g dh gcrihtavh scbr` prct`nnaþg f` ra`smcs `sp`néeancs y hntavafhf`s f` `sp`nahd p`damrcsafhf. Dh `vhduhnaþg s`rè hntuhdazhfh nuhgfc nhiba`g dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc y, `g tcfc nhsc, s` sci`t`rè h ncgsaf`rhnaþg y s` r`vashrè, sa eu`rh g`n`shrac, ncg cnhsaþg f` dcs fhøcs phrh dh shduf qu` s` jhyhg prcfunafc. Nuhgfc `d `d r`sudthfc r`sudthfc f` dh `vhduhnaþg `vhduhnaþg dc jana`rh g`n`shrac, `d `ipr`shrac `ipr`shrac r`hdazhrè ncgtrcd`s p`raþfancs f` dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc y f` dh hntavafhf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g dh pr`sthnaþg f` sus s`rvanacs, phrh f`t`nthr satuhnacg`s pct`gnahdi`gt` p`damrcshs. b) ^a dcs r`sudthfcs f` dh `vhduhnaþg pr`vasth pr`vasth `g `d pèrrhec h) pusa`rhg f` ihgaea`stc satuhnacg`s satuhnacg`s f` ra`smc, `d `ipr`shrac r`hdazhrè hqu`ddhs hntavafhf`s pr`v`gtavhs g`n`shrahs phrh `daiaghr c r`funar y ncgtrcdhr thd`s ra`smcs. Fanjhs hntavafhf`s s`règ cbo`tc f` pdhgaeanhnaþg pcr `d `ipr`shrac, agnduy`gfc phrh nhfh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh `d pdhzc phrh dd`vhrdh h nhbc, dh f`samghnaþg f` r`spcgshbd`s y dcs r`nurscs juihgcs y iht`rahd`s g`n`shracs phrh su `o`nunaþg. @d `ipr`shrac `ipr`shrac f`b`rè hs`murhrs` f` dh `e`ntavh `o`nunaþg f` dhs hntavafhf`s pr`v`gtavhs agnduafhs `g dh pdhgaeanhnaþg, `e`ntuhgfc phrh `ddc ug s`muaia`gtc ncgtaguc f` dh iasih.
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Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
Dhs hntavafhf`s f` pr`v`gnaþg f`b`règ s`r icfaeanhfhs nuhgfc s` hpr`na` pcr `d `ipr`shrac, ncic ncgs`nu`gnah f` dcs ncgtrcd`s p`raþfancs pr`vastcs `g `d pèrrhec h) hgt`racr, su aghf`nuhnaþg h dcs eag`s f` prct`nnaþg r`qu`rafcs. Dhs `ipr`shs, `g ht`gnaþg hd gÿi`rc f` trhbhohfcr`s y h dh ghturhd`zh y p`damrcsafhf f` dhs hntavafhf`s r`hdazhfhs, pcfrèg r`hdazhr `d pdhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s, dh `vhduhnaþg f` ra`smcs y dh pdhgaeanhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh f` ecrih saipdaeanhfh, sa`ipr` qu` `ddc gc supcgmh ugh r`funnaþg f`d gav`d f` prct`nnaþg f` dh s`murafhf y shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s y `g dcs táriagcs qu` r`mdhi`gthrahi`gt` s` f`t`riag`g. Nuhgfc s` jhyh prcfunafc ug fhøc phrh dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s c nuhgfc, ncg cnhsaþg f` dh vamadhgnah f` dh shduf, hphr`znhg agfanacs f` qu` dhs i`fafhs f` pr`v`gnaþg r`sudthg agsueana`gt`s, `d `ipr`shrac dd`vhrè h nhbc ugh agv`stamhnaþg hd r`sp`ntc, h eag f` f`t`nthr dhs nhushs f` `stcs j`njcs.
F. @quapcs f` trhbhoc y i`facs f` prct`nnaþg @d `ipr`shrac hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs ncg `d eag f` qu` dcs `quapcs f` trhbhoc s`hg hf`nuhfcs phrh `d trhbhoc qu` f`bh r`hdazhrs` y ncgv`ga`gt`i`gt` hfhpthfcs h thd `e`ntc, f` ecrih qu` mhrhgtan`g dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s hd utadazhrdcs. Nuhgfc dh utadazhnaþg f` ug `quapc f` trhbhoc pu`fh pr`s`gthr ug ra`smc `sp`néeanc phrh dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, `d `ipr`shrac hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs ncg `d eag f` qu`? h) Dh utadazhnaþg f`d `quapc f` trhbhoc qu`f` qu`f` r`s`rvhfh h dcs `gnhrmhfcs f` fanjh utadazhnaþg. b) Dcs trhbhocs f` r`phrhnaþg, r`phrhnaþg, trhgsecrihnaþg, ihgt`gaia`gtc c ncgs`rvhnaþg s`hg r`hdazhfcs pcr dcs trhbhohfcr`s `sp`néeanhi`gt` nhphnathfcs phrh `ddc. @d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè prcpcrnacghr h sus trhbhohfcr`s `quapcs f` prct`nnaþg agfavafuhd hf`nuhfcs phrh `d f`s`ip`øc f` sus eugnacg`s y v`dhr pcr `d usc `e`ntavc f` dcs iasics nuhgfc, pcr dh ghturhd`zh f` dcs trhbhocs r`hdazhfcs, s`hg g`n`shracs.
Dcs `quapcs f` prct`nnaþg agfavafuhd f`b`règ utadazhrs` nuhgfc dcs ra`smcs gc s` pu`fhg `vathr c gc pu`fhg daiathrs` sueana`gt`i`gt` pcr i`facs tángancs f` prct`nnaþg ncd`ntavh c i`fahgt` i`fafhs, iátcfcs c prcn`faia`gtcs f` crmhgazhnaþg f`d trhbhoc.
@. Agecrihnaþg, ncgsudth y phrtanaphnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s H eag f` fhr nuipdaia`gtc hd f`b`r f` prct`nnaþg `sthbd`nafc `g dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s, `d `ipr`shrac hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs hf`nuhfhs phrh qu` dcs trhbhohfcr`s r`nabhg tcfhs dhs agecrihnacg`s g`n`shrahs `g r`dhnaþg ncg? h) Dcs ra`smcs phrh dh s`murafhf s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g `d trhbhoc, thgtc hqu`ddcs hqu`ddcs qu` he`nt`g h dh `ipr`sh `g su ncgougtc ncic h nhfh tapc f` pu`stc f` trhbhoc c eugnaþg. b) Dhs i`fafhs y hntavafhf`s f` prct`nnaþg y pr`v`gnaþg hpdanhbd`s h dcs ra`smcs s`øhdhfcs `g `d hphrthfc hgt`racr. n) Dhs i`fafhs hfcpthfhs. @g dhs `ipr`shs qu` nu`gt`g ncg r`pr`s`gthgt`s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, dh agecrihnaþg h qu` s` r`ea`r` `d pr`s`gt` hphrthfc s` ehnadathrè pcr `d `ipr`shrac h dcs trhbhohfcr`s h trhvás f` fanjcs r`pr`s`gAmuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
2<8
`fatcrahd } n`p
thgt`s; gc cbsthgt`, f`b`rè agecrihrs` far`nthi`gt` h nhfh trhbhohfcr f` dcs ra`smcs `sp`néeancs qu` he`nt`g h su pu`stc f` trhbhoc c eugnaþg y f` dhs i`fafhs f` prct`nnaþg y pr`v`gnaþg hpdanhbd`s h fanjcs ra`smcs. @d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè ncgsudthr h dcs trhbhohfcr`s, y p`riatar su phrtanaphnaþg, `g `d ihrnc f` tcfhs dhs nu`stacg`s qu` he`nt`g h dh s`murafhf y h dh shduf `g `d trhbhoc. Dcs trhbhohfcr`s t`gfrèg f`r`njc h `e`ntuhr prcpu`sths hd `ipr`shrac, hsé ncic h dcs þrmhgcs f` phrtanaphnaþg y r`pr`s`gthnaþg pr`vastcs `g `d nhpétudc U f` `sth D`y, faramafhs h dh i`ocrh f` dcs gav`d`s f` prct`nnaþg f` dh s`murafhf y dh shduf `g dh `ipr`sh.
E. Ecrihnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s @g nuipdaia`gtc f`d f`b`r f` prct`nnaþg, `d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè mhrhgtazhr qu` nhfh trhbhohfcr r`nabh ugh ecrihnaþg t`þranh y prèntanh, sueana`gt` y hf`nuhfh, `g iht`rah pr`v`gtavh, thgtc `g `d ici`gtc f` su ncgtrhthnaþg, nuhdqua`rh qu` s`h dh icfhdafhf c furhnaþg f` ásth, ncic nuhgfc s` prcfuznhg nhibacs `g dhs eugnacg`s qu` f`s`ip`ø` c s` agtrcfuznhg gu`vhs t`ngcdcméhs c nhibacs `g dcs `quapcs f` trhbhoc. Dh ecrihnaþg f`b`rè `sthr n`gtrhfh `sp`néeanhi`gt` `g `d pu`stc f` trhbhoc c eugnaþg f` nhfh trhbhohfcr, hfhpthrs` h dh `vcdunaþg f` dcs ra`smcs y h dh hphranaþg f` ctrcs gu`vcs y r`p`tars` p`raþfanhi`gt`, sa eu`rh g`n`shrac. g `n`shrac. Dh ecrihnaþg h qu` s` r`ea`r` `d hphrthfc hgt`racr f`b`rè aiphrtars`, sa`ipr` qu` s`h pcsabd`, f`gtrc f` dh ocrghfh f` trhbhoc c, `g su f`e`ntc `g ctrhs jcrhs, p`rc ncg `d f`snu`gtc `g hquáddh f`d ta`ipc agv`rtafc `g dh iasih. Dh ecrihnaþg s` pcfrè aiphrtar pcr dh `ipr`sh i`fahgt` i`facs prcpacs c ncgn`rtègfcdh ncg s`rvanacs ho`gcs, y su ncst` gc r`nh`rè `g gagmÿg nhsc scbr` dcs trhbhohfcr`s.
M. I`fafhs f` `i`rm`gnah @d `ipr`shrac, t`ga`gfc `g nu`gth `d thihøc y dh hntavafhf f` dh `ipr`sh, hsé ncic dh pcsabd` pr`s`gnah f` p`rscghs ho`ghs h dh iasih, f`b`rè hghdazhr dhs pcsabd`s satuhnacg`s f` `i`rm`gnah y hfcpthr dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs `g iht`rah f` prai`rcs huxadacs, dunjh ncgtrh agn`gfacs y `vhnuhnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, f`samghgfc phrh `ddc hd p`rscghd `gnhrmhfc f` pcg`r `g prèntanh `sths i`fafhs y nciprcbhgfc p`raþfanhi`gt`, `g su nhsc, su ncrr`ntc eugnacghia`gtc. @d nathfc p`rscghd f`b`rè pcs``r dh ecrihnaþg g`n`shrah, s`r sueana`gt` `g gÿi`rc y faspcg`r f`d iht`rahd hf`nuhfc, `g eugnaþg f` dhs narnugsthgnahs hgt`s s`øhdhfhs. \hrh dh hpdanhnaþg f` dhs i`fafhs hfcpthfhs, `d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè crmhgazhr dhs r`dhnacg`s qu` s`hg g`n`shrahs ncg s`rvanacs `xt`rgcs h dh `ipr`sh, `g phrtanudhr `g iht`rah f` prai`rcs huxadacs, hsast`gnah iáfanh f` urm`gnah, shdvhi`gtc y dunjh ncgtrh agn`gfacs, f` ecrih qu` qu`f` mhrhgtazhfh dh rhpaf`z y `eanhnah f` dhs iasihs.
J. Ra`smc mrhv` ` agiag`gt` Nuhgfc dcs trhbhohfcr`s `stág c pu`fhg `sthr `xpu`stcs h ug ra`smc mrhv` ` agiag`gt` ncg cnhsaþg f` su trhbhoc, `d `ipr`shrac `sthrè cbdamhfc h?
2<2
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
h) Agecrihr dc hgt`s pcsabd` h tcfcs dcs trhbhohfcr`s he`nthfcs hn`rnh f` dh `xast`gnah f` fanjc ra`smc y f` dhs i`fafhs hfcpthfhs c qu`, qu `, `g su nhsc, f`bhg hfcpthrs` `g iht`rah f` prct`nnaþg. b) Hfcpthr dhs i`fafhs y fhr dhs agstrunnacg`s agstrunnacg`s g`n`shrahs phrh qu`, `g nhsc f` p`damrc mrhv`, mrhv`, agiag`gt` ` ag`vathbd`, dcs trhbhohfcr`s pu`fhg agt`rruipar su hntavafhf y, sa eu`rh g`n`shrac, hbhgfcghr f` agi`fahtc `d dumhr f` trhbhoc. @g `st` supu`stc gc pcfrè `xamars` h dcs trhbhohfcr`s qu` r`hguf`g su hntavafhf ia`gtrhs p`rsasth `d p`damrc, shdvc `xn`pnaþg f`bafhi`gt` oustaeanhfh pcr rhzcg`s f` s`murafhf y f`t`riaghfh r`mdhi`gthrahi`gt`. n) Faspcg`r dc g`n`shrac g`n`shrac phrh qu` `d trhbhohfcr qu` gc pufa`rh pcg`rs` pcg`rs` `g ncgthntc ncg ncg su sup`racr o`rèrquanc, hgt` ugh satuhnaþg f` p`damrc mrhv` ` agiag`gt` phrh su s`murafhf, dh f` f ` ctrcs trhbh ohfcr`s c dh f` t`rn`rcs h dh `ipr`sh, `stá `g ncgfanacg`s, jhbafh nu`gth f` sus ncgcnaia`gtcs y f` dcs i`facs tángancs pu`stcs h su faspcsanaþg, f` hfcpthr dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs phrh `vathr dhs ncgs`nu`gnahs f` fanjc p`damrc. @d trhbhohfcr t`gfrè f`r`njc h agt`rruipar su hntavafhf y hbhgfcghr `d dumhr f` trhbhoc, `g nhsc g`n`shrac, nuhgfc ncgsaf`r` qu` fanjh hntavafhf `gtrhøh ug ra`smc mrhv` ` agiag`gt` phrh su vafh c su shduf. Nuhgfc `d trhbhohfcr `stá `xpu`stc h ug ra`smc mrhv` c agiag`gt` ncg cnhsaþg f` su trhbhoc y `d `ipr`shrac gc hfcpt` c gc p`riath dh hfcpnaþg f` dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs phrh mhrhgtazhr dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, dcs r`pr`s`gthgt`s d`mhd`s f` ástcs pcfrèg hncrfhr, pcr ihycréh f` sus ia`ibrcs, dh phrhdazhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s he`nthfcs pcr fanjc ra`smc. Vhd hnu`rfc s`rè nciuganhfc f` agi`fahtc h dh `ipr`sh y h dh hutcrafhf dhbcrhd, dh nuhd, `g `d pdhzc f` 26 jcrhs, hgudhrè c rhtaeanhrè dh phrhdazhnaþg hncrfhfh. @d hnu`rfc h qu` s` r`ea`r` `d pèrrhec hgt`racr pcfrè s`r hfcpthfc pcr f`nasaþg ihycrathrah f` dcs F`d`mhfcs f` \r`v`gnaþg nuhgfc gc r`sudt` pcsabd` r`ugar ncg dh urm`gnah r`qu`rafh hd þrmhgc f` r`pr`s`gthnaþg f`d p`rscghd. Dcs trhbhohfcr`s c sus r`pr`s`gthgt`s gc pcfrèg suerar p`rouanac hdmugc f`ravhfc f` dh hfcpnaþg f` dhs i`fafhs h qu` s` r`ea`r`g dcs hphrthfcs hgt`racr`s, h i`gcs qu` juba`rhg cbrhfc f` ihdh e` c nci`tafc g`mdam`gnah mrhv`.
A. Uamadhgnah f` dh shduf @d `ipr`shrac mhrhgtazhrè h dcs trhbhohfcr`s h su s`rvanac dh vamadhgnah p`raþfanh f` su `sthfc f` shduf `g eugnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs agj`r`gt`s hd trhbhoc. @sth vamadhgnah sþdc pcfrè dd`vhrs` h nhbc nuhgfc `d trhbhohfcr pr`st` su ncgs`gtaia`gtc. F` `st` nhrènt`r vcdugthrac sþdc s` `xn`ptuhrèg, pr`vac agecri` f` dcs r`pr`s`gthgt`s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, dcs supu`stcs `g dcs qu` dh r`hdazhnaþg f` dcs r`ncgcnaia`gtcs s`h aipr`snagfabd` phrh `vhduhr dcs `e`ntcs f` dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc scbr` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s c phrh v`raeanhr sa `d `sthfc f` shduf f`d trhbhohfcr pu`f` ncgstatuar ug p`damrc phrh `d iasic, phrh dcs f`iès trhbhohfcr`s c phrh ctrhs p`rscghs r`dhnacghfhs ncg dh `ipr`sh c nuhgfc hsé `stá `sthbd`nafc `g ugh faspcsanaþg d`mhd `g r`dhnaþg ncg dh prct`nnaþg f` ra`smcs `sp`néeancs y hntavafhf`s f` `sp`nahd p`damrcsafhf. @g tcfc nhsc s` f`b`rè cpthr pcr dh r`hdazhnaþg f` hqu`ddcs r`ncgcnaia`gtcs c pru`bhs qu` nhus`g dhs i`gcr`s icd`stahs hd trhbhohfcr y qu` s`hg prcpcrnacghd`s hd ra`smc. Dhs i`fafhs f` vamadhgnah y ncgtrcd f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s s` dd`vhrèg h nhbc r`sp`thgfc sa`ipr` `d f`r`njc h dh agtaiafhf y h dh famgafhf f` dh p`rscgh f`d trhbhohfcr y dh ncgeaf`gnahdafhf f` tcfh dh agecrihnaþg r`dhnacghfh ncg su `sthfc f` shduf.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
2<>
`fatcrahd } n`p
Dhs i`fafhs f` vamadhgnah y ncgtrcd f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s s` dd`vhrèg h nhbc pcr p`rscghd shgathrac ncg ncip`t`gnah tánganh, ecrihnaþg y nhphnafhf hnr`fathfh.
Dcs r`sudthfcs f` dh vamadhgnah h qu` s` r`ea`r` `d hphrthfc hgt`racr s`règ nciuganhfcs h dcs trhbhohfcr`s he`nthfcs. Dcs fhtcs r`dhtavcs h dh vamadhgnah f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s gc pcfrèg s`r ushfcs ncg eag`s fasnraiaghtcracs ga `g p`rouanac f`d trhbhohfcr. @d hnn`sc h dh agecrihnaþg iáfanh f` nhrènt`r p`rscghd s` daiathrè hd p`rscghd iáfanc y h dhs hutcrafhf`s shgathrahs qu` dd`v`g h nhbc dh vamadhgnah f` dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, sag qu` pu`fh ehnadathrs` hd `ipr`shrac c h ctrhs p`rscghs sag ncgs`gtaia`gtc `xpr`sc f`d trhbhohfcr. Gc cbsthgt` dc hgt`racr, `d `ipr`shrac y dhs p`rscghs u þrmhgcs ncg r`spcgshbadafhf`s `g iht`rah f` pr`v`gnaþg s`règ agecrihfcs f` dhs ncgndusacg`s qu` s` f`rav`g f` dcs r`ncgcnaia`gtcs `e`ntuhfcs `g r`dhnaþg ncg dh hptatuf f`d trhbhohfcr phrh `d f`s`ip`øc f`d pu`stc f` trhbhoc c ncg dh g`n`safhf f` agtrcfunar c i`ocrhr dhs i`fafhs f` prct`nnaþg y pr`v`gnaþg, h eag f` qu` pu`fhg f`shrrcddhr ncrr`nthi`gt` sus eugnacg`s `g iht`rah pr`v`gtavh. @g dcs supu`stcs `g qu` dh ghturhd`zh f` dcs ra`smcs agj`r`gt`s hd trhbhoc dc jhmh g`n`shrac, `d f`r`njc f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s h dh vamadhgnah p`raþfanh f` su `sthfc f` shduf f`b`rè s`r prcdcgmhfc iès hddè f` dh eaghdazhnaþg f` dh r`dhnaþg dhbcrhd, `g dcs táriagcs qu` r`mdhi`gthrahi`gt` s` f`t`riag`g.
O. Fcnui`gt Fcnui`gthnaþg hnaþg @d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè `dhbcrhr y ncgs`rvhr h faspcsanaþg f` dh hutcrafhf dhbcrhd dh samua`gt` fcnui`gthnaþg? h) \dhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. b) @vhduhnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs phrh phrh dh s`murafhf y dh shduf `g `d trhbhoc, agnduafc `d r`sudthfc r`sudthfc f` dcs ncgtrcd`s p`raþfancs f` dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc y f` dh hntavafhf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s.
2<6
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
n) \dhgaeanhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh, agnduafhs dhs i`fafhs f` prct`nnaþg prct`nnaþg y f` pr`v`gnaþg h hfcpthr y, `g su nhsc, iht`rahd f` prct`nnaþg qu` f`bh u tadazhrs`. f) \rèntanh f` dcs ncgtrcd`s ncgtrcd`s f`d `sthfc f` shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s y ncgndusacg`s ncgndusacg`s cbt`gafhs f` dcs iasics. `) R`dhnaþg f` hnnaf`gt`s f` trhbhoc y `ge`ri`fhf`s prce`sacghd`s prce`sacghd`s qu` jhyhg nhushfc hd trhbhohfcr ugh agnhphnafhf dhbcrhd sup`racr h ug féh f` trhbhoc. @g `d ici`gtc f` n`shnaþg f` su hntavafhf, dhs `ipr`shs f`b`règ r`iatar h dh hutcrafhf dhbcrhd dh fcnui`gthnaþg s`øhdhfh `g `d hphrthfc hgt`racr. @d `ipr`shrac `sthrè cbdamhfc h gctaeanhr pcr `snratc h dh hutcrafhf dhbcrhd dcs fhøcs phrh dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s h su s`rvanac qu` s` juba`rhg prcfunafc ncg ictavc f`d f`shrrcddc f` su trhbhoc, ncgecri` hd prcn`faia`gtc qu` s` f`t`riag` r`mdhi`gthrahi`gt`. Dh fcnui`gthnaþg f`snrath f`b`rè thibaág s`r pu`sth h faspcsanaþg f` dhs hutcrafhf`s shgathrahs.
K. Nccrfaghna Nccrfaghnaþg þg f` hntavafhf`s `ipr`shrahd`s Nuhgfc `g ug iasic n`gtrc f` trhbhoc f`shrrcdd`g hntavafhf`s, hntavafhf`s, trhbhohfcr`s f` fcs c iès `ipr`shs, ásths f`b`règ nccp`rhr `g dh hpdanhnaþg f` dh gcrihtavh scbr` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. H thd eag, `sthbd`n`règ dcs i`facs f` nccrfaghnaþg qu` s`hg g`n`shracs `g nuhgtc h dh prct`nnaþg y pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s y dh agecrihnaþg scbr` dcs iasics h sus r`sp`ntavcs trhbhohfcr`s. @d `ipr`shrac tatudhr f`d n`gtrc f` trhbhoc hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs phrh qu` hqu`ddcs ctrcs `ipr`shracs qu` f`shrrcdd`g hntavafhf`s `g su n`gtrc f` trhbhoc r`nabhg dh agecrihnaþg y dhs agstrunnacg`s hf`nuhfhs, `g r`dhnaþg ncg dcs ra`smcs `xast`gt`s `g `d n`gtrc f` trhbhoc y ncg dhs i`fafhs f` prct`nnaþg y pr`v`gnaþg ncrr`spcgfa`gt`s, ncrr`spcgfa`gt`s, hsé ncic scbr` dhs i`fafhs f` `i`rm`gnah h hpdanhr, phrh su trhsdhfc h sus r`sp`ntavcs trhbhohfcr`s. Dhs `ipr`shs qu` ncgtrht`g c subncgtrht`g ncg ctrhs dh r`hdazhnaþg f` cbrhs c s`rvanacs ncrr`spcgfa`gt`s h dh prcpah hntavafhf f` hquáddhs y qu` s` f`shrrcdd`g `g sus prcpacs n`gtrcs f` trhbhoc f`b`règ vamadhr `d nuipdaia`gtc pcr fanjcs ncgtrhtasths y subncgtrhtasths f` dh gcrihtavh f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Dcs f`b`r`s f` nccp`rhnaþg y f` agecrihnaþg ` agstrunnaþg s`règ f` hpdanhnaþg r`sp`ntc f` dcs trhbh ohfcr`s hutþgcics qu` f`shrrcdd`g hntavafhf`s `g `g fanjcs n`gtrcs f` trhbhoc.
D. \rct`nnaþg \rct`nnaþg f` trhbhohfcr`s `sp`nahdi`gt` s`gsabd`s h f`t`riaghfcs ra`smcs @d `ipr`shrac mhrhgtazhrè f` ihg`rh `sp`néeanh dh prct`nnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s qu`, pcr sus prcpahs nhrhnt`réstanhs p`rscghd`s c `sthfc bacdþmanc ncgcnafc, agnduafcs hqu`ddcs qu` t`gmhg r`ncgcnafh dh satuhnaþg f` fasnhphnafhf eésanh, pséquanh c s`gscrahd, s`hg `sp`nahdi`gt` s`gsabd`s h dcs ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc. H thd eag, f`b`rè t`g`r `g nu`gth fanjcs hsp`ntcs `g dhs `vhduhnacg`s f` dcs ra`smcs y, `g eugnaþg f` ásths, hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs pr`v`gtavhs y f` p rct`nnaþg g`n`shrahs. g`n`shrahs. Dcs trhbhohfcr`s gc s`règ `ipd`hfcs `g hqu`ddcs pu`stcs f` trhbhoc `g dcs qu`, h nhush f` sus nhrhnt`réstanhs p`rscghd`s, `sthfc bacdþmanc c pcr su fasnhphnafhf eésanh, pséquanh c s`gscrahd f`bafhi`gt` r`ncgcnafh, pu`fhg `ddcs, dcs f`iès trhbhohfcr`s u ctrhs p`rscghs r`dhnacghfhs ncg dh `ipr`sh pcg`rs` `g satuhnaþg f` p`damrc c, `g m`g`rhd, nuhgfc s` `gnu`gtr`g ihgaea`sthi`gt` `g
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
2<0
`fatcrahd } n`p
`sthfcs c satuhnacg`s trhgsatcrahs qu` gc r`spcgfhg h dhs `xam`gnahs psanceésanhs f` dcs r`sp`ntavcs pu`stcs f` trhbhoc. Amuhdi`gt`, `d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè t`g`r `g nu`gth `g dhs `vhduhnacg`s dcs ehntcr`s f` ra`smc qu` pu`fhg agnafar `g dh eugnaþg f` prcnr`hnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s y trhbhohfcrhs, `g phrtanudhr pcr dh `xpcsanaþg h hm`gt`s eésancs, quéiancs y bacdþmancs qu` pu`fhg `o`rn`r `e`ntcs iuthmágancs c f` tcxanafhf phrh dh prcnr`hnaþg thgtc `g dcs hsp`ntcs f` dh e`rtadafhf, ncic f`d f`shrrcddc f` dh f`sn`gf`gnah, ncg cbo`tc f` hfcpthr dhs d hs i`fafhs pr`v`gtavhs g`n`shrahs.
I. \rct`nnaþg f` dh iht`rgafh iht`rgafhf f Dh `vhduhnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs f`b`rè ncipr`gf`r dh f`t`riaghnaþg f` dh ghturhd`zh, `d mrhfc y dh furhnaþg f` dh `xpcsanaþg f` dhs trhbhohfcrhs `g satuhnaþg f` `ibhrhzc c phrtc r`na`gt` h hm`gt`s, prcn`faia`gtcs c ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc qu` pu`fhg ageduar g`mhtavhi`gt` `g dh shduf f` dhs trhbhohfcrhs c f`d e`tc, `g nuhdqua`r hntavafhf susn`ptabd` f` pr`s`gthr ug ra`smc `sp`néeanc. ^a dcs r`sudthfcs f` dh `vhduhnaþg r`v`dhs`g ug ra`smc phrh dh s`murafhf y dh shduf c ugh pcsabd` r`p`rnusaþg scbr` `d `ibhrhzc c dh dhnthgnah f` dhs nathfhs trhbhohfcrhs, `d `ipr`shrac hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs phrh `vathr dh `xpcsanaþg h fanjc ra`smc, h trhvás f` ugh hfhpthnaþg f` dhs ncgfanacg`s c f`d ta`ipc f` trhbhoc f` dh trhbhohfcrh he`nthfh. Fanjhs i`fafhs agnduarèg, nuhgfc r`sudt` g`n`shrac, dh gc r`hdazhnaþg f` trhbhoc gcnturgc c f` trhbhoc h turgcs. Nuhgfc dh hfhpthnaþg f` dhs ncgfanacg`s c f`d ta`ipc f` trhbhoc gc r`sudths` pcsabd` c, h p`shr f` thd hfhpthnaþg, dhs ncgfanacg`s f` ug pu`stc f` trhbhoc pufa`rhg ageduar g`mhtavhi`gt` `g dh shduf f` dh trhbhohfcrh `ibhrhzhfh c f`d e`tc, y hsé dc n`rtaeaqu`g dcs ^`rvanacs Iáfancs f`d Agstatutc Ghnacghd f` dh ^`murafhf ^cnahd c f` dhs Iutuhs, `g eugnaþg f` dh @gtafhf ncg dh qu` dh `ipr`sh t`gmh ncgn`rthfh dh ncb`rturh f` dcs ra`smcs prce`sacghd`s, ncg `d agecri` f`d iáfanc f`d ^`rvanac Ghnacghd f` ^hduf qu` hsasth ehnudthtavhi`gt` h dh trhbhohfcrh, ásth f`b`rè f`s`ip`øhr ug pu`stc f` trhbhoc c eugnaþg fae`r`gt` y nciphtabd` ncg su `sthfc. @d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè f`t`riaghr, pr`vah ncgsudth ncg dcs r`pr`s`gthgt r`pr`s`gthgt`s `s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s, dh r`dhnaþg f` dcs pu`stcs f` trhbhoc `x`gtcs f` ra`smcs h `stcs `e`ntcs. @d nhibac f` pu`stc c eugnaþg s` dd`vhrè h nhbc f` ncgecriafhf ncg dhs r`mdhs y nrat`racs qu` s` hpdaqu`g `g dcs supu`stcs f` icvadafhf eugnacghd y t`gfrè `e`ntcs jhsth `d ici`gtc `g qu` `d `sthfc f` shduf f` dh trhbhohfcrh p`riath su r`agncrpcrhnaþg hd hgt`racr pu`stc. @g `d supu`stc f` qu`, hug hpdanhgfc dhs r`mdhs s`øhdhfhs `g `d pèrrhec hgt`racr, gc `xasta`s` pu`stc f` trhbhoc c eugnaþg nciphtabd`, dh trhbhohfcrh pcfrè s`r f`staghfh h ug pu`stc gc ncrr`spcgfa`gt` h su mrupc c nht`mcréh `quavhd`gt`, sa ba`g ncgs`rvhrè `d f`r`njc hd ncgougtc f` r`trabunacg`s f` su pu`stc f` cram`g. ^a fanjc nhibac f` pu`stc gc r`sudthrh tánganh u cbo`tavhi`gt` pcsabd`, c gc pu`fh rhzcghbd`i`gt` `xamars` pcr ictavcs oustaeanhfcs, pcfrè f`ndhrhrs` `d phsc f` dh trhbhohfcrh he`nthfh h dh satuhnaþg f` susp`gsaþg f`d ncgtrhtc pcr ra`smc furhgt` `d `ibhrhzc, furhgt` `d p`récfc g`n`shrac phrh dh prct`nnaþg f` su s`murafhf c f` su shduf y ia`gtrhs p`rsasth dh aipcsabadafhf f` r`agncrpcrhrs` h su pu`stc hgt`racr c h ctrc pu`stc nciphtabd` ncg su `sthfc. Dc `stufahfc `g dcs pèrrhecs prai`rc y s`mugfc f` `st` `pémrhe` s`rè thibaág f` hpdanhnaþg furhgt` `d p`récfc f` dhnthgnah ghturhd, sa dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc pufa`rhg ageduar g`mhtavhi`gt` `g dh shduf f` dh iuo`r c f`d jaoc y hsé dc n`rtaeaqu`g dcs ^`rvanacs Iáfancs f`d Agstatutc Ghnacghd f` dh ^`murafhf ^cnahd c f` dhs Iutuhs, `g eugnaþg f` dh @gtafhf ncg dh qu` dh `ipr`sh t`gmh ncgn`rthfh dh ncb`rturh f` dcs ra`smcs prce`sacghd`s, ncg `d agecri` f`d iáfanc f`d ^`rvanac Ghnacghd f` ^hduf qu` hsasth ehnudthtavhi`gt` h dh trhbhohfcrh c h su jaoc. \cfrè, hsaiasic,
2<5
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
f`ndhrhrs` `d phs` f` dh trhbhohfcrh he`nthfh h dh satuhnaþg f` susp`gsaþg f`d ncgtrhtc pcr ra`smc furhgt` dh dhnthgnah ghturhd f` jaocs i`gcr`s f` 1 i`s`s, sa s` fhg dhs narnugsthgnahs `stufahfhs hgt`racri`gt`. Dhs trhbhohfcrhs `ibhrhzhfhs t`gfrèg f`r`njc h hus`gthrs` f`d trhbhoc, ncg f`r`njc h r`iug`rhnaþg, phrh dh r`hdazhnaþg f` `xèi`g`s pr`ghthd`s y tánganhs f` pr`phrhnaþg hd phrtc, pr`vac hvasc hd `ipr`shrac y oustaeanhnaþg f` dh g`n`safhf f` su r`hdazhnaþg f`gtrc f` dh ocrghfh f` trhbhoc.
G. \rct`nnaþg f` dcs i`gcr`s Hgt`s f` dh agncrpcrhnaþg hd trhbhoc f` oþv`g`s i`gcr`s f` 8: høcs, y pr`vahi`gt` h nuhdqua`r icfaeanhnaþg aipcrthgt` f` sus ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc, `d `ipr`shrac f`b`rè `e`ntuhr ugh `vhduhnaþg f` dcs pu`stcs f` trhbhoc h f`s`ip`øhr pcr dcs iasics, h eag f` f`t`riaghr dh ghturhd`zh, `d mrhfc y dh furhnaþg f` su `xpcsanaþg, `g nuhdqua`r hntavafhf susn`ptabd` f` pr`s`gthr ug ra`smc `sp`néeanc hd r`sp`ntc, h hm`gt`s, prcn`scs c ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc qu` pu`fhg pcg`r `g p`damrc dh s`murafhf c dh shduf f` `stcs trhbhohfcr`s. H thd eag, dh `vhduhnaþg t`gfrè `sp`nahdi`gt` `g nu`gth dcs ra`smcs `sp`néeancs phrh dh s`murafhf, dh shduf y `d f`shrrcddc f` dcs oþv`g`s f`ravhfcs f` su ehdth f` `xp`ra`gnah, f` su agihfur`z phrh `vhduhr dcs ra`smcs `xast`gt`s c pct`gnahd`s y f` su f`shrrcddc tcfhvéh agncipd`tc. @g tcfc nhsc, `d `ipr`shrac agecrihrè h fanjcs oþv`g`s y h sus phfr`s c tutcr`s qu` jhyhg agt`rv`gafc `g dh ncgtrhthnaþg. V`ga`gfc `g nu`gth dcs ehntcr`s hgt`racri`gt` s`øhdhfcs, `d Mcba`rgc `sthbd`n`rè dhs daiathnacg`s h dh ncgtrhthnaþg f` oþv`g`s i`gcr`s f` 8: høcs `g trhbhocs qu` pr`s`gt`g ra`smcs `sp`néeancs.
Ø. R`dhnacg`s f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd`s, f` furhnaþg f`t`riaghfh y `g `ipr`shs f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd Dcs trhbhohfcr`s ncg r`dhnacg`s f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd`s c f` furhnaþg f`t`riaghfh, hsé ncic dcs ncgtrhthfcs pcr `ipr`shs f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd, f`b`règ faseruthr f`d iasic gav`d f` prct`nnaþg `g iht`rah f` s`murafhf y shduf qu` dcs r`sthgt`s trhbhohfcr`s f` dh `ipr`sh `g dh qu` pr`sthg sus s`rvanacs. Dh `xast`gnah f` ugh r`dhnaþg f` trhbhoc f` dhs s`øhdhfhs `g `d pèrrhec hgt`racr gc oustaeanhrè `g gagmÿg nhsc ugh fae`r`gnah f` trhtc pcr dc qu` r`sp`nth h dhs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc, `g dc r`dhtavc h nuhdqua`rh f` dcs hsp`ntcs f` dh prct`nnaþg f` dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s. @d `ipr`shrac hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs g`n`shrahs phrh mhrhgtazhr qu`, ncg nhrènt`r pr`vac hd aganac f` su hntavafhf, dcs trhbhohfcr`s h qu` s` r`ea`r` `d hphrthfc hgt`racr r`nabhg agecrihnaþg hn`rnh f` dcs ra`smcs h dcs qu` vhyhg h `sthr `xpu`stcs, `g phrtanudhr `g dc r`dhtavc h dh g`n`safhf f` nuhdaeanhnacg`s c hptatuf`s prce`sacghd`s f`t`riaghfhs, dh `xam`gnah f` ncgtrcd`s iáfancs `sp`nahd`s c dh `xast`gnah f` ra`smcs `sp`néeancs f`d pu`stc f` trhbhoc h nubrar, hsé ncic scbr` dhs i`fafhs f` prct`nnaþg y pr`v`gnaþg er`gt` h dcs iasics. Fanjcs trhbhohfcr`s r`nabarèg, `g tcfc nhsc, ugh ecrihnaþg sueana`gt` y hf`nuhfh h dhs nhrhnt`réstanhs f`d pu`stc f` trhbhoc h nubrar t`ga`gfc `g nu`gth su nuhdaeanhnaþg y `xp`ra`gnah prce`sacghd y dcs ra`smcs h dcs qu` vhyhg h `sthr `xpu`stcs. Dcs trhbhohfcr`s t`gfrèg f`r`njc h ugh vamadhgnah p`raþfanh f` su `sthfc f` shduf.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
2<=
`fatcrahd } n`p
@g dhs r`dhnacg`s f` trhbhoc h trhvás f` `ipr`shs f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd, dh `ipr`sh usuhrah s`rè r`spcgshbd` f` dhs ncgfanacg`s f` `o`nunaþg f`d trhbhoc `g tcfc dc r`dhnacghfc ncg dh prct`nnaþg f` dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s. Ncrr`spcgf`rè, hf`iès, h dh `ipr`sh usuhrah `d nuipdaia`gtc f` dhs cbdamhnacg`s `g iht`rah f` agecrihnaþg. Dh `ipr`sh f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd s`rè r`spcgshbd` f`d nuipdaia`gtc f` dhs cbdamhnacg`s `g iht`rah f` ecrihnaþg y vamadhgnah f` dh shduf. H thd eag, y sag p`rouanac f` dc `xpu`stc `g `d pèrrhec hgt`racr, dh `ipr`sh usuhrah f`b`rè agecrihr h dh `ipr`sh f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd, y ásth h dcs trhbhohfcr`s he`nthfcs, hgt`s f` dh hfsnrapnaþg f` dcs iasics, hn`rnh f` dhs nhrhnt`réstanhs prcpahs f` dcs pu`stcs f` trhbhoc h f`s`ip`øhr y f` dhs nuhdaeanhnacg`s r`qu`rafhs. Dh `ipr`sh usuhrah f`b`rè agecrihr h dcs r`pr`s`gthgt`s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g dh iasih f` dh hfsnrapnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s pu`stcs h faspcsanaþg pcr dh `ipr`sh f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd. Fanjcs trhbhohfcr`s pcfrèg faramars` h `stcs r`pr`s`gthgt`s r`pr`s`gthgt`s `g `d `o`rnanac f` sus f`r`njcs.
C. Cbdamhnacg`s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g iht`rah f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs Ncrr`spcgf` h nhfh trhbhohfcr v`dhr, s`mÿg sus pcsabadafhf`s y i`fahgt` `d nuipdaia`gtc f` dhs i`fafhs f` pr`v`gnaþg qu` `g nhfh nhsc s`hg hfcpthfhs, pcr su prcpah s`murafhf y shduf `g `d trhbhoc y pcr dh f` hqu`ddhs ctrhs p`rscghs h dhs qu` pu`fh he`nthr su hntavafhf prce`sacghd, h nhush f` sus hntcs y ciasacg`s `g `d trhbhoc, f` ncgecriafhf ncg su ecrihnaþg y dhs agstrunnacg`s f`d `ipr`shrac. Dcs trhbhohfcr`s, ncg hrr`mdc h su ecrihnaþg y samua`gfc dhs agstrunnacg`s f`d `ipr`shrac, f`b`règ `g phrtanudhr? 8¿) Pshr hf`nuhfhi`gt`, f` hnu`rfc ncg su ghturhd`zh y dcs ra`smcs pr`vasabd`s, dhs ièquaghs, hphrhtcs, j`rrhia`gths, susthgnahs p`damrcshs, `quapcs f` trhgspcrt` y, `g m`g`rhd, nuhd`squa`rh ctrcs i`facs ncg dcs qu` f`shrrcdd`g su hntavafhf. 2¿) Ptadazhr ncrr`nthi`gt` dcs i`facs y `quapcs f` prct`nnaþg ehnadathfcs pcr `d `ipr`shrac, f` hnu`rfc ncg dhs agstrunnacg`s r`nabafhs f` ást`. >¿) Gc pcg`r eu`rh f` eugnacghia`gtc y utadazhr ncrr`nthi`gt` dcs faspcsatavcs f` s`murafhf `xast`gt`s c qu` s` agsthd`g `g dcs i`facs r`dhnacghfcs ncg su hntavafhf c `g dcs dumhr`s f` trhbhoc `g dcs qu` ásth t`gmh dumhr. 6¿) Agecrihr f` agi`fahtc h su sup`racr o`rèrquanc far`ntc, y h dcs trhbhohfcr`s f`samghfcs phrh r`hdazhr hntavafhf`s f` prct`nnaþg y f` pr`v`gnaþg c, `g su nhsc, hd s`rvanac f` pr`v`gnaþg, hn`rnh f` nuhdqua`r satuhnaþg qu`, h su ouanac, `gtrhø`, pcr ictavcs rhzcghbd`s, ug ra`smc phrh dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s. 0¿) Ncgtrabuar hd nuipdaia`gtc f` dhs cbdamhnacg`s `sthbd`nafhs pcr dh hutcrafhf ncip`t`gt` ncg `d eag f` prct`m`r dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g `d trhbhoc. 5¿) Nccp`rhr ncg `d `ipr`shrac phrh qu` ást` pu`fh mhrhgtazhr ughs ncgfanacg`s f` trhbhoc qu` s`hg s`murhs y gc `gtrhø`g ra`smcs phrh dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s. @d agnuipdaia`gtc pcr dcs trhbhohfcr`s f` dhs cbdamhnacg`s `g iht`rah f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs h qu` s` r`ea`r`g dcs hphrthfcs hgt`racr`s t`gfrè dh ncgsaf`rhnaþg f` agnuipdaia`gtc dhbcrhd. Dc `stufahfc `g `st` hphrthfc s`rè amuhdi`gt` hpdanhbd` h dcs scnacs f` dhs nccp`rhtavhs nuyh hntavafhf ncgsasth `g dh pr`sthnaþg f` su trhbhoc, ncg dhs pr`nasacg`s qu` s` `sthbd`znhg `g sus R`mdhi`gtcs f` Rámai`g Agt`rgc.
2<:
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
6. D@Q F@ RÁMAI@ RÁMAI@G G OPRÉFA OPRÉFANC NC F@D ^@NVCR \ßBDA \ßBDANC? NC? @D EPGNACGHIA@GVC @D@NVRÞGANC F@D ^@NVCR \ßBDANC 6.8 Dh s`f` `d`ntrþganh Dh s`f` `d`ntrþganh `s hqu`ddh far`nnaþg `d`ntrþganh, faspcgabd` phrh dcs naufhfhgcs h trhvás f` r`f`s f` t`d`nciuganhnacg`s, nuyh tatudhrafhf ncrr`spcgf` h ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, c ba`g h ugh c vhracs crmhgasics pÿbdancs c `gtafhf`s f` f ` F`r`njc \ÿbdanc `g `d `o`rnanac f` sus ncip`t`gnahs. @d `sthbd`naia`gtc f` ugh s`f` `d`ntrþganh ncgdd`vh dh r`spcgshbadafhf f`d tatudhr r`sp`ntc f` dh agt`mrafhf, v`rhnafhf y hntuhdazhnaþg f` dh agecrihnaþg y dcs s`rvanacs h dcs qu` pu`fh hnn`f`rs` h trhvás f` dh iasih. Nhfh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh f`t`riaghrè dhs ncgfanacg`s ` agstrui`gtcs f` nr`hnaþg f` dhs s`f`s `d`ntrþganhs, ncg suo`naþg h dcs pragnapacs f` trhgsphr`gnah, pubdanafhf, r`spcgshbadafhf, nhdafhf, s`murafhf, faspcgabadafhf, hnn`sabadafhf, g`utrhdafhf ` agt`rcp`rhbadafhf. @g tcfc nhsc f`b`rè mhrhgtazhrs` dh af`gtaeanhnaþg f`d þrmhgc tatudhr f` dh s`f`, hsé ncic dcs i`facs faspcgabd`s phrh dh ecriudhnaþg f` sum`r`gnahs y qu`ohs. Dhs s`f`s `d`ntrþganhs faspcgfrèg f` sast`ihs qu` p`riathg `d `sthbd`naia`gtc f` nciuganhnacg`s s`murhs sa`ipr` qu` s`hg g`n`shrahs. Dh pubdanhnaþg `g dhs s`f`s `d`ntrþganhs f` agecrihnacg`s, s`rvanacs y trhgshnnacg`s r`sp`thrè dcs pragnapacs f` hnn`sabadafhf y usc f` hnu`rfc ncg dhs gcrihs `sthbd`nafhs hd r`sp`ntc, `stègfhr`s hba`rtcs y, `g su nhsc, hqu`ddcs ctrcs qu` s`hg f` usc m`g`rhdazhfc pcr dcs naufhfhgcs. Dhs s`f`s `d`ntrþganhs utadazhrèg, phrh af`gtaeanhrs` y mhrhgtazhr ugh nciuganhnaþg s`murh ncg dhs iasihs, n`rtaeanhfcs r`ncgcnafcs c nuhdaeanhfcs f` hut`gtanhnaþg f` satac w`b c i`fac `quavhd`gt`.
6.2 \crthd f` agt`rg`t ^` `gta`gf` pcr pcrthd f` agt`rg`t `d pugtc f` hnn`sc `d`ntrþganc nuyh tatudhrafhf ncrr`spcgfh h ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, crmhgasic pÿbdanc c `gtafhf f` F`r`njc \ÿbdanc qu` p`riat` `d hnn`sc h trhvás f` agt`rg`t h dh agecrihnaþg pubdanhfh y, `g su nhsc, h dh s`f` `d`ntrþganh ncrr`spcgfa`gt`.
6.> ^ast`ihs f` af`gtaeanhnaþg f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs Dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs pcfrèg af`gtaeanhrs` i`fahgt` `d usc f` ug s`ddc `d`ntrþganc bhshfc `g ug n`rtaeanhfc `d`ntrþganc r`ncgcnafc c nuhdaeanhfc qu` r`ÿgh dcs r`quasatcs `xamafcs pcr dh d`masdhnaþg f` earih `d`ntrþganh. @stcs n`rtaeanhfcs `d`ntrþgancs agnduarèg `d gÿi`rc f` af`gtaeanhnaþg easnhd y dh f`gciaghnaþg ncrr`spcgfa`gt`, hsé ncic, `g su nhsc, dh af`gtafhf f` dh p`rscgh tatudhr `g `d nhsc f` dcs s`ddcs `d`ntrþgancs f` þrmhgcs hfiagastrhtavcs. Dh r`dhnaþg f` s`ddcs `d`ntrþgancs utadazhfcs pcr nhfh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, agnduy`gfc dhs nhrhnt`réstanhs f` dcs n`rtaeanhfcs `d`ntrþgancs y dcs pr`sthfcr`s qu` dcs `xpaf`g, f`b`rè s`r pÿbdanh y hnn`sabd` pcr i`facs `d`ntrþgancs. Hf`iès, nhfh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh hfcpthrè dhs i`fafhs hf`nuhfhs phrh ehnadathr dh v`raeanhnaþg f` sus s`ddcs `d`ntrþgancs. ^` `gt`gf`rè af`gtaeanhfh dh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh r`sp`ntc f` dh agecrihnaþg qu` s` pubdaqu` ncic prcpah `g su pcrthd f` agt`rg`t. ag t`rg`t.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
2<1
`fatcrahd } n`p
6.6 Hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh ^` `gta`gf` pcr hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh, nuhdqua`r hntc c hntuhnaþg r`hdazhfh égt`mrhi`gt` h trhvás f` i`facs `d`ntrþgancs pcr ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh `g `d ihrnc f` ug prcn`faia`gtc hfiagastrhtavc y `g dh qu` gc jhyh agt`rv`gafc f` ecrih far`nth ug `ipd`hfc pÿbdanc. @g nhsc f` hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh f`b`rè `sthbd`n`rs` pr`vahi`gt` `d þrmhgc u þrmhgcs ncip`t`gt`s, s`mÿg dcs nhscs, phrh dh f`eaganaþg f` dhs `sp`naeanhnacg`s, prcmrhihnaþg, prcmrhihnaþg, ihgt`gaia`gtc, sup`rvasaþg y ncgtrcd f` nhdafhf y, `g su nhsc, hufatcréh f`d sast`ih f` agecrihnaþg y f` su nþfamc eu`gt`. Hsaiasic, s` agfanhrè agf anhrè `d þrmhgc qu` f`b` s`r ncgsaf`rhfc r`spcgshbd` h `e`ntcs f` aipumghnaþg.
6.0 ^ast`ihs f` earih phrh dh hntuhnaþg hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh hutcihtazhfh @g `d `o`rnanac f` dh ncip`t`gnah `g dh hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh, nhfh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh pcfrè f`t`riaghr dcs supu`stcs f` utadazhnaþg f` dcs samua`gt`s sast`ihs f` earih `d`ntrþganh? h) ^`ddc `d`ntrþganc f` Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, þrmhgc, þrmhgc, crmhgasic pÿbdanc c `gtafhf `gtafhf f` f`r`njc pÿbdanc, bhshfc `g n`rtaeanhfc `d`ntrþganc r`ncgcnafc c nuhdaeanhfc qu` r`ÿgh dcs r`quasatcs `xamafcs pcr dh d`masdhnaþg f` earih `d`ntrþganh. b) Nþfamc s`murc f` v`raeanhnaþg vagnudhfc h dh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, þrmhgc, crmhgasic pÿbdanc c `gtafhf f` F`r`njc \ÿbdanc, `g dcs táriagcs y ncgfanacg`s `sthbd`nafcs, p`riataágfcs` `g tcfc nhsc dh nciprcbhnaþg f` dh agt`mrafhf f`d fcnui`gtc i`fahgt` `d hnn`sc h dh s`f` `d`ntrþganh ncrr`spcgfa`gt` ncrr`spcgfa`gt`..
6.5 Earih `d`ntrþganh f`d p`rscghd hd s`rvanac f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs Dh hntuhnaþg f` ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, þrmhgc, crmhgasic pÿbdanc c `gtafhf f` f`r`njc pÿbdanc, nuhgfc utadan` i`facs `d`ntrþgancs, s` r`hdazhrè i`fahgt` earih `d`ntrþganh f`d tatudhr f`d þrmhgc c `ipd`hfc pÿbdanc. Nhfh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh f`t`riaghrè dcs sast`ihs f` earih `d`ntrþganh qu` f`b` utadazhr su p`rscghd, dcs nuhd`s pcfrèg af`gtaeanhr f` ecrih ncgougth hd tatudhr f`d pu`stc f` trhbhoc c nhrmc y h dh Hfiagastrhnaþg u þrmhgc `g dh qu` pr`sth sus s`rvanacs. \cr rhzcg`s f` s`murafhf pÿbdanh dcs sast`ihs f` earih `d`ntrþganh pcfrèg r`e`rars` sþdc `d gÿi`rc f` af`gtaeanhnaþg prce`sacghd f`d `ipd`hfc pÿbdanc.
6.= Agt`rnhibac `d`ntrþganc `d`ntrþganc f` fhtcs `g `gtcrgcs `gtcrgcs n`rrhfcs f` nciuganhnaþg Dcs fcnui`gtcs `d`ntrþgancs trhgsiatafcs `g `gtcrgcs n`rrhfcs f` nciuganhnacg`s `sthbd`nafcs `gtr` Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs, þrmhgcs, crmhgasics pÿbdancs y `gtafhf`s f` f`r`njc pÿbdanc s`règ ncgsaf`rhfcs vèdafcs h `e`ntcs f` hut`gtanhnaþg ` af`gtaeanhnaþg f` dcs `iascr`s y r`n`ptcr`s `g dhs ncgfanacg`s `sthbd`nafhs `g `st` `pémrhe`.
28<
Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
`fatcrahd } n`p
Nuhgfc dcs phrtanaphgt`s `g dhs nciuganhnacg`s p`rt`g`znhg h ugh iasih Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, ásth f`t`riaghrè dhs ncgfanacg`s y mhrhgtéhs pcr dhs qu` s` r`marè qu`, hd i`gcs, ncipr`gf`rè dh r`dhnaþg f` `iascr`s y r`n`ptcr`s hutcrazhfcs hutcrazhfcs y dh ghturhd`zh f` dcs fhtcs h agt`rnhibahr. Nuhgfc dcs phrtanaphgt`s p`rt`g`znhg h fastagths Hfiagastrhnacg`s, dhs ncgfanacg`s y mhrhgtéhs nathfhs `g `d pèrrhec hgt`racr s` `sthbd`n`règ i`fahgt` ncgv`gac susnratc `gtr` hqu`ddhs. @g tcfc nhsc f`b`rè mhrhgtazhrs` dh s`murafhf f`d `gtcrgc n`rrhfc f` nciuganhnacg`s y dh prct`nnaþg f` dcs fhtcs qu` s` trhgsiathg.
6.: Hs`murhia`gtc ` agt`rcp`rhbadafhf agt`rcp`rhbadafhf f` dh earih `d`ntrþganh Dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs pcfrèg f`t`riaghr dcs trèiat`s ` agecri`s qu` agnduyhg earih `d`ntrþganh r`ncgcnafh c nuhdaeanhfh y hvhgzhfh bhshfh `g n`rtaeanhfcs `d`ntrþgancs r`ncgcnafcs c nuhdaeanhfcs f` earih `d`ntrþganh. Ncg `d eag f` ehvcr`n`r dh agt`rcp`rhbadafhf y pcsabadathr dh v`raeanhnaþg hutciètanh f` dh earih `d`ntrþganh f` dcs fcnui`gtcs `d`ntrþgancs, `d`ntrþgancs, nuhgfc ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg utadan` sast`ihs f` earih `d`ntrþganh fastagtcs f` hqu`ddcs bhshfcs `g n`rtaeanhfc `d`ntrþganc `d`ntrþganc r`ncgcnafc c nuhdaeanhfc, phrh r`iatar c pcg`r h faspcsanaþg f` ctrcs þrmhgcs, crmhgasics pÿbdancs, `gtafhf`s f` F`r`njc \ÿbdanc c Hfiagastrhnacg`s dh fcnui`gthnaþg earihfh `d`ntrþganhi`gt`, pcfrè sup`rpcg`r ug s`ddc `d`ntrþganc bhshfc `g ug n`rtaeanhfc `d`ntrþganc r`ncgcnafc c nuhdaeanhfc.
6.1 Hrnjavc `d`ntrþganc f` fcnui`gtcs Vcfcs dcs fcnui`gtcs utadazhfcs `g dhs hntuhnacg`s hfiagastrhtavhs s` hdihn`ghrèg pcr i`facs `d`ntrþgancs, shdvc nuhgfc gc s`h pcsabd`. Dcs fcnui`gtcs `d`ntrþgancs qu` ncgt`gmhg hntcs hfiagastrhtavcs qu` he`nt`g h f`r`njcs c agt`r`s`s f` dcs phrtanudhr`s f`b`règ ncgs`rvhrs` `g scpcrt`s f` `sth ghturhd`zh, yh s`h `g `d iasic ecrihtc h phrtar f`d qu` s` cramagþ `d fcnui`gtc c `g ctrc nuhdqua`rh qu` hs`mur` dh af`gtafhf ` agt`mrafhf f` dh agecrihnaþg g`n`shrah phrh r`prcfunardc. ^` hs`murhrè `g tcfc nhsc dh pcsabadafhf f` trhsdhfhr dcs fhtcs h ctrcs ecrihtcs y scpcrt`s qu` mhrhgtan`g `d hnn`sc f`sf` fae`r`gt`s hpdanhnacg`s. Dcs i`facs c scpcrt`s `g qu` s` hdihn`g`g fcnui`gtcs f`b`règ ncgthr ncg i`fafhs f` s`murafhf, f` hnu`rfc ncg dc pr`vastc `g `d @squ`ih Ghnacghd f` ^`murafhf, qu` mhrhgtan`g dh agt`mrafhf, hut`gtanafhf, ncgeaf`gnahdafhf, nhdafhf, prct`nnaþg y ncgs`rvhnaþg f` dcs fcnui`gtcs hdihn`ghfcs. @g phrtanudhr, hs`murhrèg dh af`gtaeanhnaþg f` dcs usuhracs y `d ncgtrcd f` hnn`scs, `d nuipdaia`gtc f` dhs mhrhgtéhs pr`vasths `g dh d`masdhnaþg f` prct`nnaþg f` fhtcs, hsé ncic dh r`nup`rhnaþg y ncgs`rvhnaþg h dhrmc pdhzc f` dcs fcnui`gtcs `d`ntrþgancs prcfunafcs pcr dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs qu` hsé dc r`qua`rhg, f` hnu`rfc ncg dhs `sp`naeanhnacg`s scbr` `d nandc f` vafh f` dcs s`rvanacs y sast`ihs utadazhfcs.
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
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@squ`ih 88
D@Q F@ AMPHDFHF @GVR@ IPO@R@^ Q JCIBR@^ Q NCGVRH DH UACD@GNAH F@ MÁG@RC @G @ZVR@IHFPRH Agtrcfunnaþg Dh f`samuhdfhf f` mág`rc supcg` ugh f` dhs pragnaphd`s bhrr`rhs `g `d f`shrrcddc scnahd, pcdétanc y `ncgþianc f` tcfhs dhs scna`fhf`s. Dhs `sp`nahd`s narnugsthgnahs jastþranhs y dhs nhrhnt`réstanhs `strunturhd`s f` @xtr`ihfurh jhg ncgfanacghfc `d `o`rnanac f` dcs f`r`njcs f` naufhfhgéh f` dhs iuo`r`s `xtr`i`øhs, y dh sup`rhnaþg f` ug icf`dc hgfrcnágtranc y s`xasth f` r`dhnaþg `gtr` dcs s`xcs Dh sup`rhnaþg f` `sth f`samuhdfhf pcr rhzþg f` mág`rc jh safc aipudshfh f` ihg`rh `xtrhcrfaghrah y jh prcfunafc prceugfcs nhibacs scnahd`s, mrhnahs h dh hpcrthnaþg eugfhi`gthd f` dcs icvaia`gtcs e`iagasths y f` dhs iuo`r`s y `d `seu`rzc f` tcfhs dhs p`rscghs qu` f`sf` `d hgcgaihtc jhg trhbhohfc `g ehvcr f` dcs f`r`njcs f` dhs iuo`r`s. ^ag `ibhrmc, dh pd`gh `e`ntavafhf f` dh amuhdfhf iht`rahd g`n`sath hÿg f`d `seu`rzc f` dcs pcf`r`s pÿbdancs @sth d`y f` Amuhdfhf `gtr` Iuo`r`s y Jcibr`s y Ncgtrh dh Uacd`gnah f` Mág`rc `g @xtr`ihfurh hsparh h ncgs`muar dh amuhdfhf r`hd y `e`ntavh `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, hsé ncic `rrhfanhr dh vacd`gnah f` mág`rc. @d pragnapac f` amuhdfhf `gtr` iuo`r`s y jcibr`s, hsé ncic dh `xpr`sh prcjabanaþg f` nuhdqua`r tapc f` fasnraiaghnaþg pcr rhzþg f` s`xc y `d f`r`njc h dh ht`gnaþg agt`mrhd f` dhs véntaihs f` vacd`gnah f` mág`rc `stèg r`ncmafcs `g fae`r`gt`s gcrihs ouréfanhs
@strunturh y ncgt`gafc Dh d`y ncgta`g` 8<5 hrténudcs y s` `strunturh `g ug Vétudc \r`daiaghr, \r`d aiaghr, s`as Vétudcs, fcs faspcsanacg`s hfanacghd`s, ugh faspcsanaþg trhgsatcrah, ugh faspcsanaþg f`rcmhtcrah y fcs faspcsanacg`s eaghd`s
FA^\C^ANACG@^ M@G@RHD@^ Cbo`tc f` dh d`y Èibatcs f` hpdanhnaþg Dh pr`s`gt` d`y s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg `g `d èibatc t`rratcrahd f` dh Nciugafhf Hutþgcih f` @xtr`ihfurh @g phrtanudhr, s`rè f` hpdanhnaþg h dhs p`rscghs eésanhs y ouréfanhs, `g dcs táriagcs `sthbd`nafcs `g dh pr`s`gt` d`y
\ragnapacs m`g`rhd`s F`eaganacg`s
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
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D@Q F@ \R@U@GNAÞG F@ RA@^M C^ DHBCRHD@^? F@R@NJC^ Q CBDAMHNACG@^; CBDA MHNACG@^; NCG^PDVH NCG^PDVH Q \HRVANA\H \HRVANA\HNAÞG NAÞG F@ F @ DC^ VRHBHOHF VRH BHOHFCR@^ CR@^ Gcrihtavh scbr` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s Dh gcrihtavh scbr` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s `stè ncgstatuafh pcr dh D`y >8/8110, f` : f` gcva`ibr`, f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s
Cbo`tc y nhrènt`r f` dh gcrih Dh D`y ta`g` pcr cbo`tc prcicv`r dh s`murafhf y dh shduf f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s i`fahgt` dh hpdanhnaþg f` i`fafhs y `d f`shrrcddc f` dhs hntavafhf`s g`n`shrahs phrh dh pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc
Èibatc f` hpdanhnaþg Dh D`y f` \r`v`gnaþg f` Ra`smcs Dhbcrhd`s y sus gcrihs f` f`shrrcddc s`règ f` hpdanhnaþg thgtc `g `d èibatc f` dhs r`dhnacg`s dhbcrhd`s r`mudhfhs `g `d t`xtc r`eugfafc f` dh D`y f`d @sthtutc f` dcs Vrhbhohfcr`s, ncic `g `d f` dhs r`dhnacg`s f` nhrènt`r hfiagastrhtavc c `sthtuthrac f`d p`rscghd hd s`rvanac f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs
F`eaganacg`s \r`v`gnaþg Ra`smc dhbcrhd Fhøcs f`ravhfcs f`d trhbhoc Ra`smc dhbcrhd mrhv` ` agiag`gt` \rcn`scs c hntavafhf`s pct`gnahdi`gt` p`damrcscs @quapc f` trhbhoc Ncgfanaþg f` trhbhoc @quapc f` prct`nnaþg agfavafuhd
F`r`njcs y cbdamhnacg`s F`r`njc h dh prct`nnaþg er`gt` h dcs ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s \ragnapacs f` dh hnnaþg pr`v`gtavh \dhg f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s, `vhduhnaþg f` dcs ra`smcs y pdhgaeanhnaþg f` dh hntavafhf pr`v`gtavh @quapcs f` trhbhoc y i`facs f` prct`nnaþg Agecrihnaþg, ncgsudth ncgsudth y phrtanaphnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s Ecrihnaþg f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s I`fafhs f` `i`rm`gnah Ra`smc mrhv` ` agiag`gt` Uamadhgnah f` dh shduf
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Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
Fcnui`gthnaþg Nccrfaghnaþg f` hntavafhf hntavafhf`s `s `ipr`shrahd`s \rct`nnaþg f` trhbhohfcr`s `sp`nahdi`gt` s`gsabd`s h f`t`riaghfcs ra`smcs \rct`nnaþg f` dh iht`rgafhf \rct`nnaþg f` dcs i`gcr`s R`dhnacg`s f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd`s, f` furhnaþg f`t`riaghfh y `g `ipr`shs f` trhbhoc t`ipcrhd Cbdamhnacg`s f` dcs trhbhohfcr`s `g iht`rah f` pr`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs
D@Q F@ RÁMAI@G OPRÉFANC F@D ^@NVCR \ßBDANC? @D EPGNACGHIA@GVC @D@NVRÞGANC F@D ^@NVCR \ßBDANC Dh s`f` `d`ntrþganh Dh s`f` `d`ntrþganh `s hqu`ddh far`nnaþg `d`ntrþganh, faspcgabd` phrh dcs naufhfhgcs h trhvás f` r`f`s f` t`d`nciuganhnacg`s, nuyh tatudhrafhf ncrr`spcgf` h ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, c ba`g h ugh c vhracs crmhgasics pÿbdancs c `gtafhf`s f` F`r`njc \ÿbdanc `g `d `o`rnanac f` sus ncip`t`gnahs
\crthd f` agt`rg`t ^` `gta`gf` pcr pcrthd f` agt`rg`t `d pugtc f` hnn`sc `d`ntrþganc nuyh tatudhrafhf ncrr`spcgfh h ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, crmhgasic pÿbdanc c `gtafhf f` F`r`njc \ÿbdanc qu` p`riat` `d hnn`sc h trhvás f` agt`rg`t h dh agecrihnaþg pubdanhfh y, `g su nhsc, h dh s`f` `d`ntrþganh ncrr`spcgfa`gt`
^ast`ihs f` af`gtaeanhnaþg f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs Dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs pcfrèg af`gtaeanhrs` i`fahgt` `d usc f` ug s`ddc `d`ntrþganc bhshfc `g ug n`rtaeanhfc `d`ntrþganc r`ncgcnafc c nuhdaeanhfc qu` r`ÿgh dcs r`quasatcs `xamafcs pcr dh d`masdhnaþg f` earih `d`ntrþganh
Hntuhnaþg Hntuh naþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh ^` `gta`gf` pcr hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh, nuhdqua`r hntc c hntuhnaþg r`hdazhfh égt`mrhi`gt` h trhvás f` i`facs `d`ntrþgancs pcr ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh `g `d ihrnc f` ug prcn`faia`gtc hfiagastrhtavc y `g dh qu` gc jhyh agt`rv`gafc f` ecrih far`nth ug `ipd`hfc pÿbdanc.
^ast`ihs f` earih phrh dh hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh @g `d `o`rnanac f` dh ncip`t`gnah `g dh hntuhnaþg hfiagastrhtavh hutcihtazhfh, nhfh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh pcfrè f`t`riaghr dcs supu`stcs f` utadazhnaþg f` dcs samua`gt`s sast`ihs f` earih `d`ntrþganh? h) ^`ddc `d`ntrþganc f` Hfiagastrhnaþg Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh b) Nþfamc s`murc f` v`raeanhnaþg vagnudhfc vagnudhfc h dh Hfiagastrhnaþg Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh
Earih `d`ntrþganh f`d p`rscghd hd s`rvanac f` dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs
Amuhdfhf. \r`v`gnaþg f` ra`smcs dhbcrhd`s. Eugnacghia`gtc `d`ntrþganc
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Dh hntuhnaþg f` ugh Hfiagastrhnaþg \ÿbdanh, þrmhgc, crmhgasic pÿbdanc c `gtafhf f` f`r`njc pÿbdanc, nuhgfc utadan` i`facs `d`ntrþgancs, s` r`hdazhrè i`fahgt` earih `d`ntrþganh f`d tatudhr f`d þrmhgc c `ipd`hfc pÿbdanc
Agt`rnhibac `d`ntrþganc f` fhtcs `g `gtcrgcs `gtcrgc s n`rrhfcs f` nciuganhnaþg Dcs fcnui`gtcs `d`ntrþgancs trhgsiatafcs `g `gtcrgcs n`rrhfcs f` nciuganhnacg`s `sthbd`nafcs `gtr` Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs, þrmhgcs, crmhgasics pÿbdancs y `gtafhf`s f` f`r`njc pÿbdanc, s`règ ncgsaf`rhfcs vèdafcs h `e`ntcs f` hut`gtanhnaþg ` af`gtaeanhnaþg f` dcs `iascr`s y r`n`ptcr`s `g dhs ncgfanacg`s `sthbd`nafhs `g `st` `pémrhe` >.: Hs`murhia`gtc ` agt`rcp`rhbadafhf a gt`rcp`rhbadafhf f` dh earih `d`ntrþganh Dhs Hfiagastrhnacg`s \ÿbdanhs pcfrèg f`t`riaghr dcs trèiat`s ` agecri`s qu` agnduyhg earih `d`ntrþganh r`ncgcnafh c nuhdaeanhfh y hvhgzhfh bhshfh `g n`rtaeanhfcs `d`ntrþgancs r`ncgcnafcs c nuhdaeanhfcs f` earih `d`ntrþganh
Hrnjavc `d`ntrþganc f` fcnui`gtcs Vcfcs dcs fcnui`gtcs utadazhfcs `g dhs hntuhnacg`s hfiagastrhtavhs s` hdihn`ghrèg pcr i`facs `d`ntrþgancs, shdvc nuhgfc gc s`h pcsabd`
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Iht`rahs @sp`néenhs / V`ih 88
