[JCI 94
^jbjrjomlis fj`lsfitlvis
Jf mjfikgr ifcimjojrg. ^jmjpmlýo y ifcimjoicljotg kj cjrmiomãis. Gr`iolzimlýo kjf ifcimìo. Klstrlnumlýo kj pjklkgs. Imtuimlýo Imtuimlýo kjf Mjfikgr jo fi bircimli ^jif Kjmrjtg Fj`lsfitlvg =/>499, kj 9; kj ogvljcnrj, pgr jf quj sj iprujni jf tjxtg rjbuoklkg kj fi Fjy kj Mgotritgs kjf ]jmtgr Tønflmg, muyi øftlci cgklblmimlýo sj ai prgkumlkg pgr Fjy ;4/>49:, kj 9 kj gmtunrj, kj ^ì`lcjo Hurãklmg kjf ]jmtgr Tønflmg
jkltgrlif } mjp
9. JF MJFIKG^ IFCIMJO IFCIMJOJ^G. J^G. ^JMJT ^JMJTMLÝO MLÝO \ IFCIMJOICLJO[G KJ CJ^MIOMÃI] 9.9 ^jmjpmlýo Zoi kj fis imtlvlkikjs néslmis quj sj rjiflzio jo fgs ifcimjojs kj fis Lo stltumlgojs ]ioltirlis js fi kj rjmlnlr fi cjrmiomãi quj prjvlicjotj ai slkg sgflmltiki, uoi vjz quj sj aio kjtjmtikg fis ojmjslkikjs mgomrjtis kjf Mjotrg. Zoi vjz quj sj ai ajmag fi jotrj`i kjf citjrlif, supjrvlsiki pgr jf jomir`ikg kjf ifcimìo, sj prgmjkjré i8 -
Mgcprgnir quj fgs nuftgs sgo sgo fgs quj mgostio mgostio jo jf ifniréo kj jotrj`i. jotrj`i.
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Mgcprgnir quj jf citjrlif quj jsté jo fi grkjo kj pjtlmlýo js jf clscg quj jf quj mgosti mgosti jo jf ifniréo kj jotrj`i kj citjrlif y jo jf pjklkg, tiotg jo miotlkik, miflkik, mgcg jo fgs rjqulsltgs tìmolmgs jxl`lkgs.
Icnis buomlgojs kjnjo aimjrsj kj ciojri cloumlgsi, pgrquj sgo kjtjrcloiotjs piri jf trinihg kj fgs ifcimjojs. Js uo mgotrgf lcprjsmloklnfj piri ritlblmir fi miflkik kj fgs prgkumtgs rjmlnlkgs y su mgrrjspgokjomli mgo fis pjtlmlgojs sgflmltikis pgr jf mjotrg.
9.> Ifcimjoicljotg Tiri jf mgrrjmtg buomlgoicljotg kj uoi lostltumlýo sioltirli, if l`uif quj gmurrj jo muifquljr tlpg kj ifcimìo, fi mfislblmimlýo kj fgs prgkumtgs kjnj sjr cloumlgsi y jxaiustlvi, piri bimlfltir su réplki fgmiflzimlýo jo jf cgcjotg jo quj fgs prgkumtgs sjio sgflmltikgs y pgkjr mgotrgfir jf cgvlcljotg kj fis jxlstjomlis jo jf ifcimìo, kjtjmtiokg isã fis pgslnfjs ojmjslkikjs buturis. Jf jomir`ikg kj rjiflzir fis mgcprgnimlgojs kj jxlstjomlis js jf mgotrgfikgr kj suclolstrgs, quj jsté if tiotg kjf mgosucg kj miki sjrvlmlg y kj fis jxlstjomlis kj fgs irtãmufgs jo jf ifcimìo. Tjrg ikjcés, piri aimjr cés jbjmtlvg jf trinihg kj fgs ifcimjojs, miki mljrtg tljcpg js lcprjsmloklnfj rjiflzir uo lovjotirlg kj fgs prgkumtgs, cjkliotj jf quj sj mgcprujni sl fis jxlstjomlis kj fgs citjrlifjs jo fgs ifcimjojs sgo fis clscis quj jstéo rj`lstrikis jo fis blmais g jo jf grkjoikgr. Tiri jffg og aiy gtrg prgmjklcljotg quj rjvlsir y mgotir uog pgr uog tgkgs fgs irtãmufgs ifcimjoikgs, fg quj sj mgogmj mgcg aimjr uo lovjotirlg. @rimlis i jsti gpjrimlýo sj mgosl`uj uoi rjfimlýo kjtiffiki kj tgkgs fgs citjrlifjs quj jxlstjo jo jf ifcimìo jo uo cgcjotg kikg, y sj jbjmtuiré mgo fi pjrlgklmlkik quj sj jstlcj gpgrtuoi. Tjrg jo muifquljr misg, uoi vjz if iùg sj rjiflziré uo rjmujotg bãslmg kj tgkis fis jxlstjomlis. Miki prgkumtg quj jotri jo jf ifcimìo tljoj uoi rjbjrjomli, quj js fi quj mgosti jo fis blmais j lobgrci kjf tlpg kj prgkumtg quj js, fis uolkikjs kj quj sj klspgoj jo jf ifcimìo y sus mirimtjrãstlmis jspjmãblmis. Jo muifquljr misg, fi fingr kj ifcimjoicljotg kj prgkumtgs og js rjiflziki kj ciojri loklvlkuif pgr jf rjspgosinfj, su gnfl`imlýo js mgogmjr jf buomlgoicljotg lotjrog kjf ifcimìo y vl`lfir su mgrrjmti gr`iolzimlýo, sljcprj nihg fi supjrvlslýo kj gtrgs prgbjslgoifjs.
90>
Citjrlis Jspjmãbmis / [jci 94
jkltgrlif } mjp
Zog kj fgs ifcimjojs, jf quj rj`lstri ciygr cgvlcljotg i klirlg, js jf kj fiviokjrãi. [gkgs fgs trinihgs kjf pjrsgoif tljojo quj jstir mggrkloikgs piri gptlclzir su buomlgoicljotg. Kj ciojri jsqujcétlmi, fi fingr kj jstj sjrvlmlg sj rjsucj jo fi rjmg`lki kj fi rgpi sumli, su triospgrtj i fi fiviokjrãi y su mfislblmimlýo mfislb lmimlýo uoi vjz flcpli. Jf prlcjr pisg js fi rjmg`lki kj fi rgpi sumli. Zoi vjz quj fgs simgs mgo fi rgpi sumli jstéo ffjogs y mjrrikgs, sj ffjvio i uo fu`ir jspjmãblmicj jspjmãblmicjotj otj kjstloikg piri jffg. Jf sltlg kjnj mgotir mgo vjotlfimlýo oiturif y mgo mgcuolmimlýo, i sjr pgslnfj pgr ismjosgr g cgotimir`is kj usg jxmfuslvg, mgo jf érji kj fi fiviokjrãi, kgokj sj rjmlnj y sj mfislblmi fi rgpi. Jo jstj fgmif sj mgfgmio fis ngfsis lkjotlblmikis cjkliotj uo sjffg, uoi pj`itloi, uo oøcjrg, jtm. Fi rgpi sumli kjnj jstir ifcimjoiki jf cjogr tljcpg pgslnfj y tljoj quj sjr rjtlriki uoi vjz if kãi kj fis uolkikjs kj mulkikgs cìklmgs, y kgs vjmjs if kãi pgr fg cjogs, jo gnstjtrlmli, ojgoitgfg`ãi, qulrýbiogs, pjklitrãi, ZML y ilsficljotg lobjmmlgsg. Fi imtlvlkik kj mljrtgs sjrvlmlgs sioltirlgs prgkumj rgpi cuy ciomaiki y mgo iftg `rikg kj aucjkik. Tiri jstj tlpg kj tjxtlfjs, jo jf ifcimìo kjnj ainjrsj a injrsj prjvlstg uo slstjci kj jxmfusis loklvlkuiflzikis jo miki érji kj trinihg, quj kjnjréo sjr kjslobjmtikis klirlicjotj. Muiokg fi rgpi jsté fiviki, kjnj sjr mfislblmiki kj oujvg y sjré ciolpufiki y ifcimjoiki kj tif ciojri quj og sj mgoticloj mgo nimtjrlis g sumljkik kjf icnljotj. Fgs ircirlgs kgokj sj `uirki fi rgpi flcpli jstéo kjstloikgs sýfg i jstj blo y su tljcpg kj ifcimjoicljotg sj rjkumlré if cãolcg piri jvltir fi rjmgoticloimlýo. Jf rjspgosinfj kjnj mgogmjr jf buomlgoicljotg kj jstj ifcimìo, yi quj uoi kj sus fingrjs js fi kj kir mujoti i sus supjrlgrjs kj fgs kjspjrbjmtgs g iogcifãis quj jomujotrj jo fi flcpljzi y mgosjrvimlýo kjf jklblmlg y kjf citjrlif.
9.= Mfislblmimlýo I fi agri kj ainfir sgnrj fgs prgkumtgs susmjptlnfjs kj sjr mitifg`ikgs js lcprjsmloklnfj rjiflzir uoi mfislblmimlýo `jojrif kjf citjrlif quj jxlstj jo uoi lostltumlýo sioltirli, pgr uoi pirtj, sj`øo sus mirimtjrãstlmis y kurimlýo, y pgr gtri, sj`øo su pjfl`rgslkik lobjmtlvi.
I. ]j`øo fis mirimtjrãstlmis y kurimlýo Kj ciojri `jojrif, sj`øo sus mirimtjrãstlmis jspjmãblmis y su kurimlýo, jf citjrlif jcpfjikg jo uo agspltif pujkj sjr8
i. Citjrlif buo`lnfj Jsté mirimtjrlzikg pgrquj kjsipirjmj kjsipirjmj mgo jf usg g sj kjtjrlgri, jo cumags misgs js bré`lf y tljoj uoi vlki mgrti. ]go irtãmufgs kjsjmainfjs, js kjmlr, kj uo sgfg usg, g nljo rjutlflzinfjs kjspuìs kj uoi flcpljzi y jstjrlflzimlýo ikjmuikis. Tjrtjojmjrãio i jstj tlpg kj citjrlifjs fis sgokis, jf nlsturã, fis tlhjris, fis plozis, jf citjrlif kj vlkrlg, jtm.
Jf mjfikgr ifcimjojrg
90=
jkltgrlif } mjp
n. Citjrlif lovjotirlinf lovjotirlinfjj ]go iqujffgs irtãmufgs mgo uoi vlki fir`i y pgr tiotg mgo uo mirémtjr kjbloltlvg. ]go fgs quj outrjo jf lovjotirlg kj uo mjotrg. ]j rjbljrj if cgnlflirlg jo `jojrif8 micis, cjsltis, fécpiris, vltrlois, slffis kj rujkis, ipiritihj y céqulois jspjmãblmis, pgr jhjcpfg kj riygs Q g jsméojr.
N. ]j`øo su pjfl`rgslkik lobjmtlvi Kj jsti ciojri sj mfislblmio fgs prgkumtgs susmjptlnfjs kj sjr pgrtikgrjs kj lobjmmlgojs i fgs pimljotjs.
i. Mrãtlmg Js jf citjrlif quj rjquljrj uoi isjpsli tgtif. ]j rjbljrj if lostrucjotif quj kj ciojri tjcpgrif g kjbloltlvi vi i pjrciojmjr jo jf lotjrlgr kjf gr`iolscg. ]go fis prýtjsls kj mikjri, fis véfvufis mirkãimis, fgs alfgs kj suturi, jtm.
n. ]jclmrã ]jclmrãtlmg tlmg ]go irtãmufgs quj kjnjo pjrciojmjr kjslobjmtikgs, iuoquj og js lcprjsmloklnfj su jstjrlflzimlýo, yi quj ainltuifcjotj og sj mgovljrtjo jo vãis kj triosclslýo kj lobjmmlgojs, slo jcnir`g sj kjslobjmtio pgrquj sgo citjrlifjs mgo fgs quj trinihi jstrjmaicjotj jf pjrsgoif sioltirlg. ]go, pgr jhjcpfg, fis nitjis…
m. Og mrãtlmg Kjnj jstir rl`urgsicjotj flcplg y jo fi cjklki kj fg pgslnfj kjslobjmtikg. Js uo citjrlif quj og jsté jo mgotimtg klrjmtg mgo jf lotjrlgr kjf gr`iolscg, ol mgo sus vãis kj jotriki. Jsti kjogcloimlýo sj rjbljrj pgr jhjcpfg i fi rgpi kj mici y i f gs grloifjs. Tjrg aiy quj tjojr jo mujoti quj, sl jstéo jo mgotimtg mgo uo jobjrcg quj pikjzmi uoi pitgfg`ãi lobjmmlgsi, kjnjo sjr kjslobjmtikgs j lomfusg jstjrlflzikgs mulkikgsicjotj, yi quj fgs citjrlifjs pujkjo sjr vãis kj triosclslýo kj lobjmmlgojs jotrj fgs pimljotjs g jotrj jf pjrsgoif kj fi lostltumlýo sioltirli.
MFI]LBLMIMLÝO KJF CI[J^LIF - ]j`øo sus mirimtjrãstlmis y kurimlýo Citjrlif buo`lnfj Citjrlif lovjotirlinfj
- ]j`øo su pjfl`rgslkik lobjmtlvi
90;
Mrãtlmg ]jclmrãtlmg Og mrãtlmg
Citjrlis Jspjmãbmis / [jci 94
jkltgrlif } mjp
9.; Fgs suclolstrgs. ]uclolstrgs lotjrogs y jxtjrogs Fi buomlýo kj suclolstrg aimj rjbjrjomli if mgohuotg kj imtlvlkikjs jxtjrois quj tljojo mgcg bloiflkik iprgvlslgoir kj citjrlifjs if ifcimìo. \ isã ainficgs kj8 -
Tjtlmlýo kj citjrlif.
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Trgmjklcljotg ikclolstritlvg kj mgotritimlýo.
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^jfimlýo mgo prgvjjkgrjs.
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@jstlýo ikclolstritlvi.
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Mgotrgf jmgoýclmg.
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Tfiolblmimlýo kj ikqulslmlgojs.
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Trjvlslýo kj iprgvlslgoicljotg.
Jf ifcimìo js jf jspimlg bãslmg kgokj sj ciotljojo fis jxlstjomlis aisti su utlflzimlýo. Fi bloiflkik kjf ifcimìo js `iriotlzir quj jo tgkg cgcjotg sj ciotjo`i jf buomlgoicljotg kj fi jcprjsi, muifquljri quj sji su imtlvlkik. Fi buomlýo kj ifcimjoihj mgcprjokj uo mgcpfjhg kj gpjrimlgojs quj tljojo pgr gnhjtg gmupirsj kj fgs citjrlifjs quj fi gr`iolzimlýo cujvj, mgosjrvi y ciolpufi piri fi mgosjmumlýo kj sus blojs prgkumtlvgs, mgcjrmlifjs g kj sjrvlmlg. Fi buomlýo kj ifcimìo tljoj mgcg bloiflkik8 -
Mgotrgfir fis jxlstjomlis.
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Kjtjrcloir fis ojmjslkikjs.
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^jmjpmlgoir jf citjrlif.
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Rjrlblmir su lkgojlkik.
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Mgosjrvirfg kjnlkicjotj grkjoikg.
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Jotrj`irfg i fgs ]jrvlmlgs muiokg ìstgs fg sgflmltjo.
I. Mfisjs -
]uclolstrg kj citjrlifjs citjrlifjs kj usg usg rjfimlgoikg rjfimlgoikg klrjmticjotj mgo fgs fgs jobjrcgs
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]uclolstrg kj bircimli.
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]uclolstrg kj citjrlif mfãolmg buo`lnfj.
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]uclolstrg kj citjrlif qulrør`lmg y ipiritihj.
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]uclolstrg kj citjrlifjs citjrlifjs piri jf jf buomlgoicljotg buomlgoicljotg kjf Mjotrg sioltirlg
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]uclolstrg kj fjomjrãi.
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]uclolstrg kj pipjfjrãi.
Jf mjfikgr ifcimjojrg
90:
jkltgrlif } mjp
N. Imtlvlkikjs i. Mgotrgf kj stgmes y mgosucgs Fgs klstlotgs ]jrvlmlgs y Zolkikjs kj fi Lostltumlýo ]ioltirli sgflmltio kj fgs klstlotgs ifcimjojs jf citjrlif quj ojmjsltio cjkliotj jf cgkjfihj y fi pjrlgklmlkik prjvlicjotj jstinfjmlkgs. Jf mgotrgfikgr kj ]uclolstrgs mgcprgniré8 -
Jf mgosucg kj miki sjrvlmlg.
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Fis jxlstjomlis kj fgs citjrlifjs jo jf ifcimìo.
n. Tjtlmlýo Tjtlmlý o kj citjrlif Fi ikqulslmlýo kj nljojs sjré `jstlgoiki pgr fi sjmmlýo kj suclolstrgs kjf ifcimìo quj, mgcg yi sj loklmý iotjrlgrcjotj, jsté iksmrlti i fi Klrjmmlýo kj @jstlýo y ]jrvlmlgs @jojrifjs.
m. ^jmjpmlýo kjf citjrlif Jo jf cgcjotg kj sjr jotrj`ikg jf citjrlif jo jf ifcimìo sj prgmjkjré i8 -
Mgcprgnir quj fgs nuftgs sgo sgo fgs quj mgostio mgostio jo jf ifniréo kj jotrj`i. jotrj`i.
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Mgcprgnir quj jf citjrlif quj mgosti jo jo fi grkjo grkjo kj pjtlmlýo pjtlmlýo js jf clscg quj jf quj mgosti jo jf ifniréo kj jotrj`i kj citjrlif y jo jf pjklkg, tiotg jo miotlkik, miflkik, mgcg fgs rjqulsltgs tìmolmgs imgrkikgs.
k. Jotrj`i i fgs sjrvlmlgs Fgs klstlotgs ]jrvlmlgs kj fi Lostltumlýo prjsjotio sus pjklkgs jo jf cgkjfg ogrciflzikg (vifj kj ifcimìo u aghi kj pjklkg) piri quj fgs ifcimjojrgs prjpirjo fgs clscgs. Zoi vjz prjpirikg, sj`øo fi pjrlgklmlkik quj prjvlicjotj sj aiyi kjtjrcloikg (klirlicjotj, miki kgs kãis, sjcioifcjotj), jf pjrsgoif iuxlflir kj miki ]jrvlmlg rjtlriré jf citjrlif. Fi pjtlmlýo kj citjrlif jo jf cgkjfg gblmlif kjnj lr blrciki pgr jf rjspgosinfj kjf ]jrvlmlg (]upjrvlsgrjs kj Tfioti, Hjbjs kj Zolkik), loklmiokg8 -
Fi kjogcloimlýo kjf citjrlif.
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Fi miotlkik sgflmltiki.
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]u mgklblmimlýo.
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Jf ]jrvlmlg, tlpg kj ifcimìo, bjmai y blrci.
Fi cjrmiomãi sjré rjtlriki huotg mgo uoi mgpli kj Aghi kj Tjklkg, jo fi muif jf pjrsgoif kjf ifcimìo ainré mgosl`oikg fi miotlkik rjifcjotj sjrvlki huotg i fi quj sj sgflmltý.
j. Jf lovjotirlg Miki mljrtg tljcpg js prjmlsg mgcprgnir sl fis jxlstjomlis kj fgs citjrlifjs jo fgs ifcimjojs sgo fis quj sj rj`lstrio jo fis blmais g jo jf grkjoikgr. Tiri jffg og aiy gtrg prgmjklcljotg
902
Citjrlis Jspjmãbmis / [jci 94
jkltgrlif } mjp
quj rjvlsir y mgotir uog pgr uog tgkgs fgs irtãmufgs ifcimjoikgs, jo uoi gpjrimlýo uolvjrsifcjotj mgogmlki mgcg lovjotirlg. Jf lovjotirlg js fi rjfimlýo kjtiffiki kj tgkgs fgs citjrlifjs jxlstjotjs jo jf ifcimìo jo uo cgcjotg kjtjrcloikg, mgo fi bloiflkik kj mgogmjr y mgotrgfir fis jxlstjomlis, y ainré kj jbjmtuirsj mgo fi pjrlgklmlkik quj mgovjo`i jo rjfimlýo mgo jf citjrlif lovjotirlikg. Jo tgkg misg, uoi vjz if iùg sj jbjmtuiré uo rjmujotg bãslmg kj tgkis fis jxlstjomlis.
M. Mgotritg Mgotr itg kj suclolst suclolstrg rg Jo vlrtuk kjf ^jif Kjmrjtg Fj`lsfitlvg =/>499, kj 9; kj ogvljcnrj, pgr jf quj sj iprujni jf tjxtg rjbuoklkg kj fi Fjy kj Mgotritgs kjf ]jmtgr Tønflmg pisicgs i tritir jstj tlpg mgotrimtuif jo mgomrjtg.
i. Mgomjptg ]go mgotritgs kj suclolstrg fgs quj tljojo pgr gnhjtg fi ikqulslmlýo, jf irrjokicljotg bloiomljrg, g jf irrjokicljotg, mgo g slo gpmlýo kj mgcpri, kj p rgkumtgs g nljojs cujnfjs. ]lo pjrhulmlg kj fg klspujstg jo fi fjtri n) sl`uljotj rjspjmtg kj fgs mgotritgs quj tjo`io pgr gnhjtg prg`ricis kj grkjoikgr, og tjokréo fi mgoslkjrimlýo kj mgotritg kj suclolstrg fgs mgotritgs rjfitlvgs i prgpljkikjs lomgrpgrifjs g vifgrjs oj`gmlinfjs
n. Mgotritgs mgoslkjrikgs mgcg kj suclolstrg Jo tgkg misg, sj mgoslkjriréo mgotritgs kj suclolstrg fgs sl`uljotjs8 i) Iqujffgs jo fgs quj jf jcprjsirlg jcprjsirlg sj gnfl`uj i jotrj`ir jotrj`ir uoi pfuriflkik kj nljojs kj bgrci sumjsumjslvi y pgr prjmlg uoltirlg slo quj fi muiotãi tgtif sj kjbloi mgo jximtltuk if tljcpg kj mjfjnrir jf mgotritg, pgr jstir sungrkloikis fis jotrj`is i fis ojmjslkikjs kjf ikqulrjotj. Og gnstiotj, fi ikhuklmimlýo kj jstgs mgotritgs sj jbjmtuiré kj imujrkg mgo fis ogrcis prjvlstis piri fgs imujrkgs cirmg mjfjnrikgs mgo uo øolmg jcprjsirlg. n) Fgs quj tjo`io pgr gnhjtg gnhjtg fi ikqulslmlýo y jf irrjokicljotg kj jqulpgs y slstjcis kj tjfjmgcutjfjmgcuolmimlgojs g piri jf triticljotg kj fi lobgrcimlýo, sus klspgsltlvgs y prg`ricis, y fi mjslýo kjf kjrjmag kj usg kj jstgs øftlcgs, i jxmjpmlýo kj fgs mgotritgs kj ikqulslmlýo kj prg`ricis kj grkjoikgr kjsirrgffikgs i cjklki, quj sj mgoslkjriréo mgotritgs kj sjrvlmlgs. m) Fgs kj binrlmimlýo, pgr fgs quj fi mgsi g mgsis mgsis quj aiyio kj sjr jotrj`ikis pgr jf jcprjsirlg kjnio sjr jfingrikis mgo irrj`fg i mirimtjrãstlmis pjmuflirjs blhikis prjvlicjotj pgr fi jotlkik mgotritiotj, iuo muiokg ìsti sj gnfl`uj i ipgrtir, tgtif g pirmlifcjotj, fgs citjrlifjs prjmlsgs.
>. G^@IOLXIMLÝO G^@IOLXIM LÝO KJF IFCIMÌO Tiri jf buomlgoicljotg mgrrjmtg kj fgs mjotrgs sioltirlgs js ojmjsirli uoi nujoi gr`iolzimlýo, og sýfg kjf pjrsgoif quj trinihi jo jf prgplg mjotrg, slog ticnlìo kj fgs citjrlifjs. Isã, jf ifcimìo sjré jo jf agspltif uoi lostifimlýo l ostifimlýo lcprjsmloklnfj.
Jf mjfikgr ifcimjojrg
900
jkltgrlif } mjp
>.9 Mgomjptg Zo ifcimìo js uo jklblmlg kgokj sj `uirkio grkjoikicjotj `ìojrgs kj muifquljr mfisj. Fi bloiflkik kj uo ifcimìo js `iriotlzir jf buomlgoicljotg kj fi jcprjsi, sji muif sji su imtlvlkik. Fi buomlýo kjf trinihikgr jo jf ifcimìo mgoslstj jo mustgklir fis cjrmiomãis kjpgsltikis, mulkiokg kj fi klstrlnumlýo y mgfgmimlýo kj fgs `ìojrgs. Ikjcés, jsté jomir`ikg kj fi vl`lfiomli, mgotrgf y rjpirtg kj fgs prgkumtgs ojmjsirlgs piri fgs klbjrjotjs cjojstjrjs. Jo fgs ifcimjojs sj rjiflzio uo mgohuotg kj gpjrimlgojs quj tljojo pgr gnhjtg gmupirsj kj fgs prgkumtgs quj fi gr`iolzimlýo cgvlflzi, ciolpufi y mgosjrvi piri mgosj`ulr sus prgplgs gnhjtlvgs, yi sjio ìstgs mgcjrmlifjs, prgkumtlvgs g kj sjrvlmlg.
>.> Buomlgojs jspjmãblmis kj fgs ifcimjojs -
Kjtjrcloir fis ojmjslkikjs kj citjrlif.
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Mgotrgfir fis jxlstjomlis.
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^jmlnlr fgs prgkumtgs.
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Mgcprgnir quj sgo fgs ikjmuikgs.
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Grkjoirfgs.
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Jotrj`irfgs i fgs sjrvlmlgs muiokg fg sgflmltjo.
>.= Ifcimjojs jo fis Lostltumlgojs ]ioltirlis Fis lostltumlgojs sioltirlis prjstio sjrvlmlgs jspjmãblmgs i fi mgcuolkik, y sus ifcimjojs sj mfislblmio pgr jf tlpg kj citjrlifjs quj mgotljojo g pgr fgs sjrvlmlgs quj prjstio. ]j`øo jf tlpg kj citjrlifjs usikgs ainltuifcjotj, sj grl`loirãio kgs `riokjs nfgqujs kj if cimjojs8
I. Ifcimjojs kj citjrlifjs kj usg rjfimlgoikg mgo fgs jobjrcgs -
Ifcimìo kj bircimli.
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Ifcimìo kj citjrlif mfãolmg buo`lnfj.
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Ifcimìo kj citjrlif qulrør`lmg y ipiritihj.
N. Ifcimjojs kj citjrlifjs piri jf buomlgoicljotg kjf Mjotrg ]ioltirlg -
Ifcimìo kj fjomjrãi.
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Ifcimìo kj pipjfjrãi.
Ikjcés sujfj jxlstlr jo fis lostltumlgojs sioltirlis uo ifcimìo `jojrif quj iøoi i virlgs kj fgs ifcimjojs iquã cjomlgoikgs.
901
Citjrlis Jspjmãbmis / [jci 94
jkltgrlif } mjp
=. KL][^LNZMLÝO KL][^LN ZMLÝO KJ TJKLKG] [gki fi fingr prjvli kj pjtlmlýo kj citjrlif, rjmjpmlýo kj irtãmufgs, gr`iolzimlýo kjf ifcimìo, mgotrgf kj fis jxlstjomlis y imgoklmlgoicljotg ikjmuikg kjf citjrlif, jsté jomicloiki i mgosj`ulr quj fgs prgkumtgs jstìo flstgs y prjpirikgs jo jf cgcjotg jo quj sjio sgflmltikgs. Zog kj fgs gnhjtlvgs øftlcgs js clolclzir jf tljcpg kj fi klstrlnumlýo kj pjklkgs, pjrg if clscg tljcpg mgosj`ulr quj jf rjpirtg kj pjtlmlgojs sj ai`i kj bgrci grkjoiki. Fgs klstlotgs sjrvlmlgs kj fi lostltumlýo prjsjotio sus ojmjslkikjs jo uo bgrcufirlg ogrciflzikg mgogmlkg mgcg vifj kj ifcimìo u aghi kj pjklkg, piri quj fgs ifcimjojrgs pujkio prjpirir jf pjklkg. Zoi vjz ajmag jstg, y sj`øo fi pjrlgklmlkik quj sj aiyi kjtjrcloikg, klirlicjotj, miki kgs kãis, sjcioifcjotj, jtm., jf pjrsgoif iuxlflir kj miki sjrvlmlg rjtlriré jf citjrlif.
Fi pjtlmlýo kj prgkumtgs jo jf bgrcufirlg gblmlif kjnj lr b lrciki pgr jf rjspgosinfj kjf sjrvlmlg, yi sji ìstj jf ]upjrvlsgr kj Tfioti g jf Hjbj kj Zolkik. Jo fi blmai kjnjo ipirjmjr fgs sl`uljotjs kitgs8 -
Kjogcloimlýo kjf citjrlif. Js kjmlr, quì js fg quj sj plkj.
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Miotlkik sgflml sgflmltiki. tiki.
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Mýkl`g kj fgs prgkumtgs.
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]jrvlmlg quj rjiflzi fi pjtlmlýo, tlpg kj ifcimìo if quj fi klrl`j, klrl`j, bjmai jo quj aimj fi sgflmltuk y blrci.
Fi cjrmiomãi sj rjtlri huotg mgo uoi mgpli kj fi Aghi kj Tjklkg jo fi quj jf pjrsgoif kjf ifcimìo mgosl`oi fi miotlkik rjifcjotj sjrvlki, if fikg kj fi miotlkik quj sj sgflmltý. Jsti øftlci gpjrimlýo js mfivj piri jvltir fi kjsgr`iolzimlýo jo fgs ifcimjojs y prgplmlir uoi mggrkloimlýo jblmiz jotrj fis klstlotis uolkikjs quj pirtlmlpio jo jf prgmjsg.
;. IM[ZIMLÝO KJF MJFIKG^ JO FI BI^CIML BI^CIMLI I Fi uolkik kj bircimli js iqujffi uolkik kgokj sj jxpjokjo býrcufis ci`lstrifjs, jspjmliflkikjs y jbjmtgs immjsgrlgs bircimìutlmgs. Jf jomir`ikg kj tif uolkik sjré uo bircimìutlmg kj mirrjri islstlkg pgr uo iuxlflir kj bircimli g uoi jobjrcjri. Fi prgpli uolkik jfingriré jo if`uogs misgs sgfumlgojs quj sj lotrgkumlréo jo jovisjs pjrbjmticjotj flcplgs. Jstis sgfumlgojs kjnjréo ihustirsj i fgs cìtgkgs jstinfjmlkgs ogrcitlvicjotj y sljcprj quj sji pgslnfj sj airé uo sgfg fgtj mgcøo piri rjjovisirfg pgstjrlgrcjotj pgstjrlgrcjotj jo su jovisj. Tiri jffg sj utlflziréo nlkgojs. Jo misg mgotrirlg miki jfingrimlýo jo `irribi, brismg, brismg, jtm., sjré uo fgtj lokjpjokljotj. Fis buomlgojs kjf mjfikgr kjotrg kj jsti uolkik sjréo fis sl`uljotjs8
Jf mjfikgr ifcimjojrg
90<
jkltgrlif } mjp
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Miki ciùioi rjmg`jré rjmg`jré fgs jovisjs vimãgs kj sgfumlgojs kjslobjmtiotjs kj fis mgosuftis g uolkikjs mfãolmis quj fj mgrrjspgoki rjmg`jr jf kãi jo mursg.
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Iogtiré jo fi Aghi kj Jspjmliflkikjs Jfingrikis Jfingrikis jf oøcjrg kj jovisjs rjmg`lkgs. ]ýfg sj airé mir`g kj iqujffgs jovisjs quj sj fj jotrj`ujo jotrj`ujo flcplgs, kjsjomipsufikgs kjsjomipsufikgs y mgo mgo mgrrjspgokljotjs mgrrjspgokljot js tipgojs. Jo misg kj prjsjotirsj kjblmljomlis kjblmljomlis jo jstj sjotlkg fis airé mgostir pgr jsmrltg jo jf ipirtikg kj gnsjrvimlgojs kj fi aghi mgo fi blrci kj fi supjrvlsgri kj fi uolkik mgrrjspgokljotj.
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Zoi vjz jo Bircimli airé airé jotrj`i kj fgs jovisjs if Iuxlflir kj fingritgrlg fingritgrlg huotg mgo fi Aghi kj Jspjmliflkikjs jfingrikis.
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Muiokg fis sgfumlgojs kjslobjmtiotjs jstìo prjpirikis sj ffjviréo ffjviréo if ifcimìo.
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Tiri rjpirtlr rjpirtlr fis sgfumlgojs kjslobjmtiotjs, kjslobjmtiotjs, tgciré kjf stgme kjf kjf ifcimìo fgs fgs jovisjs sgflmltikgs pgr miki uolkik y mgcprgniré fi siflki mgrrjspgokljotj jo fi Aghi kj Jspjmliflkikjs, jfingrikis mgo jf gnhjtg kj pgkjr kirfj siflki pgr grkjoikgr. Jsti aghi sj kjhiré i klspgslmlýo kj fgs ikclolstritlvgs, if l`uif quj jf rjstg kj aghis kj pjklkgs.
Jf agrirlg kj trinihg kjf Mjfikgr sj rjpirtlré kj fi sl`uljotj ciojri jo buomlýo kj fi ogrcitlvi kj miki mjotrg. -
Kj 1.=4 i <.9:8 ]jrvlr ]jrvlr prgkumtgs kj fingritgrlg.
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Kj <,9: i 9;,448 Trjpirir sujrgs y sjrvlr sjrvlr stgmes stgmes y pjklkgs kj agspltiflzimlýo.
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Kj 9; i 9;,=48 Mgcjr.
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Kj 9;,=4 i 92 a8 Zolkgsls.
Fgs kãis kj rjmjpmlýo kj pjklkg kj fgs fingritgrlgs jf mjfikgr kj bircimli pjrciojmjré jo fi clsci kj <,=4 i 9=,=4 agrirlg kj rjmjpmlýo. Tgr jffg, kuriotj jstgs kãis, prjpiriré fgs stgmes kj sujrgs pjrg og sjrvlré fgs pjklkgs (quj sjréo sjrvlkgs pgr gtrg mjfikgr). L`uifcjotj, kuriotj fgs kãis kj pjklkgs, jf mjfikgr inrlré fi pujrti y rjmg`jré fgs piqujtjs quj sjio piri bircimli, mir`iré y kjsmir`iré fi cjrmiomãi jo jf cgotimir`is y mgfgmiré fgs piqujtjs kj cés pjsg jo su fu`ir mgrrjspgokljotj.
914
Citjrlis Jspjmãbmis / [jci 94
Jsqujci 94
JF MJFIKG^ IFCIMJOJ^G. ^JMJTMLÝO \ IFCIMJOICLJO[G KJ CJ^MIOMÃI] ^jmjpmlýo Zoi kj fis imtlvlkikjs néslmis quj sj rjiflzio jo fgs ifcimjojs kj fis Lostltumlgojs ]ioltirlis js fi kj rjmlnlr fi cjrmiomãi quj prjvlicjotj ai slkg sgflmltiki, uoi vjz quj sj aio kjtjmtikg fis ojmjslkikjs mgomrjtis kjf Mjotrg
Ifcimjoicljotg Tiri jf mgrrjmtg buomlgoicljotg kj uoi lostltumlýo sioltirli, if l`uif quj gmurrj jo muifquljr tlpg kj ifcimìo, fi mfislblmimlýo kj fgs prgkumtgs kjnj sjr cloumlgsi y jxaiustlvi, piri bimlfltir su réplki fgmiflzimlýo jo jf cgcjotg jo quj fgs prgkumtgs sjio sgflmltikgs y pgkjr mgotrgfir jf cgvlcljotg kj fis jxlstjomlis jo jf ifcimìo, kjtjmtiokg isã fis pgslnfjs ojmjslkikjs buturis
Mfislblmimlýo ]j`øo fis mirimtjrãstlmis y kurimlýo Citjrlif buo`lnfj Citjrlif lovjotirlinfj
]j`øo su pjfl`rgslkik lobjmtlvi Mrãtlmg ]jclmrãtlmg Og mrãtlmg
Fgs suclolstrgs. ]uclolstrgs lotjrogs y jxtjrogs Mfisjs Imtlvlkikjs Mgotrgf kj stgmes y mgosucgs Tjtlmlýo kj citjrlif ^jmjpmlýo kjf citjrlif Jotrj`i i fgs sjrvlmlgs Jf lovjotirlg
Mgotritg kj suclolstrg Mgomjptg Mgotritgs mgoslkjrikgs mgcg kj suclolstrg
Jf mjfikgr ifcimjojrg
919
G^@IOLXIMLÝO KJF IFCIMÌO Tiri jf buomlgoicljotg mgrrjmtg kj fgs mjotrgs sioltirlgs js ojmjsirli uoi nujoi gr`iolzimlýo, og sýfg kjf pjrsgoif quj trinihi jo jf prgplg mjotrg, slog ticnlìo kj fgs citjrlifjs. Isã, jf ifcimìo sjré jo jf agspltif uoi lostifimlýo lcprjsmloklnfj
Mgomjptg Zo ifcimìo js uo jklblmlg kgokj sj `uirkio grkjoikicjotj `ìojrgs kj muifquljr mfisj. Fi bloiflkik kj uo ifcimìo js `iriotlzir jf buomlgoicljotg kj fi jcprjsi, sji muif sji su imtlvlkik
Buomlgojs jspjmãblmis kj fgs ifcimjojs -
Kjtjrcloir fis ojmjslkikjs kj citjrlif Mgotrgfir fis jxlstjomlis ^jmlnlr fgs prgkumtgs
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Mgcprgnir quj sgo fgs ikjmuikgs Grkjoirfgs Jotrj`irfgs i fgs sjrvlmlgs muiokg fg sgflmltjo
Ifcimjojs jo fis Lostltumlgojs ]ioltirlis Fis lostltumlgojs sioltirlis prjstio sjrvlmlgs jspjmãblmgs i fi mgcuolkik, y sus ifcimjojs sj mfislblmio pgr jf tlpg kj citjrlifjs quj mgotljojo g pgr fgs sjrvlmlgs quj prjstio
Ifcimjojs kj citjrlifjs kj usg rjfimlgoikg mgo fgs jobjrcgs Ifcimjojs kj citjrlifjs piri jf buomlgoicljotg kjf Mjotrg ]ioltirlg
KL][^LNZMLÝO KJ TJKLKG] [gki fi fingr prjvli kj pjtlmlýo kj citjrlif, rjmjpmlýo kj irtãmufgs, gr`iolzimlýo kjf ifcimìo, mgotrgf kj fis jxlstjomlis y imgoklmlgoicljotg ikjmuikg kjf citjrlif, jsté jomicloiki i mgosj`ulr quj fgs prgkumtgs jstìo flstgs y prjpirikgs jo jf cgcjotg jo quj sjio sgflmltikgs. Zog kj fgs gnhjtlvgs øftlcgs js clolclzir jf tljcpg kj fi klstrlnumlýo kj pjklkgs, pjrg if clscg tljcpg mgosj`ulr quj jf rjpirtg kj pjtlmlgojs sj ai`i kj bgrci grkjoiki
IM[ZIMLÝO IM[ZI MLÝO KJF KJ F MJFIKG^ MJFIK G^ JO FI BI^CIMLI BI^CIMLI Fi uolkik kj bircimli js iqujffi uolkik kgokj sj jxpjokjo býrcufis ci`lstrifjs, jspjmliflkikjs y jbjmtgs immjsgrlgs bircimìutlmgs Jf jomir`ikg kj tif uolkik sjré uo bircimìutlmg kj mirrjri islstlkg pgr uo iuxlflir kj bircimli g uoi jobjrcjri Fi prgpli uolkik jfingriré jo if`uogs misgs sgfumlgojs quj sj lotrgkumlréo jo jovisjs pjrbjmticjotj flcplgs
91>
Citjrlis Jspjmãbmis / [jci 94