WJOF :
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has ha s qulrþdfmas. Marofs gj elbljmj. Hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm
6. MASOF^ GJ FNWZFNL FNWZFNLÞM ÞM JM HA^ VZLSÞDFM VZLSÞDFMA^ A^ 6.6 Lmtragunnlþm Fmtjs gj jmtrfr jm jh namtjmlga gj jstj tjof, y pfrf tjmjr oæs nhfrf hf hfcar quj sj rjfhlzf jm um qulrþdfma, namvljmj tjmjr prjsjmtjs fhbumas namnjptas9 Hf nlrubïf pujgj tjmjr glvjrsas dlmjs y fsï namvjrtlrsj jm9 6) Nlrubïf glfbmþstlnf9 pfrf gjtjrolmfr gjtjrolmfr hf jxtjmslþm gj hf jmdjrojgfg jmdjrojgfg y namanjr namanjr su nfusf. 3) Nlrubïf nurftlvf9 pfrf nurfr hf jmdjrojgfg y fnfcfr nam nam jh pranjsa jm jm jh fnta qulrùrblna. >) Nlrubïf pfhlftlvf9 pfrf fhlvla gj has sïmtaofs, sïmtaofs, fumquj ma supamj umf ojiarïf bhacfh. ^jbùm hf naophjilgfg y jh rljsba qulrùrblna, hf nlrubïf sj pagrïf glvlglr9 f) Nlrubïf ofyar9 sj rjdljrj f apjrfnlamjs apjrfnlamjs naophjifs y gj hfrbf gurfnlþm, quj bjmjrfhojmtj lmtjrvljmjm f zamfs jxtjmsfs gjh arbfmlsoa y namhhjvfm um rljsba lopartfmtj. c) Nlrubïf ojmar9 sam lmtjrvjmnlamjs oæs nartfs nartfs y sjmnlhhfs, sacrj zamfs oæs pjqujöfs gjh nujrpa, namhhjvfmga ojmas rljsba. Jstas gas tlpas gj nlrubïf, ofyar y ojmar, gjpjmgljmga gjh rljsba quj hf jmdjrojgfg pujgj supamjr pfrf jh jmdjroa, sj pagræm trftfr naoa Nlrubïf prabrfofgf a Nlrubïf gj Zrbjmnlf. Par ha bjmjrfh, sj rjfhlzfræm jm gldjrjmtjs qulrþdfmas y nam glstlmtfs gl stlmtfs fntltugjs fmtlsìptlnfs. Jh fnta qulrùrblna sujhj namstfr gj nlmna dfsjs9 6) Lmnlslþm nutæmjf. 3) Ejoastfslf gj has vfsas vfsas sfmbuïmjas jmnamtrfgas jmnamtrfgas jm jh hubfr (jvltfmga jh jh sfmbrfga). >) Ofmlpuhfnlþm gjh þrbfma u þrbfmas sacrj has quj sj glrlbj hf lmtjrvjmnlþm. 7) ^uturf gj hf lmnlslþm (njrrfmga (njrrfmga hf lmnlslþm). :) Nahanfnlþm gj grjmfijs, grjmfijs, fpþsltas a trfnnlamjs, trfnnlamjs, sjbùm sjf sjf hf lmtjrvjmnlþm. Jxlstj umf tjrolmahabïf qulrùrblnf utlhlzfgf pfrf gjdlmlr has gldjrjmtjs pranjgloljmtas pranjgloljmtas qulrùrblnas. Nufhquljr tìrolma a pfhfcrf jstfræ darofgf par um prjdlia, jmnfrbfga gj maocrfr fhba, y um sudlia jmnfrbfga gj föfglr jh slbmldlnfga qulrùrblna.
jgltarlfh } njp
Jijopha9 FPJMGLNJNWAOÏF - Prjdlia9 Fpìmgln ? fpìmglnj ^udlia9 Jntaoïf ? jxtlrpfnlþm Gjmtra gj hf hanfhlzfnlþm y glsjöa gjh qulrþdfma, ìstj jstfræ hanfhlzfga jm umf zamf fnnjslchj gjmtra gjh easpltfh y prþxloa fh ærjf gj easpltfhlzfnlþm, ærjfs gj urbjmnlf y umlgfg gj nulgfgas lmtjmslvas. ^l jh tfoföa gjh easpltfh js ouy brfmgj, hfs gldjrjmtjs jspjnlfhlgfgjs qulrùrblnfs jstfræm jm phfmtfs gldjrjmtjs, glspamljmga nfgf umf gj su prapla qulrþdfma.
Jh glsjöa gjh qulrþdfma jstæ lmdhulga par jh acijtlva gj namtrah focljmtfh, pfrf prjvjmlr hfs lmdjnnlamjs qulrùrblnfs, slbulìmgasj gas prlmnlplas fh phfmtjfr hf glspaslnlþm dïslnf gjh qulrþdfma9 6) Hunefr namtrf hf namtfolmfnlþm dujrf gj hf sfhf nam slstjofs slstjofs gj træmslta fgjnufgas gjmtra gjmtra gj hf umlgfg a gjpfrtfojmta. 3) ^jpfrfnlþm gj hfs ærjfs sìptlnfs sìptlnfs y fsìptlnfs tfmta gjmtra gjmtra gjh gjpfrtfojmta naoa gjmtra gjmtra gjh qulrþdfma a sfhf qulrùrblnf praplfojmtj glnef. ^þha nufmga jstfs ærjfs jstæm sjpfrfgfs sj dfnlhltfm hfs tìnmlnfs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm.
6.3 Jhjojmtas gjh qulrþdfma F. Wfoföa Jh tfoföa gj has qulrþdfmas js vfrlfchj. ^j ef rjnaojmgfga naoa jh fgjnufga 4 par 4 par > ojtras, jmtrj >4 y 73 o 3 gj supjrdlnlj. ^þha hfs sfhfs pfrf pranjgloljmtas jspjnlfhjs mjnjsltfm sjr gj oæs jspfnla, jmtrj 70 - 40 o3 utlhlzfgfs pfrf nlrubïf nfrglavfsnuhfr a trfsphfmtjs.
C. Pujrtfs Hfs narrjgjrfs sam lgjfhjs pujs ma pragunjm narrljmtjs gj flrj naoa hfs blrftarlfs gamgj sj pragunj glsjolmfnlþm gj has olnraarbfmlsoas nam nfgf oavloljmta gj hf pujrtf. Hfs pujrtfs mumnf gjcjrïfm pjrofmjnjr fcljrtfs gurfmtj hf lmtjrvjmnlþm.
N. Tjmtlhfnl jmtlhfnlþm þm Js loprjsnlmglchj jm jh æoclta gjh qulrþdfma. ^us dumnlamjs sam9 - Sjdrjsnfr jh focljmtj, jvltfmga hf fnuouhfnlþm gj bfsjs fmjstìslnas gjspjrglnlfgas gjmtra gj hf sfhf, ha nufh js um rljsba pfrf hf sfhug gj has quj jstæm gjmtra gj hf sfhf. Jstas bfsjs, fh sjr oæs pjsfgas pjsfgas quj jh flrj, tljmgjm f gjsnjmgjr, nam hf pfrtlnuhfrlgfg gj quj sam lmdhfofchjs. - Namtrahfr hf euojgfg y fsï glsolmuyj jh rljsba rljsba gj has bfsjs gjmtra gjh qulrþdfma, yf yf quj hfs euojgfgjs cfifs sam oæs pranhlvjs f hf darofnlþm gj nelspfs.
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Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
G. Plsas Has oftjrlfhjs jophjfgas jm jstf supjrdlnlj gjcjm sjr par umf pfrtj namguntarjs, pfrf glsolmulr hf jhjntrlnlgfg jstætlnf gjh jqulpa y gjh pjrsamfh; y gj atrf pfrtj ma jxnjslvfojmtj namguntarjs quj elnljrfm narrjr rljsba fh pjrsamfh gj rjnlclr gjsnfrbfs. ^jræm par tfmta gj umf namgunnlþm oagjrfgf.
J. Pfrjgjs y tjneas ^jræm gj oftjrlfhjs guras, ma parasas, lopjrojfchjs, nam tfsf gj lmdhfofclhlgfg cfif, ma efm gj sjr crlhhfmtjs, pjra sl hfvfchjs y slm brljtfs.
D. ^lstjofs gj tucjrïfs njmtrfhjs Jh vfnïa, jh flrj naoprlolga, jh axïbjma y jh þxlga mltrasa bjmjrfhojmtj hhjbfm f qulrþdfma f trfvìs gj um slstjof gj tucjrïf njmtrfh. Hfs taofs jstæm jm hf pfrjg a suspjmglgfs jm jh tjnea.
B. ^lstjof jhìntrlna Naoa has bfsjs lmdhfofchjs fmtjs jxpujstas sj fnuouhfm jm hf pfrtj lmdjrlar gjh qulrþdfma, has jmneudjs quj jstìm f ojmas gj 6,: o gjh sujha gjcjm nuophlr nam umf sjrlj gj rjqulsltas jstrlntas pfrf jvltfr nelspfs jhìntrlnfs quj praguznfm atrfs jxphaslamjs. F vjnjs sj aptf par pamjr has jmneudjs oæs fhtas gj 6,: o. Fsï sj jvltf tfoclìm quj jh pjrsamfh p jrsamfh trapljnj nam has nfchjs.
E. Lhuolmfnlþm Hf lhuolmfnlþm bjmjrfh js praparnlamfgf par hfs hunjs gjh tjnea. Hfs hæopfrfs nucljrtfs ma fnuouhfm pahva. Hf lhuolmfnlþm gjcj glstrlculrsj par jh qulrþdfma gj ofmjrf umldaroj. Hf huz qulrùrblnf supjrlar gjcj nuophlr has slbuljmtjs rjqulsltas9 f) Lhuolmfr lmtjmsfojmtj gjmtra gjh ærjf ærjf gj lmnlslþm slm slm pragunlr rjdhjias. rjdhjias. c) Wjmjr um efz huolmasa gj glæojtra glæojtra fgjnufga pfrf jh tfoföa gj hf lmnlslþm. n) Ma pragunlr saocrfs. g) ^jr njrnfmf njrnfmf fh nahar fzuh-chfmna gj hf huz glurmf. j) Pagjr fiustfrsj nam hlcjrtfg f nufhquljr paslnlþm paslnlþm a æmbuha. Jh oavloljmta gjsnjmgjmtj gjsnjmgjmtj sj hloltf f 6,: o par jmnlof gjh sujha, sacrj taga sl sj utlhlzfm bfsjs lmdhfofchjs. d) Pragunlr oïmloa oïmloa nfhar pfrf jvltfr hjslamjs jm jm has tjilgas tjilgas jxpujstas. jxpujstas. b) Praparnlamfr naoaglgfg naoaglgfg y sjburlgfg gj ofmlacrf fh pjrsamfh gjh nfopa jstìrlh. jstìrlh. e) Vuj pujgf hloplfrsj nam dfnlhlgfg.
6.> Oftjrlfh, oaclhlfrla y fpfrftas gj qulrþdfma Nfgf qulrþdfma tljmj nufmga ojmas has slbuljmtjs jhjojmtas9
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
2>
jgltarlfh } njp
- Ojsf gj lmtjrvjmnlamjs, nam nam um nahneþm gj nfunea namguntar pfrf nahanfr jm paslnlþm fgjnufgf fh pfnljmtj. Js loprjsnlmglchj quj tjmbf taof gj tljrrf. - Ojsf gj lmstruojmtfh. - Ojsfs gj Ofya (brfmgj y pjqujöf) pfrf tjmjr njrnf gjh nfopa lmstruojmtfh, y nfrra nam oftjrlfs lmglspjmsfchjs9 suturfs, fpþsltas, jtn. - Ojsf pfrf oftjrlfh gj usa jm hf lmtjrvjmnlþm9 cftfs, bufmtjs, bufmtjs, jqulpa gj prjpfrfnlþm, nfifs gj lmstruojmtfh. - Fpfrfta y nfrra gj fmjstjslf. - Clsturï jhìntrlna. - Fpfrfta gj slstjof gj fsplrfnlþm gj hïqulgas. - ^apartj gj sujras. - Nucjtfs pfrf oftjrlfs gj gjsjnea nam cfsj gj rujgfs. - Njstas pfrf rapf sunlf. - Catjs pfrf cfsurf. - ^apartjs pfrf namtfij gj bfsfs
Wfmta jh oaclhlfrla naoa jh jqulpa oþvlh efm gj jstfr jm namtfnta nam jh sujha, y hfs rujgfs gj has fpfrftas oþvlhjs, naoa has pumtas gj fpaya gj hfs pftfs gjh oaclhlfrla slm rujgfs, gjcjm tjmjr nfunea namguntar.
6.7 Dumnlamjs gjh Njhfgar Jm has qulrþdfmas fuxlhlfræm jm tagfs fqujhhfs hfcarjs praplfs gjh njhfgar gjstlmfga jm jstas sjrvlnlas, fsï naoa hfs quj hjs sjfm argjmfgfs par has oìglnas, supjrvlsarfs a jmdjrojrfs; sljmga loprjsnlmglchj quj jm jh nuophloljmta gj sus dumnlamjs rjspjtjm hfs marofs cæslnfs gj fntufnlþm jm jh qulrþdfma jm nufmta f hf elbljmj. Jm sltufnlamjs gj urbjmnlf a nufmga ma jstì gj bufrglf jh sjrvlnla gj pjhuqujrïf, nahfcarfræ pfrf rfsurfr hf zamf gj hf lmnlslþm fh pfnljmtj quj sjf gj su olsoa sjxa. Wfoclìm gfræ nujmtf lmojglftf f sus supjrlarjs a f hf supjrvlslþm gjh qulrþdfma, gj has gjspjrdjntas a fmaofhïfs quj sj jmnamtrfsjm jm hf hlopljzf a namsjrvfnlþm gjh qulrþdfma y oftjrlfh a oaclhlfrlas gjh olsoa.
3. MASOF^ MASOF ^ GJ ELBL ELBLJMJ JMJ 3.6 Namnjptas bjmjrfhjs F. ^fmjfoljmta ^upamj rjgunlr jh mùojra gj bìrojmjs ma pftþbjmas y jhlolmfr tagas has pftþbjmas efstf um mlvjh sjbura quj ofrnfm has arbfmlsoas gj sfhug pùch lnf.
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Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
Jophja gj tìnmlnfs quj utlhlzf hf ojglnlmf prjvjmtlvf nam jh dlm gj efnjr lmanuas, gjsgj jh pumta gj vlstf sfmltfrla, jh flrj, vlvljmgfs, jxnrjtfs, acijtas, hanfhjs, fhlojmtas, jtn., y pfrf hf gjstrunnlþm gj frtrþpagas y rajgarjs. Hf gjslmdjnnlþm ma bfrfmtlzf hf fsjpslf, yf quj ìstf sþha sj namslbuj par hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm. Gjmtra gj hfs tìnmlnfs gj sfmjfoljmta sfmltfrla gjstfnfm9
f. Gjslmsjntfn Gjslmsjntfnlþm lþm Js hf gjstrunnlþm gj has frtrþpagas, lmsjntas y frænmlgas, jm nufhquljr dfsj gj su jvahunlþm. Pranjgloljmtas9
• Ojnæmlnas Jhlolmfr cfsurfs gamgj fmlgfm frtrþpagas (oasnfs), gjsjnfr hfs nefrnfs gamgj rjpasfm hfs hfrvfs (oasqultas), tjhfs gj ofhhf pfrf nucrlr pjrsamfs.
• Dïslnas Jh nfhar pfrf gjspfrfsltfr rapfs jm jstudfs f 20 ¹N -50 °N gurfmtj >0 olmutas a fbuf elrvljmga a jxpaslnlþm fh vfpar 60 a 30 olmutas.
• Vuïolnas Hfs sustfmnlfs lmsjntlnlgfs sj jmbhacfm gjmtra gj has praguntas phfbulnlgfs a pjstlnlgfs. Jstas efm gj sjr gj fnnlþm ræplgf, jstfchjs y ha ojmas tþxlnas paslchj pfrf jh e aocrj. - Fsdlxlfmtjs9 (pjtrþhja y fnjltjs olmjrfhjs). ^j jophjfm föfglgas f atrfs sustfmnlfs oæs jdlnfnjs - Duolbfmtjs Wþxlnas vïf fìrjf jm darof bfsjasf - ^ustfmnlfs quj fntùfm vïf glbjstlvf9 ^uhdfta gj nacrj - Lmsjntlnlgfs gj namtfnta. ^am has oæs lopartfmtjs. ^am hlpasahuchjs y pjmjtrfm nam dfnlhlgfg f trfvìs gj hfs nucljrtfs gj has frtrþpagas, hhjbfmga f su slstjof mjrvlasa, quj fhtjrfm. ^u fnnlþm js pjrslstjmtj. ^u namstltunlþm quïolnf js glvjrsf y hf ofyarïf sam tþxlnas pfrf jh eaocrj, naoa jh GGW, fnuouhfmga sus jdjntas nam jh namtfnta rjpjtlga y nam rjslstjmnlf fh nfca gj ouneas föas.
c. Gjsrftlzf Gjsrftlzfnlþm nlþm Wìnmlnf quj sj fphlnf jm hf jxtjrolmfnlþm gj oùrlgas (rftfs y rftamjs). Ojglgfs9
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
2:
jgltarlfh } njp
• Gjsrftlzfnlþm pfslvf Namslstj jm gldlnuhtfr hf jmtrfgf a jh fmlgfoljmta fmlgfol jmta jm hubfrjs efcltfgas par jh eaocrj.
• Gjsrftlzfnlþm fntlvf Ojglfmtj trfopfs a njpas a rftlnlgfs (vjmjmas) - Sftlnlgfs gj gasls ùmlnf Pragunjm lmtaxlnfnlþm fbugf oartfh oartfh fh lmbjrlrhas. Wljmjm jh lmnamvjmljmtj gj quj tfoclìm sam tþxlnas pfrf jh eaocrj y has fmlofhjs gaoìstlnas. - Sftlnlgfs fmtlnafbuhfmtjs sfmbuïmjas Fntùfm hjmtfojmtj y sj suolmlstrfm gj darof darof rjpjtlgf. rjpjtlgf. Pragunjm Pragunjm hf gjstrunnlþm gjh rajgar rajgar par hf fpfrlnlþm gj ejoarrfblfs oùhtlphjs.
n. Gjslmdjnnlþm Pranjgloljmta ojglfmtj jh nufh gjstruloas has bìrojmjs pftþbjmas quj pugljrfm jxlstlr sacrj pjrsamfs, acijtas a supjrdlnljs. Hf fnnlþm bjrolnlgf pujgj sjr cfntjrlnlgf, vlrunlgf, dumblnlgf a jsparlnlgf, gjpjmgljmga gj quj fntujoas sacrj cfntjrlfs, vlrus, eambas a jsparfs.
GJ^LMDJNNLÞM9 Gjstrunnlþm bìrojmjs PFWÞBJMA^. ^FMJFOLJMWA9 Gjstrunnlþm bìrojmjs PFWÞBJMA^ y Sjgunnlþm Bìrojmjs MA PFWÞBJMA^ J^WJSLHLYFNLÞM9 Gjstrunnlþm bìrojmjs PFWÞBJMA^ \ MA PFWÞBJMA^.
C. Jstjrlh Jstjrlhlzfnlþm lzfnlþm Js hf gjstrunnlþm gj tagas has bìrojmjs, pftþbjmas y ma pftþbjmas par glstlmtas ojglas (dïslnas, quïolnas). ^þha js fphlnfchj f acijtas lmfmlofgas. Hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm pragunj hf gjstrunnlþm gj tagf darof gj vlgf, ofnra a olnrasnþplnf, pftþbjmf a sfpradltf, lmnhulgfs hfs jsparfs. Hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm js jh pranjgloljmta jophjfga pfrf hf gjstrunnlþm gj tagas has olnraarbfmlsoas y darofs gj rjslstjmnlf gj has olsoas (jsparfs).
N. Gjslmdjnnlþ Gjslmdjnnlþm m Namslstj jm trftfr gj gjstrulr has olnraarbfmlsoas pftþbjmas (jm hfs efcltfnlamjs gjh jmdjroa, rapf, ofmas, pljh, jtn.) pjra ma jhlolmf tagas has olnraarbfmlsoas ml sus darofs gj rjslstjmnlf (jsparfs).
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Pfrf namsjbulr hf gjslmdjnnlþm efy quj9 - Efnjr um njplhhfga njplhhfga y hfvfga nam fbuf fbuf y ifcþm gjh acijta quj sj quljrj gjslmdjntfr. - Ztlhlzfr sustfmnlfs quïolnfs nam fnnlþm gjslmdjntfmtj a fmtlsìptlnf.
Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
Js um pranjgloljmta gj fmtlsjpslf. Hf fnnlþm namsjbulgf nam hf gjslmdjnnlþm js hf fmtlsjpslf. Js umf tìnmlnf gj sfmjfoljmta.
G. Fsjpslf ^j efchf gj fsjpslf pfrf rjdjrlrsj f um namiumta gj tìnmlnfs quj jhlolmfm bìrojmjs a olnraarbfmlsoas, tfmta jm supjrdlnlj naoa jm pradumglgfg, gj has oftjrlfhjs jxpujstas. Ztlhlzf fbjmtjs dïslnas naoa ojgla gj namsjbulr oftfr y jhlolmfr has olnraarbfmlsoas. Jh nfhar sjna a eùojga js jh oæs utlhlzfga. Jm hf præntlnf nhïmlnf hf fsjpslf sj rjdljrj fh jophja gj oftjrlfh jstìrlh (ma pasjj mlmbùm tlpa gj olnraarbfmlsoa, ml slquljrf sus darofs gj rjslstjmnlf) y su pratjnnlþm namtrf hf jhlolmfnlþm.
J. Fmtlsjpslf Namslstj jm utlhlzfr praguntas quïolnas pfrf lmtjmtfr gjstrulr has olnraarbfmlsoas namtfolmfmtjs. Jm hf præntlnf hf fmtlsjpslf namslstj jm jh usa gj gjslmdjntfmtjs. Ma sj namslbuj hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm. Js slmþmloa gj gjslmdjnnlþm. Fumquj hf brfm gldjrjmnlf rjslgj jm quj hf fmtlsjpslf sj fphlnf sacrj supjrdlnlj fmlofgf (vlvljmtjs).
D. Gjslmdjntf Gjslmdjntfmtj mtj Has gjslmdjntfmtjs sam fqujhhas praguntas quïolnas quj sj usfm pfrf hf gjslmdjnnlþm gj acijtas lmfmlofgas (pfrjgjs, nahneþm y oftjrlfh nhïmlna). Has oæs usfgas sam hf hjiïf, djmah y gjrlvfgas, daroah, jtn. Jh gjslmdjntfmtj lgjfh sjrïf fqujh quj ma js tþxlna, ma js narraslva, ma nujstf ouy nfra, eujhj cljm y fgjoæs gjcj pagjrsj ojznhfr nam fbuf y atras hïqulgas. Has gjslmdjntfmtjs sam cfntjrlnlgfs, js gjnlr, nfpfnjs gj oftfr h as olnraarbfmlsoas.
B. Fmtlsìpt Fmtlsìptlna lna Has fmtlsìptlnas sam fqujhhas praguntas quïolnas quj sj usfm pfrf hf gjslmdjnnlþm gj pljh, ejrlgfs y nfvlgfgjs gjh arbfmlsoa. ^am gj usa drjnujmtj jh naopujsta gj yaga (cjtfglmj), fbuf axlbjmfgf, fhnaeah yagfga y nharejxlglmf fh :%. Loplgjm a rjtfrgfm jh nrjnloljmta gj has olnraarbfmlsoas. Pujgjm sjr cfntjrlnlgfs (oftfr) a cfntjrlastætlnas (lmelclr jh nrjnloljmta) gj hfs cfntjrlfs. Zm oftjrlfh gjslmdjntfga ma jstæ jstjrlhlzfga; hf gjslmdjnnlþm ma jhlolmf f tagas has olnraarbfmlsoas y sus darofs gj rjslstjmnlf (jsparfs). Pjra um oftjrlfh quj ef slga saojtlga f jstjrlhlzfnlþm jstæ gjslmdjntfga, pujsta quj sj ef jhlolmfga nufhquljr darof gj vlgf a rjslstjmnlf gj hfs cfntjrlfs, vlrus, jtn.
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
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jgltarlfh } njp
E. Lmdjnnlþm Js hf lmvfslþm jm jh arbfmlsoa gj olnraarbfmlsoas pftþbjmas quj sj ouhtlphlnfm y hjslamfm has tjilgas, a tfoclìm sj pujgj gjdlmlr naoa hf lmvfslþm y prahldjrfnlþm jm jh arbfmlsoa gj olnraarbfmlsoas pftþbjmas y su rjspujstf lmdhfoftarlf f hf lmvfslþm. Sjsjrvarla js jh hubfr gamgj has olnraarbfmlsoas vlvjm, sj gjsfrrahhfm y ouhtlphlnfm lmgjdlmlgfojmtj. Hf dujmtj gj lmdjnnlþm oæs lopartfmtj js jh eaocrj. Hf ofyar pfrtj gj has olnraarbfmlsoas pftþbjmas pfrf jh eaocrj jstæm fgfptfgas f ìh. Ma sljoprj quj jxlstj lmdjnnlþm sj pragunj jmdjrojgfg lmdjnnlasf, hfs gjdjmsfs nfrfntjrïstlnfs gj nfgf lmglvlgua namtrlcuyjm, y fgjoæs ma tagas has olnraarbfmlsoas jm namglnlamjs marofhjs sam pftþbjmas pfrf jh sjr euofma. Gjmtra gj hf lmdjnnlþm efchfoas gj lmdjstfnlþm nufmga sj trfmsoltj gjsgj um dana, um pfræslta, frtrþpaga, jtn.
L. Wlpas gj cfrrjrfs Jstfs ojglgfs gjmaolmfgfs cfrrjrfs, pujgjm sjr dïslnfs, quïolnfs, clahþblnfs a jgunftlvfs.
f. Cfrrjrfs Dïslnfs Namslstjm jm jh jophja gj cftfs, ofsnfrlhhfs, bufmtjs, oftjrlfh gjsjnefchj, dlhtras gj flrj, jtn.
c. Cfrrjrfs Vuïolnfs Zsa gj gjslmdjntfmtjs y fmtlsìptlnas, qulolatjræplnas y fmtlclþtlnas.
n. Cfrrjrfs Clahþblnfs Sjprjsjmtfgfs par hfs vfnumfs pradlhæntlnfs, sjrapradlhfxls y bfoofbhacuhlmfs
g. Cfrrjrfs Jgunftlvfs Naopartfoljmtas y namguntfs pfrf jvltfr namtfntas lmdjntfmtjs.
3.3 Marofs gj elbljmj Lmnhuyj tagfs fqujhhfs ojglgfs jmnfolmfgfs f namtrahfr hf namtfolmfnlþm focljmtfh gj has qulrþdfmas. Jmtrj jhhfs tjmjoas9 6) Jh flrj fnamglnlamfga gjcj jstfr dumnlamfm dumnlamfmga ga oljmtrfs efyf fntlvlgfg qulrùrblnf qulrùrbl nf y gjcj pasjjr umas dlhtras jspjnlfhjs fmtlolnraclfmas, jspjnlfhojmtj jm lmtjrvjmnlamjs gj nlrubïf nfrgïfnf. 3) Gjcj namsjbulrsj um jstfga gj elpjrprjslþm jm jh qulrþdfma rjspjnta rjspjnta f hfs gjoæs ærjfs, namslbulìmgasj jsta nam 60-6: rjmavfnlamjs gjh flrj par earf.
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Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
>) Hlopljzf 3 vjnjs fh gïf gjh gjh sujha gjh qulrþdfma y chaquj qulrùrblna nam fbuf, fbuf, ifcþm y hjiïf fmtjs gj naojmzfr hf lmtjrvjmnlþm y gjspuìs gj jhhf. 7) Ofmtjmjr hf glsnlphlmf lmtrfqulrþdfma, quj sj namnrjtf jm vjstlojmtf vjstlojmtf (cftf a plifof qulrùrblna, nfhzfs a zfpftas jspjnïdlnas pfrf jh qulrþdfma, barra y ofsnfrlhhf nucrljmga canf y mfrlz). Jstf ùhtlof ojglgf tljmj par acijta namsjbulr um focljmtj hlcrj gj olnraarbfmlsoas jm um ærjf jspjnïdlnf gjh qulrþdfma, quj js hf quj sj gjmaolmf jm tìrolmas tìnmlnas jh Nfopa Vulrùrblna, jmtjmglìmgasj par tfh9 - Hf zamf zamf quj nlrnumgf jh sltla gj hf lmnlslþm jm jm has tjilgas. - Yamf gj lmtragunnlþm gj nufhquljr lmstruojmta qulrùrblna jm um arldlnla narparfh. - Jh oaclhlfrla nucljrta nam rapf qulrùrblnf jstìrlh. - Jh pjrsamfh, nufmga jstæ fgjnufgfojmtj vjstlga nam jhjojmtas jstìrlhjs. Js dumgfojmtfh quj nufhquljr pjrsamf quj jmtrj jm jh qulrþdfma y ma jstì vjstlga nam rapf jstìrlh y bufmtjs jstìrlhjs, ma taquj nam sus ofmas ml nam su nujrpa jstf zamf gjh nfopa qulrùrblna pfrf nahanfrhas jm fuxlhla gjh pjrsamfh quj rjfhlzf hf h f lmtjrvjmnlþm u atra oftjrlfh quj sj sahlnltj.
>. HF J^WJS J^WJSLHLYFNLÞM LHLYFNLÞM >.6 Namnjpta Jstj oìtaga js jh oæs rfglnfh gj nufmtas jxlstjm pfrf hf gjstrunnlþm gj bìrojmjs, yf sjfm jstas pftþbjmas a ma pftþbjmas, fsï naoa sus darofs gj rjslstjmnlf (jsparfs). Lmgjpjmgljmtjojmtj gj quj ha lgjfh sjrïf quj nfsl taga jh lmstruojmtfh lm struojmtfh dujrf gj um saha usa y par tfmta jstìrlh, gfgf hf lopaslclhlgfg gj jhha par jh fhta nasta jnamþolna, gjcjoas jstjrlhlzfr taga oftjrlfh quj efyf gj tjmjr namtfnta nam jh lmtjrlar gjh arbfmlsoa, a nam pfnljmtjs quj, par su dfhtf gj gjdjmsfs, sjfm susnjptlchjs gj pfgjnjr namtfbla (lmoumagjprlolgas, (lmoum agjprlolgas, qujofgas, mjamftas…). Has oftjrlfhjs quj sjfm jstjrlhlzfgas gjcjm gj ofmtjmjr su jstjrlhlgfg efstf su slbuljmtj usa, pfrf jhha sj lmtragunjm fmtjs gj hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm (jxnjpta jm nfsas gj lmojrslþm jm jstjrlhlzfmtjs quïolnas) jm pfqujtjs a nfifs jspjnlfhjs quj pjroltjm jh pfsa gjh fbjmtj jstjrlhlzfmtj, pjra loplgjm quj pfsj nufhquljr fbjmtj namtfolmfmtj. Nfgf pranjsa tljmj su tlpa gj pfpjh y phæstlna jspjnïdlna a nfifs jspjnlfhjs ojtæhlnfs (nfhar sjna). Gjmtra a dujrf gjh jopfqujtfga sj lmtragunjm umas namtrahjs quj bfrfmtlzfm hf jstjrlhlgfg gjh pranjsa y ìstas pujgjm sjr, fgjoæs gj has praplas namtrahjs gj hfs oæqulmfs9 - Vuïolnas9 nfoclfm gj nahar nufmga sj fhnfmzf hf jstjrlhlgfg jstjrlhlgfg (tlrfs gj pfpjh nam nam rjfntlvas quïolnas). - Clahþblnas9 sj utlhlzfm jsparfs ouy rjslstjmtjs y nufmga ìstfs sam sam gjstrulgfs mas lmglnfm hf jstjrljstjrlhlgfg gjh oftjrlfh (tlrfs gj pfpjh loprjbmfga gj jsparfs, tucas gj vlgrla nam jsparfs...). Waga jh oftjrlfh quj gjcf sjr saojtlga f jstjrlhlzfnlþm y f gjslmdjnnlþm, naoa yf sj jxphlnþ, fmtjs gjcj sjr saojtlga f umf jsnrupuhasf hlopljzf. Wfoclìm sj gjcj rjspjtfr hf djnef gj nfgunlgfg gj hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm.
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
2<
jgltarlfh } njp
>.3 Prjnfunlamjs prjvlfs prjvlfs f hf hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm jstjrlhlzfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh Jh oftjrlfh, gjspuìs gj usfrsj y prjvlfojmtj f hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm, gjcj sjr hloplfga pfrf jhlolmfr has paslchjs rjstas arbæmlnas, jm has quj pugljrfm sacrjvlvlr fhbumas bìrojmjs. Jh fsja gjh oftjrlfh pujgj sjr9 - Ofmufh9 sj fnhfrf jh lmstruojmtfh nam fbuf drïf frrfstrfmga has rjstas arbæmlnas (jh fbuf nfhljmtj nafbuhf hfs pratjïmfs gjh oftjrlfh arbæmlna, par ha quj pujgj fgejrlr fùm oæs has rjstas fh lmstruojmta). Gjspuìs sï sj jophjfræ jh fbuf nfhljmtj pfrf njplhhfr y hfvfr nam ifcþm jh lmstruojmtfh lmslstljmga jm hfs aqujgfgjs gjh acijta y pfrf fnhfrfrha. - Par uhtrfsamlgas9 uhtrfsamlgas9 jstj oìtaga gj hlopljzf dfnlhltf hf gjslmdjnnlþm gjslmdjnnlþm y jstjrlhlzfnlþm jstjrlhlzfnlþm gjh lmstruojmtfh. Has acijtas sj suojrblræm jm umf nucjtf, nucljrtas gj um hïqulga fgjnufga; sj joltlræm jm hf nucjtf umf sjrlj gj amgfs uhtrfsþmlnfs ma pjrnjptlchjs par jh euofma, quj dfvarjnjm jh frrfstrj y gjsprjmgloljmta gj has rjstas arbæmlnas quj jstæm fgejrlgas fh oftjrlfh.
Zmf vjz rjtlrfgas has rjstas fgejrlgas gjh oftjrlfh f jstjrlhlzfr, sj lmtragunlræm has lmstruojmtas jm cahsfs gj pfpjh, nfifs gj nurfs ojtæhlnfs, pfqujtjs, jtn. gjpjmgljmga gjpjmgljmga gjh oìtaga quj sj jophjj pfrf su hlopljzf. ^jræm sjhhfgas fmtjs gj ojtjrhas jm jh fpfrfta jstjrlhlzfgar.
>.> Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm sjbùm tlpas gj oftjrlfh oftjrlfh F. Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar Fhbumas djmþojmas dïslnas tljmjm um jdjnta gjstruntlva sacrj has bìrojmjs; jm hfs tìnmlnfs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm js gj lopartfmnlf dumgfojmtfh jh nfhar, fh lbufh quj anurrïf jm hf gjslmdjnnlþm, pjra nam atrfs tìnmlnfs gj fphlnfnlþm. fph lnfnlþm. Has oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar sam gas9 nfhar sjna y nfhar eùojga f prjslþm.
f. Nfhar sjna Jh nfhar sjna tljmj ojmar jdjnta quj jh nfhar eùojga sacrj has bìrojmjs, par ha quj jh tljopa gj jxpaslnlþm gj has bìrojmjs tljmj quj sjr ofyar (hf euojgfg js um cujm namguntar gjh nfhar).
• Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar sjna Has oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar sjna sam trjs9 - Dhfojfga Namslstj slophjojmtj jm jm fphlnfr umf hhfof fh acijta f gjslmdjntfr, gjslmdjntfr, ma tljmj jdjntas jdjntas sacrj supjrdlnljs brfmgjs, par jhha sþha sj pujgj utlhlzfr jm hfcarftarlas, par sjr um oìtaga ræplga y nþoaga pfrf jstjrlhlzfr pjqujöas acijtas, par jijopha, jh fsf gj phftlma quj sj utlhlzf pfrf efnjr sljocrfs.
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Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
- Lmnlmjrfnlþm Jstj slstjof sj sj utlhlzf pfrf gjstrulr gjstrulr taga tlpa gj oftjrlfhjs quj, par su fhtf namtfolmfnlþm, par sjr gj um saha usa a parquj ma sj vfm f usfr oæs, mjnjsltfoas jhlolmfrhas gj umf darof sjburf; sj pujgj utlhlzfr naocustlþm glrjntf u earmas nrjoftarlas. Par jstj oìtaga sj gjstruyjm9 namtjmjgarjs gj oftjrlfh clahþblna namtfolmfga, fpþsltas, vjmgfs, hjmnjrïf, rjstas arbæmlnas... - Earma gj nfhar sjna Pfstjur a Jstudf Pauplmjh Jh nfhar sjna js tfoclìm tfoclìm cfntjrlnlgf cfntjrlnlgf (oftf hfs cfntjrlfs) cfntjrlfs) y fntùf par axlgfnlþm dïslnf dïslnf a par nafbunafbuhfnlþm gj hfs pratjïmfs cfntjrlfmfs gjclga f hf fnnlþm jxnhuslvf gjh nfhar. Efy quj tjmjr jm nujmtf quj jh nfhar sjna jm darof gj flrj nfhljmtj js gj gldïnlh namtrah y su pjmjtrfnlþm jm has oftjrlfhjs js hjmtf y gjslbufh, ma hhjbfmga umldarojojmtj f tagfs hfs pfrtjs. Pfrf namsjbulrha efy quj jxpamjr jh oftjrlfh f hf fnnlþm gjh nfhar gurfmtj hfrbas pjrlagas gj tljopa. Jh earma gj Pfstjur Pfstjur js umf næofrf ojtæhlnf quj jm su pfrtj gjhfmtjrf gjhfmtjrf hhjvf umf pujrtf y jm su lmtjrlar sj jmnujmtrfm vfrlfs cfmgjifs sacrj hfs quj sj gjpasltf jh oftjrlfh f jstjrlhlzfr. Hf tjopjrfturf tjopjrfturf sj sj namslbuj ojglfmtj rjslstjmnlfs rjslstjmnlfs jhìntrlnfs y sj rjbuhf nam nam um tjroastfta. Hhjvf um tjroþojtra quj lmglnf namtlmufojmtj hf tjopjrfturf lmtjrlar. Jh oftjrlfh quj jstjrlhlzfr jstjrlhlzfr tljmj quj sjr rjslstjmtj fh nfhar, sj jstjrlhlzf jstjrlhlzf par jstj argjm9 argjm9 oftjrlfh oftjrlfh gj vlgrla, parnjhfmfs, lmstruojmtfh ojtæhlna, fnjltjs y pahvas (tfhna). Jh oftjrlfh quj jstjrlhlzfr gjcj jstfr hlopla, sjna y jopfqujtfga. Jh jmvahtarla jmvahtarla gjh jopfqujtfga jopfqujtfga ma efnj dfhtf dfhtf quj sjf parasa y jh oæs utlhlzfga js jh fhuolmla. ^l sj jstjrlhlzf par jstj oìtaga, efy quj tjmjr jm nujmtf9 ^j gjcjræ jvltfr quj has acijtas taqujm hfs pfrjgjs. ^j nahanfræ gj ofmjrf quj jh flrj nfhljmtj nlrnuhj dænlhojmtj jm darof vjrtlnfh. ^j njrrfræ ejroìtlnfojmtj. Hf rjhfnlþm rjhfnlþm Wjopjrfturf/tljopa Wjopjrfturf/tljopa jm prabrfofs prabrfofs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar nfhar sjna sjna js js hf quj f namtlmufnlþm sj rjhfnlamf9 - 650 ¹N/ >0 olmutas - 620 ¹N / 20 olmutas - 640 ¹N / 630 olmutas - 6:0 ¹N / 6:0 olmutas - 670 ¹N / 650 olmutas - 630 ¹N / Oæs gj > earfs
• Oftjrlfh jstjrlhlzfchj par jh oìtaga gj nfhar sjna - Oftjrlfh gj nrlstfh. - Lmstruojmtfh (tlijrfs, plmzfs, ofmbas gj clsturï...) - Fgjoæs sj pujgjm jstjrlhlzfr9 jstjrlhlzfr9 parnjhfmfs, parnjhfmfs, praguntas dfrofnahþblnas jm pahva ma elgrasahuchjs, sustfmnlfs brfsfs, sahunlamjs ma fnuasfs...
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
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jgltarlfh } njp
c. Nfhar eùojga Jh nfhar eùojga tljmj ofyar jdjnta y fntùf jm ojmas tljopa sacrj has bìrojmjs parquj fntùf naoa namguntar, pfrf quj jh fbuf pjmjtrj ojiar y sj glstrlcuyf umldarojojmtj; pjra sþha pujgj hhjbfr f 600 ¹N quj js jh pumta gj jcuhhlnlþm gjh fbuf. Pfrf namsjbulrha sj utlhlzfm umas fpfrftas hhfofgas futanhfvjs, fsï naoa jh oìtaga gj tlmgfhlzfnlþm.
• Futanhfvj Fntufhojmtj js um oìtaga ouy utlhlzfga jm has easpltfhjs par su jdlnfnlf, gjstruyj jsparfs y darofs vjbjtftlvfs gj cfntjrlfs, eambas y vlrus. Hf tjopjrfturf gjcj ofmtjmjrsj par jmnlof gj 630 ¹N y nam umf prjslþm gjtjrolmfgf, ìstfs namglnlamjs sj ofmtljmjm fh ojmas gj 6: f >0 olmutas. Has futanhfvjs sam fpfrftas (fntufhojmtj futaoftlzfgas) gj gachj jmtrfgf, lmstfhfgas jm pfrjg, ejroìtlnfojmtj njrrfga y nam dfnefgf lmaxlgfchj. Wljmj umf væhvuhf gj sjburlgfg quj sj fcrj futaoætlnfojmtj sl sj hhjbf f fhnfmzfr umf tjopjrfturf pjhlbrasf. Zmf hhfvj gj purbf quj pjroltj hf sfhlgf gj vfpar, y jh jmdrlfoljmta gjh gjpþslta nufmga sj fcrj hf tfpf. Pfrf jstjrlhlzfr sj nahanfm has acijtas jm hf rjilhhf, sj nljrrf hf tfpf y sj pamj jm dumnlamfoljmta hf dujmtj gj nfhar nam hf hhfvj hh fvj gj purbf fcljrtf. Zmf vjz nfhjmtfgf jh fbuf, jopljzf f sfhlr vfpar par hf hhfvj gj purbf (ha quj sj jxpuhsfræ jh flrj gjh gjpþslta). F pfrtlr gj jstj oaojmta, sj nljrrf hf hhfvj y naoljmzf f suclr hf prjslþm gjh ofmþojtra. Nufmga hf prjslþm p rjslþm js hf gjsjfgf, sj ofmtljmj gurfmtj umas 6:->0 olmutas; js mjnjsfrla acsjrvfr hf prjslþm gurfmtj hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm. Wjrolmfgf ìstf, sj fcrj hf hhfvj gj purbf pfrf quj sfhbf jh vfpar, nufmga ma sfhj vfpar y naopracjoas quj ef gjsnjmglga hf prjslþm jm jh ofmþojtra, js nufmga pagjoas fcrlr hf tfpf y rjtlrfr has acijtas y oftjrlfhjs jstjrlhlzfgas. Pagrïfoas gjnlr quj fntùf naoa umf ahhf gj prjslþm. Hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm jm futanhfvj tljmj hfs slbuljmtjs vjmtfifs9 - Jnamþolnf. - ^jburf. - Sæplgf. - Ma namtfolmf ml gjif rjslguas. - Nþoagf. Gjsvjmtfifs a lmnamvjmljmtjs9 - Jstrapjf has nartjs gjh lmstruojmtfh gj dlha. - Gjtjrlarf has oftjrlfh oftjrlfhjs js gj baof a phæstlna. - ^j mjnjsltf ounea tljopa pfrf jmvahvjr has oftjrlfhjs quj sj vfm f lmtragunlr.
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^am oftjrlfhjs quj pujgjm jstjrlhlzfrsj par nfhar eùojga - Wjxtlhjs (pföas, bfsfs, rapfs, jtn.) gurfmtj 60 olmutas f 6>: ¹N y 3 ftoþsdjrfs gj prjslþm. - Acijtas gj baof a nfunea (bufmtjs) gurfmtj 30 olmutas f 630 ¹N y ¿ ftoþsdjrf gj prjslþm. - Oftjrlfhjs guras (jmvfsjs, cftjfs, jtn.). - Drfsnas hïqulgas y ojgla gj nuhtlva. - Lmstruojmtfh ojtæhlna, jtn.
Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
- Jxlbj ounea nulgfga jm hf nfrbf (glspaslnlþm gj has pfqujtjs gjmtra gj hf næofrf gj jstjrlhlzfjstjrlhlzfnlþm). - Has oftjrlfhjs ojtæhlnas sj axlgfm axlgfm fh jstjrlhlzfrhas jm nfhar eùojga. Has oftjrlfhjs quj jstjrlhlzfr jm futanhfvj pujgjm lr jmvujhtas jm pfpjh (nrjpì, njhadæm), quj js parasa y pjroltj jh pfsa gjh vfpar, loplgljmga gjspuìs gj jxtrfjrha hf jmtrfgf gj flrj jm jh jmvahtarla; fslolsoa tljmjm quj hhjvfr um namtrah quïolna. Hfs tjhfs (elha, fhbagþm) tljmjm panf gurfnlþm y ma bfrfmtlzfm hf pratjnnlþm gjh namtjmlga gjspuìs gj jxtrfjr has pfqujtjs gjh futanhfvj, gjclga f su jxnjslvf paraslgfg. Hfs nfifs ojtæhlnfs y has namtjmjgarjs tljmjm dlhtras gj pfpjh cfntjrlast cfntjrlastætlnas ætlnas jm hfs zamfs pjrdarfgfs quj bfrfmtlzfm su ejrojtlnlgfg. ^j utlhlzfræm has slbuljmtjs oìtagas gj namtrah9 - Vuïolnas9 pfpjh gj jmvahtarla jmvahtarla a tlrfs quj fhtjrf jh nahar f tjopjrfturf tjopjrfturf fhtf. - Clahþblnas9 næpsuhfs (nam jsparfs) ha nahanfrjoas jm cfmgjif gj futanhfvj iumta fh oftjrlfh f jstjrlhlzfr. Gas fspjntas lopartfmtjs quj efy quj tjmjr jm nujmtf nam jstj oìtaga sam9 6) Mumnf hhjmfr jh futanhfvj nam oftjrlfh; ma sj gjcj sacrjpfsfr sacrjpfsfr jh 2:% gj su nfpfnlgfg pfrf dfvarjnjr hf pjmjtrfnlþm gjh vfpar f prjslþm. 3) Jh tljopa gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm jopjzfræ f namtfrsj f pfrtlr gj quj sj fhnfmnj hf tjopjrfturf gjh prabrfof jsnablga. Jm jh jopfqujtfga sj sujhjm utlhlzfr rahhas olxtas nam umf nfrf gj pahlfolgf y atrf gj pfpjh jspjnlfh pfrf ma pjroltlr hf namtfolmfnlþm. Jxlstjm rahhas gj gldjrjmtjs ojglgfs pfrf nfgf tlpa gj oftjrlfh. Hf nlmtf fgejslvf gj sjhhfga js jh namtrah quïolna quj nfoclf gj nahar nufmga jstæ jh oftjrlfh jstìrlh. Jh oftjrlfh gjcj gj jstfr sjna fmtjs gj sjr lmtragunlga jm hfs cahsfs y ìstfs gjcjm gj qujgfr pjrdjntfojmtj njrrfgfs y slm pjrdarfnlamjs. ^j pratjbjræm hfs pumtfs gj has oftjrlfhjs pumzfmtjs nam bfsfs. Ma sj pamgræ jxnjslva oftjrlfh jm nfgf pfqujtj. Jh fhofnjmfoljmta gjh oftjrlfh yf jstjrlhlzfga sj gjcj bufrgfr jm um sltla hlopla y f sjr paslchj fsìptlna, jm jstfmtjrïfs quj pjroltfm utlhlzfr jh oftjrlfh sjbùm um argjm gj hhjbfgf. h hjbfgf. Sjhfnlþm tjopjrfturf, tljopa, jm prabrfofs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar eùojga f prjslþm (futanhfvj)9 - Nlnha gj cfif prjslþm9 636 ¹N /30olmutas/ 6,3 Kb/no³ - Nlnha gj fhtf prjslþm9 6>7 ¹N/ >-2 olmutas/ olmutas/ 3,3 Kb/ Kb/ no³
• Wlmgfhlzfnlþm Sjnlcj jstj maocrj jm eamar f su lmvjmtar, Iaem Wymgfhh. Js um oìtaga gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm drfnnlamfgf pfrf oftjrlfhjs quj sj lmfntlvfm a jstrapjfm f oæs gj 600 ¹N. Wfoclìm sj gjmaolmf oìtaga gj nfhjmtfoljmta glsnamtlmua a jstjrlhlzfnlþm drfnnlamfgf. Namslstj jm saojtjr jh oftjrlfh f vfrlas nlnhas (marofhojmtj > a 7) gj gas dfsjs sunjslvfs nfgf uma9 f) Jm umf prlojrf dfsj jh oftjrlfh oftjrlfh sj nfhljmtf f umf tjopjrfturf jmtrj jmtrj :0 y 600 ¹N, gurfmtj 6 a 3 earfs. c) Jm hf sjbumgf dfsj jh oftjrlfh oftjrlfh sj lmnucf jm umf jstudf, jstudf, f >0->2 ¹N gurfmtj 37 earfs.
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
5>
jgltarlfh } njp
Gurfmtj hf prlojrf dfsj oujrjm tagfs hfs nìhuhfs vjbjtftlvfs gj hf oujstrf, pjra pjrofmjnjm vlfchjs hfs jsparfs, quj qujgfm fntlvfgfs pfrf bjrolmfr. Gurfmtj hf sjbumgf dfsj sj pragunj hf bjrolmfnlþm gj hfs jsparfs fntlvfgfs jm hf rjspjntlvf dfsj fmtjrlar. Jm hf slbuljmtj dfsj (sj rjpltj hf prlojrf dfsj) oarlræm hfs nìhuhfs vjbjtftlvfs pranjgjmtjs gj hf bjrolmfnlþm jm hf dfsj fmtjrlar; y fsï sunjslvfojmtj, efstf quj fh nfca gj umas nufmtas nlnhas ma qujgf mlmbùm olnraarbfmlsoa.
C. Jstjrlhlzfnlþm par rfglfnlamjs lamlzfmtjs a rfglfnlþm jm drïa Jh prlmnlpla gj jstf tìnmlnf sj cfsf jm bjmjrfr rfyas nfrbfgas gj jmjrbïf (lamjs) quj hjslamfm hf oftjrlf gj has arbfmlsoas vlvas. Hf jmjrbïf quj sj hlcjrf sj trfmsdarof jm nfhar nfusfmga hf oujrtj gj has olnraarbfmlsoas. Jstf tìnmlnf sj utlhlzf pfrf hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh gj um saha usa. ^j utlhlzfm vfrlas tlpas gj rfglfnlamjs9
f. Sfglfnla Sfglfnlamjs mjs bfoof (rfyas bfoof) ^am rfglfnlamjs lamlzfmtjs quj pragunjm um caocfrgja gj mjutramjs sacrj has acijtas quj sj quljrjm jstjrlhlzfr. Js lmglnfga pfrf jstjrlhlzfr oftjrlfhjs tjroasjmslchjs quj sj jstrapjfrïfm dænlhojmtj par hf fnnlþm gjh nfhar; tjilga euofma, oftjrlfh gj baof, ojglnfojmtas, jtn. Js um slstjof nfra y prjnlsf gj pratjnnlþm jspjnlfh pfrf jh pjrsamfh quj ofmjif has fpfrftas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm. Js hf darof gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm jm drïa oæs usfgf y js um oìtaga gj usa naojrnlfh. Jh oftjrlfh quj jstjrlhlzfr gjcj jstfr jmvujhta jm jmvfsjs gj phæstlna j lmtragunlga jm nfifs gj nfrtþm. Par jstj oìtaga sj jstjrlhlzfm; clsturïs, væhvuhfs pfrf lmijrtas a trfsphfmtjs, nftìtjrjs, jtn.
c. Sfglfnla Sfglfnlamjs mjs cjtf Hf jmjrbïf quj pragunjm sj actljmj par ojgla gj lsþtapas rfglafntlvas y gj um fnjhjrfgar gj pfrtïnuhfs (Cjtftram).
n. Sfyas uhtrfvlahjtf Namslstj jm um tuca jolsar gj rfglfnlþm quj gjcj nahanfrsj f 70 no gj hf supjrdlnlj gjh oftjrlfh. Js rjhftlvfojmtj nfra j lmjdlnfz gjclga f quj ma hhjbf f tagfs hfs supjrdlnljs gj darof umldaroj. Prjsjmtf ouneas lmnamvjmljmtjs y par tfmta js pana usfga. Has rfyas gjh sah joltjm rfglfnlamjs uhtrfvlahjtf quj tljmjm jdjntas jstjrlhlzfmtjs. jstjrlhlzfmtjs.
N. Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm quïolnf Has fbjmtjs quïolnas sam umf fhtjrmftlvf f hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm par ojgla gj futanhfvjs. ^j utlhlzfm pfrf acijtas tjroahæclhjs y gjhlnfgas a pfrf fquìhhas quj tljmjm um tfoföa brfmgj.
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Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
Hfs gas darofs prlmnlpfhjs gj utlhlzfnlþm gj jstj oìtaga sam par jolslþm gj bfsjs a par lmojrslþm jm umf sahunlþm nam um fbjmtj quïolna.
f. Jstjrlhlzfnlþm par þxlga gj jtlhjma Js iumta f hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm jm futanhfvj, jh oæs jxtjmglga jm has easpltfhjs. Jh þxlga gj jtlhjma js um bfs lmnahara f prjslþm ftoasdìrlnf marofh y f tjopjrfturf focljmtj. Js jxphaslva, par ha quj gjcj jophjfrsj ojznhfga nam bfsjs lmjrtjs. Js um bjrolnlgf gj fophla jspjntra y brfm pagjr gj pjmjtrfnlþm föfgljmga fgjoæs f jstfs vjmtfifs jh quj ma gjtjrlarf has oftjrlfhjs. Jmtrj has lmnamvjmljmtjs dlburfm jh yf naojmtfga gj su jxphaslvlgfg y su taxlnlgfg. Jh þxlga gj jtlhjma js tþxlna dumgfojmtfhojmtj par vïf nutæmjf y rjsplrftarlf, fumquj oagjrmas trfcfias gj jplgjolahabïf lmglnfm quj pujgj tjmjr fgjoæs jdjntas tjrftþbjmas tjrftþbjmas y nfmnjrïbjmas. Jm nljrtas pfïsjs jstæ praelclga y jm atras hfs futarlgfgjs sfmltfrlfs namtrahfm hf oæxlof namnjmtrfnlþm pjroltlgf jm has hubfrjs gj trfcfia. Jm Jspföf ìstf ma gjcj gj sacrjpfsfr hfs :0 pfrtjs par olhhþm, tfoclìm sj gjcjm gj saojtjr f namtrahjs pjrlþglnas has ofmlpuhfgarjs gjh bfs. Jm nfsa gj lmtaxlnfnlþm pujgjm fpfrjnjr fhbumfs a vfrlfs gj hfs slbuljmtjs ofmldjstfnlamjs; fhtjrfnlamjs rjsplrftarlfs, fhtjrfnlamjs bfstralmtjstlmfhjs, lrrltfnlþm gj ounasfs, fhtjrfnlamjs mjurahþblnfs. Par tagas jstas lmnamvjmljmtjs, jh þxlga gj jtlhjma sj gjcj gj utlhlzfr sþha sl ma js paslchj atra oìtaga gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm. Jh þxlga gj jtlhjma gjclga f sus nfrfntjrïstlnfs, sþha sj pujgj utlhlzfr jm næofrfs, quj sam pfrjnlgfs fh futanhfvj fumquj nam prabrfofs y nlnhas gldjrjmtjs, hfs oagjrmfs sam futaoætlnfs. Has dfntarjs f tjmjr jm nujmtf pfrf hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm nam jstj bfs sam; namnjmtrfnlþm, euojgfg rjhftlvf, tjopjrfturf y tljopa gj jxpaslnlþm. Hf namnjmtrfnlþm js gj um 60-30 % gj þxlga gj jtlhjma y um 50-<0 % gj bfs lmjrtj. l mjrtj. Hf euojgfg rjhftlvf gjmtra gj hf næofrf sjræ jmtrj jh >0 % f 40 %. Hf tjopjrfturf sj sltufræ jmtrj >0-40 ¹N, ha quj pjroltj trfcfifr nam acijtas tjroahæclhjs. Jh tljopa gjpjmgjræ gj hfs namglnlamjs gj hfs vfrlfchjs fmtjrlarjs, pjra sujhj asnlhfr jmtrj umf earf y ojglf y trjs earfs y ojglf. Has namtrahjs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm sam lbufhjs f has gjh futanhfvj y jh jopfqujtfga pujgj efnjrsj nam glvjrsas oftjrlfhjs9 pfpjh, phæstlna, tjxtlh… ^j jxnjptùfm jh fhuolmla, jh pahlìstjr y jh mflham parquj fcsarcjm ounea jh bfs y js gldïnlh su flrjfnlþm. ^j gjcj fhofnjmfr lbufh quj jh oìtaga gj futanhfvj, nam hf vjmtfif föfglgf gj quj su jstjrlhlgfg pjrofmjnjræ gurfmtj : föas. Has oftjrlfhjs jstjrlhlzfchjs par jstj oìtaga sam9 - Dlcrfs frtldlnlfhjs. - Baofs, phæstlnas, nfuneas. - Lmstruojmtfh þptlna. - Jqulpas jhìntrlnas y jhjntrþmlnas. - ^uturfs.
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
5:
jgltarlfh } njp
- Oftjrlfhjs tjroahfclhjs y praguntas glvjrsas. - Fhlojmtas.
c. Darofhgjel Darofhgjelga ga Atrf darof gj utlhlzfnlþm gj darofhgjelga fpfrtj gj hfs gj gjslmdjntfmtj, js su utlhlzfnlþm naoa bfs; sus jdjntas sam has olsoas, pjra sljoprj ef tjmlga jh lmnamvjmljmtj gj su ofh ahar y su nfpfnlgfg lrrltfmtj. Fntufhojmtj hfs næofrfs gj daroahlzfnlþm oagjrmfs pfh lfm jm pfrtj jstas lmnamvjmljmtjs. ^u usa sj rjsjrvf pfrf oftjrlfhjs gj glojmslamjs brfmgjs y sþha sj usf jm fhbumas easpltfhjs.
n. Cjtfpraplahfntamf Js atra pragunta quj joltj bfsjs y sj utlhlzf jm næofrfs. ^u usa tfopana jstæ jxtjmglga, f pjsfr gj sjr 3: vjnjs oæs jdjntlvf quj jh þxlga gj jtlhjma. ^j utlhlzf jm darof purf, nam umf euojgfg rjhftlvf fh 2: %. Has acijtas jstjrlhlzfgas par jstj usa sam prlmnlpfhojmtj arbæmlnas (frtjrlfs, nfrtïhfbas, eujsas…) j lm struojmtfh gjhlnfga.
g. Jstjrlhlzfmtjs quïolnas par lmojrslþm Ma sam muojrasas y ma js rjnaojmgfchj hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm quïolnf par lmojrslþm parquj prjsjmtf oæs lmnamvjmljmtjs quj vjmtfifs. Hf oæs lopartfmtj gj jstfs gjsvjmtfifs js quj ma js paslchj bufrgfr jh oftjrlfh jstjrlhlzfga pfrf usas pastjrlarjs, js gjnlr, jh usa sþha pujgj p ujgj sjr lmojglfta. Atra prachjof js quj hfs sahunlamjs jm bjmjrfh sam lmjstfchjs y gjcjm sjr nfoclfgfs f ojmuga, nam jh nastj jnamþolna quj jsa supamj; jm tjrnjr hubfr, quj hf lmojrslþm gjh oftjrlfh jm hf sahunlþm tljmj quj sjr naophjta, fspjnta quj js ouy gldïnlh nam lmdlmlgfg gj oftjrlfhjs gfga su fcuhtfga tfoföa.
Par jstfs nlrnumstfmnlfs mjbftlvfs jh usa gj jstjrlhlzfmtjs quïolnas nfgf vjz js ojmar, gj ejnea eay jm gïf præntlnfojmtj sj utlhlzf sþha jh bhutfrfhgjelga pfrf jstjrlhlzfnlþm gj pjqujöfs nfmtlgfgjs gj lmstruojmtfh, tjmljmga jm nujmtf quj jh tljopa gj lmojrslþm jm hf sahunlþm gjcj sjr hfrba (oæs gj 6 earf) y ma js sjbura quj sj praguznf jstjrlhlzfnlþm naophjtf yf quj par jijopha hfs jsparfs mjnjsltfm oæs gj 2 earfs.
>.7 Wlpas gj namtrahjs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm ^l has pranjsas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm ma tuvljrfm fhbùm tlpa gj namtrah, mumnf sj pagrïf sfcjr sl um oftjrlfh jstæ jstìrlh a ma. Nfgf pranjsa tljmj su nfrfntjrïstlnf pjra has oìtagas bjmjrfhjs sam has olsoas pfrf tagas.
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Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
F. Namtrahjs lmtjbrfgas jm has fpfrftas jstjrlhlzfgarjs (futanhfvjs, næofrfs gj vfparlzfnlþm… vfparlzfnlþm…)) f. Dïslnas Has fntufhjs fpfrftas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm namstfm gj taga tlpa gj namtrahjs (elbrþojtras, tjroþojtras, ofmþojtras…) quj yf, par sï sahas, mas lmglnfm hf jdjntlvlgfg gjh pranjsa, fumquj sljoprj sj utlhlzfm atras oìtagas.
c. Vuïolnas Tjrldlnfm quj jh fbjmtj jstjrlhlzfmtj fntùj nam umldarolgfg. ^j utlhlzf sacrj taga jm hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm gj þxlga gj jtlhjma.
C. Namtrahjs jxtjrmas ^am lmglnfgarjs quj vfm loprjsas jm has oftjrlfhjs quj vfm f sjrvlr gj jmvfsj pfrf hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm (rahhas gj pfpjh, cahsfs…), a tfoclìm jm nlmtfs fgejslvfs pfrf pjbfr jm has jmvfsjs. Ma sam ouy dlfchjs, pujs jh vlrfij gjh nahar (slstjof jm jh quj sj cfsf jstj namtrah) sþha mas lmglnf quj hf ofrnef gjh pranjsa js hf fgjnufgf, pjra jm gjtjrolmfgfs nlrnumstfmnlfs (panf paraslgfg gj um jmvfsj, jmvfsjs brfmgjs…) ma mas fsjburf quj jh lmtjrlar gj has jmvfsjs taga jh oftjrlfh jstì jstìrlh.
N. Namtrahjs Namtrahjs clahþblnas Jstas namtrahjs namslstjm, jm lmanuhfr jsparfs gj olnraarbfmlsoas ouy rjslstjmtjs f has oìtagas efcltufhjs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm, par ojgla gj glspasltlvas (fopahhfs, tlrfs gj pfpjh…), jm jh lmtjrlar gjh oftjrlfh f jstjrlhlzfr (gjmtra gj has jmvfsjs). Zmf vjz jstjrlhlzfga jh oftjrlfh, sj jxtrfjm has namtrahjs par ojgla gj ojglgfs fsìptlnfs y sj nuhtlvfm, naopracfmga sl jxlstj a ma nrjnloljmta olnraclfma. Jstj oìtaga, par su dlfclhlgfg js rjnaojmgfga j lmnhusa gj achlbfga nuophloljmta jm nfsl tagfs hfs maroftlvfs jurapjfs.
f. Wlpas gj namtrahjs clahþblnas Has oæs utlhlzfgas sam9 - Wlrfs gj pfpjh lmanuhfga; js js umf tlrf gj pfpjh lmanuhfga gj jsparfs. jsparfs. - Fopahhfs nam nuhtlvas gj jsparfs; sj sj nahanfm fopahhfs gj jsparfs jm jm su prapla prapla ojgla gj nuhtlva.
c. Wlpas gj fbjmtjs olnraclf olnraclfmas mas Has oæs utlhlzfgas sam9 - Cfnlha suctlhls suctlhls mlbjr; sj utlhlzf sacrj taga taga jm hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm jstjrlhlzfnlþm nam þxlga gj jtlhjma. - Cfnlha stjfratejroapelhus; stjfratejroapelhus; sj utlhlzf jm jstjrlhlzfnlþm jstjrlhlzfnlþm par vfpar gj fbuf f prjslþm (futanhfvj). (futanhfvj).
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
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jgltarlfh } njp
G. Namtrahjs Namtrahjs quïolnas Jstj tlpa gj namtrah sj prjsjmtf jm um sapartj gj pfpjh quj sj lmtragunj jm jh lmtjrlar gj has jmvfsjs f jstjrlhlzfr. Hf naopaslnlþm quïolnf gjh pfpjh hj efnj rjfnnlamfr, nfoclfmga gj nahar, nam gjtjrolmfgfs vfrlfchjs gjh pranjsa gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm (tljopa, tjopjrfturf, sfturfnlþm gj vfpar) par ojgla gj rjfnnlamjs quïolnfs (nftæhlsls, elgrþhlsls, ...) quj mas lmglnfm hf jdjntlvlgfg gjh pranjsa jstjrlhlzfgar. Wljmj hf vjmtfif gj quj su jdjnta js lmstfmtæmja (sj pujgj vjr fh tìrolma gjh pranjsa), js tfm jdjntlva naoa has namtrahjs clahþblnas. Namtrahjs lmtjbrfgas jm has fpfrftas jstjrlhlzfgarjs
Dïslnas Vuïolnas
Namtrahjs jxtjrmas
^am lmglnfgarjs quj vfm loprjsas jm has oftjrlfhjs quj vfm f sjrvlr gj jmvfsj pfrf hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm
Namtrahjs clahþblnas
Wlrfs gj pfpjh lmanuhfga Fopahhfs nam nuhtlvas gj jsparfs
Namtrahjs quïolnas
^apartj gj pfpjh quj sj lmtragunj jm jh lmtjrlar gj has jmvfsjs f jstjrlhlzfr
>.: Ofmlpuhfnlþm y namsjrvfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh jstìrlh Jh ofmjia gjh oftjrlfh jstìrlh rjquljrj umfs namglnlamjs quj jh pjrsamfh sfmltfrla gjcj gj namanjr y rjspjtfr, pujsta quj um oftjrlfh a js jstìrlh a ma ha js ma fgoltlìmgasj oftlnjs lmtjrojglas. Ha prlojra f tjmjr jm nujmtf jm taga pranjsa p ranjsa gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm js, jh jopfqujtfga gjh oftjrlfh f jstjrlhlzfr.
F. Nfrfntjrïstlnfs gj has jmvfsjs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm - Gjcjm flshfr fh oftjrlfh jstìrlh, gjh jxtjrlar. - ^am ejroìtlnas. - Parasas pfrf pjroltlr pjroltlr pfsfr f su trfvìs fh fbjmtj fbjmtj jstjrlhlzfgar. jstjrlhlzfgar. - Ma sjræm namtfolmfmtjs, ml tþxlnas, ma gjsprjmgjræm sustfmnlfs. - ^jræm ha sudlnljmtjojmtj rjslstjmtjs rjslstjmtjs,, naoa pfrf ma gjtjrlarfrsj gurfmtj su ofmlpuhfnlþm y namsjrvfnlþm.
C. Wlpas gj jmvfsjs pfrf oftjrlfh jstìrlh f. Jmvfsjs gj pfpjh Jh pfpjh quj usf pfrf hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm gjcjræ gj rjumlr hfs slbuljmtjs nfrfntjrïstlnfs9
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Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
- Hf paraslgfg sjræ hf sudlnljmtj sudlnljmtj pfrf pjroltlr jh pfsa gj fbjmtjs fbjmtjs jstjrlhlzfmtjs jstjrlhlzfmtjs y jvltfr jh pfsa pfsa gj olnraarbfmlsoas. - Brfm rjslstjmnlf dïslnf f ofmlpuhfnlamjs. - Nfrfntjrïstln Nfrfntjrïstlnfs fs quïolnfs jspjnlfhjs pfrf quj sjfm lmanuas lmanuas y ma narraslvas. narraslvas. - Has pjbfojmtas y tlmtfs tfoclìm sam jspjnlfhjs rjblgas par marofs lmtjrmfnlamfhjs. - Gachjs nljrrjs gj sjburlgfg (nasturfs, damgas…). - Ma tjmgræ frrubfs, gjsbfrras… - Hhjvfræ jm su nfrf jxtjrmf um namtrah namtrah quïolna gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm. - Djnef gj dfcrlnfnlþm y nþglba gj cfrrfs. - Wlpas gj jmvfsjs gj pfpjh - Cahsfs gj pfpjh, jstæm ejnefs gj pfpjh jspjnlfh sjbùm hfs marofs marofs nam gachj phljbuj gj damga y nljrrj gj sjburlgfg ojglfmtj sahgfgurfs tìrolnfs. - Cahsfs gj pfpjh y phæstlna phæstlna (olxtfs), (olxtfs), tljmjm umf nfrf gj pfpjh y atrf atrf gj phæstlna phæstlna gj pahlìstjr-pahlpr pahlìstjr-pahlpraaplhjma. - Sahhas olxtas, olxtas, tljmjm hfs nfrfntjrïstlnfs nfrfntjrïstlnfs gj hfs fmtjrlarjs, fmtjrlarjs, pjra hf prjsjmtfnlþm prjsjmtfnlþm jm rahhas, gj has quj sj vfm nartfmga trazas sjbùm mjnjslgfgjs. ^j sjhhf par focas hfgas nam sahgfgurf tìrolnf. - Pfpjh nrjpfga9 sj utlhlzf jm hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm jstjrlhlzfnlþm par þxlga þxlga gj jtlhjma.
c. Namtjmjgarjs ^am nfifs (namtjmjgarjs) gj fhuolmla. Wljmjm um ojnfmlsoa vfhvuhfr quj sj fcrj y sj nljrrf gurfmtj jh pranjsa gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm jm jh futanhfvj, nufmga ìstj tjrolmf qujgfm ejroìtlnfojmtj njrrfgas. njrrfgas.
N. Marofs pfrf hf ofmlpuhfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh jstìrlh - Sjspjtfr lmstrunnlamjs gj usa gj fpfrftas fpfrftas y praguntas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm. jstjrlhlzfnlþm. - Hfvfr lmstruojmtfh mujva fmtjs gj su prlojrf jstjrlhlzfnlþm. - Sjspjtfr gasldlnfnlamjs y namnjmtrfnlamjs jm jstjrlhlzfmtjs quïolnas. - Fcrlr jh lmstruojmtfh frtlnuhfga fmtjs gj su hfvfga. - Ma utlhlzfr oftjrlfh ojtæhlna pfrf hlopljzf (njplhhas, jspamifs…). - Hlopljzf, hfvfga y sjnfga olmunlasa. - Jm has lmstruojmtas gj nrjofhhjrf, nrjofhhjrf, sj njrrfræm jm jh prlojr gljmtj. - Fnamglnlamfr jh lmstruojmtfh lmstruojmtfh y fpfrftas fpfrftas jspjnlfhjs jspjnlfhjs fmtjs gj hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm.
f. Marofs bjmjrfhjs pfrf jh jmvfsfga - Hfs sahgfgurfs tìrolnfs gjcjm gjcjm jstfr cljm rjbuhfgfs, nam um fmnea oïmloa gj 5 oo y ma gjcjm gjtjrlarfr has jmvfsjs. Vujgfræ umf glstfmnlf oïmlof (7-: no) jmtrj hf sahgfgurf y jh namtjmlga, pfrf jvltfr frrubfs y rfsbfgurfs fh sjhhfr hf cahsf.
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
5<
jgltarlfh } njp
- Jh namtjmlga gjh jmvfsj, gjcjræ gj anupfr fpraxlofgfojmtj hfs trjs nufrtfs pfrtjs gjh jmvfsj, pfrf jvltfr gjsbfrras a fpjrturf gj has jmvfsjs. - Pratjbjr has acijtas nam frlstfs a pumzfmtjs nam bfsfs a nam utjmslhlas phæstlnas, phæstlnas, pfrf jvltfr plmnefzas jm hfs cahsfs. - Pratjbjr has utjmslhlas gjhlnfgas. - Ztlhlzfr gachj gachj cahsf naoa ojglgf ojglgf gj sjburlgfg nufmga hfs nlrnumstfmnlfs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm jstjrlhlzfnlþm ha rjquljrfm. - Tjrldlnfr hf lmtjbrlgfg lmtjbrlgfg gjh gjh oftjrlfh oftjrlfh utlhlzfga (nþglba, lmglnfgarjs lmtfntas…).
c. Marofs bjmjrfhjs gurfmtj hf nfrbf gjh oftjrlfh jm has fpfrftas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm - ^j nahanfræ nahanfræ jh oftjrlfh jm njstfs ojtæhlnfs, slm slm quj qujgj ouy fprjtfga jmtrj jmtrj sï. - Hfs cahsfs marofhojmtj sj sj nahanfræm jm paslnlþm vjrtlnfh, jxnjpta jxnjpta nufmga sjfm ouy pjsfgfs quj sj nahanfræm pfrf quj ma jijrzfm prjslþm sacrj has nljrrjs. - Jh pjsa oæxloa fnamsjifga pfrf jmvfsjs y namtjmjgarjs namtjmjgarjs js gj > Kb gj pjsa gj oftjrlfh; nahanæmgasj hfs cahsfs oæs pjsfgfs gjcfia y hfs ojmas pjsfgfs jmnlof.
G. Namsjrvfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh jstìrlh - Has jmvfsjs jmvfsjs gjcjræm gjcjræm sfhlr sjnas y flrjfgas flrjfgas (jm nfsa, gjh þxlga gj jtlhjma). - Has namtrahfgarjs namtrahfgarjs efcltufhjs gj jstjrlhlgfg jstjrlhlgfg ma prjnlsfm prjnlsfm quj jh oftjrlfh jstì jstìrlh, sþha sþha quj jh pranjsa ef slga hhjvfga f nfca, sljmga namvjmljmtj umf rjvlslþm gjh jmvfsj fmtjs gj su fhofnjmfoljmta. - Has jmvfsjs jmvfsjs ma gjcjræm fhofnjmfrsj fhofnjmfrsj jm hubfrjs njrrfgas efstf quj sj efyfm jmdrlfga. - Gurfmtj jh trfmspartj trfmspartj efnlf su fhofnjmfoljmta, fhofnjmfoljmta, sj jvltfræ su su pfsa par zamfs zamfs namtfolmfgfs. - Has trfshfgas lmtrfeaspltfhfrlas sj efræm jm jm namtjmjgarjs namtjmjgarjs njrrfgas. - ^l um jmvfsj sudrljrf fhbùm tlpa gj gjtjrlara, gjtjrlara, sj gjsnfrtfræ. - ^l jmtrfrf jmtrfrf jm namtfnta nam supjrdlnljs supjrdlnljs oaifgfs, eùojgfs eùojgfs a namtfolmfgfs tfoclìm sj gjsnfrtfræ.
J. Fhofnjmfoljmta gj oftjrlfh jstìrlh - ^j fhofnjmfræ fhofnjmfræ jm jstfmtjs fcljrtas jm hf njmtrfh njmtrfh gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm gjh easpltfh. ^l sj fhofnjmf jm atrfs umlgfgjs gjh easpltfh, sj efræ jm frofrlas njrrfgas. - ^j jstfchjnjræ jstfchjnjræ um slstjof gj namtrah pfrf pfrf quj vfyf sljmga utlhlzfga jh oftjrlfh oæs fmtlbua, pfrf jvltfr nfgunlgfgjs. - Has jmvfsjs ma sj fhofnjmfræm gjsargjmfgfojmtj. gjsargjmfgfojmtj. ^j jvltfræm jvltfræm ofmlpuhfnlamjs lmmjnjsfrlfs. - Ma sj frrubfræm frrubfræm hfs cahsfs par jh rljsba rljsba gj olnraraturfs.
<0
Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
jgltarlfh } njp
- Ma sj fhofnjmfræ mlmbùm oftjrlfh gjtjrlarfga, gjtjrlarfga, oaifga, frrubfga, fcljrta. fcljrta. Js gjnlr, sl ma sj tljmj hf phjmf sjburlgfg gj jstjrlhlgfg.
>.4 Fntufnlþm jm jh sjrvlnla gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm Jh sjrvlnla gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm naoprjmgj gldjrjmtjs zamfs9
F. Yamf gj rjnjpnlþm gj oftjrlfh sunla Jm jstf ærjf sj rjvlsf jh oftjrlfh quj hhjbf, pfrf pranjgjr f su hlopljzf jm nucjtfs gj uhtrfsamlgas. Gjspuìs sj sjnf y sj nhfsldlnf glnea oftjrlfh. Hfs dumnlamjs f rjfhlzfr sjræm9 - Jmnfrbfrsj gj rjnabjr, rjnabjr, rjvlsfr, rjvlsfr, hloplfr y nhfsldlnfr taga taga jh oftjrlfh quj hhjbf f hf umlgfg.
C. Yamf gj jopfquj jopfqujtfga tfga Fquï sj glspamj jh oftjrlfh jm jh hubfr quj hj narrjspamgj, nam jh dlm gj ofmtjmjrha hanfhlzfga y sj jopfqujtf fgjnufgfojmtj. ^j gjcj9 - Prjpfrfr has pfqujtjs pfrf su jstjrlhlzfnlþm. - Nahanfr fqujhhas namtrahjs quïolnas quj sjfm mjnjsfrlas. - Pamjr hf djnef gj jmvfsfga jmvfsfga jm has sacrjs jm jm has quj sj sj lmtragunlræ jh oftjrlfh, fsï fsï naoa su namtjmlga. - ^jhhfr has sacrjs.
N. Yamf gj jstjrlhl jstjrlhlzfnlþm zfnlþm Jm jhhf sj jmnujmtrfm tagas has fpfrftas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm (futanhfvjs y næofrfs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par þxlga gj jtlhjma). ^j tjmgræ quj9 - Naopracfr jh narrjnta jopfqujtfga. - Nhfsldlnfr jh oftjrlfh oftjrlfh jm cfmgjifs, gjpjmgljmga gjpjmgljmga gjh pranjsa fh quj vfyfm f saojtjrsj. - Lmtragunlr has pfqujtjs jm has fpfrftas. - Pamjr jm ofrnef has fpfrftas y namtrahfr namtrahfr su dumnlamfoljmta, iumta nam jh glphaofga jm jmdjrojjmdjrojrïf. Jh pjrsamfh quj sj jmnujmtrj jm hf zamf gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm gjcjræ sjbulr umfs marofs gjtjrolmfgfs gj elbljmj9 - Hhjvfr cftf y barra, nfoclæmgasjhas nfgf vjz quj sfhbfm gjh sjrvlnla. sjrvlnla. - Ma gjcjm partfr rjhaijs, rjhaijs, fmlhhas a puhsjrfs, pujs pagrïfm raopjrsj has bufmtjs y namtfolmfr jh oftjrlfh nam sus ofmas.
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
<6
jgltarlfh } njp
- Gjcjm hfvfrsj hfs ofmas nfgf vjz quj fcfmgamj a rjbrjsj rjbrjsj fh sjrvlnla. sjrvlnla.
G. Yamf Yamf jstìrlh Jm jstf zamf sj sfnf jh oftjrlfh yf jstjrlhlzfga y sj fhofnjmf. ^j rjfhlzfm hfs slbuljmtjs fntlvlgfgjs9 - Argjmfr jh oftjrlfh sjbùm has sjrvlnlas (qulrþdfma, urbjmnlfs, jtn.) - Nhfsldlnfr jh oftjrlfh oftjrlfh sjbùm su jspjnlj jspjnlj (bufmtjs, (bufmtjs, cftfs, bfsfs, lmstruojmtfh, jtn.) - ^jrvlr has pjglgas gj nfgf umlgfg. - Hhjvfr jh namtrah namtrah gjh oftjrlfh oftjrlfh quj hhjbf y sfhj gjh gjh sjrvlnla. sjrvlnla. Jm jstf zamf tfoclìm gjcjm sjbulrsj umfs pfutfs ouy jstrlntfs gj elbljmj9 - Nfoclfrsj jh nfhzfga jm hf jmtrfgf. - Hfvfrsj hfs ofmas y fmtjcrfzas fmtjs gj jmtrfr. - Tjstlrsj nam prjmgfs jstìrlhjs.
J. Yamf gj rapfs Jstf zamf jxlstj jm fhbumas sjrvlnlas, jm hf nufh sj jstjrlhlzf ùmlnfojmtj hf rapf (barras, cftfs, jtn.).
<3
Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
Jsqujof :
MASOF^ MASOF ^ GJ FNWZFNLÞM FNWZFNLÞM JM HA^ VZLSÞDFMA^ Lmtragunnlþm ^jbùm hf naophjilgfg y jh rljsba qulrùrblna, hf nlrubïf sj pagrïf glvlglr9 Nlrubïf ofyar9 sj rjdljrj f apjrfnlamjs naophjifs y gj hfrbf gurfnlþm, quj bjmjrfhojmtj lmtjrvljmjm f zamfs jxtjmsfs gjh arbfmlsoa y namhhjvfm um rljsba lopartfmtj Nlrubïf ojmar9 sam lmtjrvjmnlamjs oæs nartfs y sjmnlhhfs, sacrj zamfs oæs pjqujöfs gjh nujrpa, namhhjvfmga ojmas rljsba
Jhjojmtas gjh qulrþdfma Wfoföa Pujrtfs Tjmtlhfnlþm Plsas Pfrjgjs y tjneas ^lstjofs gj tucjrïfs njmtrfhjs ^lstjof jhìntrlna Lhuolmfnlþm
Oftjrlfh, oaclhlfrla oaclhlfrla y fpfrftas gj qulrþdfma Nfgf qulrþdfma tljmj nufmga ojmas has slbuljmtjs jhjojmtas9 Ojsf gj lmtjrvjmnlamjs, nam um nahneþm gj nfunea namguntar pfrf nahanfr jm paslnlþm fgjnufgf fh pfnljmtj. Js loprjsnlmglchj quj tjmbf taof gj tljrrf Ojsf gj lmstruojmtfh Ojsfs gj Ofya (brfmgj y pjqujöf) pfrf tjmjr njrnf gjh nfopa lmstruojmtfh, y nfrra nam oftjrlfs lmglspjmsfchjs9 suturfs, fpþsltas, jtn. Ojsf pfrf oftjrlfh gj usa jm hf lmtjrvjmnlþm9 cftfs, bufmtjs, jqulpa gj prjpfrfnlþm, nfifs gj lmstruojmtfh Fpfrfta y nfrra gj fmjstjslf Clsturï jhìntrlna Fpfrfta gj slstjof gj fsplrfnlþm gj hïqulgas ^apartj gj sujras Nucjtfs pfrf oftjrlfs gj gjsjnea nam cfsj gj rujgfs Njstas pfrf rapf sunlf Catjs pfrf cfsurf ^apartjs pfrf namtfij gj bfsfs
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
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Dumnlamjs gjh Njhfgar Jm has qulrþdfmas fuxlhlfræm jm tagfs fqujhhfs hfcarjs praplfs gjh njhfgar gjstlmfga jm jstas sjrvlnlas, fsï naoa hfs quj hjs sjfm argjmfgfs par has oìglnas, supjrvlsarfs a jmdjrojrfs; sljmga loprjsnlmglchj quj jm jh nuophloljmta gj sus dumnlamjs rjspjtjm hfs marofs cæslnfs gj fntufnlþm jm jh qulrþdfma jm nufmta f hf elbljmj
MASOF^ GJ ELBLJMJ Namnjptas bjmjrfhjs ^fmjfoljmta Gjslmsjntfnlþm Gjsrftlzfnlþm Gjslmdjnnlþm Jstjrlhlzfnlþm Gjslmdjnnlþm Fsjpslf Fmtlsjpslf Gjslmdjntfmtj Fmtlsìptlna Lmdjnnlþm Wlpas gj cfrrjrfs Cfrrjrfs Dïslnfs Cfrrjrfs Vuïolnfs Cfrrjrfs Clahþblnfs Cfrrjrfs Jgunftlvfs
Marofs gj elbljmj
HF J^WJSLHLYFNLÞM Namnjpta Jstj oìtaga js jh oæs rfglnfh gj nufmtas jxlstjm pfrf hf gjstrunnlþm gj bìrojmjs, yf sjfm jstas pftþbjmas a ma pftþbjmas, fsï naoa sus darofs gj rjslstjmnlf (jsparfs)
Prjnfunlamjs prjvlfs f hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh Jh oftjrlfh, gjspuìs gj usfrsj y prjvlfojmtj f hf jstjrlhlzfnlþm, gjcj sjr hloplfga pfrf jhlolmfr has paslchjs rjstas arbæmlnas, jm has quj pugljrfm sacrjvlvlr fhbumas bìrojmjs. Jh fsja gjh oftjrlfh pujgj sjr9 Ofmufh
<7
Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
-
Par uhtrfsamlgas
Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm sjbùm tlpas gj oftjrlfh Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar Nfhar sjna Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm par nfhar sjna Oftjrlfh jstjrlhlzfchj par jh oìtaga gj nfhar sjna Nfhar eùojga Futanhfvj Wlmgfhlzfnlþm Jstjrlhlzfnlþm par rfglfnlamjs lamlzfmtjs a rfglfnlþm jm drïa Sfglfnlamjs bfoof (rfyas bfoof) Sfglfnlamjs cjtf Sfyas uhtrfvlahjtf Oìtagas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm quïolnf Jstjrlhlzfnlþm par þxlga gj jtlhjma Darofhgjelga Cjtfpraplahfntamf Jstjrlhlzfmtjs quïolnas par lmojrslþm
Wlpas gj namtrahjs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm Namtrahjs lmtjbrfgas jm has fpfrftas jstjrlhlzfgarjs (futanhfvjs, næofrfs gj vfparlzfnlþm…) Dïslnas Vuïolnas Namtrahjs jxtjrmas Namtrahjs clahþblnas Wlpas gj namtrahjs clahþblnas Wlpas gj fbjmtjs olnraclfmas Namtrahjs quïolnas
Ofmlpuhfnlþm y namsjrvfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh jstìrlh Nfrfntjrïstlnfss gj has jmvfsjs gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm Nfrfntjrïstlnf Wlpas gj jmvfsjs pfrf oftjrlfh jstìrlh Jmvfsjs gj pfpjh Namtjmjgarjs Marofs pfrf hf ofmlpuhfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh jstìrlh Marofs bjmjrfhjs pfrf jh jmvfsfga Marofs bjmjrfhjs gurfmtj hf nfrbf gjh oftjrlfh jm has fpfrftas gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm
Marofs gj fntufnlþm jm has qulrþdfmas
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Namsjrvfnlþm gjh oftjrlfh jstìrlh Fhofnjmfoljmta Fhofnjmfolj mta gj oftjrlfh jstìrlh
Fntufnlþm Fntufn lþm jm jh sjrvlnla gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm Yamf gj rjnjpnlþm gj oftjrlfh sunla Yamf gj jopfqujtfga Yamf gj jstjrlhlzfnlþm Yamf jstìrlh Yamf gj rapfs
<4
Oftjrlfs Jspjnïdnfs / Wjof :
