SFNK ;
Qfbfrfgl`ks hfi`shkt`vks
Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd. Bufgtfs? Hk Ldgst`tul`üg. Hk Hfy. Hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs. Fh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d. Hds Fstktutds cf Kutdgdnîk. Hks Hfyfs cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks. C`spds`l`dgfs gdrnkt`vks ldg bufrzk cf hfy. Fh Qfihknfgtd. Hîn`tfs cf hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr rfihknfgtkr`k `k Ldgst`tul`üg Fspkûdhk, cf 19 cf c`l`fnarf cf ;09=, luyk ÿht`nk ndc`b`lkl`üg sf mk prdcul`cd pdr Qfbdrnk cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg cf 19 cf sfpt`fnarf cf 15;; Hfy <0/15;6, cf ; cf dltuarf, cfh Urdlfc`n`fgtd Kcn`g`strkt`vd Ldnÿg cf hks Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks Lüc`id L`v`h, luyk ÿht`nk ndc`b`lkl`üg sf mk prdcul`cd pdr Hfy ;0/15;6, cf ;< cf ouh`d, cf nfc`cks cf rfbdrnk kcn`g`strkt`vk fg fh ëna`td cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg cf Oust`l`k y cfh Qfi`strd L`v`h Hfy 65/;009, cf 19 cf gdv`fnarf, cfh Ida`frgd, luyk ÿht`nk ndc`b`lkl`üg sf mk prdcul`cd pdr Hfy 35/15;6, cf ; cf dltuarf, cf Qài`nfg Ourîc`ld cfh \fltdr Uÿah`ld
Daoft`vds
Kgkh`zkr fh s`stfnk cf bufgtfs gdrnkt`vks fg fh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld fspkûdh Cftfrn`gkr fh rkgid ofrërqu`ld cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg y su rfhkl`üg ldg fh rfstd cf gdrnks cfh drcfgkn`fgtd
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
;. FH DQCFGKN@FG DQCFGKN@FGSD SD OVQÎC@LD KCN@G@\S KCN@G@\SQKS@RD. QKS@RD. BVFGSF\ Kh mkahkr cf bufgtfs cfh cfrflmd sf mklf rfbfrfgl`k kh huikr cf cdgcf fnkgk d prdlfcf fh cfrflmd, fs cfl`r, k hds nfc`ds cf prdcull`üg cf gdrnks ourîc`lks y k hks bdrnks fg quf sf nkg`b`fstk fh cfrflmd. Hk cdltr`gk c`st`giuf fgtrf? - Bufgtfs fg sfgt`cd nktfr`kh \dg kqufhhks `gst`tul`dgfs d bufrzks sdl`khfs sdl`khfs quf pdsffg pdsffg lkpkl`ckc pkrk lrfkr d prdcul`r gdrnks ourîc`lks - Bufgtfs fg sfgt`cd bdrnkh \dg hds ndcds k trkvàs cf hds lukhfs sf nkg`b`fstk nkg`b`fstk fh cfrflmd (hfy, (hfy, rfihknfgtd, rfihknfgtd, ldstunarf, ldstunarf, ftl.). Hks bufgtfs bufgtfs cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld fspkûdh fspkûdh sdg hk hfy, hk ldstunarf ldstunarf y hds pr`gl`p`ds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfifgfrkhfs cfh cfrflmd. Hk ldstunarf ldstunarf sühd sühd rfi`rë rfi`rë fg cfbfltd cf hfy kph`lkahf, s`fnprf s`fnprf quf gd sfk ldgtrkr`k k hk ndrkh d kh drcfg pÿah`ld y quf rfsuhtf prdakck. Hds usds ourîc`lds quf gd sfkg nfrknfgtf nfrknfgtf `gtfrprftkt`vds cf ugk cflhkrkl`üg cf vdhugtkc tfgcrëg hk ldgs`cfrkl`üg cf ldstunarf. Hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs cfh cfrflmd cfrflmd sf sf kph`lkrëg kph`lkrëg fg cfbfltd cf hfy hfy d ldstunarf, s`g pfrou`l`d pfrou`l`d cf su lkrëltfr `gbdrnkcdr cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld. Hks gdrnks ourîc`lks ldgtfg`cks fg hds trktkcds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs gd sfrëg cf kph`lkl`üg c`rfltk fg Fspkûk fg tkgtd gd mkykg pkskcd k bdrnkr pkrtf cfh drcfgkn`fgtd `gtfrgd nfc`kgtf su puah`lkl`üg îgtfirk fg fh Adhftîg Db`l`kh cfh Fstkcd. Hk our`sprucfgl`k our`sprucfgl`k ldnphfnfgtkrë ldnphfnfgtkrë fh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld ldg hk cdltr`gk quf, cf ndcd rf`tfrkcd, fstkahfzlk fh Sr`augkh \uprfnd kh `gtfrprftkr y kph`lkr hk hfy, hk ldstunarf y hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs cfh cfrflmd. (krt. ;.; cfh Lüc`id L`v`h).
Fh lkpîtuhd cf hks bufgtfs sf phkgtfk fg fh Cfrflmd Kcn`g`strkt`vd fg tàrn`gds s`n`hkrfs k hks rfstkgtfs c`sl`ph`gks ourîc`lks. \`g fnakrid, ldgv`fgf rfn`t`rsf kh Cfrflmd Ldgst`tul`dgkh, luyd daoftd bugcknfgtkh fs fh fstuc`d cf hk bugl`üg hfi`shkt`vk cfh Fstkcd fg lukgtd lrfkcdr cfh cfrflmd, fstd fs, fh kgëh`s`s cf hks gdrnks quf rfiuhkg lünd sf lrfkg y luëhfs sdg hds fbfltds cf hks c`st`gtks gdrnks ourîc`lks, yk quf fg hds drcfgkn`fgtds ndcfrgds hk gdrnkl`üg sdarf bufgtfs (gdrnkl`üg sdarf gdrnkl`üg) fs ÿg`lk y fstë rfiuhkck pdr ldnphftd pdr rîi`cks gdrnks fstktkhfs. Fg lukhqu`fr lksd, fh prdahfnk cf hks bufgtfs cfh cfrflmd t`fgf fg fh Cfrflmd Kcn`g`strkt`vd ugk `npdrtkgl`k nuy supfr`dr, pdrquf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg gd sühd fs ugk cfst`gktkr`k dah`ikck
;5
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
pdr hks gdrnks ourîc`lks (ldnd hds rfstkgtfs suoftds cfh cfrflmd), s`gd ug prdtkidg`stk `npdrtkgtf fg su fhkadrkl`üg. Hk pkrt`l`pkl`üg cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg fg hk lrfkl`üg cfh cfrflmd sf nkg`b`fstk c f trfs bdrnks? - Udr hk ldpkrt`l`pkl`üg cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg, Kcn`g`strkl`üg, c`r`i`ck pdr fh Ida`frgd, fg hk bugl`üg bugl`üg hfi`shkt`vk cfh cfh Ukrhknfgtd, nfc`kgtf hk fhkadrkl`üg cf prdyfltds cf hfy. - Udr hk pkrt`l`pkl`üg c`rfltk c`rfltk fg hk n`snk bugl`üg hfi`shkt`vk, hfi`shkt`vk, c`ltkgcd gdrnks ldg vkhdr cf hfy, quf kh sfr fhkadrkcks pdr fh Ida`frgd rfl`afg fh gdnarf cf Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds y Cflrftds Hfyfs. - K trkvàs cf hk fhkadrkl`üg fhkadrkl`üg cf hds hds rfihknfgtds rfihknfgtds (cf vkhdr `gbfr`dr y suadrc`gkcd k hks gdrnks ldg rkgid cf hfy), quf s`g fnakrid, ldgst`tuyfg lukgt`tkt`vknfgtf fh sfltdr nës `npdrtkgtf cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld.
;.; Lhksfs cf bufgtfs cfh Cfrflmd Kcn`g`strkt`vd Udcfnds fstkahflfr hks s`iu`fgtfs lhks`b`lkl`dgfs?
K. Bufgtfs c`rfltks f `gc`rfltks k. Bufgtfs c`rfltks - Hk Ldgst`tul`üg. - Hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs puah`lkcds fg fh A.D.F. - Hks hfyfs hfyfs Driëg`lks Driëg`lks y drc`gkr`ks cfh cfh Fstkcd y cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks. Kutügdnks. - Hks gdrnks ldg rkgid cf Hfy fnkgkcks cfh Ida`frgd? Cflrftds-hfyf Cflrftds-hfyfss y Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds. - Hds Qfihknfgtds Qfihknfgtds ldgtfg`cds fg Cflrftds cfh Ida`frgd, Ürcfgfs cf Ldn`s`dgfs Cfhfikcks cfh Ida`frgd y Ürcfgfs N`g`stfr`khfs. - Hk Ldstunarf. - Hds Ur`gl`p`ds Ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd.
a. Bufgtfs Bufgtfs `gc`rfltks - Hk Our`sprucfgl`k cfh Sr`augkh \uprfnd. - Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs gd puah`lkcds fg fh A.D.F. - Hk cdltr`gk l`fgtîb`lk.
A. Bufgtfs fslr`tks y gd fslr`tks k. Bufgtfs fslr`tks - Hk Ldgst`tul`üg. - Hk Hfy.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
;;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
- Hks gdrnks cfh Ida`frgd ldg bufrzk cf Hfy. - Hds Qfihknfgtds.
a. Bufgtfs gd fslr`tks - Hk ldstunarf. - Hds Ur`gl`p`ds Ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd.
L. Bufgtfs pr`nkr`ks y suas`c`kr`ks k. Bufgtfs pr`nkr`ks \dg hks quf sf kph`lkg s`fnprf quf ldglurrkg hds supufstds cf mflmd pdr fhhks ldgtfnphkcds. Skh lkrëltfr t`fgfg kqufhhks bufgtfs quf sf fxtfr`dr`zkg cf bdrnk fslr`tk? - Hk Ldgst`tul`üg. - Hk Hfy. - Hks c`spds`l`dgfs gdrnkt`vks ldg vkhdr cf Hfy. - Fh Qfihknfgtd.
a. Bufgtfs suas`c`kr`ks \dg hks quf sühd sf kph`lkg fg cfbfltd cf bufgtfs pr`nkr`ks? - Hk ldstunarf. - Hds Ur`gl`p`ds Ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd.
;.1 Ofrkrquîk cf hks bufgtfs Hks gdrnks `gtfirkgtfs cfh cfrflmd Kcn`g`strkt`vd fstëg suoftks kh pr`gl`p`d cf ofrkrquîk gdrnkt`vk, quf sf fglufgtrk rfldgdl`cd fg fh krtîluhd 0.< cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg. Fh Lüc`id L`v`h hd rfldif fg su krtîluhd ;.1 kh c`spdgfr quf? ‘lkrflfrëg cf vkh`cfz hks c`spds`l`dgfs quf ldgtrkc`ikg dtrk cf rkgid supfr`dr„. Fg v`rtuc cf fstf pr`gl`p`d hks gdrnks cf rkgid supfr`dr prfvkhflfg y sf `npdgfg sdarf hks cf rkgid `gbfr`dr. Hks gdrnks quf dstfgtkg fh n`snd rkgid t`fgfg hk n`snk bufrzk gdrnkt`vk. Udr dtrk pkrtf, fh pr`gl`p`d cf ofrkrquîk gdrnkt`vk pfrn`tf ldgstktkr hk rfhkl`üg fx`stfgtf fgtrf hk bufgtf cf hk quf fnkgk lkck gdrnk (fh ürikgd quf hk prdculf) y hk bdrnk cf hk n`snk, ksî ldnd su rkgid y bufrzk. Ldrrfspdgcf k hk Ldgst`tul`üg cftfrn`gkr hks pdtfstkcfs gdrnkt`vks y hk ktr`aul`üg cfh rkgid fg v`rtuc cf hk bufgtf cf hk quf prdlfcfg. Cf fstk bdrnk tdcks hks gdrnks prdlfcfgtfs cf hk n`snk bufgtf t`fgfg, fg pr`gl`p`d, hk n`snk bdrnk fxtfrgk y hk n`snk bufrzk (hfyfs, cflrftds, ftl.). Fg v`rtuc cf fstf pr`gl`p`d sf ldgb`iurk ugk fstrulturk p`rkn`ckh, luyk lÿsp`cf fs hk Ldgst`tul`üg, gdrnk suprfnk quf prfvkhflf y sf `npdgf k tdcks hks cfnës. Fg sfiugcd huikr, sf
;1
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
fglufgtrkg hks hfyfs y hks c`spds`l`dgfs cfh Ida`frgd ldg rkgid cf Hfy (Cflrftds-Hfyfs y Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds), y fg fstf n`snd fslkhüg sf mkhhkrîkg hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs puah`lkcds fg fh A.D.F. Skna`àg mky quf tfgfr fg lufgtk hks Hfyfs y rfihknfgtds fnkgkcds cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks. Vg tfrlfr fslkhüg hd ldgst`tuyfg hds Qfihknfgtds, quf tkna`àg t`fgfg ugk drcfgkl`üg ofrërqu`lk. Cf klufrcd ldg fh krtîluhd ;1=.< cf hk Hfy <0/15;6, cf ; cf dltuarf, cfh Urdlfc`n`fgtd Kcn`g`strkt`vd Ldnÿg cf hks Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks, hks c`spds`l`dgfs kcn`g`strkt`vks sf koustkrëg kh drcfg cf ofrkrquîk quf fstkahfzlkg hks hfyfs. G`giugk c`spds`l`üg kcn`g`strkt`vk pdcrë vuhgfrkr hds prflfptds cf dtrk cf rkgid supfr`dr. Fg ÿht`nd huikr, cfafnds fgunfrkr ldnd bufgtfs cfh Cfrflmd? - Hk ldstunarf. - Hds Ur`gl`p`ds Ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd. - Hk Our`sprucfgl`k.
1. HK LDG\ LDG\S@S S@SVL@Ü VL@ÜG G Hk Ldgst`tul`üg fs hk pr`nfrk cf hks Gdrnks, hk Gdrnk \uprfnk cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld, quf dstfgtk fh lkrëltfr cf gdrnk suprkhfikh, cf bdrnk quf gd pufcf sfr khtfrkck g` ndc`b`lkck pdr hds prdlfc`n`fgtds drc`gkr`ds cf lrfkl`üg cf gdrnks ourîc`lks. Hk hfy gd pufcf ndc`b`lkr hk Ldgst`tul`üg. Cfb`g`r hk Ldgst`tul`üg ldnd gdrnk bugcknfgtkh `nph`lk quf sus nkgcktds qufckg bufrk cf hk c`spdg`a`h`ckc cf hks bufrzks pdhît`lks, cf nkgfrk quf àstds gd pufcfg sfr khtfrkcds pdr hds pdcfrfs pÿah`lds fg su kltukl`üg drc`gkr`k. Fh n`snd tfxtd ldgst`tul`dgkh cfstklk su prdp`k pds`l`üg gdrnkt`vk cfgtrd cfh drcfgkn`fgtd kh c`spdgfr fg fh krtîluhd 0.;? ‘Hds l`uckckgds y hds pdcfrfs pÿah`lds fstëg suoftds k hk Ldgst`tul`üg y kh rfstd cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld„. Fg lukgtd k su rfbdrnk sf ldgtfnphkg cds prdlfc`n`fgtds c`st`gtds, knads sdg cf lkrëltfr rîi`cd (nës ldnphfods quf fh prdlfc`n`fgtd hfi`shkt`vd drc`gkr`d), fstk r`i`cfz fs ugk bdrnk cf ikrkgt`zkr hk suprfnklîk cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, pkrk fv`tkr quf rfsuhtf kbfltkck pdr lukhqu`fr hfy pdstfr`dr. (Lukhqu`fr hfy quf hk ldgtrkc`ik fs `gldgst`tul`dgkh). K hk rfiuhkl`üg cf su rfbdrnk sf cfc`lk fh Sîtuhd ].
\us prflfptds sdg aës`lds f `gkhtfrkahfs y ldgst`tuyfg hds hîn`tfs k hds pdcfrfs cfh Fstkcd.
<. HK HF HFP P <.; Ldglfptd Cfscf ug pugtd cf v`stk pdhît`ld, hk hfy fhkadrkck pdr fh pdcfr hfi`shkt`vd cfh Fstkcd, quf dstfgtk hk rfprfsfgtkl`üg cfh pufahd, ldgst`tuyf hk fxprfs`üg cf hk vdhugtkc pdpuhkr.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
;<
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
Ougtd ldg hk Ldgst`tul`üg, hk hfy idzk cf c`rfltk hfi`t`n`ckc cfndlrët`lk kh sfr prdcultd cf hk klt`v`ckc gdrnkt`vk cf hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs. Ldgs`cfrkck ldnd bufgtf cfh cfrflmd, ldgst`tuyf hk lktfidrîk aës`lk cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld, `gnfc`ktknfgtf suadrc`gkck k hk Ldgst`tul`üg. Hk hfy fs hk gdrnk fhkadrkck pdr fh Ukrhknfgtd, sfiÿg fh prdlfc`n`fgtd ldgst`tul`dgkhnfgtf fstkahfl`cd pkrk fhhd. Udr dtrk pkrtf, hk Ldgst`tul`üg rfsfrvk cftfrn`gkcks nktfr`ks pkrk quf su rfiuhkl`üg sf rfkh`lf pdr hfy (y gd pdr rfihknfgtd), hd quf ldgst`tuyf hk hhknkck rfsfrvk cf hfy, k b`g cf ikrkgt`zkr quf cftfrn`gkcks nktfr`ks pdr su fspfl`kh trkslfgcfgl`k sfkg rfiuhkcks pdr fh t`tuhkr cfh pdcfr hfi`shkt`vd d pdr gdrnks cf `iukh rkgid y bufrzk. Fg lukgtd k su skgl`üg y prdnuhikl`üg, hks hfyfs kprdakcks pdr hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs sfrëg skgl`dgkcks pdr fh Qfy fg fh phkzd cf ;6 cîks, qu`fg hks prdnuhikrë y drcfgkrë su `gnfc`ktk puah`lkl`üg.
<.1 Lhksfs Udcfnds c`st`giu`r hks s`iu`fgtfs lhksfs cf hfyfs?
K. Hfyfs fstktkhf fstktkhfss y hfyfs kutdgün`l kutdgün`lks ks Fh krtîluhd 22.1 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg ktr`auyf k hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs fh fofrl`l`d fofrl`l`d cf hk pdtfstkc hfi`shkt`vk cfh Fstkcd, quf sf ldglrftk fg hk bkluhtkc ourîc`lk cf fhkadrkl`üg cf hks hfyfs. Hks hfyfs kutdgün`lks pdsffg fh n`snd rkgid y bufrzk quf hks hfyfs cfh Fstkcd, pfrd t`fgfg ug lknpd nktfr`kh c`st`gtd fg v`rtuc cf pr`gl`p`d cf ldnpftfgl`k, ldnd nfc`d cf cfh`n`tkl`üg cfh ëna`td cfh fofrl`l`d cf hk pdtfstkc gdrnkt`vk g drnkt`vk fgtrf fh Fstkcd y hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks.
A. Hfyfs Driëg`lks y hfyfs drc`gkr`k drc`gkr`kss k. Hfyfs Driëg`l Driëg`lks ks Hks Hfyfs Driëg`lks vkg rfbfr`cks k nktfr`ks k hks quf hk Ldgst`tul`üg ktr`auyf fspfl`kh trkslfgcfgl`k y pkrk luyk kprdakl`üg sf rfqu`frf ug quürun fspfl`khnfgtf rfbdrzkcd (nkydrîk kasdhutk) fg fh Ldgirfsd. \dg Hfyfs Driëg`lks hks rfhkt`vks kh cfskrrdhhd cf hds Cfrflmds Bugcknfgtkhfs y H`afrtkcfs Uÿah`lks, hks quf kprufakg hds Fstktutds cf Kutdgdnîk y fh Qài`nfg Fhfltdrkh Ifgfrkh y cf hks cfnës prfv`stks fg hk Ldgst`tul`üg (krt. =;.; LF). Hk kprdakl`üg, ndc`b`lkl`üg d cfrdikl`üg cf hks hfyfs driëg`lks fx`i`rë nkydrîk kasdhutk cfh Ldgirfsd, fg ugk vdtkl`üg b`gkh sdarf fh ldgougtd cfh prdyfltd (krt. =;.1 LF). Hks nktfr`ks daoftd daoftd cf hfy driëg`lk driëg`lk fstëg fxlhu`cks fxlhu`cks cf hk `g`l`kt`vk pdpuhkr y cf hk rfiuhkl`üg pdr Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds y Cflrftds-Hfyfs. Cflrftds-Hfyfs.
;3
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
a. Hfyfs Drc`gkr` Drc`gkr`ks ks Hfyfs drc`gkr`ks sdg kqufhhks quf sf fhkadrkg pdr fh prdlfc`n`fgtd mka`tukh y sf kprufakg pdr nkydrîk s`nphf. Qfiuhkg nktfr`ks pkrk hks quf gd sf fx`if hk trkn`tkl`üg prdp`k cf hks hfyfs Driëg`lks. Ldnd hfyfs drc`gkr`ks pdcfnds c`st`giu`r hks s`iu`fgtfs? - Hfyfs cf Uhfgd. - Hfyfs cf Ldn`s`üg. - Hfi`shkl`üg aës`lk d Hfyfs Aës`lks. - Hfyfs Nkrld. - Hfyfs cf Aksfs. - Hfyfs cf Urfsupufstds cfh Fstkcd. LHK\F\ CF HFPF\
F\SKSKHF\ KVSDGÜN@LK\ DQIËG@LK\ DQC@GKQ@K\
3. HD\ SQKSKCD\ @GSFQGKL @GSFQGKL@DGKHF\ @DGKHF\ 3.; Qfiuhkl`üg Hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs sdg klufrcds quf fh Fstkcd fspkûdh rfkh`zk ldg dtrds fgtfs sdafrkgds. \f rfiuhkg fg fh Lkpîtuhd Sfrlfrd cfh Sîtuhd @@@ cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, krts. 0< k 02.
3.1 Srktkcds quf rfqu`frfg Hfy Driëg`lk Nfc`kgtf Hfy Driëg`lk sf pdcrë kutdr`zkr hk lfhfarkl`üg cf Srktkcds pdr hds quf sf ktr`auyk k ugk drikg`zkl`üg d `gst`tul`üg `gtfrgkl`dgkh fh fofrl`l`d cf ldnpftfgl`ks cfr`vkcks cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg. Ldrrfspdgcf k hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs d kh Ida`frgd, sfiÿg hds lksds, hk ikrkgtîk cfh lunph`n`fgtd cf fstds Srktkcds y cf hks rfsdhul`dgfs fnkgkcks cf hds drikg`snds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs d suprkgkl`dgkhfs t`tuhkrfs cf hk lfs`üg (krt. 0<).
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
;6
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
3.< Srktkcds quf rfqu`frfg prfv`k kutdr`zkl`üg cf hks Ldrtfs Hk prfstkl`üg cfh ldgsfgt`n`fgtd cfh Fstkcd pkrk dah`ikrsf pdr nfc`d cf Srktkcds d Ldgvfg`ds rfqufr`rë hk prfv`k kutdr`zkl`üg cf hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs, sfiÿg fh krt. 0 3, fg hds s`iu`fgtfs lksds? - Srktkcds cf lkrëltfr pdhît`ld. - Srktkcds d Ldgvfg`ds cf lkrëltfr n`h`tkr. - Srktkcds d Ldgvfg`ds quf kbfltfg k hk `gtfir`ckc tfrr`tdr`kh tfrr`tdr`kh cfh Fstkcd d k hds cfrflmds y cfafrfs bugcknfgtkhfs fstkahfl`cds fg fh Sîtuhd @. - Srktkcds d Ldgvfg`ds quf `nph`qufg dah`ikl`dgfs b`gkgl`frks pkrk hk Mkl`fgck Uÿah`lk. Uÿah`lk. - Srktkcds d Ldgvfg`ds quf supdgikg ndc`b`lkl`üg d cfrdikl`üg cfrdikl`üg cf khiugk Hfy d fx`okg nfc`cks hfi`shkt`vks pkrk su foflul`üg. Fh Ldgirfsd y fh \fgkcd sfrëg `gnfc`ktknfgtf `gbdrnkcds cf hk ldglhus`üg cf hds rfstkgtfs Srktkcds d Ldgvfg`ds.
3.3 Ldgbh`l Ldgbh`ltds tds fgtrf Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs y hk Ldgst`tul`üg Ldgst`tul`üg Hk lfhfarkl`üg cf ug Srktkcd `gtfrgkl`dgkh quf ldgtfgik fst`puhkl`dgfs ldgtrkr`ks k hk Ldgst`tul`üg fx`i`rë hk prfv`k rfv`s`üg ldgst`tul`dgkh. Fh Ida`frgd d lukhqu`frk cf hks Lënkrks pufcf rfqufr`r kh Sr`augkh Ldgst`tul`dgkh pkrk quf cflhkrf s` fx`stf d gd fsk ldgtrkc`ll`üg.
3.6 Fbfltds cf hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs Hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs vëh`cknfgtf lfhfarkcds, ugk vfz puah`lkcds db`l`khnfgtf fg Fspkûk, bdrnkrëg pkrtf cfh drcfgkn`fgtd `gtfrgd. \us c`spds`l`dgfs sühd pdcrëg sfr cfrdikcks, ndc`b`lkcks d suspfgc`cks fg hk bdrnk prfv`stk fg hds prdp`ds Srktkcds d cf klufrcd ldg hks gdrnks ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd @gtfrgkl`dgkh. Ukrk hk cfgugl`k cf hds Srktkcds y Ldgvfg`ds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs sf ut`h`zkrë fh n`snd prdlfc`n`fgtd prfv`std pkrk su kprdakl`üg.
6. FH CFQF CFQFLMD LMD LDNV LDNVG@S G@SKQ@D KQ@D Fg fh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d fs yk lhës`lk hk c`st`gl`üg fgtrf cds sustrktds d ahdqufs gdrnkt`vds? fh hhknkcd Cfrflmd pr`nkr`d d Cfrflmd dr`i`gkr`d, `gtfirkcd pdr hds Srktkcds ldgst`tut`vds y kqufhhds quf hds mkg ndc`b`lkcd d ldnphftkcd: y fh Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd d sflugckr`d, ldgst`tu`cd pdr hds kltds gdrnkt`vds cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks.
6.; Cfrflmd dr`i`gkr`d (d pr`nkr`d) Pk mfnds v`std quf fstkrîk `gtfirkcd pdr hds trfs Srktkcds ldgst`tut`vds k quf mfnds khuc`cd y pdr hds sulfs`vds quf hds ndc`b`lkg d ldnphftkg. S`fgfg lkrëltfr cf Srktkcds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs ldgst`tut`vds, fg lukgtd, ldnd mfnds v`std, `gst`tuyfg ug drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld prdp`d? fh
;2
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld ldnug`tkr`d, quf surif nfc`kgtf hk lfs`üg k hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks cf pkrlfhks cf sdafrkgîk cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards. Fg Fspkûk fh nflkg`snd cf lfs`üg fstkak prfv`std fg fh krt. 0< LF, fg luyk v`rtuc ‘nfc`kgtf hfy driëg`lk sf pdcrë kutdr`zkr hk lfhfarkl`üg cf trktkcds pdr hds quf sf ktr`auyk k ugk drikg`zkl`üg d `gst`tul`üg `gtfrgkl`dgkh fh fofrl`l`d cf ldnpftfgl`ks cfr`vkcks cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg„ (HD ;5/;0=6, cf 1 cf kidstd, cf kutdr`zkl`üg pkrk hk kcmfs`üg cf Fspkûk k hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks). Hks c`spds`l`dgfs cf hds Srktkcds ldgst`tuyfg hk nëx`nk fxprfs`üg fg hk ofrkrquîk cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld ldnug`tkr`d y, pdr tkgtd, tkgtd, tkna`àg cf lkck ugd cf hds Fstkcds b`rnkgtfs cfh n`snd. n`snd.
K. Fgunfrkl`ü Fg unfrkl`üg g y ldgtfg`cd \dg, pdr tkgtd, trfs hds Srktkcds dr`i`gkr`ds? - Fh Srktkcd Ldgst`tut`vd Ldgst`tut`vd cf hk hk Ldnug`ckc Furdpfk cfh Lkraüg y cfh Klfrd, (SLFLK), ldglhu`cd fg Ukrîs fh ;= cf kar`h cf ;.06;, (fg v`idr cfscf fh 1< cf ouh`d cf ;.061 mkstk fh 1< cf ouh`d cf 1551, `glhuyàgcdsf su ldgtfg`cd gdrnkt`vd fg fh nkrld cfh Srktkcd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk). - Fh Srktkcd Ldgst`tut`vd cf hk Ldnug`ckc Fldgün`lk Furdpfk, Furdpfk, (SLFF) (kltukhnfgtf cfgdn`gkcd cfgdn`gkcd Srktkcd cf Bugl`dgkn`fgtd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk), ldglhu`cd fg Qdnk fh 16 cf nkrzd cf ;.069, fg v`idr cfscf fh ; cf fgfrd cf ;.06=. - Fh Srktkcd Ldgst`tut`vd cf hk Ldnug`ckc Furdpfk cf hk Fgfriîk Ktün`lk, (SLFFK), ldglhu`cd fg Qdnk fh 16 cf nkrzd cf ;.069, fg v`idr cfscf fh ; cf fgfrd cf ;.06=. Fx`stfg, pdr tkgtd mdy, cds ldnug`ckcfs c`st`gtks, akskcks fg tfxtds ldgst`tut`vds prdp`ds, quf pfrs`iufg s`n`hkrfs daoft`vds bugcknfgtkhfs y quf sf lkrkltfr`zkg pdrquf `gst`tuyfg rfhkl`dgfs cf `gtfirkl`üg quf fx`ifg hk ktr`aul`üg cf bkluhtkcfs sdafrkgks. K pfskr cfh lkrëltfr nës ifgfrkh cfh Srktkcd cf Bugl`dgkn`fgtd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk, gd sf mk cfrdikcd fh Srktkcd cf hk LFFK quf, pdr tfgfr ug daoftd nës fspflîb`ld, ldgst`tuyfg ldnprdn`sds `gcfpfgc`fgtfs hds ugds cf hds dtrds. Fstk kutdgdnîk cfh trktkcd mk s`cd ktfgukck pdr fh Sr`augkh cf Oust`l`k, quf mk `gtfrprftkcd hks c`spds`l`dgfs rfspflt`vks cf ugd k hk huz cfh dtrd. K fhhd cfafnds kldnpkûkr hk b`rnk cfh hhknkcd Srktkcd cf Bus`üg cf ;.026 quf ug`b`lk hks trfs `gst`tul`dgfs cf hks trfs Ldnug`ckcfs, quf cfscf fsf ndnfgtd fofrlfg sus ldnpftfgl`ks cf klufrcd ldg hks c`spds`l`dgfs cf lkck ugd cf hds tfxtds ldgst`tut`vds. Gd sf mk prdcul`cd pdr tkgtd bus`üg cf trktkcds s`gd ugk bus`üg `gst`tul`dgkh, qufckgcd fg v`idr mdy fg cîk tkg sdhd fh kgt`iud SLFF y fh SLFFK knph`knfgtf ndc`b`lkcds f `iukhkcds fg su ldgtfg`cd gdrnkt`vd pdr fh Srktkcd pdr fh quf sf ndc`b`lkg fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk cf ;< cf c`l`fnarf cf 1559. SQKSKCD\ DQ@I@GKQ@D\
- Srktkcd Ldgst`tut`vd cf hk Ldnug`ckc Furdpfk cfh Lkraüg y cfh Klfrd (SLFLK) - Srktkcd Ldgst`tut`vd cf hk Ldnug`ckc Fldgün`lk Furdpfk (SLFF) - Srktkcd Ldgst`tut`vd cf hk Ldnug`ckc Furdpfk cf hk Fgfriîk Ktün`lk (SLFFK)
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
;9
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
A. Fstrultur Fstrulturkk Hk fstrulturk cf hds trktkcds fs s`n`hkr? - Vgk pr`nfrk pkrtf cdgcf sf rfldifg hds daoft`vds pfrsfiu`cds pdr lkck ugk cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs y hds pr`gl`p`ds quf r`ifg su bugl`dgkn`fgtd. Fstk pr`nfrk pkrtf cf hds Srktkcds t`fgf ug vkhdr ourîc`ld `glhusd supfr`dr kh rfstd cf hds tfxtds ldnug`tkr`ds, fg tkgtd quf ldgt`fgf hks `gc`lkl`dgfs quf cfafg dr`fgtkr tdcks hks nfc`cks k rfkh`zkr pdr lkck ugk cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs. - Vgk sfiugck fg hk quf b`iurkg hks lhëusuhks `gst`tul`dgkhfs fg hks quf sf b`ok fh s`stfnk `gst``gst`tul`dgkh cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks, fstkahfl`fgcd sus ldnpftfgl`ks y bugl`dgkn`fgtd. - Fg tfrlfr tfrlfr huikr, fgldgtrkrîknds hks lhëusuhks nktfr`khfs cf hds Srktkcds, kcv`rt`àgcdsf kcv`rt`àgcdsf kquî quf fh SLFF, kh ldgtrkr`d quf hds dtrds cds, cfb`gf fh nkrld cf kltukl`üg y cfok k hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks ug nkrifg cf kprfl`kl`üg ldgs`cfrkahf. Fs fh lufrpd cfh trktkcd y ldgt`fgf prdp`knfgtf fh cfrflmd nktfr`kh cf hk drikg`zkl`üg. - Fg ÿht`nd huikr, hks lhëusuhks b`gkhfs, fg hks quf sf rfldifg hks ndckh`ckcfs cf kcmfs`üg y ksdl`kl`üg k hds Srktkcds, su fgtrkck fg v`idr, su ëna`td cf kph`lkl`üg y fh prdlfsd cf rfv`s`üg cf hds n`snds. F\SQVLSVQK CF HD\ SQKSKCD\ DQ@I@GKQ@D\
- ;ª pkrtf? Daoft`vds pfrsfiu`cds y pr`gl`p`ds pr`gl`p`ds quf r`ifg r`ifg fh bugl`dgkn`fgtd cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs - 1ª pkrtf? Lhëusuhks `gst`tul`dgkhfs, fg hks quf sf fstkahflfg hks ldnpftfgl`ks y bugl`dgkn`fgtd - <ª pkrtf? Lhëusuhks nktfr`khfs - 3ª pkrtf? Lhëusuhks b`gkhfs
L. Urdlfc`n`fgt Urdlfc`n`fgtd d cf rfv`s`üg cf hds Srktkcds. Hds Srktkcds ndc`b`lkt ndc`b`lkt`vds `vds k. Ndc`b`lkl`üg cf hds Srktkcds Hds Srktkcds pdcrëg ndc`b`lkrsf ldg krrfihd k ug prdlfc`n`fgtd cf rfv`s`üg drc`gkr`d. Skna`àg pdcrëg ndc`b`lkrsf ldg krrfihd k prdlfc`n`fgtds cf rfv`s`üg s`nph`b`lkcds. - Urdlfc`n`fgtd cf rfv`s`üg drc`gkr`d Fh Ida`frgd Ida`frgd cf lukhqu`fr lukhqu`fr Fstkcd n`fnard, fh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd d hk hk Ldn`s`üg Ldn`s`üg pdcrëg prfsfgtkr kh Ldgsfod prdyfltds cf rfv`s`üg cf hds Srktkcds. Fstds prdyfltds pdcrëg tfgfr pdr b`gkh`ckc, fgtrf dtrks ldsks, hk cf kunfgtkr d rfcul`r hks ldnpftfgl`ks ktr`au`cks k hk Vg`üg fg hds Srktkcds. Fh Ldgsfod rfn`t`rë c`lmds prdyfltds prdyfltds kh Ldgsfod Furdpfd y hds gdt`b`lkrë k hds Ukrhknfgtds gkl`dgkhfs. \` fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd, prfv`k prfv`k ldgsuhtk kh Ukrhknfgtd Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd y k hk Ldn`s`üg, Ldn`s`üg, kcdptk pdr nkydrîk s`nphf ugk cfl`s`üg bkvdrkahf kh fxknfg cf hks ndc`b`lkl`dgfs prdpufstks, fh Urfs`cfgtf cfh Ldgsfod Furdpfd ldgvdlkrë ugk Ldgvfgl`üg ldnpufstk pdr rfprfsfgtkgtfs cf hds Ukrhknfgtds gkl`dgkhfs, cf hds Ofbfs cf Fstkcd d cf Ida`frgd cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards,
;=
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd y cf hk Ldn`s`üg. Lukgcd sf trktf cf ndc`b`lkl`dgfs `gst`tul`dgkhfs fg fh ëna`td ndgftkr`d, sf ldgsuhtkrë tkna`àg kh Akgld Lfgtrkh Furdpfd. Hk Ldgvfgl`üg fxkn`gkrë hds prdyfltds cf rfv`s`üg y kcdptkrë pdr ldgsfgsd ugk rfldnfgckl`üg c`r`i`ck k ugk Ldgbfrfgl`k cf rfprfsfgtkgtfs cf hds Ida`frgds cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards. Fh Ldgsfod Ldgsfod Furdpfd pdcrë cfl`c`r cfl`c`r pdr pdr nkydrîk nkydrîk s`nphf, s`nphf, prfv`k kprdakl`üg kprdakl`üg cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd, gd ldgvdlkr ugk Ldgvfgl`üg lukgcd hk `npdrtkgl`k cf hks ndc`b`lkl`dgfs gd hd oust`b`quf. Fg fstf ÿht`nd lksd, fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd fstkahflfrë ug nkgcktd pkrk ugk Ldgbfrfgl`k cf rfprfsfgtkgtfs cf hds Ida`frgds cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards. Fh Urfs`cfgtf Urfs`cfgtf cfh cfh Ldgsfod Ldgsfod ldgvdlkrë ldgvdlkrë ugk Ldgbfrfgl`k cf rfprfsfgtkgtfs rfprfsfgtkgtfs cf hds Ida`frgds cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards ldg fh b`g cf quf sf kprufafg cf ldnÿg klufrcd hks ndc`b`lkl`dgfs quf cfakg `gtrdcul`rsf fg hds Srktkcds. Hks ndc`b`lkl`dgfs fgtrkrëg fg v`idr cfspuàs cf mkafr s`cd rkt`b`lkcks pdr tdcds hds Fstkcds n`fnards cf ldgbdrn`ckc ldg sus rfspflt`vks gdrnks ldgst`tul`dgkhfs. \`, trkgslurr`cd ug phkzd cf cds kûds cfscf hk b`rnk cf ug trktkcd ndc`b`lkt`vd cf hds Srktkcds, hks luktrd qu`gtks pkrtfs cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards hd mkg rkt`b`lkcd y ugd d vkr`ds Fstkcds n`fnards mkg fgldgtrkcd c`b`luhtkcfs pkrk prdlfcfr k c`lmk rkt`b`lkl`üg, fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd fxkn`gkrë hk lufst`üg. - Urdlfc`n`fgtds cf rfv`s`üg s`nph`b`lkcds Fh Ida`frgd Ida`frgd cf lukhqu`fr lukhqu`fr Fstkcd n`fnard, fh Ukrhknfgtd Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd d hk Ldn`s`üg pdcrëg prfsfgtkr prfsfgtkr kh Ldgsfod Furdpfd prdyfltds cf rfv`s`üg cf hk tdtkh`ckc d pkrtf cf hks c`spds`l`dgfs cf hk tfrlfrk pkrtf cfh Srktkcd cf Bugl`dgkn`fgtd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk, rfhkt`vks k hks pdhît`lks y kll`dgfs `gtfrgks cf hk Vg`üg. Fh Ldgsfod Ldgsfod Furdpfd Furdpfd pdcrë kcdptkr ugk cfl`s`üg quf ndc`b`quf hk tdtkh`ckc d pkrtf cf hks c`spds`l`dgfs cf hk tfrlfrk pkrtf cfh Srktkcd cf Bugl`dgkn`fgtd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk. Fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd sf prdgugl`krë pdr ugkg`n`ckc prfv`k ldgsuhtk kh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd y k hk Ldn`s`üg, ksî ldnd kh Akgld Lfgtrkh Furdpfd fg fh lksd cf ndc`b`lkl`dgfs `gst`tul`dgkhfs fg fh ëna`td ndgftkr`d. C`lmk cfl`s`üg sühd fgtrkrë fg v`idr ugk vfz quf mkyk s`cd kprdakck pdr hds Fstkcds n`fnards, cf ldgbdrn`ckc ldg sus rfspflt`vks gdrnks ldgst`tul`dgkhfs. Hk cfl`s`üg cfl`s`üg ldgtfnphkck fg fh përrkbd sfiugcd gd pdcrë kunfgtkr kunfgtkr hks ldnpftfgl`ks ktr`au`cks k hk Vg`üg pdr hds Srktkcds. Lukgcd fh Srktkcd cf Bugl`dgkn`fgtd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk d fh tîtuhd R cfh Srktkcd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk c`spdgikg quf fh Ldgsfod sf prdgugl`f pdr ugkg`n`ckc fg ug ëna`td d fg ug lksd cftfrn`gkcd, fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd pdcrë kcdptkr ugk cfl`s`üg quf kutdr`lf kh Ldgsfod k prdgugl`krsf pdr nkydrîk lukh`b`lkck fg c`lmd ëna`td d fg c`lmd lksd. Fh prfsfgtf përrkbd gd sf kph`lkrë k hks cfl`s`dgfs quf tfgikg rfpfrlus`dgfs n`h`tkrfs d fg fh ëna`td cf hk cfbfgsk. Lukgcd fh Srktkcd cf Bugl`dgkn`fgtd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk c`spdgik quf fh Ldgsfod kcdptf kltds hfi`shkt`vds ldg krrfihd k ug prdlfc`n`fgtd hfi`shkt`vd fspfl`kh, fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd pdcrë kcdptkr ugk cfl`s`üg quf kutdr`lf k kcdptkr c`lmds kltds ldg krrfihd kh prdlfc`n`fgtd hfi`shkt`vd drc`gkr`d. Lukhqu`fr `g`l`kt`vk tdnkck pdr fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd fg v`rtuc cf hds përrkbds pr`nfrd d sfiugcd sf trkgsn`t`rë k hds Ukrhknfgtds gkl`dgkhfs. Fg lksd cf dpds`l`üg cf ug Ukrhknfgtd gkl`dgkh gdt`b`lkck fg ug phkzd cf sf`s nfsfs k pkrt`r cf fstk trkgsn`s`üg, gd sf kcdptkrë hk cfl`s`üg ldgtfnphkck fg hds përrkbds pr`nfrd d sfiugcd. K bkhtk cf dpds`l`üg, fh Ldgsfod Furdpfd pdcrë kcdptkr hk l`tkck cfl`s`üg. Ukrk hk kcdpl`üg cf hks cfl`s`dgfs cfl`s`dgfs ldgtfnphkcks ldgtfnphkcks fg hds përrkbds përrkbds pr`nfrd d sfiugcd, fh Ldgsfod Ldgsfod Furdpfd sf prdgugl`krë pdr ugkg`n`ckc, prfv`k kprdakl`üg cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd, quf sf prdgugl`krë pdr nkydrîk cf hds n`fnards quf hd ldnpdgfg. Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
;0
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
a. Srktkcds ndc`b`l ndc`b`lkt`vds kt`vds Hds Srktkcds y kltds ndc`b`lkt`vds cf hds Srktkcds dr`i`gkr`ds k hd hkrid cf hk m`stdr`k, sdg hds s`iu`fgtfs? - Ldgvfg`d sdarf cftfrn`gkcks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnugfs cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks, ldglhu`cd fg Qdnk fh 16 cf nkrzd cf ;.069, pdr fh quf sf ug`b`lkg fh Sr`augkh cf Oust`l`k y hk Ksknahfk. - Srktkcd pdr fh quf ldgst`tuyf fh Ldgsfod ßg`ld ßg`ld y ugk Ldn`s`üg ßg`lk ßg`lk cf hks hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks, y fh prdtdldhd ÿg`ld sdarf pr`v`hfi`ds f `gnug`ckcfs, ldglhu`cds fg Arusfhks fh = cf kar`h cf ;.026. - Srktkcds pdr fh quf sf ndc`b`lkg cftfrn`gkcks c`spds`l`dgfs c`spds`l`dgfs prfsupufstkr`ks prfsupufstkr`ks cf hds Srktkcds Ldgst`tut`vds cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks y pdr fh trktkcd pdr fh quf sf ldgst`tuyf ug Ldgsfod ßg`ld y ugk Ldn`s`üg ßg`lk cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks, ldglhu`cds fg Huxfnaurid fh 11; cf kar`h cf ;095 y fg Arusfhks fh 11 cf ouh`d cf ;.096. - Cfl`s`üg cfh ldgsfod cf 1; cf kar`h cf ;095, rfhkt`vk k hk sust`tul`üg cf hks ldgtr`aul`dgfs ldgtr`aul`dgfs b`gkgl`frks cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards pdr rflursds prdp`ds cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks. - Cfl`s`üg cfh Ldgsfod Ldgsfod cf 15 cf sfpt`fnarf sfpt`fnarf cf ;092, quf ldgt`fgf ldgt`fgf fh kltk rfhkt`vk k hk fhfll`üg cf hds Qfprfsfgtkgtfs fg fh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd pdr subrki`d Vg`vfrskh. - Kltk ßg`lk Furdpfk, b`rnkck fg fg Huxfnaurid y fg hk Mkyk fh ;9 y fh 1= cf bfarfrd cf ;0=2, fg v`idr cfscf fh ; cf ouh`d cf ;0=9. - Srktkcd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk, b`rnkcd fg Nkkstr`lmt fh 9 cf bfarfrd cf ;.001, fg v`idr cfscf fh ; cf gdv`fnarf cf ;00<. - Srktkcd cf Ënstfrckn, b`rnkcd fg fg Ënstfrckn Ënstfrckn fh 1 cf dltuarf cf ;009. - Srktkcd cf G`zk, b`rnkcd fh 12 cf bfarfrd cf 155;. - Udr ÿht`nd ÿht`nd tfgcrîknds tfgcrîknds fh Srktkcd Srktkcd cf H`sadk, quf ldnd v`nds v`nds fgtrk fg v`idr fh ; cf c`l`fnarf cf 1550. K hd hkrid cf hds kûds, hds Srktkcds ldgst`tut`vds cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk y cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks mkg kcqu`r`cd fspfl`kh ldnphfo`ckc dlks`dgkgcd prdahfnks pkrk su ldnprfgs`üg. Udr su `npdrtkgl`k fg hk ldgsdh`ckl`üg cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk fs prfl`sd cfstklkr hds s`iu`fgtfs Srktkcds? SQKSKCD\ NË\ QFHFRKGSF\ FG HK LDG\DH@CKL@ÜG CF HK VG@ÜG FVQDUFK
- Kltk ßg`lk Furdpfk b`rnkck fh ;9 cf bfarfrd cf ;0=2 - Srktkcd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk cf ;001, b`rnkcd fg Nkkstr`lm - Srktkcd cf Ënstfrckn b`rnkcd fg dltuarf cf ;009 - Srktkcd cf G`zk, G`zk, b`rnkcd fh ;2 cf bfarfrd bfarfrd cf 155; - Srktkcd cf H`sadk, H`sadk, b`rnkcd b`rnkcd fh fh ;< cf c`l`fnarf c`l`fnarf cf 1559
15
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
• Kltk Kltk ßg`lk Furdpfk Fh Kltk ßg`lk Furdpfk ldgst`tuyf ug m`td `gc`spfgskahf fg fh lkn`gd mkl`k hk ldgstrull`üg cf Furdpk. \us c`spds`l`dgfs nës `npdrtkgtfs sdg hks s`iu`fgtfs? - Qfkh`zkr ugk `gst`tul`dgkh`zkl`üg bdrnkh cf Ldgsfod Furdpfd. - Lrfkr hk Ldn`s`üg cf Lddpfrkl`üg Lddpfrkl`üg Udhît`lk Udhît`lk Furdpfk ldg hk b`gkh`ckc b`gkh`ckc cf lddrc`gkr lddrc`gkr hk pdhît`lk fxtfr`dr fxtfr`dr y ldgsfiu`r ksî ugk pdhît`lk ldnÿg. - @nphkgtk fh @RK ldnd nfc`ck cf mdndifgf`zkl`üg `npds`t`vk. - Lrfkl`üg cfh Ldn`tà Fldgün`ld y \dl`kh, pkrk hk krndg`zkl`üg y nfodrk cf hks ldgc`l`dgfs cf trkakod. - \f `gstkurk k pkrt`r cfh <; cf c`l`fnarf c`l`fnarf cf ;001 ug nfrlkcd `gtfr`dr `gtfr`dr fg fh fh quf sf pfrn`tf hk h`arf l`rluhkl`üg cf nfrlkglîks, trkakokcdrfs, sfrv`l`ds y lkp`tkhfs trks fh`n`gkr hks brdgtfrks `gtfr`drfs. - \f rfbufrzk rfbufrzk fh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd y fh Sr`augkh \upfr`dr cf Oust`l`k. Oust`l`k.
• Srktkcd cf Nkkstr`lmt Fh kspfltd nës cfstklkahf cfh Srktkcd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk fs hk ldgskirkl`üg cf hk Furdpk cf hds l`uckckgds. Cf fstf ndcd fh krtîluhd K cfh Srktkcd sfûkhk? ‘Fh prfsfgtf Srktkcd ldgst`tuyf ugk gufvk ftkpk fg fh prdlfsd lrfkcdr cf hk Vg`üg lkck vfz nës fstrflmk fgtrf hds pufahds cf Furdpk, fg hk lukh hks cfl`s`dgfs sfrëg tdnkcks fg hk bdrnk nës prüx`nk pds`ahf k hds l`uckckgds„. Hk ldgc`l`üg cf l`uckckgd furdpfd sf ktr`auyf k tdcks hks pfrsdgks quf dstfgtfg hk gkl`dgkh`ckc cf ug Fstkcd N`fnard. Fg su Sîtuhd @ sf ldgt`fgfg hks c`spds`l`dgfs ldnugfs rfbfr`cks k hk ldgst`tul`üg cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk, sus ldgtfg`cds y sus daoft`vds. Cf fstk bdrnk fstkahflf hds pr`gl`p`ds kph`lkahfs k tdck hk Vg`üg? - Qfspftd k hks h`afrtkcfs y cfrflmds cfrflmds bugcknfgtkhfs cf hks pfrsdgks. pfrsdgks. - Ur`gl`p`d cf ug`ckc `gst`tul`dgkh. - Ur`gl`p`d cf suas`c`kr`fckc. - Qfspftd k hk `cfgt`ckc `cfgt`ckc gkl`dgkh cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards. - Ur`gl`p`d cf sub`l`fgl`k cf nfc`ds. Hds kspfltds nës `npdrtkgtfs rfiuhkcds pdr fh Srktkcd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk d Srktkcd cf Nkkstr`lmt sdg hks s`iu`fgtfs? - Ndc`b`lk hds hds Srktkcds cf Qdnk y fh Kltk ßg`lk Furdpfk, `gldrpdrkgcd `gldrpdrkgcd ks`n`snd, ks`n`snd, hks gufvks pdhît`lks y hk Vg`üg Fldgün`lk y Ndgftkr`k - Nfodrk lufst`dgfs rfbfrfgtfs k Udhît`lk Udhît`lk Fxtfr`dr y \fiur`ckc \fiur`ckc Ldnÿg - Qfiuhk tfnks cf lddpfrkl`üg fg hds ëna`tds cf @gtfr`dr y cf Oust`l`k.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
1;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
• Srktkcd cf Ënstfrckn Fh Srktkcd cf Ënstfrckn supusd ugk rfbdrnk cfh Srktkcd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk. Fstf Srktkcd fs hk luhn`gkl`üg cf hds trkakods rfkh`zkcds pdr hk Ldgbfrfgl`k @gtfriuafrgknfgtkh fg nkrzd cf ;002. Hds daoft`vds quf prftfgcf fh Srktkcd cf Ënstfrckn sdg? - Mklfr cfh fnphfd y cf hds cfrflmds cf hds l`uckckgds fh fof cf hk Vg`üg. - \upr`n`r hds ÿht`nds ÿht`nds dastëluhds dastëluhds k hk h`arf l`rluhkl`üg y rfbdrzkr rfbdrzkr hk sfiur`ckc - Mklfr quf hk vdz cf Furdpk sf d`ik d`ik nfodr fg fh nugcd. nugcd. Fg fstf sfgt`cd sf lrfk fh lkrid cf Khtd rfprfsfgtkgtf cf hk Vg`üg fg Udhît`lk Fxtfr`dr y cf \fiur`ckc Ldnÿg, lkrid ksun`cd pdr fh \flrftkr`d Ifgfrkh cfh Ldgsfod. - Mklfr nës fb`lkz fb`lkz hk krqu`tflturk `gst`tul`dgkh ldg n`rks k hk prüx`nk knph`kl`üg. knph`kl`üg.
• Srktkcd cf G`zk Ldg fstf Srktkcd sf rfbdrnkg hds kgtfr`drfs Srktkcds cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk y cf hk Ldnug`ckc Furdpfk pkrk pfrn`t`r hk fgtrkck cf gufvds sdl`ds furdpfds. Ukrk fhhd, y fg fh nkrld cf hk gflfskr`k rfbdrnk `gst`tul`dgkh, sf kcdptkg, fgtrf dtrds, hds s`iu`fgtfs klufrcds? - Gufvd rfpkrtd cf vdtds vdtds fg fh Ldgsfod (Fspkûk tfgcrë 19 vdtds). vdtds). - Gufvd s`stfnk s`stfnk cf nkydrîks nkydrîks y n`gdrîks, sunknfgtf sunknfgtf ldnphfod, ldnphfod, ldg c`st`gtks c`st`gtks vîks pkrk ahdqufkr hk kprdakl`üg cf ugk u gk cfl`s`üg. Fxtfgs`üg cf hks cfl`s`dgfs pdr nkydrîk lukh`b`lkck. - Gufvk ldnpds`l`üg ldnpds`l`üg cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd Furdpfd (gd fxlfcfrë cf 9<1) y cf hk Ldn`s`üg. Ldn`s`üg. Kugquf fh ldnphfod rfpkrtd cfh Srktkcd cf G`zk cfaf sfr rftdlkcd pdrquf sf m`zd pkrk ugk VF cf 19, gd cf 16. - Qfspfltd k hk Ldn`s`üg, Ldn`s`üg, k pkrt`r cfh 1556, kqufhhds pkîsfs quf kltukhnfgtf t`fgfg t`fgfg 1 ldn`skldn`skr`ds pkskrëg k tfgfr ugd. - Hds pdcfrfs cfh Urfs`cfgtf cf hk Ldn`s`üg Ldn`s`üg sfrëg rfbdrzkcds s`fgcd su cfs`igkl`üg pdr nkydrîk lukh`b`lkck y gd pdr ugkg`n`ckc ldnd mkstk kmdrk y su gdnarkn`fgtd cfafrë sfr sdnft`cd k hk kprdakl`üg cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd - Uds`a`h`ckc cf suspfgs`üg cf hds cfrflmds cf vdtd, ldg nkydrîk lukh`b`lkck y ldg ksfgt`n`fgtd cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd, cf ug Fstkcd n`fnard pdr v`dhkl`üg irkvf cf hds pr`gl`p`ds bugcknfgtkhfs cf hk Vg`üg. - Lddpfrkl`dgfs rfbdrzkcks? tfgcrëg pdr b`gkh`ckc cfbfgcfr hds vkhdrfs y sfrv`r hds `gtfrfsfs cf hk Vg`üg fg su Ldgougtd, nfc`kgtf hk kb`rnkl`üg cf su `cfgt`ckc ldnd bufrzk ldmfrfgtf fg fh ëna`td `gtfrgkl`dgkh.
• Srktkcd cf H`sadk Fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk ndc`b`lk hds Srktkcds cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk y hk Ldnug`ckc Furdpfk, pfrd gd hds sust`tuyf. Fh gufvd tfxtd prdpdrl`dgkrë k hk Vg`üg fh nkrld ourîc`ld y hds `gstrunfgtds gflfskr`ds pkrk mklfr brfgtf k hds rftds cfh buturd y ckr rfspufstk k hks fx`ifgl`ks cf hds l`uckckgds.
11
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
- Vgk Furdpk nës cfndlrët`lk cfndlrët`lk y trkgspkrfgtf? fh Ukrhknfgtd Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd Furdpfd y hds Ukrhknfgtds Ukrhknfgtds gkl`dgkhfs gkl`dgkhfs tfgcrëg nkydr prdtkidg`snd, mkarë nës dpdrtug`ckcfs pkrk quf hds l`uckckgds mkikg dîr su vdz y sfrë nës bël`h skafr lünd sf rfpkrtfg hks tkrfks k g`vfh furdpfd y gkl`dgkh. - Nkydr prdtkidg`snd prdtkidg`snd cfh cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd? fh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd, c`rfltknfgtf c`rfltknfgtf fhfi`cd fhfi`cd pdr hds l`uckckgds cf hk Vg`üg, fstrfgkrë gufvks ldnpftfgl`ks sdarf hk hfi`shkl`üg, fh prfsupufstd y hds klufrcds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs cf hk VF. Fh `npuhsd ckcd kh prdlfc`n`fgtd cf ldcfl`s`üg ldhdlkrë kh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd fg p`f cf `iukhckc ldg fh Ldgsfod, quf rfprfsfgtk k hds Fstkcds n`fnards, pkrk hk nkydr pkrtf cf hk hfi`shkl`üg cf hk VF. - Nkydr pkrt`l`pkl`üg cf hds Ukrhknfgtds gkl`dgkhfs? hds Ukrhknfgtds Ukrhknfgtds gkl`dgkhfs pdcrëg pdcrëg pkrt`l`pkr nës fg hks klt`v`ckcfs cf hk VF, pr`gl`pkhnfgtf k trkvàs cf ug gufvd nflkg`snd pkrk ldgtrdhkr quf hk Vg`üg kltÿf fxlhus`vknfgtf lukgcd hk `gtfrvfgl`üg k g`vfh cf hk VF rfsuhtf nës fb`lkz (suas`c`kr`fckc). Fstk gdvfckc, ug`ck kh nkydr prdtkidg`snd cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd, klrflfgtkrë hk cfndlrkl`k y hk hfi`t`n`ckc cf hks kltukl`dgfs cf hk Vg`üg. - K hk fslulmk cf hds l`uckckgds? irkl`ks k hk ‘`g`l`kt`vk l`uckckgk„, ug irupd irupd cf kh nfgds ug n`hhüg cf l`uckckgds cf ug gÿnfrd s`ig`b`lkt`vd cf Fstkcds n`fnards pdcrë pfc`r k hk Ldn`s`üg quf mkik prdpufstks cf hfi`shkl`üg. - Qfpkrtd cf tkrfks? hk rfhkl`üg fgtrf fgtrf hds Fstkcds Fstkcds n`fnards n`fnards y Vg`üg Vg`üg Furdpfk qufckrë nës pfrb`hkck pfrb`hkck irkl`ks k ugk lhks`b`lkl`üg prfl`sk cf hks ldnpftfgl`ks cf lkck lukh. - Qft`rkck cf hk Vg`üg? fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk prfvà fxphîl`tknfgtf fxphîl`tknfgtf pdr pr`nfrk vfz hk pds`a`h`ckc cf quf ug Fstkcd n`fnard sf rft`rf cf hk Vg`üg. - Vgk Furdpk nës fb`lkz, ldg nàtdcds cf trkakod y vdtkl`üg s`nph`b`lkcds, `gst`tul`dgfs `gst`tul`dgfs ndcfrgks ndcfrgks y kckptkcks k hk Vg`üg cf hds Rf`gt`s`ftf y nës lkpkl`ckc pkrk kltukr fg hds ëna`tds pr`dr`tkr`ds pkrk hk VF cf mdy. - Fb`lkl`k fg hk tdnk cf cfl`s`dgfs? cfl`s`dgfs? hk kprdakl`üg kprdakl`üg pdr nkydrîk nkydrîk lukh`b`lkck fg fh Ldgsfod Ldgsfod sf knph`krë k dtrks pdhît`lks, ldg fh b`g cf ki`h`zkr hks cfl`s`dgfs f `glrfnfgtkr su fb`lkl`k. K pkrt`r cf 15;3 hk nkydrîk lukh`b`lkck dafcflfrë kh pr`gl`p`d cf cdahf nkydrîk (nkydrîk cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards y cf hk pdahkl`üg), quf rfbhfok hk cdahf hfi`t`n`ckc cf hk Vg`üg. Hk cdahf nkydrîk sf khlkgzkrë lukgcd hds vdtds bkvdrkahfs rfprfsfgtfg, ldnd nîg`nd, fh 66% cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards y fh 26% cf hk pdahkl`üg. - Vg nkrld `gst`tul`dgkh nës fstkahf fstkahf y rkl`dgkh`zkcd? rkl`dgkh`zkcd? fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk lrfk lrfk fh lkrid cf Urfs`cfgtf cfh Ldgsfod Furdpfd fhfi`cd pdr cds kûds y nfc`d, v`gluhk c`rfltknfgtf hk fhfll`üg cfh Urfs`cfgtf cf hk Ldn`s`üg k hds rfsuhtkcds cf hks fhfll`dgfs furdpfks, prfvà gufvks c`spds`l`dgfs rfhkt`vks k hk buturk ldnpds`l`üg cfh Ukrhknfgtd Furdpfd y k hk rfcull`üg cf hk Ldn`s`üg f `gtrdculf gdrnks nës lhkrks sdarf hks lddpfrkl`dgfs rfbdrzkcks y hds kspfltds b`gkgl`frds. - Nfodrkr hk v`ck cf hds furdpfds? fh fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk nfodrk hk lkpkl`ckc cf hk VF pkrk kadrckr lufst`dgfs quf mdy cîk sdg pr`dr`tkr`ks pkrk hk Vg`üg y sus l`uckckgds. Fs fh lksd cf hk kltukl`üg fg fh lknpd cf hk oust`l`k, hk h`afrtkc y hk sfiur`ckc, yk sfk pkrk hulmkr ldgtrk fh tfrrdr`snd d ldnakt`r hk cfh`glufgl`k. Hd n`snd dlurrf, fg l`frtk nfc`ck, ldg dtrds lknpds ldnd pdhît`lk fgfriàt`lk, skhuc pÿah`lk, prdtfll`üg l`v`h, lkna`d lh`nët`ld, sfrv`l`ds cf `gtfràs ifgfrkh, `gvfst`ikl`üg, pdhît`lk fspkl`kh, ldmfs`üg tfrr`tdr`kh, pdhît`lk ldnfrl`kh, kyuck munkg`tkr`k, cfpdrtf, tur`snd y lddpfrkl`üg kcn`g`strkt`vk. - Vgk Furdpk cf cfrflmds cfrflmds y vkhdrfs, h`afrtkc, h`afrtkc, sdh`ckr`ckc y sfiur`ckc, quf pdtfgl`f hds vkhdrfs cf hk Vg`üg, ldglfck rkgid cf Cfrflmd pr`nkr`d k hk Lkrtk cf hds Cfrflmds Bugcknfgtkhfs, fstkahfzlk gufvds nflkg`snds cf sdh`ckr`ckc y ikrkgt`lf ugk nfodr prdtfll`üg k sus l`uckckgds.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
1<
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
- Rkhdrfs cfndlrët`lds? Fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk fspfl`b`lk y ldgsdh`ck hds vkhdrfs y daoft`vds sdarf hds quf sf aksk hk Vg`üg. C`lmds vkhdrfs ldgst`tuyfg ug pugtd cf rfbfrfgl`k pkrk hds l`uckckgds furdpfds y rfprfsfgtkg hd quf Furdpk pufcf dbrflfr k sus sdl`ds cf tdcd fh nugcd. - Cfrflmds cf hds l`uckckgds y Lkrtk cf hds Cfrflmds Cfrflmds Bugcknfgtkhfs? fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk ldgsfrvk hds cfrflmds yk fx`stfgtfs f `gtrdculf dtrds gufvds. Fg pkrt`luhkr, ikrkgt`zk hks h`afrtkcfs y hds pr`gl`p`ds fgugl`kcds fg hk Lkrtk cf hds Cfrflmds Bugcknfgtkhfs, luyks c`spds`l`dgfs pkskg k sfr ourîc`lknfgtf v`gluhkgtfs. Hk Lkrtk ldgt`fgf cfrflmds l`v`hfs, pdhît`lds, fldgün`lds y sdl`khfs. - H`afrtkc cf hds l`uckckgds furdpfds? fh fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk ldgsfrvk y ldgsdh`ck hks ‘luktrd h`afrtkcfs„ y hk h`afrtkc pdhît`lk, fldgün`lk y sdl`kh cf hds l`uckckgds furdpfds. - \dh`ckr`ckc fgtrf hds Fstkcds n`fnards? fh fh Srktkcd cf H`sadk fstkahflf quf hk Vg`üg Vg`üg y hds Fstkcds n`fnards kltukrëg ldgougtknfgtf ldgougtknfgtf ldg fspîr`tu cf sdh`ckr`ckc s` ug Fstkcd n`fnard fs daoftd cf ug ktkquf tfrrdr`stk d vîlt`nk cf ugk lktëstrdbf gkturkh d cf dr`ifg munkgd. Skna`àg sf mklf m`glkp`à fg hk sdh`ckr`ckc fg fh sfltdr cf hk fgfriîk. - Nkydr sfiur`ckc sfiur`ckc pkrk tdcds? tdcds? hk Vg`üg tfgcrë nës lkpkl`ckc cf kltukl`üg fg fh lknpd cf hk oust`l`k, hk h`afrtkc y hk sfiur`ckc, hd quf rfcugckrë fg afgfb`l`d cf hk hulmk ldgtrk hk cfh`glufgl`k y fh tfrrdr`snd. Hks gufvks c`spds`l`dgfs sdarf prdtfll`üg l`v`h, kyuck munkg`tkr`k y skhuc pÿah`lk tkna`àg prftfgcfg `npuhskr hk lkpkl`ckc cf hk VF pkrk fgbrfgtkrsf k hks knfgkzks ldgtrk hk sfiur`ckc cf hds l`uckckgds furdpfds. - Mklfr cf Furdpk ug kltdr fg hk fslfgk ihdakh ldna`gkgcd ldna`gkgcd hds `gstrunfgtds ldg quf lufgtk hk pdhît`lk fxtfr`dr furdpfk k hk mdrk cf fhkadrkr y kprdakr gufvks pdhît`lks. Irkl`ks kh Srktkcd cf H`sadk, Furdpk fstkrë fg ldgc`l`dgfs cf fxprfskrsf ldg nës lhkr`ckc kgtf sus sdl`ds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs. \f pdgcrëg fg oufid tdcks hks lkpkl`ckcfs fldgün`lks, munkg`tkr`ks, pdhît`lks y c`phdnët`lks cf Furdpk pkrk bdnfgtkr sus `gtfrfsfs y vkhdrfs fg tdcd fh nugcd, rfspftkgcd hds `gtfrfsfs pkrt`luhkrfs cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards fg fh nkrld cf hks rfhkl`dgfs fxtfr`drfs. - Fh Khtd Qfprfsfgtkgtf cf hk Vg`üg pkrk Ksugtds Fxtfr`drfs Fxtfr`drfs y Udhît`lk cf \fiur`ckc – quf tkna`àg sfrë R`lfprfs`cfgtf cf hk Ldn`s`üg– ckrë nkydr pfsd, ldmfrfgl`k y v`s`a`h`ckc k hk kltukl`üg fxtfr`dr cf hk VF. - Fh gufvd \frv`l`d Furdpfd Furdpfd cf Kll`üg Fxtfr`dr Fxtfr`dr ks`st`rë ks`st`rë kh Khtd Qfprfsfgtkgtf Qfprfsfgtkgtf fg fh cfsfnpfûd cfsfnpfûd cf sus bugl`dgfs. - Hk pfrsdgkh`ckc pfrsdgkh`ckc ourîc`lk ÿg`lk cf hk Vg`üg bdrt`b`lkrë su su pdcfr cf gfidl`kl`üg, gfidl`kl`üg, ldgv`rt`àgcdhk ldgv`rt`àgcdhk fg ug kltdr nës fb`lkz k fslkhk `gtfrgkl`dgkh y ug sdl`d nës v`s`ahf pkrk dtrds pkîsfs y drikg`zkl`dgfs `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs. - Fh cfskrrdhhd cfskrrdhhd cf hk Udhît`lk Udhît`lk Furdpfk cf \fiur`ckc y Cfbfgsk Cfbfgsk sf mkrë ldgsfrvkgcd ug s`stfnk fspfl`kh cf tdnk cf cfl`s`dgfs. \`g fnakrid, tkna`àg prfpkrkrë fh tfrrfgd pkrk hk lddpfrkl`üg rfbdrzkck cf ug irupd nës rfcul`cd cf Fstkcds n`fnards.
6.1 Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd K pkrt`r cfh Cfrflmd dr`i`gkr`d y cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs pdr àh lrfkcks, surif fh Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd, ldnd ldgougtd gdrnkt`vd fnkgkcd cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks cdtkcks cf pdcfr hfi`shkt`vd. @gtfirkg fh Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd hds Qfihknfgtds, C`rflt`vks, Cfl`s`dgfs, Qfldnfgckl`dgfs y
13
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
C`ltënfgfs. \` a`fg tkna`àg mkrfnds khus`üg k dtrks bufgtfs ldnphfnfgtkr`ks ldnd hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs y hk our`sprucfgl`k. Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF c`spdgf quf ‘pkrk fofrlfr hks ldnpftfgl`ks cf hk Vg`üg, hks `gst`tul`dgfs kcdptkrëg rfihknfgtds, c`rflt`vks, cfl`s`dgfs, rfldnfgckl`dgfs y c`ltënfgfs„.
K. Fh Qfihknfgtd Ldgst`tuyf s`g cuck hk pr`gl`pkh bufgtf cf Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd, pdr nfc`d cf hk lukh sf nkg`b`fstk fh pdcfr hfi`shkt`vd cf hk Ldnug`ckc. Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF prfvà quf ‘fh rfihknfgtd tfgcrë ug khlkglf ifgfrkh. \frë dah`iktdr`d fg tdcds sus fhfnfgtds y c`rfltknfgtf kph`lkahf fg lkck Fstkcd n`fnard„. Udr tkgtd, hds lkrkltfrfs cfh rfihknfgtd sdg?
k. Khlkglf ifgfrkh Fs cfl`r, ckcd su lkrëltfr gdrnkt`vd, sf c`r`if k tdcds hds suoftds cf bdrnk kastrkltk y sus cfst`gktkr`ds gd fstëg `gc`v`cukhnfgtf cftfrn`gkcds. Fstk ifgfrkh`ckc gd `np`cf quf fh Qfihknfgtd pufck, fg khiÿg lksd, c`spdgfr ugk kph`lkl`üg gd ug`bdrnf fg hds c`st`gtds Fstkcds fg bugl`üg cf sus l`rlugstkgl`ks. Fg lukhqu`fr lksd, hk gdtk cf hk ifgfrkh`ckc c`bfrfgl`k kh Qfihknfgtd cf hk cfl`s`üg quf t`fgf cfst`gktkr`ds ldglrftds f `gc`v`cukh`zkcds.
a. Dah`iktdr`d fg tdcds sus fhfnfgtds Ldnd fh Qfihknfgtd pfrs`iuf hk ug`bdrn`ckc ldnphftk cf hks hfi`shkl`dgfs cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards dah`ik, tkgtd fg fh rfsuhtkcd pfrsfiu`cd ldnd fg hks ndckh`ckcfs cf kph`lkl`üg y foflul`üg. Udr fhhd, gd lkaf ugk kph`lkl`üg pkrl`kh. Fh Qfihknfgtd ldnug`tkr`d sf supfrpdgf fg su tdtkh`ckc k hks c`spds`l`dgfs cfh Cfrflmd `gtfrgd. Hk `npfrkt`v`ckc cf tdcks sus c`spds`l`dgfs c`bfrfgl`k kh Qfihknfgtd cf hks C`rflt`vks quf sühd dah`ikg fg lukgtd kh rfsuhtkcd.
l. C`rfltknfgtf kph`lkahf fg lkck Fstkcd n`fnard Qksid quf, ldnd vfrfnds, hf c`bfrfgl`k cf hk C`rflt`vk y quf t`fgf ugk tr`phf ldgsflufgl`k? - Fh Qfihknfgtd ldnug`tkr`d gd gflfs`tk cf hk `gtfrpds`l`üg gdrnkt`vk cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards pkrk prdcul`r sus fbfltds. P gd sühd gd hk gflfs`tk, s`gd quf fs ldgtrkr`k k su gkturkhfzk, skhvd fg fh lksd cf hks nfc`cks cf foflul`üg gkl`dgkh quf khiugds Qfihknfgtd fx`ifg. - Hds Qfihknfgtds Qfihknfgtds dtdrikg dtdrikg cfrflmds f `npdgfg dah`ikl`dgfs c`rfltknfgtf k tdcds sus cfst`gktkr`ds, quf sdg tkgtd hds Fstkcds n`fnards, ldnd hds l`uckckgds cf hk Vg`üg. - Hk ÿg`lk ldgc`l`üg ldgc`l`üg cf kph`lka`h`ckc kph`lka`h`ckc cf hds n`snds fs su puah`lkl`üg fg fh C`kr`d C`kr`d Db`l`kh cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk (quf mk vfg`cd k sust`tu`r kh C`kr`d Db`l`kh cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks), fgtrkgcd fg v`idr fg hk bflmk quf fhhds b`ofg d, k bkhtk cf fhhk, k hds vf`gtf cîks cf su puah`lkl`üg (krt.109.1 SBVF).
A. Hk C`rflt`vk Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF sfûkhk quf ‘c`rflt`vk dah`ikrë kh Fstkcd n`fnard cfst`gktkr`d fg lukgtd kh rfsuhtkcd quf cfak ldgsfiu`rsf, cfokgcd, s`g fnakrid, k hks kutdr`ckcfs gkl`dgkhfs hk fhfll`üg cf
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
16
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
hk bdrnk y cf hds nfc`ds„. Udr tkgtd, fs ug kltd gdrnkt`vd luyd cfst`gktkr`d sdg hds Fstkcds n`fnards y luyk dah`iktdr`fckc khlkgzk sühd k hds rfsuhtkcds, cfokgcd fg h`afrtkc k hds Fstkcds n`fnards rfspfltd cfh prdlfc`n`fgtd pkrk khlkgzkrhds. Cf hk cfb`g`l`üg sf cfculfg sus gdtks lkrkltfrîst`lks? - \f c`r`if k hds Fstkcds Fstkcds n`fnards, n`fnards, y sühd sühd k fhhds fhhds dah`ik, k c`bfrfgl`k cf hds Qfihknfgtds luyds cfst`gktkr`ds sdg hds Fstkcds y hds pkrt`luhkrfs. pk rt`luhkrfs. - Fg pr`gl`p`d, hk fb`lkl`k cf hk c`rflt`vk fx`if cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards ug kltd gdrnkt`vd cf `gtfrpds`l`üg, cfgdn`gkcd trkgspds`l`üg cf hk C`rflt`vk, fs cfl`r, cfaf c`ltkr gdrnks `gtfrgks quf ldglrftfg fh ldgtfg`cd cf kqufhhk. Udr supufstd, hds Fstkcds pufcfg fhfi`r fh `gstrunfgtd gdrnkt`vd quf cf klufrcd ldg hds Cfrflmds `gtfrgds sfk prdlfcfgtf pkrk hk trkgspds`l`üg. Udr dtrd hkcd, fs rf`tfrkck hk cdltr`gk cf gufstrd Sr`augkh Ldgst`tul`dgkh quf rflufrck quf fh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d gd khtfrk hds lr`tfr`ds ldgst`tul`dgkhfs cf c`str`aul`üg cf ldnpftfgl`ks fgtrf hds c`st`gtds g`vfhfs fg quf Fspkûk sf drikg`zk tfrr`tdr`khnfgtf. Fg dtrks pkhkarks, fh cfskrrdhhd y foflul`üg cfh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d cfafrë rfkh`zkrsf pdr fh fgtf pÿah`ld ldnpftfgtf pdr rkzüg cf hk nktfr`k, cf klufrcd ldg hk LF y hds Fstktutds cf Kutdgdnîk. - Hk C`rflt`vk C`rflt`vk dah`ik fg lukgtd kh rfsuhtkcd rfsuhtkcd quf cfaf ldgsfiu`rsf. ldgsfiu`rsf. Hds Fstkcds pufcfg fhfi`r fh ‘nfc`d„, pfrd fstëg v`gluhkcds pdr ‘fh rfsuhtkcd„, cf kmî quf sfk àstf fh `gstrunfgtd prfbfrfgtfnfgtf prfbfrfgtfnf gtf ut`h`zkcd pdr hk Ldnug`ckc pkrk ldgsfiu`r hk gflfskr`k krndg`zkl`üg cf hks c`spds`l`dgfs gkl`dgkhfs. - Cfafg sfr gdt`b`lkcks k sus cfst`gktkr`ds, cfst`gktkr`ds, quf pufcfg sfr ugd, vkr`ds d tdcds hds Fstkcds n`fnards. Hd nës brflufgtf fs quf hks C`rflt`vks tfgikg pdr cfst`gktkr`ds k hk tdtkh`ckc cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards, k hds lukhfs sf hfs ldglfcf ug phkzd pkrk ckrhfs lunph`n`fgtd. Hks c`rflt`vks kprdakcks pdr fh prdlfc`n`fgtd cfh krt. 103 SBVF y hks quf tfgikg pdr cfst`gktkr`ds k tdcds hds Fstkcds cfafg puah`lkrsf fg fh CDVF y fgtrkrëg fg v`idr fg hk bflmk quf fhhds n`snds b`ofg d, k bkhtk cf fhhk, k hds vf`gtf cîks cf su puah`lkl`üg (krtîluhd 109.1 SBVF). - Fg pr`gl`p`d, hk C`rflt`vk cfaf trkgspdgfrsf trkgspdgfrsf fg ug phkzd fstkahfl`cd fstkahfl`cd pdr hks `gst`tul`dgfs `gst`tul`dgfs (cf 2 nfsfs k 1 kûds, sfiÿg hk ldnphfo`ckc prfv`s`ahf cf hk dpfrkl`üg). Srkgslurr`cd fstf phkzd? hk Ldn`s`üg Ldn`s`üg pufcf pufcf pfc`r kh Sr`augkh cf Oust`l`k Oust`l`k quf ldgcfgf k hds Fstkcds (fh (fh `glunph`n`fgtd `glunph`n`fgtd cf hk sfgtfgl`k c`ltkck ldg fstf ndt`vd pufcf cfr`vkr fg ugk gufvk ldgcfgk quf pufcf ldglhu`r fg hk `npds`l`üg cf nuhtks): fg cftfrn`gkcks cftfrn`gkcks ldgc`l`dgfs, fh Sr`augkh cf Oust`l`k tkna`àg ldglfcf k hds hds pkrt`luhkrfs pkrt`luhkrfs hk pds`a`h`ckc cf datfgfr ugk `gcfng`zkl`üg cfr`vkck cf hk `gldrrfltk trkgspds`l`üg d cf ugk trkgspds`l`üg ldg rftrksd cf ugk C`rflt`vk (sfgtfgl`k Brkgldv`tlm y Adg`bkl`, cf ;0 cf gdv`fnarf cf ;00;): fh Sr`augkh cf Oust`l`k ldgs`cfrk quf hk C`rflt`vk t`fgf ug fbfltd c`rfltd (fs cfl`r, hds pkrt`luhkrfs pufcfg khfikrhk kgtf fh oufz).
L. Hks Cfl`s`dg Cfl`s`dgfs fs Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF c`spdgf quf ‘hk cfl`s`üg sfrë dah`iktdr`k fg tdcds sus fhfnfgtds. Lukgcd cfs`igf cfst`gktkr`ds, sühd sfrë dah`iktdr`k pkrk àstds„. Udr tkgtd, sus gdtks lkrkltfrîst`lks sdg hks s`iu`fgtfs? - Fs dah`iktdr`k fg tdcds sus fhfnfgtds, fhfnfgtds, kh `iukh quf fh Qfihknfgtd y kh ldgtrkr`d ldgtrkr`d quf hk C`rflt`vk, hk Cfl`s`üg v`gluhk fg tdcds sus fhfnfgtds.
12
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
- Fs dah`iktdr`k dah`iktdr`k ÿg`lknfgtf pkrk sus cfst`gktkr`ds, kh ldgtrkr`d cfh Qfihknfgtd hk Cfl`s`üg Cfl`s`üg t`fgf ug lkrëltfr purknfgtf `gc`v`cukh gd ifgfrkh y kastrkltd: pufcf c`r`i`rsf a`fg k ugk d vkr`ks pfrsdgks bîs`lks d ourîc`lks d k ugd d vkr`ds Fstkcds n`fnards. Gdrnkhnfgtf kph`lk hks gdrnks cf hds trktkcds k hds lksds pkrt`luhkrfs. - \urtf fbfltd fbfltd ldg su gdt`b`lkl`üg k hds `gtfrfskcds kh `iukh quf hk C`rflt`vk (krt.109 SBVF), skhvd hks cfl`s`dgfs quf cfakg kcdptkrsf pdr fh prdlfc`n`fgtd cfh krt. 103 SBVF quf cfafrëg puah`lkrsf fg fh CDVF, fgtrkgcd fg v`idr fg hk bflmk quf fhhks n`snks b`ofg d, k bkhtk cf fhhk, k hds vf`gtf cîks cf su puah`lkl`üg. - Hks Cfl`s`dgfs, Cfl`s`dgfs, kh `iukh `iukh quf hds Qfihknfgtds y C`rflt`vks, ldnd kltds ourîc`lds cf hk VF, cfafg sfr ndt`vkcks (krtîluhd 102 SBVF).
C. Hks Qfldnfgckl`dgf Qfldnfgckl`dgfss y hds C`ltënfgfs Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF c`spdgf quf ‘hks rfldnfgckl`dgfs y hds c`ltënfgfs gd sfrëg v`gluhkgtfs„. Hk rfldnfgckl`üg ldgst`tuyf ldgst`tuyf ugk `gv`tkl`üg k hds Fstkcds pkrk quf kcdptfg ug cftfrn`gkcd ldnpdrtkn`fgtd, pdr hd quf sf sufhf ut`h`zkr ldnd nfc`d cf krndg`zkl`üg cf hfi`shkl`dgfs. Fh c`ltknfg fs ug kltd k trkvàs cfh lukh hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks fxprfskg su ou`l`d ldg rfspfltd k ug ksugtd cftfrn`gkcd.
6.< Bufgtfs ldnphfnfg ldnphfnfgtkr`ks tkr`ks Fh tfrlfr irkg sustrktd cfh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d vfgcrîk ckcd pdr ug ldgougtd mftfrdiàgfd cf bufgtfs cfh Cfrflmd cfb`g`cks cfscf ugk pfrspflt`vk purknfgtf gfikt`vk? pdr gd ldgst`tu`r Cfrflmd pr`nkr`d g` Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd. Fgtrf fstks bufgtfs ldnphfnfgtkr`ks pdcfnds c`st`giu`r? - Vg pr`nfr pr`nfr ldgougtd ldgougtd `gtfirkcd pdr gdrnks gdrnks cf Cfrflmd `gtfrgkl`dgkh pÿah`ld: y - Hk our`sprucfgl`k y hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs ifgfrkhfs cfh cfrflmd, ldnd ldnd c`slut`cks bufgtfs cfh Cfrflmd fg ifgfrkh, quf t`fgfg tkna`àg su nkg`bfstkl`üg fg fh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d.
K. Hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs cfh cfrflmd \f mkg ut`h`zkcd ldg brflufgl`k pdr fh Sr`augkh, pkrk prfl`skr y ldnphftkr hks c`spds`l`dgfs cf hds Srktkcds, kyuckgcd k ugk ldrrfltk `gtfrprftkl`üg y kph`lkl`üg cf hds n`snds. Fh Sr`augkh mk kluc`cd? - K hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd @gtfrgkl`dgkh kph`lkahfs kph`lkahfs k hks rfhkl`dgfs rfhkl`dgfs fgtrf hds Fstkcds, pkrt`luhkr k hds pr`gl`p`ds cfr`vkcds cf hds `gstrunfgtds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs cf prdtfll`üg cf hds cfrflmds munkgds. - K pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs prdp`ds prdp`ds cfh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d, ldnug`tkr`d, yk prdlfckg cf hds pr`gl`p`ds ldnpkrt`cds pdr hds Fstkcds n`fnards, d hds quf rfsuhtkg cfh prdp`d Cfrflmd dr`i`gkr`d. Fgtrf fstds ÿht`nds, fh Sr`augkh mk cfstklkcd fh cf `iukhckc cf trktd y gd c`slr`n`gkl`üg pdr rkzüg cf hk gkl`dgkh`ckc, fh cf prdpdrl`dgkh`ckc, fh cf sdh`ckr`ckc, fh cf fqu`h`ar`d `gst`tul`dgkh cf pdcfrfs fg fh nkrld cf hks @gst`tul`dgfs Furdpfks, d fh cf prfbfrfgl`k ldnug`tkr`k fg hds `gtfrlkna`ds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs y fg hk pdhît`lk kirkr`k.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
19
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
A. Hk our`sprucf our`sprucfgl`k gl`k UF\LKSSDQF kb`rnk quf hds trktkcds kcdptkg hk ldglfpl`üg hkt`gk sdarf hk bugl`üg cf hk our`sprucfgl`k, cdgcf hk cfl`s`üg ouc`l`kh gd t`fgf lkrëltfr cf bufgtf. Fg Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d t`fgf, gd dastkgtf, ug `npdrtkgtf vkhdr fg rfhkl`üg ldg hk `gtfrprftkl`üg y kph`lkl`üg cf sus gdrnks, yk quf hds Srktkcds dtdrikg kh Sr`augkh cf Oust`l`k cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs fh ndgdpdh`d cf hk `gtfrprftkl`üg ug`bdrnf cfh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d nfc`kgtf hk tàlg`lk cfh rffgvîd prfouc`l`kh, quf pfrn`tf k ug Oufz gkl`dgkh gkl`dgkh (y hf hf dah`ik dah`ik s` su cfl`s`üg cfl`s`üg fs `rrflu `rrflurr`ahf rr`ahf sfiÿg sfiÿg fh Cfrflmd Cfrflmd `gtfrgd `gtfrgd)) ldgsuhtkr ldgsuhtkr kh Sr`auSr`augkh cf Oust`l`k sdarf hk `gtfrprftkl`üg cf ugk gdrnk ldnug`tkr`k (krt.129 SBVF). Hk ldstunarf mk tfg`cd mkstk kmdrk ug pkpfh prëlt`lknfgtf `rrfhfvkgtf, ckcd quf tdckvîk gd sf mk bdrnkcd ug vfrckcfrd Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d ldgsuftuc`gkr`d.
2. HD\ F\SKSV F\SKSVSD\ SD\ CF KVSDGDNÎK 2.; Ldglfptd \dg hk gdrnk `gst`tul`dgkh aës`lk cf hk Ldnug`ckc Kutügdnk, y t`fgfg ug cdahf lkrëltfr? - Cfgtrd cfh drcfgkn`fgtd kutdgün`ld, ldgst`tuyfg hk gdrnk nës `npdrtkgtf k hk quf sf suadrc`gkg hks rfstkgtfs. - Cfgtrd cfh cfh drcfgkn`fgtd cfh Fstkcd, ldgst`tuyfg ugk hfy ldgdl`ck y knpkrkck ldnd pkrtf `gtfirkgtf cfh n`snd. S`fgfg rkgid cf hfy driëg`lk, sfiÿg fh krt. =; cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg.
2.1 Ldgtfg`cd \fiÿg fh krt. ;39 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, fh ldgtfg`cd nîg`nd cf hds Fstktutds sf lfgtrkrë fg? - Hk cfgdn`gkl`üg cfgdn`gkl`üg cf hk Ldnug`ckc Ldnug`ckc quf ldrrfspdgck nfodr k su `cfgt`ckc m`stür`lk. m`stür`lk. - Hk cfh`n`tkl`üg cf su tfrr`tdr`d. - Hk cfgdn`gkl`üg, drikg`zkl`üg y sfcf sfcf cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs prdp`ks. - Hks ldnpftfgl`ks ldnpftfgl`ks ksun`cks cfgtrd cfh nkrld fstkahfl`cd fstkahfl`cd fg hk Ldgst`tul`üg Ldgst`tul`üg y hks aksfs pkrk fh trkspksd cf hds sfrv`l`ds ldrrfspdgc`fgtfs. Fstf ldgtfg`cd cf lkrëltfr dah`iktdr`d, ldgst`tuyf, ldnd mfnds sfûkhkcd, ug gÿlhfd nîg`nd f `gc`spfgskahf, pfrd fhhd gd supdgf quf hds Fstktutds pufckg rfldifr dtrds pugtds cf `npdrtkgl`k pkrk hk Ldnug`ckc Kutügdnk, rfspftkgcd s`fnprf hds hîn`tfs ldgst`tul`dgkhfs.
2.< Urdlfsd cf fhkadrkl`üg K. Cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs quf kllfc`frdg pdr hk vîk ldnÿg \frë fhkadrkcd pdr ugk Ksknahfk ldnpufstk pdr hds n`fnards cf hk C`putkl`üg u ürikgd `gtfr`gsuhkr cf hks prdv`gl`ks kbfltkcks y pdr hds C`putkcds y \fgkcdrfs fhfi`cds fg fhhks y sfrë fhfvkcd k hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs pkrk su trkn`tkl`üg ldnd hfy (krt. ;32).
1=
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
A. Cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs quf kllfc`frdg pdr hk vîk fspfl`kh Fh Ida`frgd ldgvdlkrë k tdcds hds C`putkcds y \fgkcdrfs fhfi`cds fg hks l`rlugslr`pl`dgfs ldnprfgc`cks fg fh ëna`td tfrr`tdr`kh quf prftfgck kllfcfr kh kutdida`frgd, pkrk quf sf ldgst`tuykg fg Ksknahfk, ldg fh b`g cf fhkadrkr fh prdyfltd cf Fstktutd, nfc`kgtf fh klufrcd c f hk nkydrîk kasdhutk cf sus n`fnards. Kprdakcd fh prdyfltd cf Fstktutd pdr hk Ksknahfk cf Ukrhknfgtkr`ds, sf rfn`t`rë k hk Ldn`s`üg Ldgst`tul`dgkh cfh Ldgirfsd, hk lukh, cfgtrd cfh phkzd cf 1 nfsfs, hd fxkn`gkrë ldg fh ldglursd y ks`stfgl`k cf ugk cfhfikl`üg cf hk Ksknahfk prdpdgfgtf pkrk cftfrn`gkr cf ldnÿg klufrcd su bdrnuhkl`üg cfb`g`t`vk. \` sf khlkgzkrk c`lmd klufrcd, fh tfxtd rfsuhtkgtf sfrë sdnft`cd k rfbfràgcun cfh lufrpd fhfltdrkh cf hks prdv`gl`ks ldnprfgc`cks fg fh ëna`td tfrr`tdr`kh cfh prdyfltkcd Fstktutd. \` fh prdyfltd cf Fstktutd fs kprdakcd fg lkck prdv`gl`k pdr hk nkydrîk cf hds vdtds vëh`cknfgtf fn`t`cds, sfrë fhfvkcd k hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs. Hds Uhfgds cf knaks Lënkrks cfl`c`rëg sdarf fh tfxtd nfc`kgtf ug vdtd cf rkt`b`lkl`üg. Kprdakcd fh Fstktutd, fh Qfy hd skgl`dgkrë y hd prdnuhikrë ldnd hfy. Cf gd khlkgzkrsf c`lmd klufrcd, fh prdyfltd cf Fstktutd sfrë trkn`tkcd ldnd prdyfltd cf hfy kgtf hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs. Fh tfxtd kprdakcd pdr àstks sfrë sdnft`cd k rfbfràgcun cfh lufrpd fhfltdrkh cf hks prdv`gl`ks ldnprfgc`cks fg fh ëna`td tfrr`tdr`kh cfh prdyfltkcd Fstktutd. Fg lksd cf sfr kprdakcd pdr hk nkydrîk cf hds vdtds vëh`cknfgtf fn`t`cds fg lkck prdv`gl`k, prdlfcfrë su prdnuhikl`üg. Hk gd kprdakl`üg cfh prdyfltd cf Fstktutd pdr ugk d vkr`ks prdv`gl`ks gd `npfc`rë hk ldgst`tul`üg fgtrf hks rfstkgtfs cf hk Ldnug`ckc Kutügdnk prdyfltkck.
2.3 Qfbdrnk Ldg lkrëltfr ifgfrkh, hk Ldgst`tul`üg sfûkhk quf hk rfbdrnk cf hds Fstktutds cfafrë koustkrsf k hd fstkahfl`cd fg hds n`snds, y quf rfqufr`rë, fg tdcd lksd, hk kprdakl`üg pdr hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs, nfc`kgtf Hfy driëg`lk (krt. ;39.<). Hds prdlfc`n`fgtds prfv`stds prfv`stds fg hds Fstktutds vkrîkg sfiÿg mkyk s`cd hk vîk v îk cf kllfsd k hk kutdgdnîk
Fstktutds cf hk vîk ldnÿg Hk `g`l`kt`vk ldrrfspdgcf kh Ida`frgd d Ukrhknfgtd Kutügdnd, fx`i`àgcdsf hk kprdakl`üg cf àstf kgtfs cf su skgl`üg cfb`g`t`vk pdr hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs. Fstktutds cf hk vîk fspfl`kh \f rfqu`frf ug rfbfràgcun fgtrf hds fhfltdrfs `gslr`tds fg hds lfgsds ldrrfspdgc`fgtfs y sf trkn`tkrë sfiÿg hd prf-v`std fg hds rfspflt`vds Fstktutds.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
10
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
9. HK\ HFPF\ CF HK\ LDNVG@CKCF LDNVG@CKCF\ \ KVSÜGDNK KVSÜGDNK\\ Hks Hfyfs kutdgün`lks pdsffg fh n`snd rkgid y bufrzk quf hks Hfyfs cfh Fstkcd, pfrd t`fgfg ug lknpd nktfr`kh c`st`gtd fg v`rtuc cfh pr`gl`p`d cf ldnpftfgl`k, ldnd nfc`d cf cfh`n`tkl`üg cfh ëna`td cfh fofrl`l`d cf hk pdtfstkc gdrnkt`vk fgtrf fh Fstkcd y hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks.
=. HK\ C@\UD\@L@ C@\UD\@L@DGF\ DGF\ GDQNKS@R GDQNKS@RK\ K\ LDG BVFQ_K CF HFP Hk Ldgst`tul`üg ldgtfnphk kcfnës hk fx`stfgl`k cf gdrnks, quf s`g sfr hfyfs g` prdlfcfr cfh Ukrhknfgtd t`fgfg su n`snd rkgid y bufrzk. Fstks gdrnks sf c`ltkg fg v`rtuc cf bkluhtkcfs quf ldgst`tuyfg tkna`àg hk pdtfstkc hfi`shkt`vk cfh Fstkcd pfrd quf sf ktr`auyfg kh Ida`frgd. \dg hds Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds y hds Cflrftds-Hfyfs Cflrftds-Hfyfs prfv`stds fg hds krtîluhds =1 k =2 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg fspkûdhk. Hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs pufcfg cfhfikr fg fh Ida`frgd hk pdtfstkc cf c`ltkr gdrnks ldg rkgid cf hfy sdarf nktfr`ks cftfrn`gkcks quf gd sfkg daoftd cf hfy driëg`lk.
=.; Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds Hks c`spds`l`dgfs cfh Ida`frgd quf ldgtfgikg hfi`shkl`üg cfhfikck rfl`a`rëg fh tîtuhd cf Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds. Hk cfhfikl`üg hfi`shkt`vk cfafrë dtdrikrsf nfc`kgtf ugk hfy cf aksfs lukgcd su daoftd sfk hk bdrnkl`üg cf tfxtds krt`luhkcds d pdr ugk hfy drc`gkr`k lukgcd sf trktf cf rfbugc`r vkr`ds tfxtds hfikhfs fg ugd sdhd. (Krt. =1 LF) Hk cfhfikl`üg hfi`shkt`vk mkarë cf dtdrikrsf kh Ida`frgd cf bdrnk fxprfsk pkrk nktfr`k ldglrftk y ldg b`okl`üg cfh phkzd pkrk su fofrl`l`d. Hk cfhfikl`üg sf kidtk pdr fh usd quf cf fhhk mkik fh Ida`frgd nfc`kgtf hk puah`lkl`üg cf hk gdrnk ldrrfspdgc`fgtf. Gd pdcrë fgtfgcfrsf ldglfc`ck cf ndcd `nphîl`td d pdr t`fnpd `gcftfrn`gkcd. Sknpdld pdcrë pfrn`t`r hk suacfhfikl`üg k kutdr`ckcfs c`st`gtks cfh prdp`d Ida`frgd. Lukgcd ugk prdpds`l`üg cf hfy d ugk fgn`fgck bufrf ldgtrkr`k k ugk cfhfikl`üg hfi`shkt`vk fg v`idr, fh Ida`frgd fstë bkluhtkcd pkrk dpdgfrsf k su trkn`tkl`üg. Fg tkh supufstd, pdcrë prfsfgtkrsf ugk prdpds`l`üg cf hfy pkrk hk cfrdikl`üg tdtkh d pkrl`kh cf hk hfy cf cfhfikl`üg.
=.1 Cflrftds-Hfyfs \f rfiuhkg fg fh krtîluhd =2 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg quf fstkahflf quf fg lksd cf fxtrkdrc`gkr`k y urifgtf gflfs`ckc, fh Ida`frgd pdcrë c`ltkr c`spds`l`dgfs hfi`shkt`vks prdv`s`dgkhfs quf tdnkrëg hk bdrnk cf Cflrftds-hfyfs y quf gd pdcrëg kbfltkr kh drcfgkn`fgtd cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs aës`lks cfh Fstkcd, k hds cfrflmds, cfafrfs y h`afrtkcfs cf hds l`uckckgds rfiuhkcds fg fh Sîtuhd @ cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, kh rài`nfg cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks g` kh Cfrflmd fhfltdrkh ifgfrkh. Hds Cflrftds-hfyfs cfafrëg sfr `gnfc`ktknfgtf sdnft`cds k cfaktf y vdtkl`üg cf tdtkh`ckc kh Ldgirfsd cf hds C`putkcds, ldgvdlkcd kh fbfltd s` gd fstuv`frf rfug`cd, fg fh phkzd cf hds trf`gtk cîks s`iu`fgtfs k su prdnuhikl`üg. Fh Ldgirfsd mkarë cf prdgugl`krsf fxprfsknfgtf cfgtrd cf c`lmd phkzd sdarf su ldgvkh`ckl`üg d cfrdikl`üg, pkrk hd lukh fh Qfihknfgtd fstkahflf ug prdlfc`n`fgtd fspfl`kh y sunkr`d.
<5
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
Curkgtf fh phkzd fstkahfl`cd fg fh përrkbd kgtfr`dr, hks Ldrtfs pdcrëg trkn`tkrhds ldnd prdyfltds cf hfy pdr fh prdlfc`n`fgtd cf urifgl`k. C@\UD\@L@DGF\ GDQNKS@RK\ LDG BVFQ_K CF HFP
Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds Cflrftds-Hfyfs
0. FH QFIH QFIHKNFG KNFGSD. SD. HÎN@ HÎN@SF\ SF\ CF HK UDS UDSF\S F\SKC KC QFIHKNFGSKQ@K Hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k fs hk bkluhtkc quf t`fgfg ktr`au`cks hks Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks pkrk c`ltkr rfihknfgtds. Fstk pdtfstkc fstë h`n`tkck pdr hks hfyfs.
0.; Ldglfptd y gkturkh gkturkhfzk fzk \f hhknk rfihknfgtd k tdck gdrnk fslr`tk c`ltkck pdr hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg fg v`rtuc cf su prdp`k ldnpftfgl`k. Fh rfihknfgtd t`fgf cf ldnÿg ldg hk hfy fh sfr ugk gdrnk fslr`tk, pfrd c`b`frf fg tdcd hd cfnës. Hd prdp`d cfh rfihknfgtd, hd quf hf sfpkrk cfb`g`t`vknfgtf cf hk hfy, fs quf fs ugk gdrnk sflugckr`k, `gbfr`dr y ldnphfnfgtkr`k cf hk hfy, dark cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg. Udr dtrk pkrtf, mky quf c`st`giu`r hk b`iurk cfh rfihknfgtd cf hk cfh kltd kcn`g`strkt`vd. Gd sfrîk ldrrfltd fxph`lkr fh rfihknfgtd ldnd ug s`nphf kltd kcn`g`strkt`vd ifgfrkh y mklfr kph`lkl`üg kh n`snd cf tdck hk tfdrîk cf hds kltds. Hk c`st`gl`üg nës rfhfvkgtf fgtrf fh rfihknfgtd y fh kltd fs quf kquàh bdrnk pkrtf cfh drcfgk-n`fgtd drcfgk-n`fgtd ourîc`ld, fg tkgtd quf fh kltd kltd fs sühd ugk ldgsflufgl`k cf kquàh, ugk kph`lkl`üg cfh n`snd.
0.1 Lhksfs Uufcfg sfr lhks`b`lkcds cfscf c`vfrsds pugtds cf v`stk? ;) Udr fh suoftd cfh quf prdlfcfg? fstktkhfs, fstktkhfs, s` prdlfcfg cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg cfh Fstkcd: kutdgün`lds, fs cfl`r, fnkgkcds cf ugk Ldnug`ckc Kutügdnk, d hdlkhfs, s` fnkgkg cfh kyugtkn`fgtd y cf sus khlkhcfs d cf hks c`putkl`dgfs: sfltdr`khfs, s` fnkgkg cf fgtfs cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg @gst`tul`dgkh y Ldrpdrkt`vk.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
<;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
1) Udr sus fbfltds, rfihknfgtds rfihknfgtds ourîc`lds d prdp`knfgtf prdp`knfgtf gdrnkt`vds, y hds rfihknfgtds rfihknfgtds kcn`g`strkt`vds d cf drikg`zkl`üg. <) Udr su rfhkl`üg ldg hk hfy sf sf lhks`b`lkg fg foflut`vds, `gcfpfgc`fgtfs `gcfpfgc`fgtfs y cf gflfs`ckc. - Foflut`vds? rfspdgcfg rfspdgcfg k hk gflfs`ckc cf ldnphftkr y cfskrrdhhkr hk hfy fg quf sf kpdykg, kpdykg, gdrnkhnfgtf fg v`rtuc cf ugk kutdr`zkl`üg d nkgcktd fxprfsd cf hk n`snk. - @gcfpfgc`fgtfs? sdg kquàhhds kquàhhds quf dpfrkg dpfrkg sdarf ëna`tds c`st`gtds c`st`gtds cf hds rfiuhkcds rfiuhkcds pdr hks hfyfs. \u ëna`td fs hk nktfr`k drikg`zkt`vk, ldgsflufgl`k cf hk dr`i`gkr`k pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k. - Cf gflfs`ckc? gflfs`ckc? sühd sf oust`b`lkg fg bugl`üg cf ug fstkcd fstkcd cf gflfs`ckc, pdr fhhd `glhusd fg dlks`dgfs sf ldhdlkg pdr fgl`nk cf hk hfy. Fstf t`pd cf nfc`cks fxlfpl`dgkhfs prdlfcfrë fg hks s`tukl`dgfs prfv`stks fg fh krt. ;;2 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, fs cfl`r, fstkcd cf s`t`d, khkrnk d fxlfpl`üg.
0.< Qfihknfg Qfihknfgtds tds `hfikhfs, foflut`vds y cf drikg`zkl`üg K. Qfihknfgtds `hfikhfs Fh drcfgkn`fgtd mk cf rfkll`dgkr gflfskr`knfgtf ldg nfc`ds fgàri`lds ldgtrk fh irkvf ktkquf quf pkrk àh rfprfsfgtk fh rfihknfgtd `hfikh. Fh krt. ;;9.; cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, kh cflhkrkr k hds Ouflfs y Sr`augkhfs sdnft`cds ‘ÿg`lknfgtf kh `npfr`d cf hk hfy„, hfs dah`ik nës fgàri`lknfgtf k auslkr fh rfspkhcd hfikh cf tdcd rfihknfgtd kgtfs cf lukhqu`fr kph`lkl`üg cf hds n`snds. Udr dtrk pkrtf, fh krt. ;52 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg c`spdgf quf hds Sr`augkhfs ldgtrdhkg hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k y hk hfikh`ckc cf hk kltukl`üg kcn`g`strkt`vk, ksî ldnd fh sdnft`n`fgtd cf àstk k hds b`gfs quf hk oust`b`lkg.
A. Qfihknfgtds foflut`vds k. Ldglfptd Hds rfihknfgtds foflut`vds, rfspdgcfg k hk gflfs`ckc cf ldnphftkr y cfskrrdhhkr hk hfy fg quf sf kpdykg, gdrnkhnfgtf fg v`rtuc cf ugk kutdr`zkl`üg d nkgcktd fxprfsd cf hk n`snk. Hk Hfy, fg nulmks dlks`dgfs, rfiuhk ugk nktfr`k fgugl`kgcd ugds pr`gl`p`ds aës`lds y cfok k hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg, pkrk quf pdr nfc`d cf ug rfihknfgtd, cfskrrdhhf fsks hîgfks c`rflt`vks b`okcks pdr fh hfi`shkcdr. Fh cfskrrdhhd pufcf sfr tdtkh d pkrl`kh. Ldg fhhd, sf cdtk kh ldgougtd gdrnkt`vd cf ugk nkydr bhfx`a`h`ckc: lukgcd fstd sulfcf sf mkahk cf rfihknfgtds foflut`vds cf hks hfyfs. \dg fofnphd cf rfihknfgtd foflut`vd, fgtrf dtrds? - Fh Qfihknfgtd Qfihknfgtd cf A`fgfs A`fgfs cf hks hks Fgt`ckcfs Hdlkhfs, Hdlkhfs, quf cfskrrdhhk hk Hfy cf Aksfs cf Qài`nfg Hdlkh.
<1
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
- Fh Qfihknfgtd Qfihknfgtd cf hds hds prdlfc`n`fgtds prdlfc`n`fgtds fg nktfr`k cf rfspdgska`h`ckc pktr`ndg`kh pktr`ndg`kh cf hks Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks y fh Qfihknfgtd cfh prdlfc`n`fgtd pkrk fh fofrl`l`d cf hk pdtfstkc skgl`dgkcdrk. Knaks gdrnks cfskrrdhhkg hk Hfy cf Qài`nfg Ourîc`ld cf hks Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks y cfh Urdlfc`n`fgtd Kcn`g`strkt`vd Ldnÿg.
a. Lkrkltfrîst`lks Hds rfihknfgtds foflut`vds sf lkrkltfr`zkg pdr sfr? - Fxtfrgds? ldgt`fgfg gdrnks cf cfrflmd cfrflmd daoft`vd daoft`vd rfbfr`cks rfbfr`cks k hds pkrt`luhkrfs. pkrt`luhkrfs. - Ldnphfnfgtkr`ds cf hk Hfy? Hfy? pdr fsd, pkrtf cf hk cdltr`gk cdltr`gk hds lkh`b`lk ldnd ldnd rfihknfgtds rfihknfgtds sflugcun hfifn, pdrquf sf h`n`tkg k cfskrrdhhkr hds prflfptds rfldi`cd fg ugk Hfy bdrnkh d kltd fqu`pkrkcd k fhhk.
L. Qfihknfgtds Qfihknfgt ds cf drikg`zkl drikg`zkl`üg `üg Skna`àg cfgdn`gkcds pdr rkzüg cf su ldgtfg`cd, Qfihknfgtds `gtfrgds: sdg kqufhhds quf rfiuhkg s`tukl`dgfs fspfl`khfs (fofnphd? rfhkl`dgfs fgtrf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg y hds bugl`dgkr`ds cf ug cftfrn`gkcd ürikgd). Fs lkrkltfrîst`lk cf fstk lhksf cf Qfihknfgtds fh gd cfsphfikr sus fbfltds bufrk cfh ëna`td cf hk prdp`k Kcn`g`strkl`üg y pdr fgcf, gd rfpfrlut`r fg hks rfhkl`dgfs ldg hds pkrt`luhkrfs d ldg dtrds fgtfs pÿah`lds. Urfl`sknfgtf, fstf lkrëltfr cfh Qfihknfgtd `gtfrgd, mk hhfvkcd k pkrtf cf hk cdltr`gk k gfikrhfs su lkrëltfr ourîc`ld.
0.3 Hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k cfh Ida`frgd K. Fh fofrl`l`d cf hk `g`l`kt`vk hfi`shkt`vk y hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k cfh Ida`frgd Fh Ida`frgd fofrlfrë hk `g`l`kt`vk y hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k cf ldgbdrn`ckc ldg hds pr`gl`p`ds y rfihks fstkahfl`cds fg fh Sîtuhd R@ cf hk Hfy <0/15;6, cf ; cf dltuarf, cfh Urdlfc`n`fgtd Kcn`g`strkt`vd Ldnÿg cf hks Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks y fg fh Sîtuhd R cf hk Hfy 65/;009, cf 19 cf gdv`fnarf, cfh Ida`frgd.
A. C`spds`l`dgfs cf fgtrkck fg v`idr \`g pfrou`l`d cf hd fstkahfl`cd fg fh krtîluhd 1.; cfh Lüc`id L`v`h, hks c`spds`l`dgfs cf fgtrkck fg v`idr cf hks hfyfs d rfihknfgtds, luyk kprdakl`üg d prdpufstk ldrrfspdgck kh Ida`frgd d k sus n`fnards, y quf `npdgikg gufvks dah`ikl`dgfs k hks pfrsdgks bîs`lks d ourîc`lks quf cfsfnpfûfg ugk klt`v`ckc fldgün`lk d prdbfs`dgkh ldnd ldgsflufgl`k cfh fofrl`l`d cf àstk, prfvfrëg fh ldn`fgzd cf su v`ifgl`k fh 1 cf fgfrd d fh ; cf ouh`d s`iu`fgtfs k su kprdakl`üg. Hd prfv`std kgtfr`drnfgtf gd sfrë cf kph`lkl`üg k hds rfkhfs cflrftds-hfyfs, g` lukgcd fh lunph`n`fgtd cfh phkzd cf trkgspds`l`üg cf c`rflt`vks furdpfks u dtrks rkzdgfs oust`b`lkcks ksî hd kldgsfofg, cfa`fgcd qufckr fstf mflmd cfa`cknfgtf klrfc`tkcd fg hk rfspflt`vk Nfndr`k.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
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fc`tdr`kh } lfp
L. Hk bdrnk y ofrkrquîk cf hks c`spds`l`dgfs y rfsdhul`dgfs cfh Ida`frgd cf hk Gkl`üg y cf sus n`fnards Hks cfl`s`dgfs cfh Ida`frgd cf hk Gkl`üg y cf sus n`fnards rfv`stfg hks bdrnks s`iu`fgtfs? k) Qfkhfs Cflrftds Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds y Qfkhfs Cflrftds-hfyfs Cflrftds-hfyfs,, hks cfl`s`dgfs quf kprufakg, rfspflt`vknfgtf, hks gdrnks prfv`stks fg hds krtîluhds =1 y =2 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg. a) Qfkhfs Cflrftds cfh Urfs`cfgtf Urfs`cfgtf cfh Ida`frgd, hks c`spds`l`dgfs y kltds luyk kcdpl`üg vfgik ktr`au`ck kh Urfs`cfgtf. l) Qfkhfs Cflrftds Cflrftds kldrckcds fg Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, hks cfl`s`dgfs cfl`s`dgfs quf kprufafg gdrnks rfihknfgtkr`ks cf hk ldnpftfgl`k cf àstf y hks rfsdhul`dgfs quf cfakg kcdptkr c`lmk bdrnk ourîc`lk. c) Klufrcds cfh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, hks cfl`s`dgfs cfl`s`dgfs cf c`lmd ürikgd ldhfi`kcd quf gd cfakg kcdptkr hk bdrnk cf Qfkh Cflrftd. f) Klufrcds kcdptkcds fg Ldn`s`dgfs Ldn`s`dgfs Cfhfikcks cfh Ida`frgd, Ida`frgd, hks c`spds`l`dgfs y rfsdhul`drfsdhul`dgfs cf tkhfs ürikgds ldhfi`kcds. Skhfs klufrcds rfvfst`rëg hk bdrnk cf Drcfg cfh N`g`strd ldnpftfgtf d cfh N`g`strd cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, lukgcd hk ldnpftfgl`k ldrrfspdgck k c`st`gtds N`g`strds. b) Ürcfgfs N`g`stfr`khfs, N`g`stfr`khfs, hks c`spds`l`dgfs c`spds`l`dgfs y rfsdhul`dgfs rfsdhul`dgfs cf hds N`g`strds. N`g`strds. Lukgcd hk c`spds`c`spds`l`üg d rfsdhul`üg kbfltf k vkr`ds Cfpkrtknfgtds rfvfst`rë hk bdrnk cf Drcfg cfh N`g`strd cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, c`ltkck k prdpufstk cf hds N`g`strds `gtfrfskcds. Hds rfihknfgtds sf sf drcfgkrëg sfiÿg sfiÿg hk s`iu`fgtf ofrkrquîk? ;.¿
C`spds`l`dgfs kprdakcks pdr Qfkh Cflrftd cfh Urfs`cfgtf Urfs`cfgtf cfh Ida`frgd Ida`frgd d kldrckcd fg fh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds.
1.¿
C`spds`l`dgfs kprdakcks kprdakcks pdr Drcfg N`g`stfr`kh.
C. Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd Fh Ida`frgd kprdakrë kgukhnfgtf ug Uhkg Gdrnkt`vd quf ldgtfgcrë hks `g`l`kt`vks hfi`shkt`vks d rfihknfgtkr`ks quf vkykg k sfr fhfvkcks pkrk su kprdakl`üg fg fh kûd s`iu`fgtf. Fh Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd `cfgt`b`lkrë, ldg krrfihd k hds lr`tfr`ds quf sf fstkahfzlkg rfihknfgtkr`knfgtf, hks gdrnks quf mkarëg cf sdnftfrsf k ug kgëh`s`s sdarf hds rfsuhtkcds cf su kph`lkl`üg, ktfgc`fgcd bugcknfgtkhnfgtf kh ldstf quf supdgfg pkrk hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg d hds cfst`gktkr`ds y hks lkriks kcn`g`strkt`vks `npufstks k fstds ÿht`nds. Lukgcd sf fhfvf pkrk su kprdakl`üg pdr fh ürikgd ldnpftfgtf ugk prdpufstk gdrnkt`vk quf gd b`iurkrk fg fh Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd kh quf sf rfb`frf fh prfsfgtf krtîluhd sfrë gflfskr`d oust`b`lkr fstf mflmd fg hk ldrrfspdgc`fgtf Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd.
<3
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
Fh Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd fstkrë lddrc`gkcd pdr fh N`g`stfr`d cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, ldg fh daoftd cf ksfiurkr hk ldgirufgl`k cf tdcks hks `g`l`kt`vks quf sf trkn`tfg y cf fv`tkr sulfs`vks ndc`b`lkl`dgfs cfh rài`nfg hfikh kph`lkahf k ug cftfrn`gkcd sfltdr d ërfk cf klt`v`ckc fg ug ldrtd fspkl`d cf t`fnpd. Fh N`g`strd cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k fhfvkrë fh Uhkg kh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds pkrk su kprdakl`üg kgtfs cfh <5 cf kar`h. Udr drcfg cfh N`g`stfr`d cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k sf kprdakrëg hds ndcfhds quf ldgtfgikg hk `gbdrnkl`üg k rfn`t`r sdarf lkck `g`l`kt`vk gdrnkt`vk pkrk su `glhus`üg fg fh Uhkg.
F. Urdlfc`n` Urdlfc`n`fgtd fgtd cf fhkadrkl`üg cf gdrnks ldg rkgid cf Hfy y rfihknfgtds Hk fhkadrkl`üg cf hds kgtfprdyfltds cf hfy, cf hds prdyfltds cf rfkh cflrftd hfi`shkt`vd y cf gdrnks rfihknfgtkr`ks sf koustkrë kh s`iu`fgtf prdlfc`n`fgtd? ;. \u rfckll`üg fstkrë prflfc`ck cf lukgtds fstuc`ds y ldgsuhtks sf fst`nfg ldgvfg`fgtfs pkrk ikrkgt`zkr fh kl`frtd y hk hfikh`ckc cf hk gdrnk. 1. \f sustkgl`krë ugk ldgsuhtk pÿah`lk, k trkvàs cfh pdrtkh wfa cfh cfpkrtknfgtd ldnpftfgtf, ldnpftfgtf, ldg lkrëltfr prfv`d k hk fhkadrkl`üg cfh tfxtd, fg hk quf sf rflkakrë dp`g`üg cf hds suoftds pdtfgl`khnfgtf kbfltkcds pdr hk buturk gdrnk y cf hks drikg`zkl`dgfs nës rfprfsfgtkt`vks klfrlk cf? k) Hds prdahfnks quf sf prftfgcfg sdhul`dgkr sdhul`dgkr ldg hk gufvk gdrnk. gdrnk. a) Hk gflfs`ckc y dpdrtug`ckc cf su kprdakl`üg. l) Hds daoft`vds cf hk gdrnk. c) Hks pds`ahfs sdhul`dgfs sdhul`dgfs khtfrgkt`vks rfiuhktdr`ks rfiuhktdr`ks y gd rfiuhktdr`ks. rfiuhktdr`ks. Udcrë prfsl`gc`rsf cfh trën`tf cf ldgsuhtk pÿah`lk fg fh lksd cf hk fhkadrkl`üg cf gdrnks prfsupufstkr`ks u drikg`zkt`vks cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg Ifgfrkh cfh Fstkcd d cf hks drikg`zkl`dgfs cfpfgc`fgtfs d v`gluhkcks k àstks, lukgcd ldglurrkg rkzdgfs irkvfs cf `gtfràs pÿah`ld quf hd oust`b`qufg, d lukgcd hk prdpufstk gdrnkt`vk gd tfgik ug `npkltd s`ig`b`lkt`vd fg hk klt`v`ckc fldgün`lk, gd `npdgik dah`ikl`dgfs rfhfvkgtfs k hds cfst`gktkr`ds d rfiuhf kspfltds pkrl`khfs cf ugk nktfr`k. Skna`àg pdcrë prfsl`gc`rsf cf fstf trën`tf cf ldgsuhtk fg fh lksd cf trkn`tkl`üg urifgtf cf `g`l`kt`vks gdrnkt`vks. Hk ldglurrfgl`k cf khiugk d vkr`ks cf fstks rkzdgfs, cfa`cknfgtf ndt`vkcks, sf oust`b`lkrëg fg hk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd. Hk ldgsuhtk ldgsuhtk pÿah`lk cfafrë rfkh`zkrsf rfkh`zkrsf cf tkh bdrnk quf tdcds hds pdtfgl`khfs pdtfgl`khfs cfst`gktkr`ds cfst`gktkr`ds cf hk gdrnk tfgikg hk pds`a`h`ckc cf fn`t`r su dp`g`üg, pkrk hd lukh cfafrë prdpdrl`dgkrsf ug t`fnpd sub`l`fgtf, quf fg g`giÿg lksd sfrë `gbfr`dr k qu`glf cîks gkturkhfs. <. Fh lfgtrd c`rflt`vd ldnpftfgtf fhkadrkrë ldg lkrëltfr prflfpt`vd prflfpt`vd ugk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd, quf cfafrë ldgtfgfr hds s`iu`fgtfs kpkrtkcds? k) Dpdrtug`ckc cf hk prdpufstk y khtfrgkt`vks cf rfiuhkl`üg fstuc`kcks, fstuc`kcks, hd quf cfafrë `glhu`r `glhu`r ugk oust`b`lkl`üg cf hk gflfs`ckc cf hk gufvk gdrnk brfgtf k hk khtfrgkt`vk cf gd kprdakr g`giugk rfiuhkl`üg. a) Ldgtfg`cd y kgëh`s`s ourîc`ld, ldg rfbfrfgl`k rfbfrfgl`k kh Cfrflmd gkl`dgkh y cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk, quf `glhu`rë fh h`stkcd pdrnfgdr`zkcd cf hks gdrnks quf qufckrëg cfrdikcks ldnd ldgsflufgl`k cf hk fgtrkck fg v`idr cf hk gdrnk. l) Kgëh`s`s sdarf hk kcflukl`üg cf hk gdrnk prdpufstk kh drcfg cf c`str`aul`üg cf ldnpftfgl`ks. ldnpftfgl`ks.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
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fc`tdr`kh } lfp
c) @npkltd fldgün`ld y prfsupufstkr`d, quf fvkhukrë hks ldgsflufgl`ks cf su kph`lkl`üg sdarf hds sfltdrfs, ldhflt`vds d kifgtfs kbfltkcds pdr hk gdrnk, `glhu`cd fh fbfltd sdarf hk ldnpftfgl`k, hk ug`ckc cf nfrlkcd y hk ldnpft`t`v`ckc y su fglkof ldg hk hfi`shkl`üg v`ifgtf fg lkck ndnfgtd sdarf fstks nktfr`ks. Fstf kgëh`s`s `glhu`rë hk rfkh`zkl`üg cfh tfst Uynf cf klufrcd ldg hk prëlt`lk cf hk Ldn`s`üg Furdpfk. f) Ks`n`snd, sf `cfgt`b`lkrëg `cfgt`b`lkrëg hks lkriks kcn`g`strkt`vks quf ldghhfvk hk prdpufstk, sf lukgt`b`lkrë fh ldstf cf su lunph`n`fgtd pkrk hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg y pkrk hds dah`ikcds k sdpdrtkrhks ldg fspfl`kh rfbfrfgl`k kh `npkltd sdarf hks pfqufûks y nfc`kgks fnprfsks. b) @npkltd pdr rkzüg rkzüg cf iàgfrd, quf kgkh`zkrë kgkh`zkrë y vkhdrkrë hds rfsuhtkcds quf sf sf pufckg sfiu`r cf hk kprdakl`üg cf hk gdrnk cfscf hk pfrspflt`vk cf hk fh`n`gkl`üg cf cfs`iukhckcfs y cf su ldgtr`aul`üg k hk ldgsflul`üg cf hds daoft`vds cf `iukhckc cf dpdrtug`ckcfs y cf trktd fgtrf nuofrfs y mdnarfs, k pkrt`r cf hds `gc`lkcdrfs cf s`tukl`üg cf pkrt`ck, cf prfv`s`üg cf rfsuhtkcds y cf prfv`s`üg cf `npkltd. i) Vg rfsunfg cf hks pr`gl`pkhfs kpdrtkl`dgfs rfl`a`cks rfl`a`cks fg fh trën`tf cf ldgsuhtk pÿah`lk cfskrrdhhkcd kgtfr`drnfgtf. Hk Nfndr`k Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd `glhu`rë lukhqu`fr dtrd dtrd fxtrfnd quf puc`frk puc`frk sfr rfhfvkgtf k lr`tfr`d cfh ürikgd prdpdgfgtf. 3. Lukgcd hk c`spds`l`üg gdrnkt`vk sfk sfk ug kgtfprdyfltd cf hfy d ug prdyfltd prdyfltd cf rfkh cflrftd hfi`shkt`vd, lunph`cds hds trën`tfs kgtfr`drfs, fh t`tuhkr d t`tuhkrfs cf hds Cfpkrtknfgtds prdpdgfgtfs hd fhfvkrëg, prfv`d sdnft`n`fgtd k hk Ldn`s`üg Ifgfrkh cf \flrftkr`ds cf Fstkcd y \uasflrftkr`ds, kh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, k b`g cf quf àstf cfl`ck sdarf hds uhtfr`drfs trën`tfs y, fg pkrt`luhkr, sdarf hks ldgsuhtks, c`ltënfgfs f `gbdrnfs quf rfsuhtfg ldgvfg`fgtfs, ksî ldnd sdarf hds tàrn`gds cf su rfkh`zkl`üg, s`g pfrou`l`d cf hds hfikhnfgtf prflfpt`vds. Lukgcd rkzdgfs rkzdgfs cf urifgl`k ksî hd kldgsfofg, y s`fnprf s`fnprf quf sf mkykg lunph`nfgtkcd hds trën`tfs cf lkrëltfr prflfpt`vd, fh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds pdcrë prfsl`gc`r cf fstf y kldrckr hk kprdakl`üg cfh kgtfprdyfltd cf hfy d prdyfltd cf rfkh cflrftd hfi`shkt`vd y su rfn`s`üg, fg su lksd, kh Ldgirfsd cf hds C`putkcds d kh \fgkcd, sfiÿg ldrrfspdgck. 6. K hd hkrid cfh prdlfc`n`fgtd cf fhkadrkl`üg cf hk gdrnk, fh lfgtrd c`rflt`vd ldnpftfgtf rflkakrë, kcfnës cf hds `gbdrnfs y c`ltënfgfs quf rfsuhtfg prflfpt`vds, lukgtds fstuc`ds y ldgsuhtks sf fst`nfg ldgvfg`fgtfs pkrk ikrkgt`zkr fh kl`frtd y hk hfikh`ckc cfh tfxtd. \khvd quf gdrnkt`vknfgtf sf fstkahfzlk fstkahfzlk dtrk dtrk ldsk, ldsk, hds `gbdrnfs prflfpt`vds sf fn`t`rëg fn`t`rëg fg ug phkzd cf c`fz cîks, d cf ug nfs lukgcd fh `gbdrnf sf sdh`l`tf k dtrk Kcn`g`strkl`üg d k ug ürikgd u Drikg`snd cdtkcd cf fspkl`kh `gcfpfgcfgl`k d kutdgdnîk. Fh lfgtrd lfgtrd c`rflt`vd c`rflt`vd ldnpftfgtf ldnpftfgtf pdcrë pdcrë sdh`l`tkr sdh`l`tkr ndt`vkcknfgtf ndt`vkcknfgtf hk fn`s`üg fn`s`üg urifgtf cf hds `gbdrnfs, fstuc`ds y ldgsuhtks sdh`l`tkcds, cfa`fgcd àstds sfr fn`t`cds fg ug phkzd gd supfr`dr k hk n`tkc cf hk curkl`üg cf hds `gc`lkcds fg fh përrkbd kgtfr`dr. Fg tdcd lksd, hds kgtfprdyfltds cf hfy, hds prdyfltds prdyfltds cf rfkh cflrftd cflrftd hfi`shkt`vd hfi`shkt`vd y hds prdyflprdyfltds cf c`spds`l`dgfs rfihknfgtkr`ks, cfafrëg sfr `gbdrnkcds pdr hk \flrftkrîk Ifgfrkh Sàlg`lk cfh N`g`stfr`d d N`g`stfr`ds prdpdgfgtfs. Ks`n`snd, lukgcd hk prdpufstk gdrnkt`vk kbfltkrk k hk drikg`zkl`üg kcn`g`strkt`vk cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg Ifgfrkh cfh Fstkcd, k su rài`nfg cf pfrsdgkh, k hds prdlfc`n`fgtds y k hk `gspfll`üg cf hds sfrv`l`ds, sfrë gflfskr`d rflkakr hk kprdakl`üg prfv`k cfh N`g`stfr`d cf Mkl`fgck y Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks kgtfs cf sfr sdnft`cks kh ürikgd ldnpftfgtf pkrk
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Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
prdnuhikrhds. \` trkgslurr`cds ;6 cîks cfscf hk rflfpl`üg cf hk sdh`l`tuc cf kprdakl`üg pdr pkrtf cfh l`tkcd N`g`stfr`d gd sf mua`frk bdrnuhkcd g`giugk daofl`üg, sf fgtfgcfrë ldglfc`ck hk kprdakl`üg. \frë kcfnës gflfskr`d `gbdrnf prfv`d cfh N`g`stfr`d cf Mkl`fgck y Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks lukgcd hk gdrnk puc`frk kbfltkr k hk c`str`aul`üg c `str`aul`üg cf hks ldnpftfgl`ks fgtrf fh Fstkcd y hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks. 2. \`g pfrou`l`d cf hk ldgsuhtk prfv`k prfv`k k hk rfckll`üg cfh tfxtd cf hk `g`l`kt`vk, `g`l`kt`vk, lukgcd hk gdrnk kbfltf k hds cfrflmds f `gtfrfsfs hfiît`nds cf hks pfrsdgks, fh lfgtrd c`rflt`vd ldnpftfgtf puah`lkrë fh tfxtd fg fh pdrtkh wfa ldrrfspdgc`fgtf, ldg fh daoftd cf ckr kuc`fgl`k k hds l`uckckgds kbfltkcds y datfgfr lukgtks kpdrtkl`dgfs kc`l`dgkhfs pufckg mklfrsf pdr dtrks pfrsdgks d fgt`ckcfs. Ks`n`snd, pdcrë rflkakrsf c`rfltknfgtf hk dp`g`üg cf hks drikg`zkl`dgfs d ksdl`kl`dgfs rfldgdl`cks pdr hfy quf kirupfg d rfprfsfgtfg k hks pfrsdgks luyds cfrflmds d `gtfrfsfs hfiît`nds sf v`frfg kbfltkcds pdr hk gdrnk y luyds b`gfs iukrcfg rfhkl`üg c`rfltk ldg su daoftd. Fh phkzd nîg`nd cf fstk kuc`fgl`k f `gbdrnkl`üg pÿah`lks sfrë cf ;6 cîks mëa`hfs, y pdcrë sfr rfcul`cd mkstk ug nîg`nd cf s`ftf cîks mëa`hfs lukgcd rkzdgfs cfa`cknfgtf ndt`vkcks ksî hd oust`b`qufg: ksî ldnd lukgcd sf kph`quf hk trkn`tkl`üg urifgtf cf `g`l`kt`vks gdrnkt`vks. Cf fhhd cfafrë cfokrsf ldgstkgl`k fg hk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd. Fh trën`tf trën`tf cf kuc`fgl`k f `gbdrnkl`üg `gbdrnkl`üg pÿah`lk pÿah`lk sühd pdcrë dn`t`rsf dn`t`rsf lukgcd fx`stkg fx`stkg irkvfs rkzdgfs cf `gtfràs pÿah`ld, quf cfafrëg oust`b`lkrsf fg hk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd. Ks`n`snd, gd sfrë cf kph`lkl`üg k hks c`spds`l`dgfs prfsupufstkr`ks d quf rfiuhfg hds ürikgds, lkrids y kutdr`ckcfs cfh Ida`frgd d cf hks drikg`zkl`dgfs cfpfgc`fgtfs d v`gluhkcks k àstks. 9. \f rflkakrë fh c`ltknfg cfh Ldgsfod cf Fstkcd u ürikgd ldgsuht`vd fqu`vkhfgtf lukgcd bufrk prflfpt`vd d sf ldgs`cfrf ldgvfg`fgtf. =. Lunph`cds hds trën`tfs trën`tfs kgtfr`drfs, hk prdpufstk sf sf sdnftfrë k hk Ldn`s`üg Ldn`s`üg Ifgfrkh cf \flrftkr`ds \flrftkr`ds cf Fstkcd y \uasflrftkr`ds y sf fhfvkrë kh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds pkrk su kprdakl`üg y, fg lksd cf prdyfltds cf hfy, su rfn`s`üg kh Ldgirfsd cf hds C`putkcds d, fg su lksd, kh \fgkcd, kldnpkûëgcdhd cf ugk Fxpds`l`üg cf Ndt`vds y cf hk cdlunfgtkl`üg prdp`k cfh prdlfc`n`fgtd cf fhkadrkl`üg k quf sf rfb`frfg hks hftrks a) y c) cfh krtîluhd 9 cf hk Hfy ;0/15;<, cf 0 cf c`l`fnarf, cf trkgspkrfgl`k, kllfsd k hk `gbdrnkl`üg pÿah`lk y aufg ida`frgd y su gdrnkt`vk cf cfskrrdhhd. 0. Fh N`g`stfr`d cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, Urfs`cfgl`k, ldg fh daoftd cf ksfiurkr hk lddrc`gkl`üg y hk lkh`ckc lkh`ckc cf hk klt`v`ckc gdrnkt`vk cfh Ida`frgd kgkh`zkrë hds s`iu`fgtfs kspfltds? k) Hk lkh`ckc tàlg`lk tàlg`lk y fh rkgid cf hk hk prdpufstk gdrnkt`vk. gdrnkt`vk. a) Hk ldgirufgl`k cf hk `g`l`kt`vk ldg fh rfstd rfstd cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld, ourîc`ld, gkl`dgkh y cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk, ldg dtrks quf sf fstàg fhkadrkgcd fg hds c`st`gtds N`g`stfr`ds d quf vkykg k mklfrhd cf klufrcd ldg fh Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd, ksî ldnd ldg hks quf sf fstàg trkn`tkgcd fg hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs. l) Hk gflfs`ckc cf `glhu`r hk cfrdikl`üg fxprfsk cf dtrks gdrnks, ksî ldnd cf rfbugc`r fg hk gufvk dtrks fx`stfgtfs fg fh n`snd ëna`td. c) Fh ldgtfg`cd prflfpt`vd cf hk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd y, fg pkrt`luhkr, hk `glhus`üg cf ugk s`stfnët`lk cf fvkhukl`üg pdstfr`dr cf hk kph`lkl`üg cf hk gdrnk lukgcd bufrf prflfpt`vd. f) Fh lunph`n`fgtd cf hds pr`gl`p`ds y rfihks fstkahfl`cds fstkahfl`cds fg fstf Sîtuhd. Sîtuhd.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
<9
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
b) Fh lunph`n`fgtd d ldgirufgl`k cf hk `g`l`kt`vk `g`l`kt`vk ldg hds prdyfltds prdyfltds cf rfcull`üg rfcull`üg cf lkriks kcn`g`strkt`vks d aufgk rfiuhkl`üg quf sf mkykg kprdakcd fg c`spds`l`dgfs d klufrcds cf lkrëltfr ifgfrkh pkrk hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg Ifgfrkh cfh Fstkcd. i) Hk pds`ahf fxtrkh`n`tkl`üg fxtrkh`n`tkl`üg cf hk `g`l`kt`vk gdrnkt`vk rfspfltd cfh ldgtfg`cd cf hk gdrnk ldnug`tkr`k quf sf trkspdgik kh cfrflmd `gtfrgd. Qfihknfgtkr`knfgtf sf cftfrn`gkrë hk ldnpds`l`üg cfh ürikgd fglkrikcd cf hk rfkh`zkl`üg rfkh`zkl`üg cf fstk bugl`üg ksî ldnd su ndcd cf `gtfrvfgl`üg fg fh prdlfc`n`fgtd. ;5. \f ldgsfrvkrëg fg fh ldrrfspdgc`fgtf fxpfc`fgtf kcn`g`strkt`vd, fg bdrnktd fhfltrüg`ld, hk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd, hds `gbdrnfs y c`ltënfgfs rflkakcds pkrk su trkn`tkl`üg, ksî ldnd tdcds hds fstuc`ds y ldgsuhtks fn`t`cks y cfnës kltukl`dgfs prklt`lkcks. ;;. Hd c`spufstd fg fstf fpîirkbf y fg fh s`iu`fgtf gd sfrë cf kph`lkl`üg pkrk hk trkn`tkl`üg y kprdakl`üg cf cflrftds-hfyfs, k fxlfpl`üg cf hk fhkadrkl`üg cf hk nfndr`k prfv`stk fg fh kpkrtkcd <, ldg lkrëltfr karfv`kcd, y hd fstkahfl`cd fg hds gÿnfrds ;, =, 0 y ;5.
B. Srkn`tkl`üg Srkn`tkl`üg urifgtf cf `g`l`kt`vks gdrnkt`vks fg fh ëna`td cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg Ifgfrkh cfh Fstkcd Fh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, k prdpufstk cfh t`tuhkr cfh cfpkrtknfgtd kh quf ldrrfspdgck hk `g`l`kt`vk gdrnkt`vk, pdcrë kldrckr hk trkn`tkl`üg urifgtf cfh prdlfc`n`fgtd cf fhkadrkl`üg y kprdakl`üg cf kgtfprdyfltds cf hfy, rfkhfs cflrftds hfi`shkt`vds y cf rfkhfs cflrftds, fg khiugd cf hds s`iu`fgtfs lksds? k) Lukgcd bufrf gflfskr`d gflfskr`d pkrk quf hk gdrnk fgtrf fg v`idr fg fg fh phkzd fx`i`cd pkrk hk trkgspds`l`üg cf c`rflt`vks ldnug`tkr`ks d fh fstkahfl`cd fg dtrks hfyfs d gdrnks cf Cfrflmd cf hk Vg`üg Furdpfk. a) Lukgcd ldglurrkg dtrks l`rlugstkgl`ks fxtrkdrc`gkr`ks fxtrkdrc`gkr`ks quf, gd mka`fgcd pdc`cd prfvfrsf ldg kgtfr`dr`ckc, fx`okg hk kprdakl`üg urifgtf cf hk gdrnk. Hk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd quf kldnpkûf kh prdyfltd nfgl`dgkrë hk fx`stfgl`k cfh klufrcd cf trkn`tkl`üg urifgtf, ksî ldnd hks l`rlugstkgl`ks quf hf s`rvfg cf bugcknfgtd. Hk trkn`tkl`üg pdr vîk cf urifgl`k `nph`lkrë quf? k) Hds phkzds prfv`stds pkrk hk rfkh`zkl`üg cf hds trën`tfs cfh prdlfc`n`fgtd cf fhkadrkl`üg, fstkahfl`cds fg àstk d fg dtrk gdrnk, sf rfcul`rëg k hk n`tkc cf su curkl`üg. \`, fg kph`lkl`üg cf hk gdrnkt`vk rfiuhkcdrk cf hds ürikgds ldgsuht`vds quf mua`frkg cf fn`t`r c`ltknfg, bufrk gflfskr`d ug klufrcd pkrk rfqufr`rhd fg c`lmd phkzd, sf kcdptkrë pdr fh ürikgd ldnpftfgtf: y s` bufrk fh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, sf rfldifrë fg fh klufrcd prfv`std kgtfr`drnfgtf. a) Gd sfrë prfl`sd fh trën`tf cf ldgsuhtk ldgsuhtk pÿah`lk prfv`std fg fh krtîluhd 12.1, s`g pfrou`l`d cf hk rfkh`zkl`üg cf hds trën`tfs cf kuc`fgl`k pÿah`lk d cf `gbdrnkl`üg pÿah`lk sdarf fh tfxtd k hds quf sf rfb`frf fh krtîluhd 12.2, luyd phkzd cf rfkh`zkl`üg sfrë cf s`ftf cîks. l) Hk bkhtk cf fn`s`üg fn`s`üg cf ug c`ltknfg d `gbdrnf prflfpt`vd fg phkzd gd `npfc`rë hk ldgt`gukl`üg cfh prdlfc`n`fgtd, s`g pfrou`l`d cf su fvfgtukh `gldrpdrkl`üg y ldgs`cfrkl`üg lukgcd sf rfl`ak.
<=
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
I. @gbdrnf kgukh cf fvkhukl`üg Fh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, k prdpufstk cfh N`g`stfr`d cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, kprdakrë, kgtfs cfh <5 cf kar`h cf lkck kûd, ug `gbdrnf kgukh fg fh quf sf rfbhfof fh irkcd cf lunph`n`fgtd cfh Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd cfh kûd kgtfr`dr, hks `g`l`kt`vks kcdptkcks quf gd fstkakg `g`l`khnfgtf `glhu`cks fg fh l`tkcd Uhkg, ksî ldnd hks `glhu`cks fg kgtfr`drfs `gbdrnfs cf fvkhukl`üg ldg daoft`vds phur`kgukhfs quf mkykg prdcul`cd kh nfgds pkrtf cf sus fbfltds fg fh kûd quf sf fvkhÿk. Fg fh `gbdrnf sf `glhu`rëg hks ldglhus`dgfs cfh kgëh`s`s cf hk kph`lkl`üg cf hks gdrnks k quf sf rfb`frf fh krtîluhd 16.1, quf, cf klufrcd ldg hd prfv`std fg su rfspflt`vk Nfndr`k, mkykg tfg`cd quf sfr fvkhukcks fg fh fofrl`l`d kgtfr`dr. Hk fvkhukl`üg sf rfkh`zkrë fg hds tàrn`gds y phkzds prfv`stds fg hk Nfndr`k cfh Kgëh`s`s cf @npkltd Gdrnkt`vd y cfafrë ldnprfgcfr, fg tdcd lksd? k) Hk fb`lkl`k cf hk gdrnk, fgtfgc`fgcd pdr tkh hk nfc`ck fg quf mk ldgsfiu`cd hds b`gfs prftfgc`cds ldg su kprdakl`üg. a) Hk fb`l`fgl`k cf hk gdrnk, `cfgt`b`lkgcd hks lkriks kcn`g`strkt`vks quf pdcrîkg gd mkafr s`cd gflfskr`ks. l) Hk sdstfg`a`h`ckc sdstfg`a`h`ckc cf hk c`spds`l`üg.
Fh `gbdrnf pdcrë pdcrë ldgtfgfr rfldnfgckl`dgfs fspflîb`lks cf ndc`b`lkl`üg y, fg su lksd, cfrdikl`üg cf hks gdrnks fvkhukcks, lukgcd ksî hd kldgsfoksf fh rfsuhtkcd cfh kgëh`s`s.
0.6 Hîn`tfs cf hds rfihknfgtds Hds rfihknfgtds ifgfrkhnfgtf cfskrrdhhkg hd fstkahfl`cd pdr ugk hfy, pfrd dlurrf k vflfs quf sf dlupkg cf ugk nktfr`k tdckvîk gd rfiuhkck pdr àstk. Skgtd fg ugd ldnd fg dtrd lksd sf fstkahflfg ugk sfr`f cf h`n`tkl`dgfs kh cfskrrdhhd d rfiuhkl`üg pdr fh rfihknfgtd, quf pksknds k vfr? - Hds rfihknfgtds rfihknfgtds cfafg cfafg dasfrvkr ugk sfr`f cf hîn`tfs, hîn`tfs, cf luyd rfspftd rfspftd cfpfgcf su vkh`cfz. - Fstds hîn`tfs sf pufcfg kirupkr fg cds lktfidrîks? k) Hîn`tfs bdrnkhfs? bdrnkhfs? quf kbfltkg kh kspfltd kspfltd fxtfrgd cfh rfihknfgtd. a) Hîn`tfs sustkgl`khfs? sustkgl`khfs? quf kbfltkg kbfltkg kh ldgtfg`cd. ldgtfg`cd.
K. Hîn`tfs bdrnkhfs - Ldnpftfgl`ks pkrk fnkgkr rfihknfgtds? fh krt. 09 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg ktr`auyf fxprfsknfgtf fxprfsknfgtf kh Ida`frgd hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k, pfrd k hk vfz, kh fstkahflfr hk ikrkgtîk `gst`tul`dgkh cf hk kutdgdnîk fg bkvdr cf hds nug`l`p`ds, hks prdv`gl`ks y hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks (krts. ;<9, ;35, ;3;, ;3<), fstë kcn`t`fgcd tkna`àg ldnd ldgtfg`cd cf c`lmk kutdgdnîk ugk pdtfstkc gdrnkt`vk prdp`k cf fsks fgt`ckcfs tfrr`tdr`khfs, pdtfstkc quf `glhuyf ldnd nîg`nd hk rfihknfgtkr`k. Fstds sdg lksds cf pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k dr`i`gkr`k. Hds cfnës supufstds? N`g`strds, kutdr`ckcfs y ürikgds `gbfr`drfs t`fgfg ugk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k cfr`vkck, fg v`rtuc cf mka`h`tkl`dgfs hfikhfs fspflîb`lks, skhvd fg hd rfbfrfgtf kh ëna`td drikg`zkt`vd fstr`ltd.
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
<0
fc`tdr`kh } lfp
- Hk ofrkrquîk gdrnkt`vk? fstë ikrkgt`zkck pdr fh krt. 0.< cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg. Ldgst`tul`üg. Fg hk lÿsp`cf sf fglufgtrk hk Ldgst`tul`üg y, trks fhhk, hk Hfy. K ugk y dtrk fstë sdnft`ck phfgknfgtf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg (krts. 0, ;5< y 09 LF). Udr tkgtd, fh pr`gl`p`d cf ofrkrquîk sf trkculf? - Fg hk suprfnklîk quf ldg rfspfltd rfspfltd k hds Qfihknfgtds Qfihknfgtds t`fgf hk Hfy y hk Ldgst`tul`üg. - Fg hk suprfnklîk suprfnklîk quf t`fgfg hds rfihknfgtds rfihknfgtds cf irkcd irkcd supfr`dr ldg rfspfltd k hds cf irkcd `gbfr`dr. Hds rfihknfgtds sf drcfgkrëg sfiÿg hk s`iu`fgtf ofrkrquîk? ;.¿ C`spds`l`dgfs kprdakcks pdr Qfkh Cflrftd cfh Urfs`cfgtf cfh Ida`frgd d kldrckcd fg fh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds. 1.¿ C`spds`l`dgfs kprdakcks pdr Drcfg N`g`stfr`kh.
A. Hîn`tfs sustkgl`khfs - Fh rfspftd k hds pr`gl`p`ds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd Cfrflmd y fg fspfl`kh k hk `gtfrc`ll`üg `gtfrc`ll`üg cf hk hk kra`trkr`fckc. Fh krt. ;5<.; cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg Ldgst`tul`üg fstkahflf quf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg Uÿah`lk kltÿk ldg sdnft`n`fgtd phfgd k hk Hfy y kh Cfrflmd, cfh lukh bdrnkg pkrtf, ldnd c`lf fh krt. ; cfh Lüc`id L`v`h, hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs cfh Cfrflmd. Udr dtrk pkrtf, fh krt. 0.< cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg Ldgst`tul`üg ikrkgt`zk cf nkgfrk fspflîb`lk ‘hk `gtfrc`ll`üg `gtfrc`ll`üg cf hk kra`trkr`fckc cf hds pdcfrfs pÿah`lds„ y pdr tkgtd cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg, quf fs ugd cf fhhds. - Hks tàlg`lks tàlg`lks cf ldgtrdh cf hk c`slrfl`dgkh`ckc. c`slrfl`dgkh`ckc. Fs cfl`r, quf sf kph`lkrëg tàlg`lks fspflîb`lks fspflîb`lks pkrk ldgtrdhkr k hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg. - Hk nktfr`k rfihknfgtkr`k. Fh rfihknfgtd sühd sühd sfrë vëh`cd s` sf prdculf prdculf d sdarf sdarf hk nktfr`k drikg`zkt`vk `gtfrgk quf fs su lknpd nktfr`kh y c`rfltd (gd gflfs`tkcd cf mka`h`tkl`dgfs hfikhfs fspflîb`lks), d bufrk cf fsf lknpd (pfrd ut`h`zkgcd pkrk fhhd fg fstf lksd mka`h`tkl`dgfs hfikhfs ldglrftks quf hf mkykg ka`frtd fstk nktfr`k, quf fg dtrd lksd fstkrîk lfrrkck). - Hk `rrftrdklt`v`ckc. `rrftrdklt`v`ckc. Fh krt. 0.< cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg fstkahflf hk `rrftrdklt`v`ckc `rrftrdklt`v`ckc cf hks c`spds`l`dc`spds`l`dgfs skgl`dgkcdrks gd bkvdrkahfs d rfstr`lt`vks cf cfrflmds `gc`v`cukhfs.
35
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
Fsqufnk ;
FH DQCFGKN@FGSD OVQÎC@LD KCN@G@\SQKS@RD. BVFGSF\? HK LDG\S@SVL@ÜG Kh mkahkr cf bufgtfs cfh cfrflmd sf mklf rfbfrfgl`k kh huikr cf cdgcf fnkgk d prdlfcf fh cfrflmd, fs cfl`r, k hds nfc`ds cf prdcull`üg cf gdrnks ourîc`lks y k hks bdrnks fg quf sf nkg`b`fstk fh cfrflmd Hk cdltr`gk c`st`giuf fgtrf? - Bufgtfs fg sfgt`cd nktfr`kh - Bufgtfs fg sfgt`cd bdrnkh
Lhksfs cf bufgtfs cfh Cfrflmd Kcn`g`strkt`vd Bufgtfs c`rfltks f `gc`rfltks Bufgtfs c`rfltks Bufgtfs `gc`rfltks Bufgtfs fslr`tks y gd fslr`tks Bufgtfs fslr`tks Bufgtfs gd fslr`tks Bufgtfs pr`nkr`ks y suas`c`kr`ks Bufgtfs pr`nkr`ks Bufgtfs suas`c`kr`ks
Ofrkrquîk cf hks bufgtfs Hks gdrnks `gtfirkgtfs cfh cfrflmd Kcn`g`strkt`vd fstëg suoftks kh pr`gl`p`d cf ofrkrquîk gdrnkt`vk, quf sf fglufgtrk rfldgdl`cd fg fh krtîluhd 0.< cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg Fh Lüc`id L`v`h hd rfldif fg su krtîluhd ;.1 kh c`spdgfr quf? ‘lkrflfrëg cf vkh`cfz hks c`spds`l`dgfs quf ldgtrkc`ikg dtrk cf rkgid supfr`dr„ Fg v`rtuc cf fstf pr`gl`p`d hks gdrnks cf rkgid supfr`dr prfvkhflfg y sf `npdgfg sdarf hks cf rkgid `gbfr`dr. Hks gdrnks quf dstfgtkg fh n`snd rkgid t`fgfg hk n`snk bufrzk gdrnkt`vk
HK LDG\S@SVL@ÜG Hk Ldgst`tul`üg fs hk pr`nfrk cf hks Gdrnks, hk Gdrnk \uprfnk cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld, quf dstfgtk fh lkrëltfr cf gdrnk suprkhfikh, cf bdrnk quf gd pufcf sfr khtfrkck g` ndc`b`lkck pdr hds prdlfc`n`fgtd prdlfc`n`fgtdss drc`gkr`ds cf lrfkl`üg cf gdrnks ourîc`lks
HK HFP Ldglfptd Cfscf ug pugtd cf v`stk pdhît`ld, hk hfy fhkadrkck pdr fh pdcfr hfi`shkt`vd cfh Fstkcd, quf dstfgtk hk rfprfsfgtkl`üg cfh pufahd, ldgst`tuyf hk fxprfs`üg cf hk vdhugtkc pdpuhkr
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
3;
Ldgs`cfrkck ldnd bufgtf cfh cfrflmd, ldgst`tuyf hk lktfidrîk aës`lk cfh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld, `gnfc`ktknfgtf suadrc`gkck k hk Ldgst`tul`üg Hk hfy fs hk gdrnk fhkadrkck pdr fh Ukrhknfgtd, sfiÿg fh prdlfc`n`fgtd ldgst`tul`dgkhnfgtf fstkahfl`cd pkrk fhhd
Lhksfs Hfyfs fstktkhfs y hfyfs kutdgün`lks Fh krtîluhd 22.1 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg ktr`auyf k hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs fh fofrl`l`d cf hk pdtfstkc hfi`shkt`vk cfh Fstkcd, quf sf ldglrftk fg hk bkluhtkc ourîc`lk cf fhkadrkl`üg cf hks hfyfs Hfyfs Driëg`lks y hfyfs drc`gkr`ks Hfyfs Driëg`lks Hfyfs Drc`gkr`ks
HD\ SQKSKCD\ @GSFQGKL@DGKHF\ Qfiuhkl`üg Hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs sdg klufrcds quf fh Fstkcd fspkûdh rfkh`zk ldg dtrds fgtfs sdafrkgds. \f rfiuhkg fg fh Lkpîtuhd Sfrlfrd cfh Sîtuhd @@@ cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, krts. 0< k 02.
Srktkcds quf rfqu`frfg Hfy Driëg`lk Srktkcds quf rfqu`frfg prfv`k kutdr`zkl`üg cf hks Ldrtfs Ldgbh`ltds fgtrf Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs y hk Ldgst`tul`üg Fbfltds cf hds Srktkcds @gtfrgkl`dgkhfs
FH CFQFLMD LDNVG@S LDNVG@SKQ@D KQ@D Fg fh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d fs yk lhës`lk hk c`st`gl`üg fgtrf cds sustrktds d ahdqufs gdrnkt`vds? fh hhknkcd Cfrflmd pr`nkr`d d Cfrflmd dr`i`gkr`d, `gtfirkcd pdr hds Srktkcds ldgst`tut`vds y kqufhhds quf hds mkg ndc`b`lkcd d ldnphftkcd: y fh Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd d sflugckr`d, ldgst`tu`cd pdr hds kltds gdrnkt`vds cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks.
Cfrflmd dr`i`gkr`d (d pr`nkr`d) Pk mfnds v`std quf fstkrîk `gtfirkcd pdr hds trfs Srktkcds ldgst`tut`vds k quf mfnds khuc`cd y pdr hds sulfs`vds quf hds ndc`b`lkg d ldnphftkg. S`fgfg lkrëltfr cf Srktkcds `gtfrgkl`dgkhfs ldgst`tut`vds, fg lukgtd, ldnd mfnds v`std, `gst`tuyfg ug drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld prdp`d? fh drcfgkn`fgtd ourîc`ld ldnug`tkr`d, quf surif nfc`kgtf hk lfs`üg k hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks cf pkrlfhks cf sdafrkgîk cf hds Fstkcds n`fnards. Fg Fspkûk fh nflkg`snd cf lfs`üg fstkak prfv`std fg fh krt. 0< LF, fg luyk v`rtuc ‘nfc`kgtf hfy driëg`lk sf pdcrë kutdr`zkr hk lfhfarkl`üg cf trktkcds pdr hds quf sf ktr`auyk k ugk drikg`zkl`üg d `gst`tul`üg `gtfrgkl`dgkh fh fofrl`l`d cf ldnpftfgl`ks cfr`vkcks cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg„ (HD ;5/;0=6, cf 1 cf kidstd, cf kutdr`zkl`üg pkrk hk kcmfs`üg cf Fspkûk k hks Ldnug`ckcfs Furdpfks). Fgunfrkl`üg y ldgtfg`cd
31
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
Fstrulturk Urdlfc`n`fgtd cf rfv`s`üg cf hds Srktkcds. Hds Srktkcds ndc`b`lkt`vds Ndc`b`lkl`üg cf hds Srktkcds Srktkcds ndc`b`lkt`vds Kltk ßg`lk Furdpfk Srktkcd cf Nkkstr`lm Srktkcd cf Knstfrckn Srktkcd cf G`zk Srktkcd cf H`sadk
Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd K pkrt`r cfh Cfrflmd dr`i`gkr`d y cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs pdr àh lrfkcks, surif fh Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd, ldnd ldgougtd gdrnkt`vd fnkgkcd cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks cdtkcks cf pdcfr hfi`shkt`vd. @gtfirkg fh Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd hds Qfihknfgtds, C`rflt`vks, Cfl`s`dgfs, Qfldnfgckl`dgfs y C`ltënfgfs. \` a`fg tkna`àg mkrfnds khus`üg k dtrks bufgtfs ldnphfnfgtkr`ks ldnd hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs y hk our`sprucfgl`k. Fh Qfihknfgtd Khlkglf ifgfrkh Dah`iktdr`d fg tdcds sus fhfnfgtds C`rfltknfgtf kph`lkahf fg lkck Fstkcd n`fnard Hk C`rflt`vk Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF sfûkhk quf ‘c`rflt`vk dah`ikrë kh Fstkcd n`fnard cfst`gktkr`d fg lukgtd kh rfsuhtkcd quf cfak ldgsfiu`rsf, cfokgcd, s`g fnakrid, k hks kutdr`ckcfs gkl`dgkhfs hk fhfll`üg cf hk bdrnk y cf hds nfc`ds„. Hks Cfl`s`dgfs Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF c`spdgf quf ‘hk cfl`s`üg sfrë dah`iktdr`k fg tdcds sus fhfnfgtds. Lukgcd cfs`igf cfst`gktkr`ds, sühd sfrë dah`iktdr`k pkrk àstds„. Hks Qfldnfgckl`dgfs y hds C`ltënfgfs Fh krtîluhd 1== SBVF c`spdgf quf ‘hks rfldnfgckl`dgfs y hds c`ltënfgfs gd sfrëg v`gluhkgtfs„. Hk rfldnfgckl`üg ldgst`tuyf ugk `gv`tkl`üg k hds Fstkcds pkrk quf kcdptfg ug cftfrn`gkcd ldnpdrtkn`fgtd, pdr hd quf sf sufhf ut`h`zkr ldnd nfc`d cf krndg`zkl`üg cf hfi`shkl`dgfs. Fh c`ltknfg fs ug kltd k trkvàs cfh lukh hks `gst`tul`dgfs ldnug`tkr`ks fxprfskg su ou`l`d ldg rfspfltd k ug ksugtd cftfrn`gkcd.
Bufgtfs ldnphfnfgtkr`ks Fh tfrlfr irkg sustrktd cfh Cfrflmd ldnug`tkr`d vfgcrîk ckcd pdr ug ldgougtd mftfrdiàgfd cf bufgtfs cfh Cfrflmd cfb`g`cks cfscf ugk pfrspflt`vk purknfgtf gfikt`vk? pdr gd ldgst`tu`r Cfrflmd pr`nkr`d g` Cfrflmd cfr`vkcd. Hds pr`gl`p`ds ifgfrkhfs cfh cfrflmd Hk our`sprucfgl`k
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
3<
HD\ F\SKSVSD\ CF KVSDGDNÎK Ldglfptd \dg hk gdrnk `gst`tul`dgkh aës`lk cf hk Ldnug`ckc Kutügdnk Kutügdnk
Ldgtfg`cd Urdlfsd cf fhkadrkl`üg Cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs quf kllfc`frdg pdr hk vîk ldnÿg Cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs quf kllfc`frdg pdr hk vîk fspfl`kh
Qfbdrnk Ldg lkrëltfr ifgfrkh, hk Ldgst`tul`üg sfûkhk quf hk rfbdrnk cf hds Fstktutds cfafrë koustkrsf k hd fstkahfl`cd fg hds n`snds, y quf rfqufr`rë, fg tdcd lksd, hk kprdakl`üg pdr hks Ldrtfs Ifgfrkhfs, nfc`kgtf Hfy driëg`lk (krt. ;39.<).
HK\ HFPF\ CF HK\ LDNVG@CKCF\ KVSÜGDNK\ Hks Hfyfs kutdgün`lks pdsffg fh n`snd rkgid y bufrzk quf hks Hfyfs cfh Fstkcd, pfrd t`fgfg ug lknpd nktfr`kh c`st`gtd fg v`rtuc cfh pr`gl`p`d cf ldnpftfgl`k, ldnd nfc`d cf cfh`n`tkl`üg cfh ëna`td cfh fofrl`l`d cf hk pdtfstkc gdrnkt`vk fgtrf fh Fstkcd y hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks.
HK\ C@\UD\@L@DGF\ GDQNKS@RK\ LDG BVFQ_K CF HFP Hk Ldgst`tul`üg ldgtfnphk kcfnës hk fx`stfgl`k cf gdrnks, quf s`g sfr hfyfs g` prdlfcfr cfh Ukrhknfgtd t`fgfg su n`snd rkgid y bufrzk Fstks gdrnks sf c`ltkg fg v`rtuc cf bkluhtkcfs quf ldgst`tuyfg tkna`àg hk pdtfstkc hfi`shkt`vk cfh Fstkcd pfrd quf sf ktr`auyfg kh Ida`frgd. \dg hds Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds y hds Cflrftds-Hfyfs prfv`stds fg hds krtîluhds =1 k =2 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg fspkûdhk
Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds Hks c`spds`l`dgfs cfh Ida`frgd quf ldgtfgikg hfi`shkl`üg cfhfikck rfl`a`rëg fh tîtuhd cf Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds Hk cfhfikl`üg hfi`shkt`vk cfafrë dtdrikrsf nfc`kgtf ugk hfy cf aksfs lukgcd su daoftd sfk hk bdrnkl`üg cf tfxtds krt`luhkcds d pdr ugk hfy drc`gkr`k lukgcd sf trktf cf rfbugc`r vkr`ds tfxtds hfikhfs fg ugd sdhd (Krt. =1 LF)
Cflrftds-Hfyfs \f rfiuhkg fg fh krtîluhd =2 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg quf fstkahflf quf fg lksd cf fxtrkdrc`gkr`k y urifgtf gflfs`ckc, fh Ida`frgd pdcrë c`ltkr c`spds`l`dgfs hfi`shkt`vks prdv`s`dgkhfs quf tdnkrëg hk bdrnk cf Cflrftds-hfyfs y quf gd pdcrëg kbfltkr kh drcfgkn`fgtd cf hks `gst`tul`dgfs aës`lks cfh Fstkcd, k hds cfrflmds, cfafrfs y h`afrtkcfs cf hds l`uckckgds rfiuhkcds fg fh Sîtuhd @ cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, kh rài`nfg cf hks Ldnug`ckcfs Kutügdnks g` kh Cfrflmd fhfltdrkh ifgfrkh
33
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;
C@\UD \@L@DGF\ C@\UD\@L@ DGF\ GDQNKS@R GD QNKS@RK\ K\ LDG BVFQ_K CF C F HFP. HFP. FH QFIHKNFGSD. QFIH KNFGSD. HÎN@SF\ CF HK UDSF\SKC QFIHKNFGSKQ@K Ldglfptd y gkturkhfzk \f hhknk rfihknfgtd k tdck gdrnk fslr`tk c`ltkck pdr hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg fg v`rtuc cf su prdp`k ldnpftfgl`k Fh rfihknfgtd t`fgf cf ldnÿg ldg hk hfy fh sfr ugk gdrnk fslr`tk, pfrd c`b`frf fg tdcd hd cfnës. Hd prdp`d cfh rfihknfgtd, hd quf hf sfpkrk cfb`g`t`vknfgtf cf hk hfy, fs quf fs ugk gdrnk sflugckr`k, `gbfr`dr y ldnphfnfgtkr`k cf hk hfy, dark cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg
Lhksfs Uufcfg sfr lhks`b`lkcds cfscf c`vfrsds pugtds cf v`stk? - Udr fh suoftd cfh quf prdlfcfg - Udr sus fbfltds, rfihknfgtds ourîc`lds d prdp`knfgtf gdrnkt`vds, y hds rfihknfgtds kcn`g`strkt`vds d cf drikg`zkl`üg - Udr su rfhkl`üg ldg hk hfy sf lhks`b`lkg fg foflut`vds, `gcfpfgc`fgtfs y cf gflfs`ckc
Qfihknfgtds `hfikhfs, foflut`vds foflut`vds y cf drikg`zkl`üg Qfihknfgtds `hfikhfs Fh krt. ;;9.; cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg, kh cflhkrkr k hds Ouflfs y Sr`augkhfs sdnft`cds ‘ÿg`lknfgtf kh `npfr`d cf hk hfy„, hfs dah`ik nës fgàri`lknfgtf k auslkr fh rfspkhcd hfikh cf tdcd rfihknfgtd kgtfs cf lukhqu`fr kph`lkl`üg cf hds n`snds Qfihknfgtds foflut`vds Ldglfptd Lkrkltfrîst`lks Qfihknfgtds cf drikg`zkl` drikg`zkl`üg üg Skna`àg cfgdn`gkcds pdr rkzüg cf su ldgtfg`cd, Qfihknfgtds Qfihknfgtds `gtfrgds: sdg kqufhhds quf rfiuhkg s`tukl`dgfs fspfl`khfs (fofnphd? rfhkl`dgfs fgtrf hk Kcn`g`strkl`üg y hds bugl`dgkr`ds cf ug cftfrn`gkcd ürikgd)
Hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k cfh Ida`frgd Fh fofrl`l`d cf hk `g`l`kt`vk hfi`shkt`vk hfi`shkt`vk y hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k cfh Ida`frgd Fh Ida`frgd fofrlfrë hk `g`l`kt`vk y hk pdtfstkc rfihknfgtkr`k cf ldgbdrn`ckc ldg hds pr`gl`p`ds y rfihks fstkahfl`cds fg fh Sîtuhd R@ cf hk Hfy <0/15;6, cf ; cf dltuarf, cfh Urdlfc`n`fgtd Kcn`g`strkt`vd Ldnÿg Ldnÿg cf hks Kcn`g`strkl`dgfs Uÿah`lks y fg fh Sîtuhd R cf hk Hfy 65/;009, cf 19 cf gdv`fnarf, cfh Ida`frgd C`spds`l`dgfs cf fgtrkck fg v`idr \`g pfrou`l`d cf hd fstkahfl`cd fg fh krtîluhd 1.; cfh Lüc`id L`v`h, hks c`spds`l`dgfs cf fgtrkck fg v`idr cf hks hfyfs d rfihknfgtds, luyk kprdakl`üg d prdpufstk ldrrfspdgck kh Ida`frgd d k sus n`fnards, y quf `npdgikg gufvks dah`ikl`dgfs k hks pfrsdgks bîs`lks d ourîc`lks quf cfsfnpfûfg ugk klt`v`ckc fldgün`lk d prdbfs`dgkh ldnd ldgsflufgl`k cfh fofrl`l`d cf àstk, prfvfrëg fh ldn`fgzd cf su v`ifgl`k fh 1 cf fgfrd d fh ; cf ouh`d s`iu`fgtfs k su kprdakl`üg
Fh Drcfgkn`fgtd Ourîc`ld Kcn`g`strkt`vd
36
Hk bdrnk y ofrkrquîk cf hks c`spds`l`dgfs y rfsdhul`dgfs cfh Ida`frgd cf hk Gkl`üg y cf sus n`fnards Hks cfl`s`dgfs cfh Ida`frgd cf hk Gkl`üg y cf sus n`fnards rfv`stfg hks bdrnks s`iu`fgtfs? Qfkhfs Cflrftds Hfi`shkt`vds y Qfkhfs Cflrftds-hfyfs Cflrftds-hfyfs,, hks cfl`s`dgfs quf kprufakg, rfspflt`vknfgtf, hks gdrnks prfv`stks fg hds krtîluhds =1 y =2 cf hk Ldgst`tul`üg Qfkhfs Cflrftds cfh Urfs`cfgtf cfh Ida`frgd, hks c`spds`l`dgfs y kltds kltds luyk kcdpl`üg vfgik ktr`au`ck kh Urfs`cfgtf Qfkhfs Cflrftds kldrckcds fg Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, hks cfl`s`dgfs quf kprufafg gdrnks rfihknfgtkr`ks cf hk ldnpftfgl`k cf àstf y hks rfsdhul`dgfs quf cfakg kcdptkr c`lmk bdrnk ourîc`lk Klufrcds cfh Ldgsfod Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, hks cfl`s`dgfs cfl`s`dgfs cf c`lmd c`lmd ürikgd ürikgd ldhfi`kcd quf gd cfakg kcdptkr hk bdrnk cf Qfkh Cflrftd Klufrcds kcdptkcds fg Ldn`s`dgfs Cfhfikcks cfh Ida`frgd, hks c`spds`l`dgfs c`spds`l`dgfs y rfsdhul`dgfs cf tkhfs ürikgds ldhfi`kcds. Skhfs klufrcds rfvfst`rëg hk bdrnk cf Drcfg cfh N`g`strd ldnpftfgtf d cfh N`g`strd cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, lukgcd hk ldnpftfgl`k ldrrfspdgck k c`st`gtds N`g`strds Ürcfgfs N`g`stfr`khfs, hks c`spds`l`dgfs y rfsdhul`dgfs cf hds N`g`strds. Lukgcd hk c`spds`l`üg d rfsdhul`üg kbfltf k vkr`ds Cfpkrtknfgtds rfvfst`rë hk bdrnk cf Drcfg cfh N`g`strd cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, c`ltkck k prdpufstk cf hds N`g`strds `gtfrfskcds Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd Fh Ida`frgd kprdakrë kgukhnfgtf ug Uhkg Gdrnkt`vd quf ldgtfgcrë hks `g`l`kt`vks hfi`shkt`vks d rfihknfgtkr`ks quf vkykg k sfr fhfvkcks pkrk su kprdakl`üg fg fh kûd s`iu`fgtf Urdlfc`n`fgtd cf fhkadrkl`üg cf gdrnks ldg rkgid cf Hfy y rfihknfgtds Srkn`tkl`üg urifgtf cf `g`l`kt`vks gdrnkt`vks fg fh ëna`td cf hk Kcn`g`strkl`ü Srkn`tkl`üg Kcn`g`strkl`üg g Ifgfrkh cfh Fstkcd @gbdrnf kgukh cf fvkhukl`üg Fh Ldgsfod cf N`g`strds, k prdpufstk cfh N`g`stfr`d cf hk Urfs`cfgl`k, kprdakrë, kgtfs cfh <5 cf kar`h cf lkck kûd, ug `gbdrnf kgukh fg fh quf sf rfbhfof fh irkcd cf lunph`n`fgtd cfh Uhkg Kgukh Gdrnkt`vd cfh kûd kgtfr`dr, hks `g`l`kt`vks kcdptkcks quf gd fstkakg `g`l`khnfgtf `glhu`cks fg fh l`tkcd Uhkg, ksî ldnd hks `glhu`cks fg kgtfr`drfs `gbdrnfs cf fvkhukl`üg ldg daoft`vds phur`kgukhfs quf mkykg prdcul`cd kh nfgds pkrtf cf sus fbfltds fg fh kûd quf sf fvkhÿk
Hîn`tfs cf hds rfihknfgtds Hîn`tfs bdrnkhfs Hîn`tfs sustkgl`khfs
32
Sfnkr`d Fspflîbld / Sfnk ;