XBJL >;
@nobtkv`s
Fbrrljkbgtls `ekjìtkmls? pr`mbslh`r pr`mbslh`rbs bs hb tbxt`, nlsbs hb hlt`s, f`ol hb mìdmud`, plqubtbs kge`rjìtkm kge`rjìtkm`s `s kgtbarlh`s y m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` Lgldkzlr dls fbrrljkbgtls `ekjìtkmls hb us` jìs m`jÿg Lgldkzlr dl rbldkzlmkýg hb arìekm`s m`g fbrrljkbgtls `ekjìtkmls Bxljkglr dls lpdkmlmk`gbs nìskmls hb Q`rh, Bxmbd y Lmmbss
bhkt`rkld } mbp
<. FB FB^^LJKBG ^^LJKBGXL] XL] @EKJÌX @EKJÌXKML]? KML]? Y^@MB] Y^@MB]LH@^B] LH@^B] HB XBVX@, NL]B] HB HLX@], F@OL HB MÌDMRD @, YL\RBXB ] KGE@^JÌXKM@] KGXBA^LH@] [ M@^^B@ BDBMX^ÝGKM@ <.< Yr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt` L. Hbekgkmkýg hb pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt` Bd pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`s bs ugl lpdkmlmkýg kgmdukhl hbgtr` hb ug bgt`rg` `ekjìtkm` plrl mrblr y bhktlr h`mujbgt`s hb tbxt` bg ug `rhbglh`r. ]b trltl hb ug s`etwlrb hb jÿdtkpdbs eugmk`gldkhlhbs plrl dl rbhlmmkýg, m`g hkebrbgtbs `pmk`gbs rbdlmk`glhls m`g dl bhkmkýg hbd tbxt` (tkp`arleêls, tljlü`s hb dbtrl, m`d`rbs, tkp`s hb pìrrle`s, bebmt`s y `trls `pmk`gbs). M`j` `murrb m`g dl jly`rêl hb dls fbrrljkbgtls kge`rjìtkmls, d`s trlnlo`s rbldkzlh`s bg ug pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`s pubhbg sbr aulrhlh`s bg e`rjl hb lrmfkv`s, usuldjbgtb ddljlh`s h`mujbgt`s, lsê m`j` kjprbs`s l trlvës hb hkebrbgtbs jbhk`s. D`s prbhbmbs`rbs hb d`s lmtuldbs pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt`s eubr`g dls lgtkauls jìqukgls hb bsmrknkr qub plrl dl m`rrbmmkýg hb brr`rbs hb trlsmrkpmkýg utkdkzlnlg jët`h`s trlhkmk`gldbs. D`s prkjbr`s pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt`s brlg `rhbglh`rbs qub pbrjktêlg dl jlgkpudlmkýg hbd tbxt` vksuldkzlh` bg ugl plgtlddl. Hb bstl e`rjl, d`s brr`rbs sb m`rrbaêlg lgtbs hb qub bd h`mujbgt` ddbalr l kjprkjkrsb. Ybr` lhbjìs hb dbgt` rbsudtlnl mlr`. D`s pr`mbslh`rbs lmtuldbs s`g juy eìmkdbs hb jlgbolr y lskjksj` p`tbgtbs m`j` plrl bjpdblrsb bg dl bdln`rlmkýg hb ug ljpdk` bspbmtr` hb tkp`s hb h`mujbgt`s, hbshb dls skjpdbs mlrtls flstl d`s jlguldbs tëmgkm`s ldtljbgtb bstrumturlh`s y rbpdbt`s hb kjìabgbs y e`t`arleêls. Bg dl lmtuldkhlh bxkstbg judtktuh hb pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt`, lugqub bd jìs ljpdkljbgtb utkdkzlh` bs Jkmr`s`et Q`rh.
N. Eugmk`gbs abgbrldbs hb d`s pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt`s Dl jly`rêl hb d`s pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt`s lmtuldbs pubhbg flmbr ldaugl hb dls tlrbls skaukbgtbs? - Mljnklr d`s jìrabgbs (tlgt` kzqukbrh` y hbrbmf`, m`j` m`j` d`s jìrabgbs supbrk`r supbrk`r b kgebrk`r) y d`s tlnudlh`rbs. D`s jìrabgbs jkhbg dl hkstlgmkl hbd tbxt` l d`s hkstkgt`s n`rhbs hb dl f`ol y d`s tlnudlh`rbs hbekgbg sldt`s hbd murs`r hbgtr` hb mlhl dêgbl. - J`hkekmlr dl hkstlgmkl bgtrb dêgbls, g` s`dljbgtb l skjpdb ` l h`ndb bsplmk` skg` qub p`hrì ekolr dl hkstlgmkl bgtrb dêgbls m`g ugl prbmkskýg hb jkdêjbtr`s. - Gujbrlr mlhl dêgbl hb tbxt` kgtr`humkhl, lsê m`j` gujbrlr hb e`rjl lut`jìtkml mlhl ugl hb dls f`ols hbd h`mujbgt`. - Mbgtrlr tbxt`s y oustkekmlr lut`jìtkmljbgtb bd tbxt`. - Kgmdukr mlnbmbrls y pkbs hb pìakgl. - Rtkdkzlr bg d`s h`mujbgt`s h`mujbgt`s hkebrbgtbs tkp`s hb dbtrls y hkstkgt`s tljlü`s. - Kgmdukr tlndls bg d`s h`mujbgt`s, nlstlgh` skjpdbjbgtb m`g kghkmlr bd dualr h`ghb sb qukbrb kgsbrtlr dl jksjl y bd gÿjbr` hb ekdls y m`dujgls. Bd e`rjlt` tljnkëg pubhb jlgkpudlrsb, hb tld e`rjl qub pubhb lmtulr m`g eugmk`gbs hb lutëgtkmls f`ols hb mìdmud`.
8=>
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Ddbvlr l mln` nÿsqubhls y sustktumk`gbs lut`jìtkmls hb tbxt`s. - Abgbrlr lut`jìtkmljbgtb m`rrb` jlskv`, hbg`jkgìgh`sb bstl bstl `pbrlmkýg m`j` euskýg hb ekmfbr`s. - Kgsbrtlr kjìabgbs. - Mrblr arìekm`s. - Hksbülr pìakgls Qbn. - ^bdlmk`glr h`mujbgt`s.
M. Yr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt` bg bd skstbjl `pbrltkv` Qkgh`ws D`s kgtbrelmbs arìekm`s hb usulrk` nlslh`s bg bd ]kstbjl @pbrltkv` Qkgh`ws s`g mlplmbs hb m`gvbrtkr l d`s pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt` bg lda` skjkdlr l d`s plqubtbs hb bhkmkýg lskstkhl p`r `rhbglh`r. Y`r bdd`, ldaugls hb dls vbgtlols qub prbsbgtlg d`s pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt` utkdkzlh`s bg Qkgh`ws s`g d`s skaukbgtbs? - Bobmumkýg hb m`jlgh`s y rbldkzlmkýg hb dl jly`r plrtb hb dls `pbrlmk`gbs utkdkzlgh` bxmduskvljbgtb bd rltýg. Y`r bdd`s, sb pubhb m`pklr y j`vbr tbxt` hbgtr` hbd jksj` h`mujbgt` skg gbmbskhlh hb bobmutlr gk ug s`d` m`jlgh`. - G` sb tbghrì qub rbm`rhlr d`s g`jnrbs hb d`s m`jlgh`s yl qub bst`s bstìg skbjprb bg plgtlddl. - Qkgh`ws bs ug bgt`rg` judtktlrbl, p`r d` qub bd pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt` p`hrì eugmk`glr m`j` ug pr`arljl judtktlrbl. Y`r bobjpd`, d`s m`rrbmt`rbs `rt`arìekm`s p`hrìg bobmutlrsb bg sbaugh` pdlg` y dls vksuldkzlmk`gbs prbdkjkglrbs hb dls pìakgls pbrjktkrìg dl bhkmkýg hbd tbxt` kgmdukh` bg bddls. - Dl mlplmkhlh judtktlrbl hb Qkgh`ws pbrjktb pbrjktb dl bobmumkýg skjudtìgbl hb ugl ljpdkl vlrkbhlh hb pr`arljls. Bst`s pr`arljls g` sýd` m`bxkstbg bg dl jbj`rkl hbd `rhbglh`r skg` qub, lhbjìs, p`hrìg m`jplrtkr d`s hlt`s hb ugl e`rjl sbgmkddl. Y`r bdd` sb pubhbg m`pklr m`g elmkdkhlh tbxt`s ` arìekm`s hbshb `tr`s pr`arljls flstl bd pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`s ` vkmbvbrsl.
H. Jkmr`s`et Q`rh. Yrkgmkpldbs eugmk`gbs y utkdkhlhbs Ylrl p`hbr uslr Jkmr`s`et Q`rh bs gbmbslrk` kgstldlr prbvkljbgtb bd pr`arljl lugqub bg jumfls `mlsk`gbs vkbgb kgstldlh` yl ougt` m`g bd ]kstbjl `pbrltkv` Qkgh`ws. Dl prkjbrl vbrskýg hb Q`rh plrl Qkgh`ws sldký bg bd lü` <;6;, y hbshb bgt`gmbs sb flg kh` sumbhkbgh` gubvls lmtuldkzlmk`gbs. Dl jìs rbmkbgtb bs hb >9<5, lugqub sb skaub trlnlolgh` lmtuldjbgtb bg gubvls vbrsk`gbs hbgtr` hbd plqubtb @eekmb. Bd hbslrr`dd` hbd prbsbgtb tbjl sb rbldkzlrì tbgkbgh` bg mubgtl dl vbrskýg >9<9, p`r su ljpdkl hkeuskýg y utkdkzlmkýg bg bd ìjnkt` bjprbslrkld, lugqub bxkstbg `tr`s jumf`s, tldbs m`j` @pbg @eekmb Qrktbr hb mýhka` lnkbrt`. ]kg bjnlra`, m`g`mkbgh` dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs hb ug pr`mbslh`r m`gmrbt` bs juy sbgmkdd` utkdkzlr dls hb muldqukbr `tr`, yl qub dls mlrlmtbrêstkmls subdbg sbr skjkdlrbs y d`s km`g`s, n`t`gbs ` jbgÿs s`g nlstlgtb plrbmkh`s. Dl e`rjl hb bgtrlr bg Q`rh hbpbghb hb mýj` d` tbgalj`s kgstldlh` bg bd `rhbglh`r. Bs flnktuld qub bxkstl ug km`g` hb lmmbs` hkrbmt` bg bd Bsmrkt`rk` ` nkbg bg dl Nlrrl hb kgkmk` rìpkh`. Bg mls` m`gtrlrk`, hbspdbalj`s bd jbgÿ Kgkmk` hb dl nlrrl hb tlrbls hb Qkgh`ws, y pkgmflj`s bg X`h`s d`s pr`arljls. Rgl vbz lfê, ` nkbg lplrbmb hkrbmtljbgtb bd lmmbs` hkrbmt` l Q`rh, ` lmmbhbj`s ld
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
8==
bhkt`rkld } mbp
jksj` l trlvës hbd jbgÿ Jkmr`s`et @eekmb. ]bl m`j` eubrb, plrl bgtrlr bg Q`rh nlstl flmbr h`ndb mdkm s`nrb su lmmbs` hkrbmt`. ]k g` lplrbmb bstb km`g` bg bd jbgÿ, sb pr`mbhbrì l bsmrknkr bg bd mulhr` hb nÿsqubhl dl pldlnrl Q`rh plrl qub hb bstb j`h` g`s lplrbzml bd km`g` hb dl lpdkmlmkýg bg dl plrtb supbrk`r, bd muld jubstrl bd rbsudtlh` hb dl nÿsqubhl. Xljnkëg, sb pubhb pudslr s`nrb —X`h`s d`s pr`arljls‚ qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r, oust` lgtbs hbd mulhr` hb nÿsqubhl. Bg bstb mls`, sb jubstrl ug dkstlh` ldelnëtkm` m`g t`hls dls lpdkmlmk`gbs kgstldlhls bg bd `rhbglh`r Bd lspbmt` qub `erbmb dl plgtlddl kgkmkld hb Q`rh pubhb vlrklr hbpbghkbgh` hb dl m`gekaurlmkýg hbd pr`arljl. G` `nstlgtb, dl kgtbrelz sb jubstrl bg dl vbgtlgl hb h`mujbgt` ` plgtlddl h`ghb sb jubstrl bd h`mujbgt`, bs dl z`gl hb trlnlo` hb mlhl h`mujbgt` yl qub p`r mlhl h`mujbgt` abgbrlh` sb tbghrì ugl vbgtlgl.
L m`gtkgulmkýg sb hbsmrknb dl kgtbrelz y sb hbslrr`ddlg dls eugmk`gbs y utkdkhlhbs hb mlhl ugl hb sus plrtbs.
l. Hbsmrkpmkýg hb dl plgtlddl hbd trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s (Kgtbrelmb) Ld lnrkr dl lpdkmlmkýg Jkmr`s`et Q`rh sb jubstrl ugl plgtlddl ` kgtbrelz s`nrb dl qub sb trlnlolrì m`g d`s tbxt`s. Bg bstl plgtlddl sb jubstrlg hkebrbgtbs plrtbs? - Dl nlrrl hb têtud`? Jubstrl Jubstrl bd bd g`jnrb hbd lrmfkv`. - Dl nlghl hb `pmk`gbs qub sb `ralgkzl bg pbstlüls? Ld Ld lmmbhbr l mlhl ugl hb bstls pbstlüls, sb prbsbgtlg hkstkgtls eugmk`gldkhlhbs y utkdkhlhbs qub lplrbmbg lmmbskndbs l trlvës hb n`t`gbs qub sb laruplg bg sbmmk`gbs. - Dls nlrrls hbspdlzljkbgt` dltbrld b kgebrk`r? Ybrjktbg, pudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg hb smr`dd, hbspdlzlr bd h`mujbgt` plrl j`strlr dls plrtbs qub bstìg `mudtls p`rqub g` mlnbg hbgtr` hb dl plgtlddl. - Dl nlrrl hb bstlh`, qub sb sktÿl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl, jubstrl kge`rjlmkýg s`nrb bd h`mujbgt` m`j` p`r bobjpd` bd gÿjbr` hb pìakgls, bd t`tld hb pldlnrls
8=8
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
qub m`gtkbgb bd h`mujbgt`, bd hkmmk`glrk` qub sb bstì utkdkzlgh` plrl dl m`rrbmmkýg hbd h`mujbgt`.
- Dl sbmmkýg hb vkstls hbd h`mujbgt`, qub sb sktÿl l m`gtkgulmkýg hb dl nlrrl hb bstlh` y qub, pudslgh` s`nrb d`s hkebrbgtbs km`g`s, g`s j`strlrì ugl vkstl hkstkgtl hbd h`mujbgt`? hksbü` hb kjprbskýg, dbmturl hb plgtlddl m`jpdbtl, bsqubjl, hksbü` wbn y n`rrlh`r. - Dl nlrrl hb z``j, qub sb jubstrl l m`gtkgulmkýg hb dls vkstls hbd h`mujbgt`, pbrjktb hbekgkr bd tljlü` bg bd qub sb j`strlrì bd h`mujbgt`, ldbolgh` y lmbrmlgh` ` nkbg hbekgkbgh` bd gkvbd hb z``j m`g rbspbmt` ld tlgt` p`r mkbgt`.
- Dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh`, qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r, m`gtkbgb m`gtkbgb n`t`gbs utkdkzlh`s jìs flnktuldjbgtb. Dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh` sb pubhb pbrs`gldkzlr plrl lülhkr d`s km`g`s ` n`t`gbs hbsblh`s.
n. Ubgtlgl hb h`mujbgt h`mujbgt` ` Dl vbgtlgl hb h`mujbgt` ` plgtlddl h`ghb sb jubstrl bd h`mujbgt`, bs dl z`gl hb trlnlo` hb mlhl h`mujbgt` yl qub p`r mlhl h`mujbgt` abgbrlh` sb tbghrì ugl vbgtlgl. Bg dl vbgtlgl sb prbsbgtlg lhbjìs hb d`s bdbjbgt`s bxpdkmlh`s `tr` m`jp`gbgtb eughljbgtld l dl f`rl hb trlnlolr m`g tbxt`s. Bstb bdbjbgt` bs dl rbadl qub sb jubstrl tlgt` bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hb dl vbgtlgl y bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl. Bstl rbadl sb jubstrl gujbrlhl y jubstrl ug ìrbl jìs `smurl qub m`rrbsp`ghb l d`s jìrabgbs hb dl pìakgl. Bg mls` hb qub g` sb jubstrb dl rbadl sb hbnb pudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Ukstl‚, y hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg J`strlr, lmtkvlr dl mlskddl hb vbrkekmlmkýg m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb l dl rbadl. Dl vbgtlgl hbd h`mujbgt` sb pubhb ljpdklr, `mudtlgh` dl nlghl hb `pmk`gbs
m. Nlrrl hb bstlh` Dl nlrrl hb bstlh` sb bgmubgtrl sktulhl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl y bstì hkvkhkhl bg trbs sbmmk`gbs. Dl prkjbrl hb bddls, jubstrl bd gÿjbr` t`tld hb pìakgls y dl pìakgl s`nrb dl qub sb bgmubgtrl bd murs`r. Flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb bddl sb lmmbhb ld mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Nusmlr‚ y —^bbjpdlzlr‚, bg bd qub sb jubstrl dl pbstlül —Kr‚, qub pbrjktb hbspdlzlr rìpkhljbgtb bd murs`r flmkl dl plrtb hbd h`mujbgt` qub sb hbsbb. Dls `pmk`gbs sb jubstrlg bg bd mulhr` —Kr l‚. Hbpbghkbgh` hb dl `pmkýg bsm`akhl bg bstb mulhr`, sb hbnbrì tbmdblr bg bd mulhr` hb tbxt` qub sb jubstrl flmkl hýghb sb sktÿl bd murs`r. Y`r bobjpd`, sk sb sbdbmmk`gl hb bgtrb dls `pmk`gbs j`strlhls bg bd mulhr` —Kr l Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
Kgtbrelz bs d` qub m`g`mbj`s bg kgadës m`j` kgtbrelmb (—supbrekmkb hb m`gtlmt`‚).Bg m`gtlmt`‚).Bg kge`rjìtkml sb utkdkzl plrl g`jnrlr l dl m`gbxkýg eugmk`gld bgtrb h`s skstbjls skstbjls ` hksp`sktkv`s hb muldqukbr tkp` hlgh` ugl m`jugkmlmkýg bgtrb hkstkgt`s gkvbdbs.
8=2
bhkt`rkld } mbp
dl Yìakgl‚, bgt`gmbs, bd mulhr` hb tbxt` qub lplrbmb l dl hbrbmfl sb btkqubtl m`g bd g`jnrb —Gÿjbr` hb pìakgl‚ y sb bsmrknkrì, bg hkmf` mulhr` hb tbxt`, bd gÿjbr` hb pìakgl ld qub sb hbsbl lmmbhbr. Dl skaukbgtb sbmmkýg jubstrl bd gÿjbr` t`tld hb pldlnrls hb dls qub m`gstl bd h`mujbgt` y sb vl lmtuldkzlgh` l jbhkhl qub sb vl tbmdblgh` bd tbxt`. Ld flmbr h`ndb mdkm s`nrb bstl sbmmkýg, sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` M`gtlr pldlnrls, bg dl qub lplrbmb t`hl dl kge`rjlmkýg rbdltkvl ld m`gtlh`r hb pldlnrls? bd gÿjbr` t`tld hb pìakgls, dls pldlnrls t`tldbs, bd gÿjbr` hb mlrlmtbrbs m`gtlgh` d`s bsplmk`s y skg m`gtlrd`s, bd gÿjbr` hb pìrrle`s y bd gÿjbr` hb dêgbls. Lskjksj`, sb pubhb jlrmlr ` hbsjlrmlr dl `pmkýg hb kgmdukr bd rbsudtlh` t`tld hb pldlnrls, d`s mulhr`s hb tbxt`, dls g`tls ld pkb y ld ekgld. Bg dl tbrmbrl sbmmkýg, sb jubstrl sk bstì lmtkvlh` bd m`rrbmt`r `rt`arìekm` y arljltkmld jkbgtrls sb bsmrknb, bg muy` mls`, sb jubstrl bd km`g` m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb y oust` ld dlh` sb jubstrl bd hkmmk`glrk` qub sb bstì utkdkzlgh` plrl plslr bd m`rrbmt`r.
h. Lyuhl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s Dl lyuhl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s Jkmr`s`et Q`rh `erbmb kge`rjlmkýg, lp`y` ` rbeubrz` s`nrb dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs hbd pr`arljl. Dl utkdkzlmkýg hb bstb s`p`rtb hb auêl bs juy sbgmkddl. Ylrl lmmbhbr l dl lyuhl sb hbnb pudslr s`nrb bd km`g` m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb (]êjn`d` kgtbrr`almkýg), qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hbrbmfl, oust` hbnlo` hb dl `pmkýg hb mbrrlr. @trl e`rjl rìpkhl hb lmmbhbr l dl lyuhl bs pudslgh` dl tbmdl hb eugmkýg E<. Lskjksj`, sb j`strlrì dl plgtlddl hb lyuhl pudslgh` s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚ y flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb dl `pmkýg —Lyuhl‚. Ld pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hb lyuhl, sb jubstrl dl vbgtlgl —Lyuhl hb Q`rh‚. Bg bstl vbgtlgl, sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r ugl nlrrl m`g hkebrbgtbs n`t`gbs. Hbnlo`, ug mulhr` hb nÿsqubhl y bg dl plrtb mbgtrld hb dl vbgtlgl, ugl sbrkb hb bgdlmbs l trlvës hb d`s muldbs sb pubhb lmmbhbr hkrbmtljbgtb l d`s tbjls hb lyuhl qub sb dkstlg. D`s n`t`gbs tkbgbg dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs skaukbgtbs? - N`t`gbs qub sb utkdkzlg plrl glvbalr bg dls vbgtlgls hb lyuhl qub vlg j`strlgh` d`s tbjls y qub skrvbg rbspbmtkvljbgtb plrl kr ltrìs, flmkl lhbdlgtb, hbtbgbr dl nÿsqubhl, lmtuldkzlr b kr l dl plgtlddl hb kgkmk`. - N`týg hb kjprbskýg plrl kjprkjkr bd tbjl hb lyuhl. - N`týg hb j`hkekmlmkýg hbd tljlü` bg bd qub sb jubstrl dl eubgtb hbgtr` hb dl vbgtlgl hb lyuhl, puhkbgh` bdbakr bgtrb —Jìs arlghb, arlghb, jbhklgl‚. - N`týg plrl j`strlr dl tlndl hb m`gtbgkh`s bg dl qub sb bgmubgtrl `ralgkzlhl dl lyuhl. Ld pudslrd`, bd lspbmt` hb dl vbgtlgl mljnkl y g` sýd` sb jubstrlg d`s bgdlmbs m`g d`s m`gtbgkh`s, skg` qub lplrbmb ug dkstlh` bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl, m`g bgtrlhls hb d`s m`gtbgkh`s y, pudslgh` s`nrb bstls bgtrlhls sb hbspdkbalg d`s tbjls ls`mklh`s l bs`s m`gtbgkh`s. Xljnkëg, ld pudslr s`nrb bstb n`týg, mljnkl hb lspbmt`. Bg bstb mls`, ld pudslr s`nrë ëd sb `mudtlrì dl tlndl hb m`gtbgkh`s. Ylrl nusmlr s`nrb ug tbjl bg m`gmrbt`, sb tbmdblrì ug tbxt` rbdlmk`glh` m`g d` qub sb hbsbb nusmlr. L m`gtkgulmkýg, sb pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg hb nÿsqubhl ` sb pudslrì dl tbmdl —Kgtr`‚. Bgt`gmbs, sb j`strlrìg ug`s rbsudtlh`s bg d`s qub sb jubstrlg ugl sbrkb hb bgdlmbs rbdlmk`glh`s m`g bd tbxt` kgtr`humkh`.
8=5
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
b. Nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls bstìghlr Dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh` sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hb dl kgtbrelmb hb trlnlo` hb Jkmr`s`et Q`rh >9<9. Dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls bstìghlr qub sb jubstrl, lplrbmb m`g d`s n`t`gbs —Aulrhlr‚, —Hbsflmbr‚ y —^bflmbr‚. ]kg bjnlra`, bstl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls bstìghlr sb pubhb pbrs`gldkzlr plrl j`strlr bg bddl d`s n`t`gbs hbsblh`s y qub sb loustbg l dls gbmbskhlhbs hbd usulrk`. G`rjldjbgtb, bg bstl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh` sb kgmduybg lqubdd`s n`t`gbs qub rbldkzlg lmmk`gbs qub sb utkdkzlg erbmubgtbjbgtb, hb j`h` qub m`g ug s`d` mdkm sb lmmbhb l bddls, skg gbmbskhlh hb lmmbhbr l dls pbstlüls h`ghb sb bgmubgtrlg d`s n`t`gbs m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs.
e. Mrblmkýg y bstrumturlmkýg hb h`mujbgt`s y pdlgtkddls. Jlgbo` b kjprbskýg hb ekmfbr`s • Kgtr`hummkýg? `pbrlmk`gbs nìskmls hb tbxt` bg bd pr`mbs` hb bhkmkýg Hbspdlzljkbgt` hbd murs`r
D` jìs kjp`rtlgtb hurlgtb bd pr`mbs` hb bhkmkýg hb d`s h`mujbgt`s bs m`gtr`dlr hýghb sb bgmubgtrl bd —murs`r‚, p`rqub sbrì l plrtkr hb bstl p`skmkýg h`ghb sb bjpbzlrìg l kgmdukr d`s mlrlmtbrbs tbmdblh`s. Bd murs`r sb rbprbsbgtl p`r ugl pbqubül dêgbl vbrtkmld qub plrplhbl. Ylrl m`d`mlr bd murs`r bg ug dualr hkebrbgtb hbd qub sb bgmubgtrl, sb hbnbrì flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg `trl plrtb hbd h`mujbgt` ` nkbg utkdkzlr dls tbmdls hb eugmkýg. Ld kr tbmdblgh` tbxt` hbgtr` hbd h`mujbgt`, dls pldlnrls sb krìg rbedbolgh` bg dêgbls f`rkz`gtldbs hbgtr` hbd jksj`, plslgh` l dl dêgbl skaukbgtb hb e`rjl lut`jìtkml ld ddbalr ld jlrabg hbrbmf`, skg gbmbskhlh hb kgtr`humkr ug sldt` hb dêgbl. Bs hbmkr, qub hbpbghkbgh` hb dls mlrlmtbrêstkmls hb e`rjlt` hb dl pìakgl y hbd tbxt` kgtr`humkh` (ldturl y lgmfurl hb d`s jìrabgbs, tljlü` y tkp` hb dbtrl, btm.), dls dêgbls sb loustlg `muplgh` dêgbls y mulgh` sb fl rbddbglh` ugl pìakgl m`jpdbtl sb plslrì l dl skaukbgtb pìakgl tljnkëg hb e`rjl lut`jìtkml. ]kg bjnlra`, tljnkëg sb pubhbg kgsbrtlr sldt`s hb dêgbl (plslr l dl dêgbl skaukbgtb) pudslgh` dl tbmdl —Bgtbr‚. Y`r tlgt`, bg bd j`jbgt` hb dl mrblmkýg hb ug h`mujbgt`, ugl vbz hbekgkh` su e`rjlt`, skjpdbjbgtb sb hbnbrìg tbmdblr bd tbxt` y lülhkr d`s bdbjbgt`s hbsblh`s. Hurlgtb dl mrblmkýg hbd h`mujbgt`, sb ddbvlrìg l mln` lmmk`gbs tldbs m`j` kgsbrtlr, n`rrlr y s`nrbsmrknkr tbxt`, lsê m`j` m`pklr y pbalr `nobt`s y `trls `pbrlmk`gbs juy flnktuldbs bg dls lmtkvkhlhbs qub sb rbldkzlg p`r jbhk` hb lpdkmlmk`gbs hb trltljkbgt`s hb tbxt`s? Dl nlrrl hb hbspdlzljkbgt` hbspdlzljkbgt` (` smr`ddnlr smr`ddnlr bg kgadës) bs ug `nobt` `nobt` hb dl kgtbrelz arìekml hb usulrk` jbhklgtb bd muld ugl pìakgl hb kgtbrgbt, ugl kjlabg, ug tbxt`, btm, pubhbg sbr hbsdkzlh`s flmkl lnlo` ` lrrknl.
- J`h` kgsbrtlr tbxt` Ld kgsbrtlr y bhktlr tbxt`, hbgtr` hb muldqukbr h`mujbgt`, sb sb pubhbg utkdkzlr h`s j`h`s? kgsbrtlr ` s`nrbsmrknkr. Bg bd j`h` kgsbrtlr, d`s mlrlmtbrbs sb kgmduybg bg bd h`mujbgt` skg sustktukr d`s
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
8=1
bhkt`rkld } mbp
mlrlmtbrbs bxkstbgtbs, skg` hbspdlzìgh`d`s flmkl dl hbrbmfl. Bg bstb bpêarleb sb bxpdkml mýj` lmtkvlr bd j`h` kgsbrtlr tbxt` y bg bd skaukbgtb mýj` lmtkvlr bd j`h` s`nrbsmrknkr. Ylrl lmtkvlr bd j`h` kgsbrtlr tbxt`, nlstl pudslr dl tbmdl —Kgsbrt‚ qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hbrbmfl hbd tbmdlh`. - J`h` hb s`nrbsmrknkr Bg bd j`h` —]`nrbsmrknkr‚, —]`nrbsmrknkr‚, d`s gubv`s mlrlmtbrbs qub sb vlg tbmdblgh` sustktuybg l d`s yl bxkstbgtbs, y bd tbxt` g` sb hbspdlzl. Ylrl lmtkvlr bd j`h` s`nrbsmrknkr tbxt` sb pudslrì s`nrb dl tbmdl —Kgsbrt‚ plrl m`gjutlr m`g m`g bd j`h` kgsbrtlr. Bg dl nlrrl hb bstlh`, sb jubstrl dl sbmmkýg bg dl qub sb kghkml bd j`h` hb bhkmkýg —s`nrbbsmrknkr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl lmtkv` y s`nrb bd muld, t ljnkëg sb pubhb pudslr plrl mljnklr hb j`h`. - N`rrlh` hb ug mlrìmtbr Ylrl pr`mbhbr pr`mbhbr ld n`rrlh` hb ug mlrìmtbr sb pubhb sbaukr sbaukr muldqukbrl hb bst`s jët`h`s? ±
]bdbmmk`glr bd mlrìmtbr (` nd`qub hb tbxt`) flmkbgh` mdkm kzqukbrh` m`g bd rltýg y lrrlstrlgh` flstl jlrmlr bd mlrìmtbr y pudslr dl tbmdl —]uprkjkr‚.
±
Y`skmk`glr bd murs`r l dl hbrbmfl hbd mlrìmtbr l bdkjkglr y pudslr dl tbmdl —^btr`mbs`‚. —^btr`mbs`‚.
- Hbspdlzljkbgt` hbd murs`r Rgl hb dls arlghbs utkdkhlhbs qub `erbmbg dls lpdkmlmk`gbs hb trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s bs bs qub rbsudtl sujljbgtb sbgmkdd` muldqukbr tkp` hb bhkmkýg. Ylrl bdd`, bs gbmbslrk` rbldkzlr hbspdlzljkbgt`s l d` dlra` hbd h`mujbgt` utkdkzlgh` dls nlrrls hb hbspdlzljkbgt` f`rkz`gtldbs y vbrtkmldbs. Lskjksj`, sbrì gbmbslrk` rbldkzlr ug hbspdlzljkbgt` hbd murs`r flstl dl p`skmkýg bg h`ghb sb bgmubgtrb bd tbxt` l bhktlr. L m`gtkgulmkýg, sb hbtlddlg d`s tkp`s jìs flnktuldbs hb hbspdlzljkbgt` y bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` plrl ddbvlrd` l mln`. ±
M`g bd bd rltýg. ]kjpdbjbgtb flmbr mdkm bg dl p`skmkýg h`ghb sb hbsbb rbldkzlr rbldkzlr dl kgsbrmkýg kgsbrmkýg ` bhkmkýg.
±
M`g dl tbmdls hb hbspdlzljkbgt` ` hkrbmmkýg. Dls tbmdls flmkl lrrknl y flmkl lnlo` sldtlg l dl dêgbl supbrk`r b kgebrk`r rbspbmtkvljbgtb (rbspbmt` hb dl p`skmkýg hbd murs`r). Dls tbmdls hbrbmfl/kzqukbrhl sb hbspdlzlg flmkl hbrbmfl b kzqukbrhl rbspbmtkvljbgtb.
±
Bg dl prkjbrl dêgbl hbd h`mujbgt`. Ylrl p`skmk`glr bd murs`r murs`r ld prkgmkpk` hbd h`mujbgt` sb pudslrìg skjudtìgbljbgtb dls tbmdls —MX^D+Kgkmk`‚.
±
Bg dl ÿdtkjl dêgbl hbd h`mujbgt`. Ylrl p`skmk`glr bd murs` ld ekgld hb h`mujbgt` sb pudslrì skjudtìgbljbgtb dls tbmdls —MX^D+Ekg‚.
±
Rtkdkzlgh` dls nlrrls hb hbspdlzljkbg hbspdlzljkbgt`. t`. Yudslgh` bg d`s n`t`gbs qub lplrbmbg bg dl nlrrl dltbrld sb hbspdlzl ugl dêgbl flmkl lnlo` y flmkl lrrknl rbspbmtkvljbgtb. Bg bd mls` hb dl nlrrl f`rkz`gtld, sb hbspdlzl dl pìakgl flmkl dl hbrbmfl ` kzqukbrhl.
]bdbmmkýg hb tbxt`
Dls lpdkmlmk`gbs hb trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s pbrjktbg m`pklr, m`rtlr, pbalr bdbjbgt`s y tbxt`, lsê m`j` lpdkmlr e`rjlt`s l nd`qubs hb tbxt` ` l vlrk`s bdbjbgt`s l dl vbz. Ylrl bdd` sb flmb gbmbslrk` sbdbmmk`glr hkmf`s nd`qubs ` bdbjbgt`s. L m`gtkgulmkýg, sb bxpdkmlrìg d`s hkebrbgtbs j`h`s hb sbdbmmk`glr tbxt`, plrl p`hbr rbldkzlr muldqukbr `pbrlmkýg qub d` rbqukbrl.
8=6
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bd tbxt` sbdbmmk`glh` sb khbgtkekml mdlrljbgtb p`rqub qubhl jlrmlh` y hkebrbgmklh` hbd tbxt` qub g` bstì sbdbmmk`glh` p`rqub jubstrl ug e`gh` hb m`d`r lzud l su ldrbhbh`r. Bxkstbg h`s jët`h`s hb sbdbmmkýg hb tbxt`? - ^ltýg. Dl e`rjl jìs m`jÿg hb sbdbmmk`glr tbxt` m`g bd rltýg bs flmkbgh` mdkm kzqukbrh` s`nrb ug pugt` y lrrlstrlr flstl bd ekgld hbd nd`qub qub sb hbsbb sbdbmmk`glr. @trl e`rjl bs flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm. ]k sb rbldkzl ug s`d` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb ugl pldlnrl, sb sbdbmmk`gl sýd` dl pldlnrl. ]k sb rbldkzl hb gubv` h`ndb mdkm, sb sbdbmmk`glrì bd pìrrle` m`jpdbt`. - M`jnkglmk`gbs hb tbmdls. G` bs juy erbmubgtb dl utkdkzlmkýg hb m`jnkglmk`gbs m`jnkglmk`gbs hb tbmdl plrl rbldkrbldkzlr dl sbdbmmkýg hb tbxt`. ]b rbdlmk`glg l m`gtkgulmkýg dls jìs usuldbs. ]bdbmmk`glr tbxt` m`gtkau`
Jlyÿsmudls+Edbmfl flmkl lrrknl ` flmkl lnlo`
]bdbmmk`glr nd`qubs g` m`gtkau`s
MX^D+Mdkm hbd rltýg+Lrrlstrlr
]bdbmmk`glr ugl plgtlddl lnlo`
Jlyÿsumdls+LvYìa
]bdbmmk`glr ugl plgtlddl lrrknl
Jlyÿsmudls+^bYìa
@pmk`gbs hb m`pklr y pbalr
Dls `pmk`gbs hb m`pklr y pbalr s`g `trls hb dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs flnktuldbs l rbldkzlr m`g muldqukbr lpdkmlmkýg. Dl lmmkýg hb —m`pklr‚ kjpdkml sbdbmmk`glr ug tbxt` u `nobt` y dl `pmkýg hb —pbalr‚ m`jpdbtl dl lmmkýg hbd hupdkmlh` y ld bobmutlrdl sb m`pkl bd bdbjbgt` sbdbmmk`glh` bg bd dualr bg bd qub sb p`skmk`gl bd murs`r. Dls `pmk`gbs hb m`pklr y pbalr sb pubhbg rbldkzlr hb vlrk`s j`h`s. ]b bxpdkmlg l m`gtkgulmkýg d`s jìs usuldbs. - ]bdbmmk`glr bd nd`qub hb tbxt` l m`pklr y pudslr mdkm hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl sb bsm`ab dl `pmkýg M`pklr. L m`gtkgulmkýg, p`skmk`glr bd murs`r bg dl p`skmkýg hbgtr` hbd h`mujbgt` h`ghb sb hbsbb hupdkmlr bd nd`qub hb tbxt` y flmbr mdkm hbrbmf` hbd rltýg. Bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl sb bsm`ab dls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh`, qub s`g jlgtbgbr e`rjlt` hb `rkabg, m`jnkglr y jlgtbgbr sýd` tbxt`?
- Bd `tr` pr`mbhkjkbgt pr`mbhkjkbgt` ` m`gskstb bg sbdbmmk`glr bd nd`qub hb tbxt` y `nobt` l m`pklr y pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+M (m`pklr) y hbspuës sktulr bd murs`r h`ghb sb hbsbb qub lplrbzml bd bdbjbgt` hupdkmlh` y pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+U. Ld pudslr dls tbmdls MX^D+U sb j`strlrì ug km`g` oust` ld ekgld hbd bdbjbgt` pbalh`. ]k sb pudsl s`nrb bd hbspdbalndb sb jubstrlg dls jksjls `pmk`gbs rbebrkhls lgtbrk`rjbgtb. Hbsflmbr y rbflmbr d`s ÿdtkj`s mljnk`s
Rgl hb dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs jìs flnktuldbs y uslhls bg dls lpdkmlmk`gbs hb trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s s`g dls `pmk`gbs hb —Hbsflmbr‚ y —^bflmbr‚ d`s ÿdtkj`s mljnk`s. Bstls `pmk`gbs sb ddbvlg l mln` pudslgh`
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
8=;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
s`nrb d`s n`t`gbs m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs qub sb bgmubgtrlg bg dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh`, sktulhl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hb dl plgtlddl. Ld pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Hbsflmbr‚, sb rbvkbrtb dl ÿdtkjl lmmkýg rbldkzlhl. [ ld pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —^bflmbr‚ sb rbm`jp`gb ` rbmupbrl dl lmmkýg lpdkmlhl. Dl `pmkýg hb rbflmbr tljnkëg sb pubhb bobmutlr pudslgh` dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+[. Lskjksj`, dl `pmkýg hb hbsflmbr sb pubhb bobmutlr pudslgh` dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+_. Ydlgtkddls hb h`mujbgt`s
Rgl pdlgtkddl pubhb aulrhlr tbxt` rbpbtktkv`, nlrrls hb fbrrljkbgtls pbrs`gldkzlhls, jlmr`s, tbmdls hb jët`h` lnrbvklh`, bstkd`s y bdbjbgt`s hb Lut`tbxt`. Ylrl mrblr ugl pdlgtkddl hb ugl e`rjl sbgmkddl, lnrl bd h`mujbgt` qub m`gtbgal d`s bdbjbgt`s qub hbsbb v`dvbr l utkdkzlr y auìrhbd` m`j` ugl pdlgtkddl. ]k aulrhl ugl pdlgtkddl bg dl mlrpbtl Ydlgtkddls, dl pdlgtkddl lplrbmbrì bg dl ekmfl Abgbrld mulgh` flal mdkm bg bd m`jlgh` —Gubv`‚ hbd jbgÿ —Lrmfkv`‚.
• @pbrlmk`gbs m`g ekmfbr`s hb Q`rh Mrblmkýg hb ug gubv` h`mujbgt`
Dl mrblmkýg hb ug gubv` h`mujbgt` bg Jkmr`s`et Q`rh sb pubhb rbldkzlr lnrkbgh` hkrbmtljbgtb dl lpdkmlmkýg y bjpbzlgh` l bsmrknkr bd m`gtbgkh` hbd h`mujbgt`. ]k dl lpdkmlmkýg yl bstì lnkbrtl, plrl mrblrd` sb sbaukrìg d`s skaukbgtbs pls`s? - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚. - Bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Gubv`‚ y pudslr s`nrb plrl jlrmlr dl `pmkýg —H`mujbgt` —H`mujbgt` bg ndlgm`‚. - Rgl vbz sbdbmmk`glh`, pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Mrblr‚. ]b j`strlrì dl kgtbrelz hb dl lpdkmlmkýg s`nrb dl qub sb pr`mbhb l bhktlr bd m`gtbgkh` hbd h`mujbgt`. Lpbrturl hb ug h`mujbgt` yl bxkstbgtb
]k sb hbsbl rbldkzlr dl lpbrturl hb ug h`mujbgt` yl bxkstbgtb, plrl sbaukr bhktìgh`d` ` skjpdbjbgtb plrl vksuldkzlr su m`gtbgkh` sb hbnbg sbaukr d`s skaukbgtbs pls`s? - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚. - Bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —^bmkbgtb‚. ]b jubstrl bgt`gmbs ug dkstlh` m`g d`s lrmfkv`s lmmbhkh`s ` mrblh`s rbmkbgtbjbgtb (bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl —H`mujbgt`s rbmkbgtbs‚) y hb dls ÿdtkjls mlrpbtls lmmbhkhls (bg dl plrtb hbrbmfl —Dualrbs rbmkbgtbs‚). - ]bdbmmk`glr bd h`mujbgt` qub sb hbsbb lnrkr, flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb ëd y sb lnrkrì dl kgtbrelmb hb dl lpdkmlmkýg, j`strlgh` bd m`gtbgkh` hbd h`mujbgt`. Xljnkëg sb pubhb lnrkr ug h`mujbgt` hkrbmtljbgtb hbshb muldqukbr bxpd`rlh`r hb Qkgh`ws, flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb bd h`mujbgt` y sb lnrkrì tlgt` dl lpdkmlmkýg (bg mls` hb g` bstlr lnkbrtl) m`j` bd h`mujbgt`. Lskjksj`, sk g` sb jubstrl bg dl dkstl hb rbmkbgtbs sb pubhb pudslr s`nrb dl `pmkýg y glvbalr flstl dl mlrpbtl qub m`gtbgal bd lrmfkv` y flmbr mdkm s`nrb ëd.
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Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Dkstlh` hb h`mujbgt`s y dualrbs rbmkbgtbs
Aulrhlh` hb d`s mljnk`s rbldkzlh`s bg ug h`mujbgt`
Ylrl pr`mbhbr ld aulrhlh` hb d`s mljnk`s rbldkzlh`s bg ug h`mujbgt` sb hbnbrì sbaukr d`s skaukbgtbs pls`s? - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚. - ]bdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr‚. - ]k bs dl prkjbrl vbz qub rbldkzl bstl lmmkýg, sb lnrkrì bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Aulrhlr m`j`‚, bg bd qub sb hbnbrì tbmdblr bd g`jnrb hbd h`mujbgt` y glvbalr flstl dl mlrpbtl bg dl qub sb hbsbb aulrhlr bd lrmfkv` qub m`gtkbgb bd h`mujbgt`. ]k prbvkljbgtb yl sb fl g`jnrlh` ld lrmfkv` qub m`gtkbgb bd h`mujbgt`, skjpdbjbgtb pudslgh` bg dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr‚, sb aulrhlrìg d`s mljnk`s rbldkzlh`s s`nrb ëd. - Y`r ÿdtkj`, pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg n`týg —Aulrhlr‚.
Rg mulhr` hb hkìd`a` bs ug tkp` hb vbgtlgl qub pbrjktb m`jugkmlmkýg skjpdb bgtrb bd usulrk` y bd skstbjl kge`rjìtkm`. Bd tkp` mulhr` hb hkìd`a` jìs skjpdb ÿgkmljbgtb kge`rjl ld usulrk`, bs hbmkr qub jubstrlg ug tbxt` (y bvbgtuldjbgtb `nobt`s arìekm`s) y `erbmb dl `pmkýg hb mbrrlr bd mulhr`.
Rg jët`h` rìpkh` plrl pr`mbhbr l aulrhlr ug h`mujbgt` bs pudslgh` hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb bd km`g` m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb qub sb jubstrl bg dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh`, bg dl plrtb supbrk`r kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` Aulrhlr m`j`
Hupdkmlmkýg ug h`mujbgt` m`g aulrhlr m`j`
Dl hupdkmlmkýg hb ug h`mujbgt` m`g aulrhlr m`j` bs ug pr`mbhkjkbgt` juy skjkdlr ld bxpdkmlh` bg bd bpêarleb lgtbrk`r. Bg bstb mls`, ld utkdkzlr dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr m`j`‚ sb mrblrì ug h`mujbgt` bxlmtljbgtb kauld ld `rkakgld, pbr` m`g hkstkgt` g`jnrb. Ylrl hupdkmlr ug h`mujbgt` utkdkzlgh` dl `pmkýg aulrhlr m`j` sb hbnb sbaukr bd skaukbgtb pr`mbhkjkbgt`? - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚. - ]bdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr m`j`‚. - ]b j`strlrì bd jksj` mulhr` hb hkìd`a` bxpdkmlh` bg bd lgtbrk`r bpêarleb, bg bd muld, sb hbnbrì bsmrknkr bg bd mulhr` hb tbxt` —G`jnrb‚, ug g`jnrb hkebrbgtb plrl bd gubv` lrmfkv` hupdkmlh`. [ bg mls` hb hbsblr mljnklrd` hb unkmlmkýg, sb glvbalrì flstl dl gubvl mlrpbtl qub m`gtbghrì bd h`mujbgt`. - Y`r ÿdtkj`, pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Aulrhlr‚. Hbshb bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Aulrhlr m`j`‚, lhbjìs hb hupdkmlr ug h`mujbgt`, tljnkëg sb pubhb aulrhlr bd h`mujbgt` m`g e`rjlt`s hkstkgt`s tldbs m`j` .YHE, .^XE ` nkbg bg e`rjlt` Q`rh pbr` m`g e`rjlt` hb vbrsk`gbs lgtbrk`rbs.
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Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mkbrrb hb ug h`mujbgt`
Bd mkbrrb hb ug h`mujbgt` bs ug pr`mbs` sbgmkdd`, qub sb pubhb rbldkzlr skaukbgh` vlrk`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` jìs usuld bs bs pudslr hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb bd lspl hb mkbrrb qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl bsqukgl supbrk`r hbrbmfl hb dl plgtlddl. ]k g` sb fl aulrhlh` bd h`mujbgt` ld rbldkzlr bstl lmmkýg, sb j`strlrì ug mulhr` hb hkìd`a` qub lhvkbrtb hb bstl mkrmugstlgmkl y `erbmb dls `pmk`gbs hb —Aulrhlr‚, —G` aulrhlr‚ y —Mlgmbdlr‚.
Lhvbrtbgmkl ld mbrrlr ug h`mujbgt` qub g` g` sb fl aulrhlh`
- Bd `tr` pr`mbhkjkbgt` plrl mbrrlr ug h`mujbgt` bs pudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚ —Lrmfkv`‚ y sbdbmmk`glr sbdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg —Mbrrlr‚. M`jpltknkdkhlh hb d`s h`mujbgt`s hb hkstkgtls vbrsk`gbs u lpdkmlmk`gbs
Bd tbjl hb dl m`jpltknkdkhlh hb d`s h`mujbgt`s hb hkstkgtls vbrsk`gbs ` lpdkmlmk`gbs surab p`rqub bg `mlsk`gbs, bs gbmbslrk` trlnlolr m`g h`mujbgt`s mrblh`s m`g vbrsk`gbs hkebrbgtbs ` lgtbrk`rbs l dl qub sb utkdkzl g`rjldjbgtb. Bg dl jly`rêl hb d`s mls`s, sk s`g vbrsk`gbs lgtbrk`rbs sb pubhbg lnrkr y bhktlr, skg gkgaÿg pr`ndbjl. ]kg bjnlra`, sk sb aulrhl ug lrmfkv` mrblh` m`g ugl vbrskýg lgtbrk`r m`g ugl lpdkmlmkýg hb ugl vbrskýg p`stbrk`r l dl mrblhl, sb j`strlrì ug jbgslob kge`rjltkv` qub kghkml qub sb pr`mbhbrì l aulrhlr bd lrmfkv` m`g ugl vbrskýg bg e`rjlt` hkebrbgtb y qub bs p`skndb qub ldaugl hb dls mlrlmtbrêstkmls ` e`rjlt`s lpdkmlh`s m`g vbrsk`gbs lgtbrk`rbs mljnkbg ` hbslplrbzmlg. Bg dl jly`rêl hb d`s mls`s, bst` g` `murrb y sb pubhbg aulrhlr d`s h`mujbgt`s skg qub sb j`hkekqub bd hksbü` hbd h`mujbgt`.
M`jpltknkdkhlh hb d`s h`mujbgt`s hb hkstkgtls vbrsk`gbs
Bg mls` hb `murrkr ldaÿg mljnk` bg bd hksbü` hbd h`mujbgt`, sb pubhbg hbsmlralr pr`arljls ` lpdkmlmk`gbs qub rbldkzlg dls m`gvbrsk`gbs hb e`rjlt`s hb jlgbrl lhbmulhl plrl lsbaurlr dl m`jpltknkdkhlh hb h`mujbgt`s.
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
]k sb hbsblg vksuldkzlr ` trlnlolr m`g h`mujbgt`s bg `trls lpdkmlmk`gbs hkebrbgtbs l dls mrblhls, sb pubhb lmmbhbr l pìakgls wbn y tljnkëg lpdkmlmk`gbs (bg bstb mls` sbrìg gbmbslrk` kgstldlrdls bg bd bqukp` kge`rjìtkm`) qub pbrjktbg rbldkzlr dls m`gvbrsk`gbs bgtrb muldqukbr lrmfkv`. Jbgÿ hb vbgtlgl. Jlgbo` hb vlrk`s h`mujbgt`s
Bd jbgÿ hb vbgtlgl pbrjktb bd jlgbo` y vksuldkzlmkýg hb vlrk`s h`mujbgt`s bg dl jksjl plgtlddl. Ylrl lmmbhbr l bstb jbgÿ, sb hbnb pudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Ukstl‚. Hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg vbgtlgl, sb jubstrlg ugl sbrkb hb n`t`gbs qub tkbgbg dls skaukbgtbs eugmk`gldkhlhbs? - Lnrkr ugl vbgtlgl qub m`gtkbgb ugl vkstl hbd h`mujbgt` lmtuld?
- M`d`mlr bg j`slkm` t`hls dls vbgtlgls hb d`s h`mujbgt`s lnkbrt`s ug` hbnlo` hb `tr`s?
- Hkvkhkr dl vbgtlgl bg bg h`s plrtbs m`g bd `nobt` `nobt` hb p`hbr p`hbr vksuldkzlr dls hkebrbgtbs sbmmk`gbs hbd h`mujbgt`. Ld pudslrd`, mljnkl bd lspbmt` hbd rltýg y sb hbnb flmbr mdkm bg bd dualr hbd h`mujbgt` h`ghb sb hbsbb rbldkzlr dl hkvkskýg?
- J`strlr h`s h`mujbgt`s bg plrldbd` plrl p`hbr m`jplrlr bd m`gtbgkh`. Ld pudslrd`, sb j`strlrì ugl vbgtlgl s`nrb dl qub sb hbnbrìg sbdbmmk`glr d`s h`mujbgt`s qub sb qukbrlg vksuldkzlr bg plrldbd`?
- Ybrjktb sbdbmmk`glr sbdbmmk`glr `tr` h`mujbgt`, h`mujbgt`, pudslgh` s`nrb bd hbspdbalndb y sbdbmmk`glgh` bd bd h`mujbgt` qub sb hbsbb j`strlr?
888
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
• Kjprbskýg hb h`mujbgt`s hb Q`rh Rgl vbz ekgldkzlhl dl mrblmkýg ` bhkmkýg hbd h`mujbgt` y m`jpr`nlr qub mujpdb m`g dls mlrlmtbrêstkmls hb e`rjlt` lpr`pklhls, sb pubhb rbldkzlr ugl vkstl prbdkjkglr hbd h`mujbgt` y p`stbrk`rjbgtb dl kjprbskýg hbd jksj`. Dls `pmk`gbs qub sb bgmubgtrlg hksp`gkndbs ld kjprkjkr sb pubhbg m`gekaurlr lmmbhkbgh` l dls `pmk`gbs hb Kjprbskýg. Ylrl bdd`, sb hbnbrì pudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚ y pudslr s`nrb —@pmk`gbs‚. Bg dl vbgtlgl qub sb jubstrl, sb pudslrì s`nrb —J`strlr‚. Bg dl sbmmkýg —@pmk`gbs hb Kjprbskýg‚, sb p`hrìg bstlndbmbr hkebrbgtbs ldtbrgltkvls rbspbmt` l dl kjprbskýg hb m`d`rbs, kjìabgbs hb e`gh`, tbxt` `mudt`, btm., lmtkvlgh` dls mlskddls hb vbrkekmlmkýg m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs.
Bd jlgbo` hb vbgtlgls tljnkëg sb pubhb rbldkzlr ut kdkzlgh` d`s n`t`gbs hb jlxkjkzlr y jkgkjkzlr y, hkrbmtljbgtb m`g bd rltýg j`vkëgh`dls (flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb bd jlrm` hb dl vbgtlgl y lrrlstrlgh`) y rbhkjbgsk`gìgh`dls (p`skmk`glgh` (p`skmk`glgh` bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg s`nrb d`s n`rhbs hb dl vbgtlgl y mulgh` mljnkl su lspbmt` l h`ndb edbmfl, flmkbgh` mdkm y lrrlstrlr bd rltýg flstl ldmlgzlr dl hkjbgskýg hbsblhl).
@pmk`gbs hb Kjprbskýg
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
882
bhkt`rkld } mbp
M`gekaurlmkýg hb dl kjprbs`rl
Dl m`gekaurlmkýg hb dl kjprbs`rl bs ug pls` kjp`rtlgtb plrl rbldkzlr m`g ëxkt` dl kjprbskýg hb muldqukbr tkp` hb h`mujbgt`. Bg Q`rh, sb pubhb lmmbhbr l dls ldtbrgltkvls hb m`gekaurlmkýg hb dl kjprbs`rl pudslgh` s`nrb dl `pmkýg —Kjprkjkr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚.
M`gekaurlmkýg hb kjprbskýg
Bstls `pmk`gbs hb m`gekaurlmkýg s`g dls skaukbgtbs? - Kjprbs`rl. ]bdbmmkýg ]bdbmmkýg hb dl kjprbs`rl l dl qub sb bgvklrì dl kjprbskýg hbd h`mujbgt`. - Gÿjbr` hb m`pkls hbd h`mujbgt`. - ]bdbmmkýg hb f`ols l kjprkjkr? t`hls, pìakgl lmtkvl ` tbmdblr bd rlga` l kjprkjkr.
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Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
@pmk`gbs hb sbdbmmkýg hb f`ols l kjprkjkr
- Kgtbrmldlr pìakgls. ]k sb fl bsm`akh` dl `pmkýg hb kjprbskýg hb vlrkls vlrkls m`pkls, sb pubhb kjprkjkr mlhl m`pkl m`jpdbtl ugl trls hb `trl, bsm`akbgh` dl `pmkýg hb kgtbrmldlhls ` skg kgtbrmldlr. - @rkbgtlmkýg (vbrtkmld u f`rkz`gtld) - Xljlü` hbd plpbd? L8, L=, btkqubtls, btm. - Ybrs`gldkzlr jìrabgbs. - Bsm`abr bd gÿjbr` hb pìakgls qub pubhbg kgmdukrsb hbgtr` hb ugl s`dl f`ol.
@pmk`gbs hbd gÿjbr` hb pìakgls l kgmdukr bg ugl s`dl f`ol
Rgl vbz m`gekaurlhl dl kjprbs`rl, sb pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg —Kjprkjkr‚ plrl pr`mbhbr l dl kjprbskýg hbd h`mujbgt`. Y`r ÿdtkj`, tljnkëg sb pubhbg lmmbhbr l dls `pmk`gbs hb m`gekaurlmkýg hb dl kjprbs`rl pudslgh` dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+Y.
<.> Nlsbs hb hlt`s L. Nlsbs N lsbs hb hlt`s l. M`gmbpt` Bd mljp` hb dls nlsbs hb hlt`s bs qukzìs ug` hb d`s jìs m`jpdbo`s hb t`h`s d`s bxkstbgtbs tlgt` bg kge`rjìtkml. Lhbjìs bs, p`skndbjbgtb, bd jìs kjp`rtlgtb yl qub dl s`mkbhlh lmtuld bstì nlslhl bg bd jlgbo` hb dl kge`rjlmkýg y ëstl sb subdb ldjlmbglr bg nlsbs hb hlt`s. Dl ^bld Lmlhbjkl hb dl Dbgaul Bsplü`dl hbekgb —nlsb hb hlt`s‚ m`j` —m`gougt` hb hlt`s `ralgkzlh` hb tld j`h` qub pbrjktl `ntbgbr m`g rlpkhbz hkvbrs`s tkp`s hb kge`rjlmkýg‚. D` qub mlrlmtbrkzl p`r tlgt` l ugl nlsb hb hlt`s (tljnkëg ddljlh` nlgm` hb hlt`s, p`r sus skadls —NH‚, bg kgadës —HN‚, Hltl
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881
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Nlsb) bs qub hbnb bxkstkr ugl mkbrtl `ralgkzlmkýg hb dl kge`rjlmkýg, qub pbrjktl su m`gsudtl hb e`rjl rìpkhl y sbaurl. Rgl pkdl hb h`mujbgt`s skg `rhbglr g` bs ugl nlsb hb hlt`s (tbghrêlj`s qub dbbr d`s h`mujbgt`s ug` l ug` flstl `ntbgbr dl kge`rjlmkýg qub nusmlj`s), pbr` ugl nkndk`tbml hb dknr`s sê d` bs, yl qub bxkstb ug mltìd`a` hbsmrkptkv` m`g bd muld p`hbj`s lmmbhbr l dl kge`rjlmkýg gbmbslrkl. Lsê pubs, ugl nlsb hb hlt`s bs ug skstbjl m`jpubst` p`r ug m`gougt` hb hlt`s y ugl sbrkb hb hkebrbgtbs bdbjbgt`s qub pbrjktbg `ralgkzlr hkmf`s hlt`s utkdkzlgh` hkvbrsls bstrumturls rbdlmk`glhls qub pbrjktbg dl jlgkpudlmkýg y abstkýg hb hlt`s hb e`rjl rìpkhl y eìmkd. Lskjksj`, dl prbsbgtlmkýg hb hlt`s ldjlmbglh`s bg nlsbs hb hlt`s bs ug pr`mbs` sbgmkdd` qub sb pubhb rbldkzlr hb hkebrbgtbs y vlrklhls jlgbrls. Bg bd ìjnkt` bjprbslrkld, bd us` hb dls nlsbs hb hlt`s pbrjktb ldjlmbglr arlghbs mlgtkhlhbs hb kge`rjlmkýg s`nrb mdkbgtbs, pr`humt`s, pr`vbbh`rbs y muldqukbr tkp` hb kge`rjlmkýg. Dls nlsbs hb hlt`s lmtuldbs subdbg bstlr bg e`rjlt` hkaktld (bdbmtrýgkm`), d` muld elmkdktl bd ldjlmbgljkbgt` (`mupl jumf` jbg`s bsplmk`) y dls nÿsqubhls (qub s`g jìs rìpkhls y eklndbs). Bs jìs, dls nlsbs hb hlt`s bxkstbgtbs bg `tr`s e`rjlt`s (têpkmljbgtb plpbd) tkbghbg l hkaktldkzlrsb jbhklgtb tëmgkmls hb bsmlgb` hkaktld hb h`mujbgt`s3 hb bstb j`h` sb elmkdktlg bg`rjbjbgtb dls m`gsudtls, y dls m`pkls hb kge`rjlmkýg, y lhbjìs sb prbsbrvl dl kgtbarkhlh hb d`s h`mujbgt`s `rkakgldbs. Dl nlsb hb hlt`s g` bs jìs qub bd m`gougt` hb d`s hlt`s, pbr` bs gbmbslrk` ldaÿg hksp`sktkv` plrl p`hbr m`gsudtlr dl kge`rjlmkýg ldjlmbglhl. Rg skstbjl abst`r hb nlsb hb hlt`s (]ANH), ` skstbjl abst`r hb ldjlmbgljkbgt` hb hlt`s, bs ug pr`arljl kge`rjìtkm` qub pbrjktb kgtr`humkr, ldjlmbglr y rbmupbrlr dl kge`rjlmkýg ldjlmbglhl bg ugl nlsb hb hlt`s, hb e`rjl rìpkhl y eklndb. Flnktuldjbgtb sb hbg`jkgl —nlsb hb hlt`s‚ (skg mktlr —skstbjl abst`r‚) ld skstbjl kge`rjltkzlh` muy` `nobtkv` bs ldjlmbglr y jlgtbgbr dl kge`rjlmkýg, hb j`h` qub pubhb sbr rbmupbrlhl p`stbrk`rjbgtb, jìs qub l d`s hlt`s ldjlmbglh`s, qub m`gstktuybg dl nlsb hb hlt`s pr`pkljbgtb hkmfl. Y`hrêl hbmkrsb qub muldqukbr lpdkmlmkýg kge`rjìtkml tkbgb bd `nobtkv` hb ldjlmbglr kge`rjlmkýg (ug h`mujbgt` hb Q`rh, ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` hb Bxmbd, ug hknuo` hb Yf`t`sf`p… t`h` bdd` bs kge`rjlmkýg), pbr` bg dls nlsbs hb hlt`s dl kge`rjlmkýg sb bstrumturl bg m`gougt`s hb hlt`s pbrtbgbmkbgtbs ld jksj` m`gtbxt` (kjlakgbj`s bd m`gmbpt` hb ekmfl hb ugl nkndk`tbml, h`ghb plrl mlhl dknr` sb rbddbglg hlt`s m`j` m`j` têtud`, lut`r, e`rjlt`, gÿjbr` hb pìakgls, tbjl, pldlnrls mdlvb…)3 ld aulrhlr d`s hlt`s sb bstrumturlg y ldjlmbglg hb e`rjl qub dl rbmupbrlmkýg hb d`s hlt`s sb `ptkjkzl ld jìxkj`.
n. ]kstbjl abst`r hb nlsb hb hlt`s (]ANH). Bstrumturl Rg skstbjl abst`r hb nlsb hb hlt`s (]ANH), ` skstbjl abst`r hb ldjlmbgljkbgt` hb hlt`s, bs ug skstbjl qub pbrjktb abstk`glr (kgtr`humkr, ldjlmbglr, rbmupbrlr y jlgtbgbr) dl kge`rjlmkýg ldjlmbglhl bg ugl nlsb hb hlt`s, hb e`rjl rìpkhl y eklndb. F`y bg hêl t`h`s d`s ]ANH eugmk`gldbs s`g pr`arljls kge`rjìtkm`s. Bd jìs utkdkzlh` l gkvbd hb usulrk` bs Jkmr`s`et Lmmbss Ylrl p`hbr abstk`glr lhbmulhljbgtb dl kge`rjlmkýg sb flmb gbmbslrk` `ralgkzlr d`s hlt`s hb dl jksjl hb ugl e`rjl dýakml d ýakml y m`fbrbgtb, hb lmubrh` m`g ugl bstrumturl, plrl p`hbr ldjlmbglrdl y rbmupbrlrdl hb jlgbrl lhbmulhl. M`j` yl fbj`s bxpubst`, dl `ralgkzlmkýg bs dl mlrlmtbrêstkml jìs kjp`rtlgtb hb ugl nlsb hb hlt`s. Bg dls nlsbs hb hlt`s dl kge`rjlmkýg sb ldjlmbgl bg tlndls. Rgl tlndl bs ugl bstrumturl hb hlt`s hb h`s hkjbgsk`gbs, bg dls qub?
886
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- D`s mljp`s s`g d`s tkp`s hb kge`rjlmkýg. Y`r bobjpd`, bg ug hkrbmt`rk` tbdbeýgkm` tbgbj`s g`jnrb, lpbddkh`s, hkrbmmkýg, tbdëe`g`, elx, b-jlkd, btm. Mlhl mljp` m`gtkbgb bd jksj` tkp` hb kge`rjlmkýg (bd g`jnrb bs tbxt`, bd tbdëe`g` bs ug gÿjbr`…). Xljnkëg sb ddljlg —ltrknut`s‚. Bstl kge`rjlmkýg subdb j`strlrsb bg m`dujgls. - D`s rbakstr`s rbakstr`s s`g dls hkstkgtls bgtrlhls bgtrlhls hb dl tlndl, d`s hkstkgt`s bdbjbgt`s qub tbgbj`s ldjlmbglh`s3 plrl mlhl rbakstr` tbgbj`s d`s mljp`s rbddbg`s m`g ug`s hlt`s m`gmrbt`s. Bg bd bobjpd` lgtbrk`r, d`s rbakstr`s s`g dls hkstkgtls pbrs`gls ldjlmbglhls bg bd hkrbmt`rk` tbdbeýgkm`, mlhl ug` hb bdd`s m`g su hkrbmmkýg, tbdëe`g`… Bstl kge`rjlmkýg subdb j`strlrsb bg ekdls. Mlhl ekdl m`gtkbgb ug m`gougt` hb hlt`s rbdlmk`glh`s (d`s hkstkgt`s hlt`s hb ugl jksjl pbrs`gl), y t`hls dls ekdls tkbgbg dl jksjl bstrumturl (d`s hkvbrs`s mljp`s hb dl tlndl). Lugqub bstrkmtljbgtb bd —mljp`‚ sbrêl bd tkp` hb hlt`s hb t`hl dl m`dujgl, y bd vld`r m`gmrbt` qub t`jl bsb mljp` bg ugl ekdl (mlhl —mbdhl‚ hb dl tlndl) sbrêl bd —vld`r hb mljp`‚ plrl bsb rbakstr`, jumfls vbmbs sb ddljlg plrl skjpdkekmlr —mljp`s‚ l d`s hkstkgt`s vld`rbs ldjlmbglh`s bg ug jksj` rbakstr`, bs hbmkr, l d`s hkstkgt`s hlt`s hbgtr` hb ugl ekdl. Ylrl bd usulrk`, bd lspbmt` hb dls tlndls hb hlt`s (bg Lmmbss, p`r bobjpd`) bs juy skjkdlr ld hb ugl tlndl hb Q`rh ` ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` hb Bxmbd, lugqub bd m`jp`rtljkbgt` hb ekdls y m`dujgls bs jumf` jìs rbstrkmtkv`. Bg dl kjlabg sb pubhb `nsbrvlr ug bobjpd` hb tlndl m`g hlt`s hb plêsbs, h`ghb d`s mljp`s (m`dujgls) s`g bd g`jnrb hbd plês, dl mlpktld, bd m`gtkgbgtb, ug mljp` qub kghkml sk tkbgb jlr ` g`, dl p`ndlmkýg, dl supbrekmkb bg ckdýjbtr`s mulhrlh`s… D`s rbakstr`s (ekdls) s`g d`s hkstkgt`s plêsbs. Dl mbdhl —Jlhrkh‚ bs bd vld`r hbd mljp` —Mlpktld‚ (m`dujgl) plrl bd rbakstr` qub hbsmrknb Bsplül (ekdl). Lhbjìs hb dls tlndls, p`hbj`s bgm`gtrlrg`s `tr`s `nobt`s bg dl nlsb hb hlt`s? dls vkstls ` m`gsudtls, d`s e`rjudlrk`s, d`s kge`rjbs, dls pìakgls (hb lmmbs` wbn), dls jlmr`s, d`s jýhud`s (pbrjktbg pr`arljlr bg Uksuld Nlskm b kgm`rp`rlr bd mýhka` l dl nlsb hb hlt`s abstk`glhl m`g Lmmbss) y d`s arup`s (g` s`g `nobt`s skg` lmmbs`s hkrbmt`s l `nobt`s).
m. Lmtkvkhlhbs m`g Nlsbs hb hlt`s Bd skstbjl hb abstkýg hb nlsb hb hlt`s (]ANH) pbrjktb hbslrr`ddlr lmtkvkhlhbs rbdlmk`glhls m`g dls nlsbs hb hlt`s. Bstls lmtkvkhlhbs s`g dls skaukbgtbs? - Hbekgkmkýg y hksbü` hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s? Yr`mbs` qub kjpdkml dl rbldkzlmkýg hb hkstkgtls lmtkvkhlhbs y qub m`gskstb prkgmkpldjbgtb bg dl hbekgkmkýg hb d`s tkp`s hb hlt`s, dls bstrumturls gbmbslrkls, bstlndbmbr muìdbs sbrìg dls mdlvbs prkgmkpldbs, hbekgkr rbdlmk`gbs, btm. X`h`s bst`s pr`mbs`s, hbpbghbrìg bg arlg jbhkhl hb dl ekgldkhlh hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s y hbd tkp` hb kge`rjlmkýg qub sb hbsbb ldjlmbglr y jlgkpudlr. - ^bakstr` ` kgsbrmkýg hb hlt`s? Bstl elsb m`gskstb bg dl kjpdbjbgtlmkýg hbd hksbü` hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s rbldkzlhl m`j` pls` prbvk` y l m`gtkgulmkýg sb hbnbrì pr`mbhbr l kgsbrtlr hlt`s. Bs kjp`rtlgtb hbtbrjkglr bd jbhk` hb ldjlmbgljkbgt` hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s. Lugqub bg abgbrld, dls nlsbs hb hlt`s, s`nrb t`h` hb dls arlghbs bjprbsls, hbnbrìg bstlr ldjlmbglhls bg sbrvkh`rbs y sb hbnbrìg flmbr m`pkls hb sbaurkhlh hb e`rjl pbrkýhkml plrl g` pbrhbr kge`rjlmkýg. - Jlgkpudlmkýg hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s? M`gskstb bg rbldkzlr muldqukbr tkp` hb `pbrlmkýg rbdlmk`glhl m`g d`s hlt`s m`gtbgkh`s bg dl nlsb hb hlt`s, yl sblg m`gsudtls, j`hkekmlmk`gbs, lmtuldkzlmkýg, ekdtrlh`s, btm. Bxkstbg hkebrbgtbs tkp`s hb nlsbs hb hlt`s bg eugmkýg hb d`s j`hbd`s hb lhjkgkstrlmkýg qub utkdkmbg. D`s jìs hbstlmlh`s p`r su ljpdkl hkeuskýg y utkdkzlmkýg s`g? nlsbs hb hlt`s obrìrqukmls, rbdlmk`gldbs y nlsbs hb hlt`s `rkbgtlhls l `nobt`s. Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
88;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Dls nlsbs hb hlt`s rbdlmk`gldbs s`g hb d`s j`hbd`s jìs utkdkzlh`s bg dl lmtuldkhlh. X`hl nlsb hb hlt`s rbdlmk`gld mubgtl m`g ugls bstrumturls bdbjbgtldbs plrl p`hbr `pbrlr m`g d`s hlt`s. Bstls bstrumturls s`g dls tlndls, dls m`gsudtls, d`s e`rjudlrk`s y d`s kge`rjbs.
N. Lmmbss Jkmr`s`et Lmmbss bs ug skstbjl hb abstkýg hb nlsbs hb hlt`s kgmdukh` bg bd plqubtb hb pr`arljls hb Jkmr`s`et @eekmb. Bs kauldjbgtb ug abst`r hb hlt`s qub rbm`pkdl kge`rjlmkýg, lsê m`j` hlt`s hb `trls utkdkhlhbs. Ld kauld qub m`g bd pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`s Q`rh, Lmmbss sb vl lmtuldkzlgh` bg sumbskvls vbrsk`gbs hbgtr` hbd plqubtb @eekmb. Ld kauld qub `tr`s pr`arljls kge`rjìtkm`s hb nlsbs hb hlt`s, fly qub tbgbr bg mubgtl qub Lmmbss g` bs ugl nlsb hb hlt`s, skg` ug pr`arljl qub abstk`gl nlsbs hb hlt`s, hbd jksj` j`h` qub Q`rh g` bs ug h`mujbgt` hb tbxt` skg` ug pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`s. Lsê pubs, rbebrkrsb l Lmmbss m`j` ugl nlsb hb hlt`s sbrêl ug brr`r
l. Bdbjbgt`s hb dl Nlsb hb hlt`s D`s bdbjbgt`s nìskm`s hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s s`g dls tlndls, dls m`gsudtls, d`s e`rjudlrk`s y d`s kge`rjbs. ]b hbtlddlg l m`gtkgulmkýg mlhl ug` hb bst`s bdbjbgt`s u `nobt`s.
• Xlndls Dls tlndls s`g bdbjbgt`s hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s qub pbrjktbg ldjlmbglr dl kge`rjlmkýg s`nrb tbjls m`gmrbt`s. Rgl tlndl sb khbgtkekml p`r ug g`jnrb. Y`r bobjpd`, dl tlndl mdkbgtbs rbm`abrì t`hl dl kge`rjlmkýg rbdltkvl l ug arup` hb mdkbgtbs. Rgl tlndl bstì m`jpubstl p`r mljp`s y rbakstr`s. Rg mljp` bs dl ugkhlh nìskml hbgtr` hb dl tlndl y sb m`rrbsp`ghb m`g mkbrt`s hlt`s. Y`r bobjpd`, bg dl tlndl —Ldujg`s‚ pubhbg bxkstkr vlrk`s mljp`s? G`jnrb, Lpbddkh`<, Lpbddkh`>, Hkrbmmkýg, Xbdëe`g`, Bhlh. G`rjldjbgtb, dls tlndls m`gstlg hb jìs hb ug mljp` y sb m`rrbsp`ghbg m`g mlhl ugl hb dls m`dujgls hb ugl tlndl. Mlhl mljp` sb khbgtkekml p`r ug g`jnrb y m`gtbghrì ug hlt` m`g ug tkp` bspbmêekm`. Y`r bobjpd`, bd mljp` g`jnrb sbrì hb tkp` tbxt` y bhlh tkp` gujërkm`.
• Ukstls ` M`gsudtls Dls vkstls ` m`gsudtls s`g bdbjbgt`s hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s qub pbrjktbg j`strlr kge`rjlmkýg sbdbmmk`glhl hb ugl ` vlrkls tlndls. ]b m`g`mbg tljnkëg m`g bd g`jnrb hb vkstls, yl qub pr`p`rmk`glg ugl vkstl m`gmrbtl sýd` hb mkbrt`s mljp`s y/` sbdbmmk`gl ug arup` hb rbakstr`s hb ugl jksjl tlndl ` vlrkls tlndls y qub mujpdlg mkbrt`s mrktbrk`s. Dl lplrkbgmkl hb ugl m`gsudtl bs juy skjkdlr l dl hb ugl tlndl, yl qub ld sbr sbdbmmk`gbs ` vkstls hb dl tlndl, bs m`j` sk sb bxtrlobrl ugl p`rmkýg hb ugl tlndl. Y`r tlgt`, dls m`gsudtls tljnkëg m`gstlg hb mljp`s (m`dujgls) y rbakstr`s (ekdls).
• E`rjudlrk`s D`s e`rjudlrk`s s`g bdbjbgt`s hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s qub sb utkdkzlg plrl rbldkzlr dls kgsbrmk`gbs, j`hkekmlmk`gbs y vksuldkzlmkýg hb hlt`s. X`hls bstls eugmk`gbs sb p`hrêlg rbldkzlr hkrbmtljbgtb l trlvës hb ugl tlndl pbr` sb utkdkzlg e`rjudlrk`s, yl qub elmkdktlg dl kgsbrmkýg hb rbakstr`s bg jìs hb ugl tlndl. Y`r tlgt`, d`s e`rjudlrk`s sb utkdkzlrìg plrl mrblr kgtbrelmbs qub pbrjktlg dl kgsbrmkýg, j`hkekmlmkýg y bdkjkglmkýg hb rbakstr`s bg dls tlndls.
829
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Dl lplrkbgmkl hb ug e`rjudlrk` hbpbghbrì hbd hksbü` qub sb flal hbd jksj`, pbr` bg abgbrld, d`s e`rjudlrk`s sb jubstrlg bg vbgtlgls ` plgtlddls qub m`gstlrìg hb mulhr`s hb tbxt`, mlskddls hb vbrkekmlmkýg, n`t`gbs, btkqubtls, têtud`s, btm. D`s mulhr`s hb tbxt` pbrjktkrìg dl kgsbrmkýg hb d`s vld`rbs hb d`s mljp`s.
• Kge`rjbs ` rbp`rts D`s kge`rjbs ` rbp`rts s`g tljnkëg bdbjbgt`s hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s qub pbrjktbg prbsbgtlr d`s hlt`s lpdkmìgh`dbs ug e`rjlt` y qub, hb bstb j`h`, rbsudtbg eìmkdjbgtb kgtbrprbtlh`s lhbjìs hb vkst`s`s y vksuldjbgtb sblg larlhlndbs. G`rjldjbgtb, d`s kge`rjbs ` rbp`rts sb abgbrlg plrl su kjprbskýg ` plrl su bgvê` l trlvës hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. D`s kge`rjbs, l hkebrbgmkl hb d`s e`rjudlrk`s, g` pbrjktbg dl j`hkekmlmkýg hb d`s rbakstr`s, pbr` bg mljnk` pbrjktb rbldkzlr laruplmk`gbs hb rbakstr`s hb e`rjl juy sbgmkddl (m`g d`s e`rjudlrk`s g` bs p`skndb). Y`r tlgt`, d`s kge`rjbs sb utkdkzlg prkgmkpldjbgtb plrl vksuldkzlr, e`rjltblr y rbsujkr hlt`s.
n. Kgkmk` y vbgtlgl hb Lpdkmlmkýg Ld kgkmklr dl lpdkmlmkýg sb jubstrl ugl kgtbrelmb qub p`r hbebmt` tkbgb ugl m`gekaurlmkýg prbhbtbrjkglhl, pbr` qub sb pubhb pbrs`gldkzlr sbaÿg dls gbmbskhlhbs y prbebrbgmkls hb mlhl usulrk`. Dl vbgtlgl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg qub sb vksuldkzl ld bgtrlr bg dl lpdkmlmkýg bs dl skaukbgtb? - Dl nlrrl hb têtud`, jubstrl bd g`jnrb hbd lrmfkv` hb nlsb hb hlt`s. - Dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh` qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r, supbrk`r, m`gtkbgb d`s n`t`n`t`gbs utkdkzlh`s jìs flnktuldjbgtb m`j` s`g hbsflmbr y rbflmbr. - Dl nlrrl hb bstlh` qub qub sb sktÿl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r kzqukbrhl kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl, jubstrl jubstrl kge`rjlmkýg kge`rjlmkýg s`nrb dls vkstls u `tr` tkp` hb m`jugkmlmkýg hbpbghkbgh` hb dl vbgtlgl bg dl qub sb bgmubgtrb bd usulrk`. - Ybstlül Lrmfkv`. Bg bstl pbstlül, pbstlül, sb jubstrlg jubstrlg d`s n`t`gbs n`t`gbs qub pbrjktbg dl mrblmkýg, mrblmkýg, aulrhlh` y lpbrturl hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s. Lskjksj`, lplrbmb ugl sbmmkýg bg dl qub sb jubstrlg dls nlsbs hb hlt`s lmmbhkhls rbmkbgtbjbgtb y bd n`týg qub pbrjktb j`strlr ug dkstlh`, m`g ug dkstlh` jìs ljpdk`. Xljnkëg bg bstl pbstlül sb bgmubgtrlg d`s n`t`gbs —Lyuhl‚, —@pmk`gbs‚ y —]ldkr‚. - Bd ìrbl hb trlnlo` sb m`rrbsp`ghb m`g bd ìrbl mbgtrld hb dl vbgtlgl y qub hbpbghkbgh` hb dl `pmkýg sbdbmmk`glhl bg dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚, j`strlrì ug lspbmt` u `tr`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
Ld pudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚, sb jubstrl `trl kgtbrelmb bg dl qub sb hkstkgaubg d`s skaukbgtbs bdbjbgt`s? - Nlghl hb `pmk`gbs. Bstì m`jpubstl p`r hkebrbgtbs pbstlüls, mlhl ugl hb bddls sb bstrumturl bg sbmmk`gbs. Bg mlhl sbmmkýg sb kgmduybg ugl sbrkb hb n`t`gbs b km`g`s qub pbrjktbg lmmbhbr l dls hkebrbgtbs eugmk`gldkhlhbs hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s. - Ylgbd hb glvbalmkýg ` bxpd`rlmkýg. ]b jubstrl bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl hb dl vbgtlgl. L trlvës hb ëd sb vksuldkzlg t`h`s d`s `nobt`s qub e`rjlg dl nlsb hb hlt`s. Bd plgbd hb bxpd`rlmkýg `erbmb hkebrbgtbs j`h`s hb `ralgkzlmkýg y vksuldkzlmkýg. Yudslgh` s`nrb bd trkìgaud` qub sb jubstrl bg dl nlrrl supbrk`r, lplrbmb ug dkstlh` m`g dls hkstkgtls `pmk`gbs hb vksuldkzlmkýg. - Ìrbl hb trlnlo`. Ylrtb mbgtrld hb dl vbgtlgl, h`ghb sb j`strlrìg dls vkstls hbd `nobt` sbdbmsbdbmmk`glh` bg bd plgbd hb glvbalmkýg. Bg bstl plrtb bs h`ghb sb rbldkzlg t`hls dls lmtkvkhlhbs m`g rbspbmt` l muldqukbr `nobt` hb dl nlsb hb hlt`s, su mrblmkýg, j`hkekmlmkýg, kgsbrmkýg hb hlt`s, j`strlr rbsudtlh`s hb dl bobmumkýg hb m`gsudtls, vkstls hb kge`rjbs y e`rjudlrk`s, btm.
m. Mrblmkýg hb nlsb hb hlt`s b kgsbrmkýg hb hlt`s Bxkstbg hkstkgtls e`rjls hb mrblmkýg hb ugl nlsb hb hlt`s. Eughljbgtldjbgtb sb pubhb mrblr ugl nlsb hb hlt`s l plrtkr hb mbr`, rbldkzlgh` bd hksbü` hb t`hls dls tlndls, m`gsudtls, e`rjudlrk`s b kge`rjbs ` nkbg sb pubhbg utkdkzlr pdlgtkddls prbhksbülhls qub mubgtlg m`g mkbrt`s `nobt`s yl mrblh`s y, l plrtkr hb bstls pdlgtkddls, rbldkzlr dls j`hkekmlmk`gbs gbmbslrkls m`g rbspbmt` l dl bstrumturl hb dls tlndls ` d`s tkp`s hb hlt`s hb d`s mljp`s, btm.
<.= F`ols hb mìdmud` L. Hbekgkmkýg, kgstldlmkýg b kgkmk` hb dl lpdkmlmkýg Rgl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` bs ug pr`arljl qub pbrjktb dl rbldkzlmkýg hb mìdmud`s hb e`rjl sbgmkddl. Ylrl elmkdktlr bst`s mìdmud`s, dls f`ols hb mìdmud` bstìg e`rjlhls p`r ekdls y m`dujgls muyl kgtbrsbmmkýg, dls mbdhls, m`gtkbgbg d`s hlt`s m`g d`s qub sb rbldkzlrìg dls `pbrlmk`gbs. Bxkstbg hkebrbgtbs lpdkmlmk`gbs hb f`ols hb mìdmud` tldbs m`j` Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd >9<9, @pbg @eekmb Mld (]`etwlrb dknrb). Bg bstb tbjl sb bxpdkmlrìg dls mlrlmtbrêstkmls y eugmk`gldkhlhbs hb Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd >9<9, p`r su ljpdkl hkeuskýg bjprbslrkld. ]kg bjnlra`, m`g`mkbgh` d`s m`gmbpt`s y dl e`rjl hb pr`mbhbr m`g Bxmbd, bs juy eìmkd utkdkzlr muldqukbr lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud`, yl qub sus pr`pkbhlhbs s`g juy skjkdlrbs. Dl kgstldlmkýg hb dl lpdkmlmkýg bs ug pr`mbs` sbgmkdd` qub sb rbldkzl ugl s`dl vbz ld kgstldlr bd plqubtb @eekmb y qub nlstl flmbr h`ndb mdkm s`nrb ug lrmfkv` bobmutlndb kgstldìgh`sb lsê hb e`rjl lut`jìtkml. Rgl vbz kgstldlh` bd kgkmk` hb dl lpdkmlmkýg sb pubhb rbldkzlr hb vlrkls e`rjls? - Yudslgh` bd n`týg hb Kgkmk`, qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r kzqukbrhl hbd bsmrkt`rk`. Ld flmbrd`, sb jubstrl ug jbgÿ bg bd qub sb pubhbg vksuldkzlr t`hls dls lpdkmlmk`gbs kgstldlhls bg bd `rhbglh`r. Bs p`skndb qub lplrbzml bg bstb jbgÿ bd km`g` Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd >9<9, tld qub ld pudslrd`, sb pr`mbhb l dl bgtrlhl bg dl lpdkmlmkýg y sb pubhb vksuldkzlr dl kgtbrelmb s`nrb dl qub sb trlnlolrì m`g d`s hlt`s. ]k g` lplrbmb bstb km`g` bg bd jbgÿ, sb pr`mbhbrì l bsmrknkr bg bd mulhr` hb nÿsqubhl dl pldlnrl Bxmbd, plrl qub hb bstb j`h` g`s lplrbzml bd km`g` hb
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dl lpdkmlmkýg bg dl plrtb supbrk`r qub jubstrl bd rbsudtlh` hb dl nÿsqubhl. Xljnkëg, sb pubhb pudslr s`nrb —X`h`s d`s pr`arljls‚ qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r, oust` lgtbs hbd mulhr` hb nÿsqubhl. Bg bstb mls`, sb jubstrl ug dkstlh` ldelnëtkm`, m`g t`hls dls lpdkmlmk`gbs kgstldlhls bg bd `rhbglh`r. - Flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb ug lmmbs` hkrbmt` qub sb bgmubgtrl bgmubgtrl bg bd bsmrkt`rk`. - Flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb bd km`g` qub sb bgmubgtrl bgmubgtrl bg dl nlrrl hb tlrbls.
N. Bgtrlhl y sldkhl hbd pr`arljl Lhbjìs hb d`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s bxpdkmlh`s tljnkëg sb pubhb bgtrlr ld pr`arljl flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb ug lrmfkv` ` h`mujbgt` mrblh` prbvkljbgtb m`g bd pr`arljl. Ylrl bdd`, sb p`hrì utkdkzlr bd bxpd`rlh`r hb Qkgh`ws y glvbalr flstl dl mlrpbtl qub m`gtbgal bd h`mujbgt` l lnrkr, hb bstl e`rjl, sb bgtrl ld pr`arljl y sb lnrb bd lrmfkv`. Dl sldkhl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg tljnkëg pubhb rbldkzlrsb skaukbgh` muldqukbrl hb bst`s pls`s? - Yudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hb mkbrrb hb vbgtlgl, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl bsqukgl supbrk`r supbrk`r hbrbmfl hb dl plgtlddl. - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚ y bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —]ldkr‚. (]k sb bsm`ab bsm`ab dl `pmkýg `pmkýg —Mbrrlr‚, sb mkbrrl bd lrmfkv` s`nrb bd qub sb bstì trlnlolgh` pbr` g` sb mkbrrl dl lpdkmlmkýg). @trl e`rjl rìpkhl plrl mbrrlr dl lpdkmlmkýg bs pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls LDX y dl tbmdl hb eugmkýg E8. (Ldt+E8).
M. Hbsmrkpmkýg hb dl plgtlddl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` Ld lnrkr dl lpdkmlmkýg Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd sb jubstrl ugl plgtlddl ` kgtbrelmb s`nrb dl qub sb trlnlolrì m`g d`s tbxt`s. Bg bstl plgtlddl sb jubstrlg hkebrbgtbs plrtbs? - Dl nlrrl hb têtud`, jubstrl bd g`jnrb hbd lrmfkv`. - Dl nlghl hb `pmk`gbs, `pmk`gbs, qub sb sb `ralgkzl `ralgkzl bg pbstlüls. Ld lmmbhbr l mlhl ugl hb bstls pbstlüls, sb jubstrlg hkstkgtls eugmk`gldkhlhbs y utkdkhlhbs qub sb jubstrlg lmmbskndbs l trlvës hb n`t`gbs, qub sb laruplg bg sbmmk`gbs. - Dls nlrrls hb hbspdlzljkbgt` dltbrld b kgebrk`r pbrjktbg, pudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg hb smr`dd, hbspdlzlr bd h`mujbgt` plrl j`strlr dls plrtbs qub bstìg `mudtls p`rqub g` mlnbg hbgtr` hb dl plgtlddl. - Dl nlrrl hb bstlh`, qub sb sktÿl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl y qub jubstrl jubstrl kge`rjlmkýg s`nrb bd j`h` hb kgtr`hummkýg bg dl bsqukgl kgebrk`r kzqukbrhl (Dkst` ` kgtr`humkr). - Dl sbmmkýg hb vkstls hbd hbd h`mujbgt` qub sb sktÿl l m`gtkgulmkýg hb dl nlrrl hb bstlh` bstlh` y qub, pudslgh` s`nrb d`s hkebrbgtbs km`g`s, g`s j`strlrì ugl vkstl hkstkgtl hbd h`mujbgt`? g`rjld, hksbü` hb pìakgl y vkstl prbvkl hb sldt`s hb pìakgl. - Dl nlrrl hb z``j, qub sb jubstrl l m`gtkgulmkýg hb dls vkstls hbd hbd h`mujbgt` y qub pbrjktb hbekgkr bd tljlü` bg bd qub sb j`strlrì bd h`mujbgt`, ldbolgh` y lmbrmlgh` ` nkbg hbekgkbgh` bd gkvbd hb z``j m`g rbspbmt` ld tlgt` p`r mkbgt`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh`, qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r, m`gtkbgb d`s n`t`gbs utkdkzlh`s jìs flnktuldjbgtb tldbs m`j` hbsflmbr y rbflmbr. Dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh` sb pubhb pbrs`gldkzlr plrl lülhkr d`s km`g`s ` n`t`gbs hbsblh`s. - Dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls qub jubstrl kge`rjlmkýg kge`rjlmkýg s`nrb dl mbdhl bg bg dl qub sb bgmubgtrl bgmubgtrl bd murs`r y su m`gtbgkh`. - Dl nlrrl hb btkqubtls qub sb bgmubgtrl hkvkhkhl bg h`s sbmmk`gbs. Dl plrtb kzqukbrhl qub m`gtkbgb d`s n`t`gbs qub jb pbrjktbg rbldkzlr hbspdlzljkbgt`s bgtrb dls f`ols. [ l m`gtkgulmkýg, sb jubstrlg dls btkqubtls m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs l d`s g`jnrbs hb mlhl ugl hb dls f`ols qub m`jp`gbg dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. [ bd ÿdtkj` n`týg, qub pbrjktb kgsbrtlr ugl gubvl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Y`r hbebmt`, ld lnrkr dl lpdkmlmkýg dl kgtbrelmb jubstrl trbs f`ols hb mìdmud`, khbgtkekmlhls m`g d`s g`jnrbs F`ol<, F`ol> y F`ol=. ]b p`hrìg bdkjkglr ` kgsbrtlr gubvls f`ols hbpbghkbgh` hb dls gbmbskhlhbs.
H. Lyuhl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` Dl lyuhl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` hb Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd `erbmb kge`rjlmkýg, lp`y` ` rbeubrz` s`nrb dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs hbd pr`arljl. Dl utkdkzlmkýg hb bstb s`p`rtb hb auêl bs juy sbgmkddl. Ylrl lmmbhbr l dl lyuhl sb hbnb pudslr s`nrb bd km`g`, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hbrbmfl. Ld pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hb —lyuhl‚, sb jubstrl dl vbgtlgl —Lyuhl hb Bxmbd‚. Bg bstl vbgtlgl sb jubstrl, bg dl plrtb supbrk`r, ugl nlrrl m`g hkebrbgtbs n`t`gbs. Hbnlo` ug mulhr` hb nÿsqubhl y bg dl plrtb mbgtrld hb dl vbgtlgl ugl sbrkb hb bgdlmbs l trlvës hb d`s muldbs sb pubhb lmmbhbr hkrbmtljbgtb l d`s tbjls hb lyuhl qub sb dkstlg. D`s n`t`gbs tkbgbg dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs skaukbgtbs? - N`t`gbs qub sb utkdkzlg plrl glvbalr bg dls vbgtlgls hb lyuhl qub vlg j`strlgh` d`s tbjls y qub skrvbg rbspbmtkvljbgtb plrl kr ltrìs, flmkl lhbdlgtb, hbtbgbr dl nÿsqubhl, lmtuldkzlr b kr l dl plgtlddl hb kgkmk`. - N`týg Xljlü` hb eubgtb, qub pbrjktb sbdbmmk`glr bd tljlü` bg bd qub sb jubstrl dl eubgtb hbgtr` hb dl vbgtlgl hb lyuhl, puhkbgh` bdbakr bgtrb Jìs arlghb, arlghb, jbhklgl. - N`týg hb tlndl hb m`gtbgkh`s, qub pbrjktb j`strlr j`strlr dl tlndl hb m`gtbgkh`s bg dl qub sb bgmubgtrl `ralgkzlhl dl lyuhl. Ld pudslrd`, bd lspbmt` hb dl vbgtlgl mljnkl y g` sýd` sb jubstrlg d`s bgdlmbs m`g d`s m`gtbgkh`s, skg` qub lplrbmb ug dkstlh` bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl, m`g bgtrlhls hb d`s m`gtbgkh`s y pudslgh` s`nrb bstls bgtrlhls, sb hbspdkbalg d`s tbjls ls`mklh`s l bs`s m`gtbgkh`s. Xljnkëg, ld pudslr s`nrb bstb n`týg, mljnkl hb lspbmt`. Bg bstb mls`, ld pudslr s`nrë ëd sb `mudtlrì dl tlndl hb m`gtbgkh`s. Ylrl nusmlr s`nrb ug tbjl bg m`gmrbt`, sb tbmdblrì ug tbxt` rbdlmk`glh` m`g d` qub sb hbsbb nusmlr. L m`gtkgulmkýg, sb pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg hb nÿsqubhl ` sb pudslrì dl tbmdl —Kgtr`‚.
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Bgt`gmbs, sb j`strlrìg ug`s rbsudtlh`s bg d`s qub sb jubstrlg ugl sbrkb hb bgdlmbs rbdlmk`glh`s m`g bd tbxt` kgtr`humkh`. @trl e`rjl rìpkhl hb lmmbhbr l dl lyuhl bs pudslgh` dl tbmdl hb eugmkýg E<. Lskjksj`, sb j`strlrì dl plgtlddl hb lyuhl pudslgh` s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚ y flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb dl `pmkýg —Lyuhl‚.
B. Hbspdlzljkbgt` p`r dl f`ol hb mìdmud` l. Jbhklgtb tbmdlh` D`s hbspdlzljkbgt`s p`r dl f`ol hb mìdmud` l trlvës hb sus mbdhls, ekdls, m`dujgls y f`ols sb pubhbg rbldkzlr skaukbgh` hkebrbgtbs jbt`h`d`aêls. Bg bstb bpêarleb sb bxpdkmlrì mýj` rbldkzlr d`s hbspdlzljkbgt`s jbhklgtb bd tbmdlh`. Bg dl skaukbgtb tlndl sb jubstrlg dls tbmdls qub sb hbnbg bjpdblr plrl rbldkzlr d`s j`vkjkbgt`s qub sb kghkmlg? XBMDL
HB]YDL_LJKBGX@
EDBMFL L^^KNL
Mbdhl flmkl lrrknl
EDBMFL LNLO@
Mbdhl flmkl lnlo`
EDBMFL HB^BMFL
Mbdhl flmkl dl hbrbmfl
EDBMFL K_\RKB^HL
Mbdhl flmkl dl kzqukbrhl
MX^D+KGKMK@
+
Mbdhl L<
Lvlgmb pìakgl
Ylgtlddl flmkl lhbdlgtb
^btr`mbs` pìakgl
Ylgtlddl flmkl ltrìs
Xlnudlh`r
]b hbspdlzl flmkl dl skaukbgtb mbdhl l dl hbrbmfl
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bxkstbg ldaugls `trls m`jnkglmk`gbs hb tbmdls qub pbrjktbg p`skmk`glrsb, p`r bobjpd`, bg dl prkjbrl mbdhl ` ÿdtkjl hb dl d l m`dujgl lmtkvl pudslgh` dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls EKG+Edbmfl lrrknl y EKG+Edbmfl lnlo`, rbspbmtkvljbgtb, pbr` g` s`g tlg utkdkzlhls m`j` dls lgtbrk`rbs. @tr` j`h` hb p`skmk`glrsb hkrbmtljbgtb bg ugl mbdhl m`gmrbtl bs bsmrknkbgh` bg dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls dl dbtrl y bd gÿjbr` m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs l dl m`dujgl y dl ekdl (flmkbgh` mdkm bg bd mulhr` y pudslgh` dl tbmdl Bgtbr plrl p`skmk`glrsb bg hkmfl mbdhl)?
n. Jbhklgtb rltýg @trl e`rjl hb hbspdlzlrsb bs jbhklgtb bd rltýg, pudslgh` hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb dls mbdhls y utkdkzlgh` dl rubhl hb hbspdlzljkbgt` hbd rltýg flmkl lrrknl y flmkl lnlo`, plrl rbldkzlr hbspdlzljkbgt`s vbrtkmldbs s`nrb dls mbdhls hb dl jksjl m`dujgl, vlrkls ekdls flmkl lrrknl ` flmkl lnlo`. Flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm m`g bd rltýg sb lmtkvl bd j`h` bhkmkýg hb dl mbdhl Ylrl rbm`rrbr ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` sb pubhb utkdkzlr tljnkëg dl rubhl hb hbspdlzljkbgt`, pudsìgh`dl. Bgt`gmbs bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg mljnkl hb lspbmt`. Jlgtbgkbgh` pudslhl dl rubhl hb hbspdlzljkbgt` y lrrlstrlgh` flmkl hbrbmfl b kzqukbrhl sb lvlgzl rìpkhljbgtb l trlvës hb dl f`ol bg d`s sbgtkh`s kghkmlh`s. Dl rubhl hb hbspdlzljkbgt` (smr`dd wfbbd) ` rubhl hbd rltýg (j`usb wfbbd) hb m`jputlh`rl, bs bd hksm` hb pdìstkm` hur` ` a`jl hurl, pbrpbghkmudlr l dl supbrekmkb hbd rltýg hb m`jputlh`rl. G`rjldjbgtb bstì unkmlhl bgtrb jbhk` hb d`s n`t`gbs kzqukbrh` y hbrbmf` hbd rltýg.
m. Arlghbs hbspdlzljkbgt`s Bg `mlsk`gbs, bs hbsblndb rbldkzlr arlghbs hbspdlzljkbgt`s l trlvës hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Ylrl bdd`, sb hbnbrì pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls Nd`qub hbspdlzljkbgt` + tbmdl MX^D+ tbmdl hb hkrbmmkýg (lrrknl, lnlo`, hbrbmfl ` kzqukbrhl) hbpbghkbgh` hb flmkl hýghb sb hbsbb rbldkzlr bd hbspdlzljkbgt`. Yudslgh` dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+tbmdls hb hkrbmmkýg sb lmmbhb l dl ÿdtkjl mbdhl hb dl ekdl ` m`dujgl.
h. Nlrrls hb hbspdlzljkbgt` Rtkdkzlgh` dls nlrrls hb hbspdlzljkbgt` dltbrld y f`rkz`gtld, tljnkëg bs p`skndb hbspdlzlrsb l trlvës hb dls f`ols hb mìdmud`. Yudslgh` bg d`s n`t`gbs qub lplrbmbg bg dl nlrrl dltbrld, sb hbspdlzl ugl ekdl flmkl lnlo` y flmkl lrrknl rbspbmtkvljbgtb. Bg bd mls` hb dl nlrrl f`rkz`gtld, sb hbspdlzl dl m`dujgl flmkl dl hbrbmfl ` kzqukbrhl. Xljnkëg, pudslgh` m`g bd rltýg hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb bd bdbjbgt` (=) y skg s`dtlr bd rltýg lrrlstrìgh`d` l d` dlra` hb dl nlrrl hb hbspdlzljkbgt`, sb pubhb rbldkzlr bd hbspdlzljkbgt` hbsblh` l trlvës hb ekdls y m`dujgls.
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E. Xrlnlo` m`g dknr`s l. Mrblmký Mrblmkýg g hb ug gubv` dknr` Dl mrblmkýg hb ug gubv` dknr` bg Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd >9<9 sb pubhb rbldkzlr lnrkbgh` hkrbmtljbgtb dl lpdkmlmkýg y bjpbzlgh` l bsmrknkr bg dl prkjbrl f`ol, bg muldqukbrl hb sus mbdhls. G`rjldjbgtb, d`s dknr`s hb trlnlo` m`gstlg hb vlrkls f`ols (lugqub sb pubhb trlnlolr m`g dknr`s hb trlnlo` qub m`gtbgalg ugl s`dl f`ol). Dl mrblmkýg hb ug gubv` dknr` sb rbldkzl skaukbgh` bd skaukbgtb pr`mbhkjkbgt`? - Yudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Dknr` bg ndlgm`‚, ld qub sb lmmbhb flmkbgh` mdkm bg dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚ y sbdbmmk`glgh` dl `pmkýg —Gubv`‚. - L m`gtkgulmkýg, sb pudslrì bg bd n`týg —Mrblr‚. M`j` sb fl bxpdkmlh`, bg bd dknr` sb jubstrlg p`r hbebmt` trbs f`ols hb mìdmud`, khbgtkekmlhls m`g dls btkqubtls F`ol<, F`ol> y F`ol=, qub sb jubstrlg bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r hb dl plgtlddl. Yudslgh` s`nrb bstls btkqubtls sb lmmbhb l mlhl ugl hb dls f`ols hb mìdmud`.
Mrblr ug gubv` dknr` hb trlnlo`
n. Lnrkr ug dknr` yl bxkstbgtb ]k sb hbsbl lnrkr ug dknr` yl bxkstbgtb, plrl sbaukr bhktìgh`d` ` skjpdbjbgtb plrl vksuldkzlr su m`gtbgkh` sb hbnbg sbaukr d`s skaukbgtbs pls`s? - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —^bmkbgtb‚. ]b jubstrl bgt`gmbs ug dkstlh` m`g d`s lrmfkv`s lmmbhkh`s ` mrblh`s rbmkbgtbjbgtb (bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl-—Dknr`s rbmkbgtbs‚) y hb dls ÿdtkjls mlrpbtls lmmbhkhls (bg dl plrtb hbrbmfl-—Dualrbs rbmkbgtbs‚). - ]bdbmmk`glr bd dknr` qub sb hbsbb lnrkr, flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb ëd y sb lnrkrì dl kgtbrelmb hb dl lpdklpdkmlmkýg j`strlgh` bd m`gtbgkh` hbd dknr`. Xljnkëg sb pubhb lnrkr ug dknr` hkrbmtljbgtb hbshb muldqukbr bxpd`rlh`r hb Qkgh`ws, flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb bd lrmfkv` y sb lnrkrì tlgt` dl lpdkmlmkýg (bg mls` hb g` bstlr lnkbrtl) m`j` bd dknr`. Lskjksj`, sk g` sb jubstrl bg dl dkstl hb rbmkbgtbs sb pubhb pudslr s`nrb dl `pmkýg —lnrkr‚ y glvbalr flstl dl mlrpbtl qub m`gtbgal bd lrmfkv` y flmbr mdkm s`nrb ëd.
Dkstlh` hb h`mujbgt`s y dualrbs rbmkbgtbs
m. Aulrhlh` hb d`s mljnk`s rbldkzlh`s bg ug dknr` Ylrl pr`mbhbr ld aulrhlh` hb d`s mljnk`s rbldkzlh`s bg ug dknr` sb hbnbrìg rbldkzlr d`s skaukbgtbs pls`s? - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚. - ]bdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg —aulrhlr‚. - ]k bs dl prkjbrl vbz vbz qub rbldkzl bstl lmmkýg, lmmkýg, sb lnrkrì bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Aulrhlr m`j`‚ bg bd qub sb hbnbrì tbmdblr bd g`jnrb hbd h`mujbgt` y glvbalr flstl dl mlrpbtl bg dl qub sb hbsbb aulrhlr bd lrmfkv` qub m`gtkbgb bd h`mujbgt`. ]k prbvkljbgtb yl sb fl g`jnrlh` ld lrmfkv` qub m`gtkbgb bd h`mujbgt`, skjpdbjbgtb pudslgh` bg dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr‚, sb aulrhlrìg d`s mljnk`s rbldkzlh`s s`nrb ëd. - Y`r ÿdtkj`, pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Aulrhlr‚.
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Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Rg jët`h` rìpkh` plrl pr`mbhbr l aulrhlr ug h`mujbgt` bs pudslgh` hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb bd km`g` qub sb jubstrl bg dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh`, bg dl plrtb supbrk`r kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Aulrhlr m`j`‚
h. Mrblmkýg hb ug hupdkmlh` hb ug dknr` Dl mrblmkýg hb ugl hupdkml hb ug dknr` m`g aulrhlr m`j` bs ug pr`mbhkjkbgt` juy skjkdlr ld bxpdkmlh` bg bd bpêarleb lgtbrk`r. Bg bstb mls`, ld utkdkzlr dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr m`j`‚ sb mrblrì ug h`mujbgt` bxlmtljbgtb kauld ld `rkakgld, pbr` m`g hkstkgt` g`jnrb. Ylrl hupdkmlr ug h`mujbgt` utkdkzlgh` dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr m`j`‚ sb hbnb sbaukr bd skaukbgtb pr`mbhkjkbgt`? - Yudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚. - ]bdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg —Aulrhlr m`j`‚. - ]b j`strlrì bd jksj` mulhr` hb hkìd`a` bxpdkmlh` bg bd lgtbrk`r bpêarleb, bg bd muld sb hbnbrì bsmrknkr bg bd mulhr` hb tbxt` —G`jnrb‚, ug g`jnrb hkebrbgtb plrl bd gubv` lrmfkv` hupdkmlh`. [ bg mls` hb hbsblr mljnklrd` hb unkmlmkýg sb glvbalrì flstl dl gubvl mlrpbtl qub m`gtbghrì bd h`mujbgt`. - Y`r ÿdtkj`, pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Aulrhlr‚. Hbshb bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Aulrhlr m`j`‚, lhbjìs hb hupdkmlr ug h`mujbgt`, tljnkëg sb pubhb aulrhlr bd h`mujbgt` m`g e`rjlt`s hkstkgt`s tldbs m`j` YHE, ` nkbg bg e`rjlt` Bxmbd pbr` m`g e`rjlt` hb vbrsk`gbs lgtbrk`rbs.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
b. Mbrrlh` hb ug dknr` Bd mbrrlh` hb ug dknr` bs ug pr`mbs` sbgmkdd`, qub sb pubhb rbldkzlr skaukbgh` vlrk`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` jìs usuld bs pudslr hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb s`nrb bd —lspl‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl bsqukgl supbrk`r hbrbmfl hb dl plgtlddl. ]k g` sb fl aulrhlh` bd h`mujbgt`, ld rbldkzlr bstl lmmkýg, sb j`strlrì ug mulhr` hb —Hkìd`a`‚ qub lhvkbrtb hb bstl mkrmugstlgmkl y `erbmb dls `pmk`gbs hb —Aulrhlr‚, —G` aulrhlr‚ y —Mlgmbdlr‚.
Lhvbrtbgmkl ld mbrrlr ug dknr` qub g` sb fl fl aulrhlh`
- Bd `tr` pr`mbhkjkbgt` plrl mbrrlr ug dknr` bs pudslr s`nrb dl pbstlül —Lrmfkv`‚ y sbdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg —mbrrlr‚. - Rg tbrmbr pr`mbhkjkbgt` l utkdkzlr plrl pr`mbhbr ld mkbrrb hb ug dknr` bs pudslgh` s`nrb bd bd n`týg —mbrrlr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl bsqukgl supbrk`r hbrbmfl hb dl kgtbrelmb hb Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd >9<9. Yudslgh` dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls LDX+E8 sb mkbrrl dl lpdkmlmkýg y p`r tlgt`, sb mkbrrlg t`h`s d`s dknr`s hb trlnlo` qub sb bgmubgtrbg lnkbrt`s.
A. Kgtr`hummkýg y bhkmkýg hb hlt`s l. Kgtr`hummkýg hb hlt`s bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud` D`s hlt`s qub sb kgmduybg hbgtr` hb ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` pubhbg sbr hb jumf`s tkp`s. Ylrl kgtr`humkr hlt`s bg ugl mbdhl, nlstl m`g bsmrknkr hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb bddl y plrl vldkhlr d`s hlt`s kgtr`humkh`s, sb pudslrì dl tbmdl —Bgtbr‚, dl tbmdl —Xlnudlh`r‚ ` dls tbmdls hb hbspdlzljkbgt` hbd tbmdlh`. D`s tkp`s hb hlt`s qub sb kgmduybg bg ug dknr` hb trlnlo` pubhbg sbr nìskmljbgtb h`s tkp`s? - M`gstlgtbs. Hlt`s kgtr`humkh`s bg dl mbdhl y qub pbrjlgbmbrìg kgldtbrlndbs. ]b kgtr`humbg kgtr`humbg hkrbmtljbgtb bg dl mbdhl (sýd` mljnklrìg bg bd mls` bg bd qub sblg bhktlh`s p`r bd usulrk`). Bxkstbg vlrk`s tkp`s hb vld`rbs m`gstlgtbs, bst`s pubhbg sbr? gujërkm`s, ldelgujërkm`s y ebmfl/f`rl. - Ulrklndbs. G`rjldjbgtb sbrìg eýrjudls, eugmk`gbs ` rbebrbgmkls l `trls mbdhls. ]b mdlskekmlg m`j` vlrklndbs p`rqub su rbsudtlh` hbpbghbrì hbd m`gtbgkh` hb `trls mbdhls y p`hrì vlrklr sk vlrêlg d`s m`gtbgkh`s hb dls mbdhls qub kgmduybg hlt`s m`gstlgtbs. G`rjldjbgtb, sbrìg ugl m`jnkglmkýg hb vld`rbs m`gstlgtbs m`g `pbrlh`rbs y/` eugmk`gbs y/` rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls. Ylrl kgtr`humkr bstb tkp` hb hlt`s sb hbnb lgtbp`gbr bd skag` —:‚. Bst`s hlt`s vlrklndbs pubhbg sbr? eugmk`gbs y eýrjudls.
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Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bg d`s skaukbgtbs bpêarlebs sb hbtlddlg dls mlrlmtbrêstkmls hb bst`s tkp`s hb hlt`s.
• Gujërkm`s ]b m`gskhbrlg hlt`s gujërkm`s, d`s gÿjbr`s e`rjlh`s p`r dl m`jnkglmkýg hb mkerls qub vlg hbd 9 ld ;. Xljnkëg sb pubhbg kgmdukr d`s skaukbgtbs sêjn`d`s ` dbtrls. - ]kag` jbg`s. —-— ` —()‚. Ylrl Ylrl khbgtkekmlr ug gÿjbr` gbaltkv`. - Mlrìmtbr B. Kghkml qub bd gÿjbr` sb bxprbsl bxprbsl bg g`tlmkýg mkbgtêekml. Bobjpd`? <,>>>>>B+>9. - Mlrìmtbr ₤. Kghkml qub bd gÿjbr` sb bxprbsl bg e`rjlt` j`gbhl (sb hbnbrì tbmdblr ld ekgld hb d`s hêakt`s). - Mlrìmtbr %. Kghkml qub bd gÿjbr` sb bxprbslrì bxprbslrì bg e`rjlt` hb p`rmbgtlob. Ylrl kgsbrtlr gÿjbr`s hbmkjldbs bg ugl mbdhl, sb p`hrì tbmdblr dl —,‚ ` bd —.‚ plrl sbplrlr d`s hêakt`s hbmkjldbs. D`s pugt`s qub kghkmlg d`s jkddlrbs g` s`g gbmbslrk` kgmdukrd`s, sb p`ghrìg lut`jìtkmljbgtb ld lpdkmlr d`s e`rjlt`s lpr`pklh`s
• Ldelgujërkm`s Bstb tkp` hb hlt` p`hrìg sbr muldqukbr dbtrl, hêakt` ` mlrìmtbr bspbmkld. G`rjldjbgtb d`s hlt`s ldelgujërkm`s sb utkdkzlg plrl kgsbrtlr rýtud`s ` tbxt` bg dls mbdhls qub khbgtkekmlrìg d`s hlt`s qub sb jubstrlg bg dls m`dujgls ` ekdls. D`s hlt`s ldelgujërkm`s g`rjldjbgtb g` kgtbrvkbgbg bg `pbrlmk`gbs, lugqub sê qub sb pubhbg utkdkzlr hlt`s ldelgujërkm`s m`g ldaugls eugmk`gbs hb tbxt`. ]k sb kgtr`humbg hlt`s ldelgujërkm`s hb j`h` qub g` lmlnbg bg ugl mbdhl, sk dl mbdhl lhylmbgtb bstì vlmêl sb vksuldkzl t`h` bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl (lugqub sb vksuldkzl bg dls h`s mbdhls, bd m`gtbgkh` sýd` m`rrbsp`ghb l dl prkjbrl). ]k dl mbdhl lhylmbgtb m`gtkbgb hlt`s, bgt`gmbs g` sb vksuldkzlrì p`r m`jpdbt` bd hlt`. Y`r tlgt`, sb hbnbrì larlghlr bd tljlü` hb dl mbdhl plrl vksuldkzlr bd hlt` m`jpdbt`.
• Ebmfl/f`rl Bst`s tkp`s hb hlt`s m`gtkbgbg ebmfls u f`rls, p`r bobjpd` >5/91/1> y 9;?=9?99. Dls ebmfls sb pubhbg kgtr`humkr bsmrknkbgh` bd skag` —/‚ bgtrb d`s hêls, jbsbs y lü`s. Xljnkëg sb pubhb utkdkzlr bd skag` —-—, lugqub bg bstb mls`, ld kgtr`humkrsb bd hlt` tkp` ebmfl sb p`ghrìg d`s skag`s —/‚, bgtrb d`s hêls, jbsbs y lü`s. Ylrl kgtr`humkr ug hlt` tkp` f`rl, sb hbnbrì tbmdblr bd skag` —?‚, plrl sbplrlr dls f`rls, hb d`s jkgut`s y sbaugh`s. Ylrl kgtr`humkr bd lü` m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb l ug hlt` tkp` ebmfl, sb pubhbg tbmdblr sýd` dls h`s ÿdtkjls mkerls hbd lü`, skbjprb y mulgh` bd lü` bstë m`jprbghkh` bgtrb <;>; y >9>;. ]k s`g lü`s lgtbrk`rbs l <;>; ` p`stbrk`rbs l >9>;, bgt`gmbs sb hbnbrìg tbmdblr dls multr` mkerls.
• Eýrjudls Rgl eýrjudl bstì m`jpubstl p`r vld`rbs m`gtlgtbs, m`jnkglh`s m`g `pbrlh`rbs, m`g eugmk`gbs, rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls ` m`g `trls eýrjudls.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
85<
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bg dl mbdhl sb bsmrknkrì dl eýrjudl, m`jbgzlgh` m`g bd skag` —:‚ y l m`gtkgulmkýg, d`s vld`rbs m`gstlgtbs, dls rbebrbgmkls l mbdhl y d`s `pbrlh`rbs. Ld pudslr dl tbmdl —Bgtbr‚, sb j`strlrì bd rbsudtlh` hb dl eýrjudl, bs hbmkr, bd rbsudtlh` hb lpdkmlr dl `pbrlmkýg jlrmlhl p`r d`s `pbrlh`rbs. Bxkstbg hkstkgt`s tkp`s hb `pbrlh`rbs? lrktjëtkm`s, rbdlmk`gldbs, btm. Bg dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls p`hrì vksuldkzlrsb dl eýrjudl, jkbgtrls qub bg dl mbdhl, sb vksuldkzlrì bd rbsudtlh` hb rbldkzlr dls `pbrlmk`gbs kghkmlhls. Ylrl bhktlr ugl eýrjudl, sb pubhb tbmdblr hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls ` flmbr h`ndb mdkm s`nrb dl mbdhl?
• Eugmk`gbs Dls eugmk`gbs s`g eýrjudls prbhbekgkhls qub rbldkzlg mìdmud`s bspbmêekm`s. Dls eugmk`gbs sb khbgtkekmlg l trlvës hb ug g`jnrb. X`hls dls eugmk`gbs tkbgbg dl jksjl bstrumturl? m`jkbgzlg p`r bd skag` —:‚, l m`gtkgulmkýg bd g`jnrb hb dl eugmkýg, hbspuës d`s lraujbgt`s (pubhbg lplrbmbr ` g`, bg muldqukbr mls` sb hbnbrìg prbsbgtlr, bgtrb plrëgtbsks). Bobjpd`? :]ujl (L). D`s lraujbgt`s hb dls eugmk`gbs pubhbg sbr tkp`s hb hlt`s m`gstlgtbs ` vlrklndbs. Bxkstbg ldaugls eugmk`gbs qub rbqukbrbg jìs hb ug lraujbgt`. Bg bstb mls` d`s lraujbgt`s hbnbg kr sbplrlh`s p`r bd sêjn`d` —3‚.
Bobjpd` hb eugmkýg
n. Bhkmkýg y j`hkekmlmkýg hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud` • ]bdbmmkýg hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud` [l sb fl bxpdkmlh` qub dls f`ols hb mìdmud` sb pubhbg utkdkzlr plrl rbldkzlr mìdmud`s u `pbrlmk`gbs m`g hlt`s m`gtbgkh`s bg sus mbdhls. Bxkstbg pr`mbhkjkbgt`s plrl ddbvlr l mln` dl lpdkmlmkýg hb e`rjlt`s l d`s hlt`s m`gtbgkh`s bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud` m`g dl ekgldkhlh hb flmbrdl jìs prbsbgtlndb, vkst`sl y eìmkdjbgtb m`jprbgskndb hbstlmlgh` têtud`s m`g dbtrls hb jly`r tljlü`, n`rhbs y s`jnrblh`, btm. Ylrl lpdkmlr bst`s e`rjlt`s l ug arup` hb mbdhls bs gbmbslrk` sbdbmmk`glrd`s prbvkljbgtb. Bg d`s bpêarlebs skaukbgtbs, sb hbekgkrìg d`s bdbjbgt`s qub sb utkdkzlg bg f`ols hb mìdmud` y d`s jët`h`s hb sbdbmmkýg jìs m`gvbgkbgtbs hbpbghkbgh` hb d`s e`rjlt`s l lpdkmlr ` hb dl p`skmkýg hb dls mbdhls. ^lga`s Rg rlga` bs ug m`gougt` hb mbdhls lhylmbgtbs qub e`rjlg ug rbmtìgaud`. Bstb larupljkbgt` elmkdktl dl lpdkmlmkýg hb e`rjlt`s, lhbjìs hb pbrjktkr `rhbglr, lpdkmlr ekdtr`s y rbldkzlr mìdmud`s. Kgmdus`, dls eugmk`gbs gbmbsktlg dl bspbmkekmlmkýg hb ug rlga` (` jltrkmbs) m`j` lraujbgt`.
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Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Rg rlga` pubhb khbgtkekmlrsb ` hbekgkrsb hb h`s e`rjls? - Jbhklgtb dl rbebrbgmkl hb dls mbdhls supbrk`r kzqukbrhl b kgebrk`r hbrbmfl hbd rbmtìgaud`, sbplrlhls p`r h`s pugt`s. Y`r bobjpd`, N>?H2. - Lskaglgh` ug g`jnrb ld rlga`. Bg dualr hb rbebrbgmklr dls mbdhls, sb hbekgbg g`jnrbs hb rlga`s hb mbdhls y p`stbrk`rjbgtb plrl rbebrbgmklr bd rlga`, sb utkdkzl su g`jnrb. Ylrl hbekgkr g`jnrbs hb rlga` sb hbnb lmmbhbr l dl sbmmkýg G`jnrbs hbekgkh`s, hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül Eýrjudls. Ylrl sbdbmmk`glr ug rlga`, sb pudsl s`nrb dl mbdhl supbrk`r kzqukbrhl y jlgtbgkbgh` pudslh` bd n`týg kzqukbrh` hbd rltýg, lrrlstrlr flstl sbdbmmk`glr t`hls dls mbdhls qub e`rjlg plrtb hbd rlga`, flstl dl mbdhl kgebrk`r hbrbmfl. Ylrl sbdbmmk`glr h`s rlga`s sb sbdbmmk`gl prkjbr` ug rlga`, tld y m`j` sb fl bxpdkmlh` lgtbrk`rjbgtb y l m`gtkgulmkýg sb pudslrì dl tbmdl MX^D y sb sbdbmmk`glrì bd `tr` rlga`
]bdbmmkýg hb ug rlga` utkdkzlgh` bd mulhr` hb g`jnrb hb dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls
Xljnkëg sb pubhbg sbdbmmk`glr rlga`s skg utkdkzlr bd rltýg. Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` l sbaukr bs juy sbgmkdd` y m`gskstb bg utkdkzlr dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls y bsmrknkr hkrbmtljbgtb bd rlga` bg bd mulhr` hb g`jnrb y pudslr dl tbmdl —Bgtbr‚. Hb bstb j`h` qubhl sbdbmmk`glh` bd rlga`. Kghbpbghkbgtbjbgtb hbd jët`h` utkdkzlh` plrl sbdbmmk`glr d`s rlga`s, dl e`rjl hb khbgtkekmlr qub sb fl sbdbmmk`glh` ug rlga` bs jlrmlgh` bg ndlgm` dl mbdhl hb dl bsqukgl supbrk`r kzqukbrhl hbd rlga` y bd rbst` hb dls mbdhls bg m`d`r lzud. M`dujgls Rgl m`dujgl bs dl dêgbl vbrtkmld qub vl hb lrrknl lnlo` bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Dls m`dujgls sb khbgtkekmlg m`g dbtrls jlyÿsmudls hb dl L dl _. Dl prkjbrl m`dujgl qub sb jubstrl bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud` bs dl m`dujgl L, l m`gtkgulmkýg dl N y lsê sumbskvljbgtb flstl ddbalr l dl m`dujgl VEH (yl qub mulgh` sb ddbal l dl _ dls m`dujgls sb khbgtkekmlg m`g h`s dbtrls y mulgh` sb ddbal l dl ___ m`g trbs dbtrls). Y`r tlgt`, bd gÿjbr` hb m`dujgls jìxkj` qub p`hrì tbgbr ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` s`g <5.=68 m`dujgls. Ylrl sbdbmmk`glr ugl m`dujgl sb hbnbrì flmbr mdkm s`nrb dl dbtrl qub khbgtkekml dl m`dujgl qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hb dl kgtbrelmb. Ld flmbrd`, bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg mljnkl hb lspbmt` plslgh` l vksuldkzlrsb m`j` ugl edbmfl gbarl qub kghkml flmkl lnlo`. Ylrl khbgtkekmlr qub sb fl jlrmlh` dl m`dujgl sb jubstrl dl prkjbrl mbdhl hb dl m`dujgl bg m`d`r ndlgm` y bd rbst` l m`gtkgulmkýg bg m`d`r lzud mdlr`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
85=
bhkt`rkld } mbp
]bdbmmkýg hb m`dujgl
Ekdls Rgl ekdl bs dl dêgbl f`rkz`gtld qub vl hb kzqukbrhl l hbrbmfl bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Dls ekdls sb khbgtkekmlg m`g gÿjbr`s. Dl prkjbrl ekdl qub sb jubstrl bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud` bs dl ekdl <, l m`gtkgulmkýg dl > y lsê sumbskvljbgtb flstl ddbalr l dl ekdl <986215. Y`r tlgt`, bd gÿjbr` hb ekdls jìxkj` qub p`hrìg tbgbr ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` s`g <.986.215 ekdls. Ylrl sbdbmmk`glr ugl ekdl sb hbnbrì flmbr mdkm s`nrb bd gÿjbr` qub khbgtkekml dl ekdl qub sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb hbrbmfl hb dl kgtbrelmb. Ld flmbrd` bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg mljnkl hb lspbmt` plslgh` l vksuldkzlrsb m`j` ugl edbmfl gbarl qub kghkml flmkl dl hbrbmfl.
]bdbmmkýg hb ekdls
Ylrl khbgtkekmlr qub sb fl jlrmlh` dl ekdl sb jubstrl dl prkjbrl mbdhl hb dl ekdl bg m`d`r ndlgm` y bd rbst` l m`gtkgulmkýg bg m`d`r lzud mdlr`. F`ols Rgl f`ol hb mìdmud` (tljnkëg sb db hbg`jkgl f`ol hb trlnlo`) bstì `ralgkzlhl bg ekdls y m`dujgls. M`j` sb fl bxpdkmlh` bg d`s bpêarlebs lgtbrk`rbs mlhl ekdl sb khbgtkekml m`g ug gÿjbr` y mlhl m`dujgl m`g ugl dbtrl. Dl kgtbrsbmmkýg hb ugl ekdl m`g ugl m`dujgl sb hbg`jkgl mbdhl. Mlhl mbdhl sb khbgtkekmlrì m`g dl dbtrl hb dl m`dujgl y bd gÿjbr` hb dl ekdl. Mlhl mbdhl m`gtbghrì hlt`s (hb muldqukbr tkp`? gujërkm`, j`gbhl, ebmfl, tbxt`…), eugmk`gbs, eýrjudls ` rbebrbgmkls l `trls mbdhls.
858
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Dls f`ols sb khbgtkekmlg m`g ugl btkqubtl. Ylrl sbdbmmk`glr ugl f`ol, nlstl flmbr mdkm s`nrb bd g`jnrb ` btkqubtl. Bg bd mls` hb hbsblr sbdbmmk`glr vlrkls f`ols, pubhbg prbsbgtlrsb d`s skaukbgtbs mls`s? - Dls f`ols hb mìdmud` bstìg m`gtkauls? Bg bstb bstb mls`, sb hbnbrì flmbr flmbr mdkm m`g m`g bd rltýg s`nrb s`nrb dl prkjbrl f`ol l sbdbmmk`glr. L m`gtkgulmkýg, sb pudslrì s`nrb dl tbmdl jlyÿsmudl y p`r ÿdtkj` (skg hbolr hb pudslr dl tbmdl jlyÿsmudl) sb flrì mdkm s`nrb dl ÿdtkjl f`ol. - Dls f`ols hb mìdmud` g` bstìg m`gtkauls? Bg bstb mls`, sb hbnbrì hbnbrì flmbr mdkm bg bg mlhl ugl hb dls f`ols, jkbgtrls sb pudsl skjudtìgbljbgtb dl tbmdl MX^D. Bd g`jnrb hb ugl f`ol g` pubhb bstlr rbpbtkh` hbgtr` hb ug jksj` dknr`. Y`r tlgt`, g` bs p`skndb tbgbr h`s f`ols hb mìdmud` m`g dl jksjl btkqubtl yl qub Bxmbd jubstrl ug jbgslob hb brr`r. Rg dknr` hb trlnlo` bstì e`rjlh` p`r ug m`gougt` hb f`ols hb mìdmud` qub sb bgmubgtrlg laruplhls bg ug ÿgkm` h`mujbgt` ` lrmfkv`. Bg Bxmbd, d`s dknr`s hb trlnlo` sb aulrhlg m`g bxtbgskýg .xdxs. Mlhl f`ol hb trlnlo` sb khbgtkekml p`r ugl btkqubtl hbgtr` hb mlhl dknr`. Bg Bxmbd, d`s dknr`s hb trlnlo` sb mrblg p`r hbebmt` m`g trbs f`ols hb mìdmud`.
• J`hkekmlmkýg hb hlt`s Ylrl kgsbrtlr hlt`s bg ugl f`ol hb mìdmud`, kghbpbghkbgtbjbgtb hb su tkp`, nlstl tbmdblr hkrbmtljbgtb bd hlt` bg dl mbdhl, flmkbgh` prbvkljbgtb mdkm s`nrb bddl plrl sbdbmmk`glrdl ` utkdkzlgh` dls tbmdls hb hkrbmmkýg. Rgl vbz kgsbrtlh` bd hlt`, sb pudslrì dl tbmdl —Bgtbr‚ plrl vldkhlr dl bgtrlhl hb hlt`s bg dl mbdhl. @trl e`rjl hb vldkhlr dl bgtrlhl hb hlt`s bs pudslgh` dl tbmdl —tlnudlh`r‚ ` nkbg plslr l `trl mbdhl utkdkzlgh` dls tbmdls hb hkrbmmkýg. Kghbpbghkbgtbjbgtb hbd jët`h` utkdkzlh` plrl vldkhlr dl bgtrlhl hb hlt`s, bg `mlsk`gbs sbrì gbmbslrkl dl j`hkekmlmkýg hb d`s jksj`s. Bg d`s skaukbgtbs bpêarlebs, sb bxpdkmlrìg d`s hkstkgt`s jët`h`s y tkp`s hb j`hkekmlmkýg hb hlt`s. Bhkmkýg hbd m`gtbgkh` hb ugl mbdhl Rgl vbz kgsbrtlh` ug hlt` bg ugl mbdhl bs p`skndb qub sb flyl m`jbtkh` ldaÿg brr`r, bg muy` mls` sb hbnbrì pr`mbhbr l dl bhkmkýg hbd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl. D`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s l sbaukr plrl rbldkzlr dl bhkmkýg pubhbg ddbvlrsb l mln` bg d`s skaukbgtbs supubst`s? - X`h` bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl bs brrýgb`. Bg bstb mls`, nlstl m`g flmbr flmbr mdkm s`nrb dl mbdhl y tbmdblr bd gubv` hlt` y pudslr dl tbmdl —Bgtbr‚. Hb bstb j`h` sb rbbjpdlzl bd m`gtbgkh` prbvk`. - ]ýd` ldaÿg mlrìmtbr ` skag` bs brrýgb`. Bg bstb mls`, sb hbnbrì lmtkvlr bd —j`h` bhkmkýg‚. Bd j`h` bhkmkýg sb pubhb lmtkvlr hb h`s j`h`s? flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb dl mbdhl ` nkbg pudslgh` dl tbmdl hb eugmkýg E>. Ld flmbr h`ndb mdkm bd murs`r sb p`skmk`gl bg bd dualr hbgtr` hb dl mbdhl s`nrb bd qub sb fl fbmf` bd h`ndb mdkm y utkdkzlgh` dls tbmdls —suprkjkr‚ ` —rbtr`mbs`‚, sb j`hkekmlrì bd m`gtbgkh` brrýgb` y sb hbolrì bd m`rrbmt`. Bg bd mls` hb pudslr dl tbmdl E>, bd murs`r sb p`skmk`gl bg bd ÿdtkj` mlrìmtbr hb dl mbdhl. ]b pubhbg utkdkzlr dls tbmdls hb hkrbmmkýg flmkl dl hbrbmfl y flmkl dl kzqukbrhl plrl lvlgzlr y rbtr`mbhbr p`r d`s mlrlmtbrbs y bhktlr d`s qub sblg brrýgb`s. N`rrlh` hbd m`gtbgkh` hb ugl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls Bd jët`h` jìs sbgmkdd` plrl pr`mbhbr ld n`rrlh` hbd m`gtbgkh` hb ugl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls, bs sbdbmmk`glr dl mbdhl (flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb bddl) ` rlga` (utkdkzlgh` muldqukbrl hb d`s jët`h`s bxpdkmlh`s bg bd bpêarleb <.<) y pudslr dl tbmdl —]uprkjkr‚. Bg bstb mls`, dl mbdhl qubhl vlmêl.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
852
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Rg fkpbrvêgmud` (tljnkëg ddljlh` bgdlmb, vêgmud`, ` fkpbrbgdlmb) bs ug bdbjbgt` hb ug h`mujbgt` bdbmtrýgkm` qub flmb rbebrbgmkl l `tr` rbmurs`, m`j` p`r bobjpd` `tr` h`mujbgt` ` ug pugt` bspbmêekm` hbd jksj` ` hb `tr` h`mujbgt`. M`jnkglh` M`jnkglh` m`g ugl rbh hb hlt`s y ug pr`t`m`d` hb lmmbs`, ug fkpbrvêgmud` pbrjktb lmmbhbr ld rbmurs` rbebrbgmklh` bg hkebrbgtbs e`rjls, m`j` vksktlrd` m`g ug labgtb hb glvbalmkýg, j`strlrd` j`strlrd` m`j` plrtb hbd h`mujbgt` rbebrbgmklh`r ` aulrhlrd` d`mldjbgtb.
Xljnkëg sb pubhb utkdkzlr dl tbmdl rbtr`mbs`. Hb e`rjl skjkdlr ld lgtbrk`r jët`h`, sb sbdbmmk`glrì dl mbdhl ` rlga` y l m`gtkgulmkýg sb pudslrì dl tbmdl rbtr`mbs`. Bg bstb mls`, dl mbdhl tljnkëg qubhl vlmêl, pbr` bd murs`r sb jubstrl plrplhblgh` y sb pubhb tbmdblr ug gubv` m`gtbgkh`. Bxkstb ug tbrmbr jët`h` qub pbrjktb bd n`rrlh` hbd m`gtbgkh` hb ugl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls. Ylrl bdd`, sb hbnb lmmbhbr l dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚ y flmbr mdkm s`nrb bd n`týg —N`rrlr‚, qub sb jubstrl hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —J`hkekmlr‚. Ld pudslr s`nrb bstb n`týg sb jubstrlg vlrkls `pmk`gbs? —n`rrlr t`h`‚, —n`rrlr e`rjlt`‚, —n`rrlr m`gtbgkh`‚, —n`rrlr m`jbgtlrk`s‚ y —n`rrlr fkpbrvêgmud`s‚. Ylrl n`rrlr bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl, sb p`hrì bdbakr bgtrb dls `pmk`gbs —N`rrlr t`h`‚ ` —N`rrlr m`gtbgkh`‚.
@pmk`gbs m`jlgh` n`rrlr
Rs` hbd m`rrbmt`r `rt`arìekm` Bd us` hbd m`rrbmt`r `rt`arìekm` bs ugl hb dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs m`g dls qub mubgtlg dls lpdkmlmk`gbs hb f`ols hb mìdmud`. Bstl rbvkskýg dl rbldkzlg ltbghkbgh` l ug khk`jl m`gmrbt`. Dls pldlnrls qub sb kgmduybg bg dls mbdhls sb m`jplrlg m`g dls pldlnrls kgmdukhls bg bd hkmmk`glrk` hb dl lpdkmlmkýg. ]k g` sb bgmubgtrlg dls pldlnrls bg bd hkmmk`glrk`, sb jlrmlg m`j` brrýgbls. Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` l sbaukr plrl lmtkvlr bd m`rrbmt`r `rt`arìekm` bs bd skaukbgtb? - Yudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —@rt`arleêl‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —^bvkskýg‚ bg dl pbstlül —^bvkslr‚. Ld pudslrd`, m`jkbgzl dl m`rrbmmkýg y sk sb bgmubgtrl ldaugl pldlnrl brrýgbl sb j`strlrì bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —@rt`arleêl‚ (l m`gtkgulmkýg sb jubstrl bd khk`jl qub sb bstì utkdkzlgh` plrl rbldkzlr dl m`rrbmmkýg). Bg bstb mulhr` hb hkìd`a`, sb jubstrl dl pldlnrl supubstljbgtb brrýgbl y hbnlo` bg bd mulhr` —]uabrbgmkls‚, ug dkstlh` hb p`skndbs pldlnrls m`rrbmtls, plrl sustktukr dl pldlnrl brrýgbl p`r ldaugl hb dls pldlnrls suabrkhls, flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb bddls ` pudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Mljnklr‚.
855
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —@rt`arleêl‚
Lskjksj`, bg bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —@rt`arleêl‚ sb jubstrlg ug`s n`t`gbs qub tkbgbg dls skaukbgtbs eugmk`gldkhlhbs? - @jktkr ugl vbz? ]k sb pudsl s`nrb bstl bstl `pmkýg, sb hbol dl pldlnrl tld muld. Bstl `pmkýg `pmkýg sb utkdkzlrì mulgh` sb kgmduybg p`r bobjpd` g`jnrbs pr`pk`s ` pldlnrls bg `tr`s khk`jls qub g` bstëg kgmdukhls bg bd hkmmk`glrk`. - @jktkr t`hls? Bg mls` hb tbgbr jumfls lplrkbgmkls hb dl pldlnrl l d` dlra` hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud`, sk bdbakj`s bstl `pmkýg sb `jktkrìg d`s brr`rbs. - Larbalr ld hkmmk`glrk`? ]k dl pldlnrl qub sb fl jlrmlh` m`j` brrýgbl brrýgbl bs m`rrbmtl sb pubhb larbalr ld hkmmk`glrk`, hb j`h` qub ld bsmrknkrdl hb gubv` g` sb vubdvl l jlrmlr m`j` brrltl. Bst` `pmkýg sb subdb bsm`abr mulgh` p`r bobjpd` sb bstì kgmduybgh` bd g`jnrb hb ugl bjprbsl bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Xljnkëg sb pubhb lmtkvlr bd m`rrbmt`r `rt`arìekm` pudslgh` dl tbmdl hb eugmkýg E1. Rs` hb dls utkdkhlhbs hb nÿsqubhl y rbbjpdlz` Bg jumfls `mlsk`gbs bs gbmbslrk` sustktukr ug tbxt` qub lplrbmb rbpbtkhls vbmbs hbgtr` hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Ylrl bdd`, bs gbmbslrk` flmbr us` hb dls utkdkhlhbs hb nÿsqubhl y rbbjpdlz`. Mulgh` sb hbsbb lmtkvlr bstl eugmk`gldkhlh sb hbnb pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Nusmlr y sbdbmmk`glr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚ hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —J`hkekmlr‚. Ld pudslrd`, sb jubstrlg, bgtrb `trls dls skaukbgtbs `pmk`gbs? - @pmkýg —nusmlr‚. Ld pudslr s`nrb s`nrb bstl `pmkýg sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Nusmlr y rbbjpdlzlr‚, h`ghb sb jubstrlg h`s pbstlüls. ]b hbnb bsmrknkr bd tbxt` l nusmlr bg bd mulhr` hb tbxt` —Nusmlr‚ y pudslr d`s n`t`gbs —Nusmlr t`h`s‚ ` —Nusmlr skaukbgtb‚. ]k sb pudsl s`nrb bd n`týg —Nusmlr t`h`s‚ sb jubstrl bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r hbd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` ug dkstlh` m`g dl unkmlmkýg hb dls mbdhls h`ghb sb bgmubgtrl bd tbxt` l nusmlr. ]k sb pudsl s`nrb bd n`týg —Nusmlr skaukbgtb‚ bd murs`r sb krì p`skmk`glgh` bg dl mbdhl h`ghb sb bgmubgtrl dl pldlnrl.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
851
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Nusmlr‚. Mdkm s`nrb bd n`týg —Nusmlr t`h`s‚
Xljnkëg hbshb bstb mulhr` hb hkìd`a` sb pubhb lmmbhbr l dl eugmk`gldkhlh hb rbbjpdlzlr (qub sb bxpdkml l m`gtkgulmkýg), pudslgh` s`nrb dl pbstlül —^bbjpdlzlr‚. - @pmkýg ^bbjpdlzlr? Ld pudslr s`nrb bstl `pmkýg, sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Nusmlr y rbbjpdlzlr‚, bg dl pbstlül —^bbjpdlzlr‚. L trlvës hb ëd sb p`hrìg rbbjpdlzlr dls `murrbgmkls hb ugl pldlnrl ` erlsb p`r `trl. Ylrl bdd`, bg bd mulhr` hb tbxt` —Nusmlr‚. ]b hbnb bsmrknkr bd tbxt` l rbbjpdlzlr y bg bd mulhr` hb tbxt` —^bbjpdlzlr m`g‚, sb bsmrknkrì bd tbxt` p`r bd qub sb rbbjpdlzlrì dl pldlnrl prkjktkvl. Bg bstb mulhr` hb hkìd`a` sb pubhb `ptlr p`r rbbjpdlzlr t`h` bd tbxt` m`g ug s`d` mdkm, pudslgh` bd n`týg —^bbjpdlzlr t`h`s‚. ]k sb hbsbl kr rbbjpdlzlgh` mlhl `murrbgmkl hbd tbxt`, sb pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg —^bbjpdlzlr‚ y —Nusmlr skaukbgtb‚, hb bstb j`h`, sb tkbgb ug jly`r m`gtr`d s`nrb d`s tbxt`s sustktukh`s.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Nusmlr y rbbjpdlzlr‚. Ybstlül —^bbjpdlzlr‚
856
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
• Kgsbrmkýg y bdkjkglmkýg
Bg dl jly`rêl hb dls `mlsk`gbs, jkbgtrls sb bstì trlnlolgh` m`g f`ols hb mìdmud`, sb flmb gbmbslrkl dl kgsbrmkýg y bdkjkglmkýg hb d`s bdbjbgt`s qub sb jubstrlg bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud`? mbdhls, ekdls, m`dujgls y f`ols. Bg d`s skaukbgtbs bpêarlebs sb bstuhklrìg d`s hkebrbgtbs jët`h`s plrl ddbvlrd` l mln`. Mbdhls Dl kgsbrmkýg hb mbdhls sb rbldkzl skaukbgh` muldqukbrl hb bst`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Yudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Kgsbrtlr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Ld hbspdbalrd`, sb hbnbrì bsm`abr dl `pmkýg. Ld flmbrd`, sb j`strlrì bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr mbdhls‚, qub `erbmb dls `pmk`gbs —Hbspdlzlr dls mbdhls‚ flmkl dl hbrbmfl ` flmkl lnlo`. Rgl vbz bsm`akhl dl `pmkýg hbsblhl sb pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg —Lmbptlr‚.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr mbdhls‚
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
85;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
]k sb jlrml dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr t`hl ugl ekdl‚, sb kgsbrtlrì ugl ekdl m`jpdbtl. ]k sb jlrml s`nrb dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr t`hl ugl m`dujgl‚, sb kgsbrtlrì ugl m`dujgl. - @tr` jët`h` plrl kgsbrtlr ugl mbdhl m`gskstb bg sktulrsb bg ugl mbdhl y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl, bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr‚. ]b j`strlrì bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr mbdhl‚. ]b kgsbrtlrì ugl mbdhl p`r bgmkjl hb dl mbdhl bg dl qub sb bgmubgtrb bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg (bg bd mls` hb bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Hbspdlzlr dls mbdhls flmkl lnlo`‚ ` nkbg l dl kzqukbrhl bg mls` hb bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Hbspdlzlr dls mbdhls flmkl dl hbrbmfl‚). Ylrl pr`mbhbr l dl bdkjkglmkýg hb ugl mbdhl tljnkëg bxkstbg vlrk`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` jìs rìpkh` l rbldkzlr plrl bd n`rrlh` hb ugl mbdhl, bs flmbr mdkm hbrbmf` s`nrb dl mbdhl y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub lplrbmb bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr‚. ]b j`strlrì bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Bdkjkglr mbdhls‚ y sb bsm`abrì dl `pmkýg —Hbspdlzlr dls mbdhls flmkl dl kzqukbrhl‚ ` —Hbspdlzlr dls mbdhls flmkl lrrknl‚, sbaÿg dls gbmbskhlhbs. ]k bg bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Bdkjkglr mbdhls‚ sb jlrml dl `pmkýg —X`hl dl ekdl‚, sb bdkjkglrì dl ekdl m`jpdbtl. Hb j`h` skjkdlr, sk sb jlrml dl `pmkýg —X`hl dl m`dujgl‚ sb bdkjkglrì dl m`dujgl m`jpdbtl.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Bdkjkglr mbdhls‚
- @trl e`rjl bs bs sbdbmmk`glr dl mbdhl, flmkbgh` mdkm bg bddl y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Bdkjkglr‚, qub lplrbmb bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚, hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb sb bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr mbdhl‚. Xljnkëg sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Bdkjkglr mbdhls‚. Ekdls Dl kgsbrmkýg hb ekdls sb rbldkzl skaukbgh` muldqukbrl hb bst`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Yudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Kgsbrtlr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Ld hbspdbalrd`, sb hbnbrì bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr ekdls hb f`ol‚. Ld flmbrd`, sb kgsbrtlrì ugl ekdl bgmkjl hb dl mbdhl h`ghb sb bgmubgtrb bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg. - @tr` jët`h` plrl kgsbrtlr ugl ekdl m`gskstb m`gskstb bg sbdbmmk`glr dl ekdl (flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb bd gÿjbr` hb dl ekdl bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl) y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr‚. ]b kgsbrtlrì ugl ekdl bgmkjl hb dl ekdl sbdbmmk`glhl.
819
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Ylrl prbmbhbr l dl bdkjkglmkýg hb ugl ekdl tljnkëg bxkstbg vlrk`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` jìs rìpkh` l rbldkzlr plrl bd n`rrlh` hb ekdl, bs flmbr mdkm hbrbmf` hbrbmf` s`nrb dl ekdl sbdbmmk`glhl y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub lplrbmb bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr‚. - @trl e`rjl bs sbdbmmk`glr sbdbmmk`glr dl ekdl, flmkbgh` mdkm bg bddl y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Bdkjkglr‚, qub lplrbmb bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚, hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb sb bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr ekdls hb f`ol‚. Bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld bs bs dl vbgtlgl qub sb lnrb mulgh` flmbj`s flmbj`s mdkm m`g bd bd n`týg sbmughlrk` hbd rltýg. Bstb jbgÿ bs ug bdbjbgt` vkv` hbd skstbjl `pbrltkv` yl qub sb vl j`hkekmlgh` lülhkbgh` gubv`s bdbjbgt` ld jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld l jbhkhl qub kgstldlj`s gubv`s pr`arljls. p r`arljls.
M`dujgls Dl kgsbrmkýg hb m`dujgls sb rbldkzl skaukbgh` muldqukbrl hb bst`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Yudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Kgsbrtlr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Ld hbspdbalrd`, sb hbnbrì bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr m`dujgls hb f`ol‚. Ld flmbrd`, sb kgsbrtlrì ugl m`dujgl l dl kzqukbrhl hb dl mbdhl h`ghb sb bgmubgtrb bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg. - @tr` jët`h` plrl kgsbrtlr ugl m`dujgl m`gskstb bg sbdbmmk`glr dl m`dujgl (flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb dl dbtrl hb dl m`dujgl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hb dl mulhrêmudl) y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr‚. ]b kgsbrtlrì ugl m`dujgl l dl kzqukbrhl hb dl m`dujgl sbdbmmk`glhl. Ylrl pr`mbhbr l dl bdkjkglmkýg hb ugl m`dujgl tljnkëg bxkstbg vlrk`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` jìs rìpkh` l rbldkzlr plrl bd n`rrlh` hb m`dujgl bs flmbr mdkm hbrbmf` s`nrb s`nrb dl m`dujgl sbdbmmk`glhl y, bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub lplrbmb, bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr‚. - @trl e`rjl bs sbdbmmk`glr sbdbmmk`glr dl m`dujgl, flmkbgh` mdkm bg bddl y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Bdkjkglr‚, qub lplrbmb bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚, hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb sb bsm`ab dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr m`dujgls hb f`ol‚. F`ols hb mìdmud` Dl kgsbrmkýg hb ugl f`ol hb mìdmud`, sb pubhb rbldkzlr skaukbgh` vlrk`s jët`h`s? - Yudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Kgsbrtlr f`ol hb mìdmud`‚, qub lplrbmb lplrbmb oust` ld ekgld hb dl F`ol=. F`ol=. Ld pudslrd` lut`jìtkmljbgtb sb lülhb ugl gubvl f`ol hb mìdmud` qub sb khbgtkekml m`g bd g`jnrb F`ol8 (` muldqukbr `tr` gÿjbr` hbpbghkbgh` hb dls f`ols kgsbrtlhls). - Flmkbgh` mdkm hbrbmf` s`nrb muldqukbrl hb dls f`ols hb mìdmud` y bsm`akbgh` dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr‚ hbd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl. Bg bstb mls`, lplrbmb ug mulhr` hb hkìd`a`, hk ìd`a`, bg bd qub lplrbmbg hkebrbgtbs `pmk`gbs. ]b pudslrì s`nrb —F`ol hb mìdmud`‚ plrl kgsbrtlr ugl gubvl f`ol.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
81<
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr‚
- @trl `pmkýg plrl kgsbrtlr ugl f`ol bs pudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Kgsbrtlr‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Ld hbspdbalrd`, sb hbnbrì bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Kgsbrtlr F`ol‚. Lskjksj`, plrl pr`mbhbr l dl bdkjkglmkýg hb ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` sb pubhbg sbaukr vlrk`s jët`h`s. - Bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` jìs rìpkh` l rbldkzlr plrl bd n`rrlh` hb ugl f`ol bs flmbr mdkm hbrbmf` s`nrb dl btkqubtl hb dl f`ol y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub lplrbmb, bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr‚. - @trl e`rjl bs sbdbmmk`glr dl f`ol l n`rrlr, flmkbgh` mdkm bg su btkqubtl y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Bdkjkglr‚, qub lplrbmb bg dl sbmmkýg —Mbdhls‚, hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb sb bsm`ab dl `pmkýg —Bdkjkglr f`ol‚.
• M`pklh` ` rbunkmlmkýg Bg kggujbrlndbs `mlsk`gbs, hurlgtb d`s trlnlo`s rbldkzlh`s m`g f`ols hb mìdmud`, sb rbldkzlg m`pklh` ` rbunkmlmkýg tlgt` hb mbdhls m`j` hb rlga`s, lsê m`j` hb f`ols hb mìdmud`. Hb bstl e`rjl, sb lf`rrlrì jumf` tkbjp` bg dl m`gebmmkýg hb dls f`ols hb mìdmud` p`rqub nlstlrì m`g bsmrknkr bd m`gtbgkh` hb ugl mbdhl (g`rjldjbgtb eugmk`gbs ` eýrjudls) y sb m`pklrìg ld rbst` hb mbdhls hb e`rjl rìpkhl, jbhklgtb ug`s mdkms ` sýd` lrrlstrlgh` bd rltýg. Bg d`s skaukbgtbs bpêarlebs sb bxpdkmlrìg d`s hkebrbgtbs jët`h`s l utkdkzlr plrl m`pklr ` rbunkmlr mbdhls, rlga`s y f`ols. Mbdhls ` rlga`s hb mbdhls Dl `pbrlmkýg hb m`pklr mbdhls ` rlga`s hb mbdhls kjpdkml dl hupdkmlmkýg hb d`s hlt`s. Bg mljnk`, dl eugmk`gldkhlh hb j`vbr dls mbdhls m`gskstb bg dl rbunkmlmkýg hb d`s hlt`s l `trls mbdhls.
81>
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Ylrl m`pklr mbdhls ` rlga`s hb mbdhls, sb pubhbg sbaukr vlrk`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - ]bdbmmk`glr dl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls y l m`gtkgulmkýg pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+M. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb, flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg dl mbdhl h`ghb sb hbsbbg m`pklr d`s hlt`s y pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+U. Ld pudslr MX^D+U, sb pbalg hkrbmtljbgtb d`s hlt`s, m`g bd jksj` e`rjlt` qub dls mbdhls `rkakgldbs. Ld m`pklr ` m`rtlr sb jlrml m`g ugl dêgbl pugtblhl bd rlga` hb mbdhls l m`pklr. Ld pbalr d`s hlt`s m`pklh`s ` m`rtlh`s sb jubstrl bd km`g` —M`pklr‚, qub ld pudslrd` jubstrl dls hkstkgtls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh`.
@pmk`gbs hb pbalh`
- @tr` jët`h` m`gskstb bg, ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glh` sbdbmmk`glh` dl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls, mbdhls, pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl, bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —M`pklr‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb, flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg dl mbdhl h`ghb sb hbsbbg m`pklr d`s hlt`s y pudslr hb gubv` bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bsm`abr hb bgtrb dls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh` dl qub sb lhlptb l dls gbmbskhlhbs. Bgtrb dls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh` qub sb jubstrlg sb bgmubgtrlg dls skaukbgtbs? ±
X`h`. Bstl `pmkýg pbrjktb m`pklr tlgt` dl eýrjudl ` hlt` m`gtbgkh` bg dl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls y lhbjìs bd e`rjlt`.
±
Uld`rbs. ]ýd` ]ýd` pbal bd rbsudtlh` hb dl eýrjudl. G` sb m`pkl m`pkl bd e`rjlt`.
±
Eýrjudls. ]ýd` m`pkl dl eýrjudl. G` sb m`pkl bd e`rjlt`.
±
E`rjlt`. Jlgtbgbr e`rjlt` hb `rkabg.
- Rg tbrmbr jët`h`, juy skjkdlr ld lgtbrk`r, m`gskstb bg ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glhl dl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls, pudslr s`nrb dl `pmkýg —M`pklr‚ qub sb jubstrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Y`rtlplpbdbs‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb, flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg dl mbdhl h`ghb sb hbsbbg m`pklr d`s hlt`s y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Ybalr‚. Dls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh` s`g dls jksjls qub sb flg bxpdkmlh` lgtbrk`rjbgtb. ]kg bjnlra`, bg bstb mls` sb pubhb lmmbhbr l dls `pmk`gbs hb —Ybalh` bspbmkld‚, qub sb jubstrlg ld ekgld hb dls `pmk`gbs. Ld pudslr s`nrb —Ybalh` bspbmkld‚ sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Ybalh` bspbmkld‚, qub pbrjktb lmmbhbr l t`hls dls p`skndbs `pmk`gbs hb pbalh`. Y`r bobjpd`, pbrjktb m`pklr eýrjudls y e`rjlt`s pbr` g` d`s n`rhbs hb dls mbdhls m`pklhls, jlrmlgh` dl `pmkýg —X`h` bxmbpt` n`rhbs‚.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
81=
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Ybalh` bspbmkld‚
- Rg mulrt` jët`h` m`gskstb m`gskstb bg utkdkzlr bd rltýg plrl m`pklr mbdhls. Bstb jët`h` bs juy utkdkzlh` s`nrb t`h` mulgh` sb hbsblg m`pklr eýrjudls l rlga`s hb mbdhls m`gtkau`s. Rgl vbz sbdbmmk`glhl dl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls l m`pklr sb hbnbrì sktulr bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg bg dl bsqukgl kgebrk`r hbrbmfl hb dl mbdhl. ]b hbnb flmbr mdkm kzqukbrh` y, skg s`dtlr, lrrlstrlr flmkl lnlo` ` flmkl dl hbrbmfl y s`dtlr bd mdkm hbd rltýg plrl m`jpdbtlr dl lmmkýg hb m`pklr. Bg bstb j`jbgt` sb j`strlrì bd km`g` hb `pmk`gbs hb rbddbg`, qub ld pudslr s`nrb ëd lplrbmbg dls hkstkgtls `pmk`gbs hb rbddbg`. ]b hbnbrì sbdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg —M`pklr mbdhls‚.
@pmk`gbs hb rbddbg`
]k dls mbdhls l m`pklr g` s`g lhylmbgtbs bgt`gmbs, plrl m`pklr dls mbdhls, sb hbnbrì pudslr dl tbmdl MX^D. Ld pudslr s`nrb dl bsqukgl kgebrk`r hbrbmfl y, jlgtbgkëgh`dl pudslhl, lrrlstrlr flstl h`ghb sb m`pklrìg d`s hlt`s. Ylrl j`vbr ` rbunkmlr mbdhls ` rlga`s hb mbdhls, sb pubhbg sbaukr vlrk`s pr`mbhkjkbgt`s? - ]bdbmmk`glr dl mbdhl ` rlga` rlga` hb mbdhls y l m`gtkgulmkýg pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+V. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb, flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg dl mbdhl h`ghb sb hbsbbg j`vbr d`s hlt`s y pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+U. Ld pudslr MX^D+U sb pbalg hkrbmtljbgtb d`s hlt`s m`g bd jksj` e`rjlt` qub dls mbdhls `rkakgldbs. ]k sb hbsbl qub hbslplrbzmlg dls jlrmls pugtblhls qub sb jubstrlg jubstrlg ld m`pklr m`pklr ` m`rtlr mbdhls ` rlga`s hb mbdhls, sb pubhb pudslr dl tbmdl —Bsmlpb‚ ` nkbg flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg muldqukbr mbdhl.
818
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- @tr` jët`h` m`gskstb bg, ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glhl dl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls, pudslr s`nrb s`nrb bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub sb jubstrl, bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —M`rtlr‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb, flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg dl mbdhl h`ghb sb hbsbbg j`vbr d`s hlt`s y pudslr hb gubv` bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bsm`abr hb bgtrb dls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh` dl qub sb lhlptb l dls gbmbskhlhbs. Bgtrb dls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh` qub sb jubstrlg, sb bgmubgtrlg dls yl jbgmk`glhls lgtbrk`rjbgtb m`g dl `pmkýg hb m`pklh`. - Rg tbrmbr jët`h`, juy skjkdlr ld lgtbrk`r, m`gskstb bg ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glhl dl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls, pudslr s`nrb dl `pmkýg —M`rtlr‚ qub sb jubstrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Y`rtlplpbdbs‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚. Y`stbrk`rjbgtb, flmbr mdkm m`g bd rltýg bg dl mbdhl h`ghb sb hbsbbg j`vbr d`s hlt`s y pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Ybalr‚. Dls `pmk`gbs hb pbalh` s`g dls jksjls yl bxpdkmlhls lgtbrk`rjbgtb. - Rg mulrt` jët`h` m`gskstb bg utkdkzlr bd rltýg plrl j`vbr mbdhls. Rgl vbz sbdbmmk`glhls dls mbdhls ` rlga` hb mbdhls sb hbnbrì sktulr bd rltýg s`nrb bd n`rhb kgebrk`r hb dl mbdhl ` rlga`. ]b pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg kzqukbrh` hbd rltýg y, skg s`dtlrd`, sb lrrlstrlrì flstl dl p`skmkýg h`ghb sb hbsbb j`vbr dls mbdhls ` rlga` hb mbdhls.
Lhylmbgtb? sktulh` bg dl Lhylmbgtb? kgjbhklmkýg ` pr`xkjkhlh hb lda`.
F`ols hb mìdmud` Dls f`ols hb mìdmud` tljnkëg sb pubhbg j`vbr y m`d`mlr bg hkstkgtls p`skmk`gbs. Bst` sb pubhb rbldkzlr hb h`s e`rjls. - Flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb dl btkqubtl hb dl f`ol, bd pugtbr` hbd hbd rltýg mljnkl hb lspbmt` y plsl l tbgbr dl lplrkbgmkl hb ugl f`ol. Bgt`gmbs, skg s`dtlr bd n`týg, lrrlstrlr bd rltýg s`nrb dls btkqubtls hb dls f`ols flstl dl p`skmkýg h`ghb sb hbsbb m`d`mlr dl f`ol. - Yudslgh` bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub lplrbmb, bsm`abr dl `pmkýg —J`vbr ` m`pklr‚. Ld bsm`abr bstl `pmkýg, sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —J`vbr ` m`pklr‚, qub pbrjktb j`vbr ld ekgld, bg muy` mls` sb sktulrêl dl f`ol ld ekgld hb dls bxkstbgtbs ` m`d`mlr dl f`ol bgtrb muldqukbrl hb dls `trls.
Jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld `pmkýg —J`vbr ` m`pklr‚
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
812
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —J`vbr ` m`pklr‚
]k bg dualr hb j`vbr dl f`ol sb hbsbl mrblr ug hupdkmlh`, sb rbldkzlrì ugl m`pkl hb dl jksjl jlrmlgh` dl mlskddl hb vbrkekmlmkýg —Mrblr ugl m`pkl‚ hbd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —J`vbr ` m`pklr‚. @tr` pr`mbhkjkbgt` qub pbrjktb rbldkzlr m`pkls hb ugl f`ol bs bd skaukbgtb? - Y`skmk`glrsb bg dl f`ol l m`pklr y pudslr dl tbmdl MX^D. MX^D. - ]kg s`dtlr dl tbmdl MX^D, flmbr mdkm s`nrb s`nrb dl btkqubtl hb dl f`ol l m`pklr y lrrlstrlr, s`dtlgh` mulgh` g`s p`skmk`gbj`s bg bd dualr h`ghb sb hbsbb sktulr dl m`pkl. (Bg bstb mls`, bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg lhqukbrb bd lspbmt` hb f`ol y sb lülhb bd skag` +).
F. Eýrjudls y eugmk`gbs l. Eýrjudls • @pbrlh`rbs y prk`rkhlh D`s `pbrlh`rbs s`g bdbjbgt`s eughljbgtldbs hbgtr` hb dls f`ols hb mìdmud`, yl qub m`g bdd`s sb rbldkzlg dls `pbrlmk`gbs m`g d`s hlt`s kgmdukh`s bg dls mbdhls. Rg `pbrlh`r bs ug sêjn`d` qub sb utkdkzl plrl rbldkzlr mkbrtl `pbrlmkýg y qub bg m`jnkglmkýg m`g d`s hlt`s, e`rjlrìg ugl eýrjudl. Bg ugl jksjl eýrjudl, pubhbg bgm`gtrlrsb vlrk`s y hkstkgt`s `pbrlh`rbs. Y`r bdd` sb hbnb tbgbr bg mubgtl dl prk`rkhlh hb d`s jksj`s, yl qub mkbrtls `pbrlmk`gbs tkbgbg prbmbhbgmkl s`nrb `trls. D`s tkp`s hb `pbrlh`rbs utkdkzlh`s m`g hlt`s gujërkm`s bg f`ols hb mìdmud` s`g h`s? lrktjëtkm`s y dýakm`s. - D`s `pbrlh`rbs lrktjëtkm`s pbrjktbg rbldkzlr `pbrlmk`gbs lrktjëtkmls bgtrb vld`rbs gujërkm`s ` rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls qub m`gtbgalg hlt`s gujërkm`s. Bst`s s`g d`s skaukbgtbs?
815
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
@pbrlh`r
@pbrlmkýg
Hbsmrkpmkýg
+ * / W %
]ujl ^bstl Judtkpdkmlmkýg Hkvkskýg Y`tbgmkl Xlgt` p`r mkbgt`
]ujl hb d`s `pbrlgh`s ^bstl hb d`s `pbrlgh`s Yr`humt` hb d`s `pbrlgh`s Hkvkskýg hb d`s `pbrlgh`s Bdbvl dl nlsb ld bxp`gbgtb ^bldkzl dl hkvkskýg bgtrb <99.
- D`s `pbrlh`rbs dýakm`s, pbrjktbg rbldkzlr m`jplrlmk`gbs y `erbmbg m`j` rbsudtlh` d`s vld`rbs dýakm`s vbrhlhbr` ` elds`. Y`r bobjpd`, dl `pbrlmkýg =42 hl m`j` rbsudtlh` bd vld`r vbrhlhbr` p`rqub bd gÿjbr` = bs jbg`r qub bd gÿjbr` 2. ]b jubstrlg l m`gtkgulmkýg d`s `pbrlh`rbs dýakm`s y su hbsmrkpmkýg? @pbrlh`r
Hbsmrkpmkýg
:
Kauld l
47
Hkstkgt`
4
Jbg`r qub
7
Jly`r qub
4:
Jbg`r ` kauld qub
7:
Jly`r ` kauld qub
Ld kgtr`humkr ugl eugmkýg ` eýrjudl, sk bstl g` bs m`rrbmtl, Bxmbd jubstrl ug jbgslob hb brr`r y bg `mlsk`gbs pr`p`gb dl s`dumkýg plrl qub hb jlgbrl lut`jìtkml sb m`rrkol hkmf` brr`r y dl eýrjudl rbldkmb m`rrbmtljbgtb bd mìdmud`. @pbrlh`r
@pbrlmkýg
Yrk`rkhlh
W
Y`tbgmkl
<
*
Judtkpdkmlmkýg
>
/
Hkvkskýg
>
+
]ujl
=
-
^bstl @pbrlh`rbs hb m`jplrlmkýg
=
4, 4:,7, 7:, 47, :
2
M`j` yl sb fl m`jbgtlh`, ugl eýrjudl pubhb bstlr e`rjlhl p`r jìs hb ug `pbrlh`r y p`r bdd` mlhl `pbrlh`r tkbgb su prk`rkhlh hb j`h` qub ugls `pbrlmk`gbs sb rbldkzlg lgtbs qub `trls bg eugmkýg hb su prbmbhbgmkl plrl j`strlr ug rbsudtlh` m`rrbmt`. ]b jubstrl l m`gtkgulmkýg bd `rhbg hb prk`rkhlh hb d`s `pbrlh`rbs. Dl utkdkzlmkýg hb plrëgtbsks, pbrjktb lskaglr jly`r prk`rkhlh l lqubddls `pbrlmk`gbs qub sb kgmduybg hbgtr` hbd plrëgtbsks kghbpbghkbgtbjbgtb hb su `rhbg hb prk`rkhlh. Y`r bobjpd`? : (2+2)/<9. Lugqub
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
811
bhkt`rkld } mbp
dl prk`rkhlh hbd `pbrlh`r hb hkvkskýg —/‚ bs jly`r, sb rbldkzl lgtbs dl sujl, yl qub bstìg hbgtr` hbd plrëgtbsks.
• Bsmrkturl hb eýrjudls Rgl eýrjudl bs ugl m`jnkglmkýg hb `pbrlh`rbs y hlt`s ` rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls qub m`gtkbgbg hlt`s y qub ld rbldkzlr bd mìdmud` qub sb kghkml sb `ntkbgb ug rbsudtlh`. Rgl eýrjudl bs ug bdbjbgt` bsbgmkld b kjprbsmkghkndb hbgtr` hb dls f`ols hb mìdmud`. Ylrl qub ugl eýrjudl rbldkmb m`rrbmtljbgtb d`s mìdmud`s hbsblh`s bs gbmbslrk` m`g`mbr dl prk`rkhlh hb d`s `pbrlh`rbs (bstuhklhl bg bd bpêarleb lgtbrk`r) y dl skgtlxks qub hbnbg sbaukr. Dl bsmrkturl hb eýrjudls m`jkbgzl skbjprb m`g bd skag` —:‚. L m`gtkgulmkýg sb hbnbrìg bsmrknkr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb `pbrlh`rbs y `pbrlgh`s qub kgtbrvkbgbg bg dl eýrjudl. Bg dl jly`rêl hb dls `mlsk`gbs d`s `pbrlgh`s sbrìg rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls, qub g` bs gbmbslrk` tbmdblr, skjpdbjbgtb flmkbgh` mdkm m`g bd rltýg s`nrb dl mbdhl qub m`gtkbgb bd `pbrlgh`, sb bsmrknkrì hkmfl rbebrbgmkl.
Bobjpd`s hb eugmk`gbs
Bg ugl eýrjudl d`s `pbrlgh`s lhbjìs hb m`rrbsp`ghbr l rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls, tljnkëg pubhbg sbr vld`rbs m`gstlgtbs ` nkbg eugmk`gbs.
• M`pkl hb eýrjudls Bg d`s trlnlo`s m`g f`ols hb mìdmud`s bs juy flnktuld rbldkzlr m`pkl hb eýrjudls, hb j`h` qub dl eýrjudl sýd` sb bsmrknkrì ugl vbz y sb m`pklrì l `trls mbdhls plrl qub rbldkmbg d`s mìdmud`s m`g `tr`s hlt`s. ]b bxpdkmlg l m`gtkgulmkýg d`s skaukbgtbs jët`h`s qub pbrjktbg m`pklr eýrjudls? - Rtkdkzlgh` bd tbmdlh`. tbmdlh`. ]b hbnbrì hbnbrì sbdbmmk`glr dl mbdhl qub m`gtkbgb dl eýrjudl y pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+M plrl m`pklr dl eýrjudl y l m`gtkgulmkýg sb hbnbrì sktulr bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg s`nrb dl mbdhl (` sbdbmmk`glr ug rlga` hb mbdhls), bg dl qub sb hbsbb m`d`mlr dl eýrjudl y pudslr dl m`jnkglmkýg hb tbmdls MX^D+U plrl pbalr hkmfl eýrjudl. Ld pbalr dl eýrjudl, sb mljnklg dls rbebrbgmkls l dls mbdhls (yl qub p`r hbebmt` sb utkdkzlg rbebrbgmkls rbdltkvls, qub sb bxpdkmlrìg bg bd bpêarleb skaukbgtb). Bstb jët`h` sb pubhb utkdkzlr tlgt` plrl m`pklr eýrjudls bg mbdhls lhylmbgtbs m`j` l mbdhls g` lhylmbgtbs. - Rtkdkzlgh` bd rltýg. Bstb jët`h` bs bs juy utkdkzlh` plrl m`pklr eýrjudls bg mbdhls lhylmbgtbs. Ylrl bdd`, sb hbnb sbdbmmk`glr dl mbdhl l m`pklr y sktulr bd pugtbr` hbd rltýg s`nrb dl bsqukgl kgebrk`r hbrbmfl, sb flmb mdkm y sb lrrlstrl flmkl lnlo` ` flmkl dl hbrbmfl (hbpbghkbgh` hb h`ghb sb hbsbb m`pklr dl eýrjudl), sbdbmmk`glgh` bd rlga` s`nrb bd qub sb m`pklrìg dls eýrjudls. Bg bstb mls`, tljnkëg sb m`pklg dls eýrjudls utkdkzlgh` rbebrbgmkls rbdltkvls.
816
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bg d`s jët`h`s bxpdkmlh`s lgtbrk`rjbgtb, sb m`pklrìg g` sýd` dls eýrjudls skg` tljnkëg d`s e`rjlt`s. Bg mls` hb hbsblr m`pklr sýd` dls eýrjudls, sb pubhb utkdkzlr dl `pmkýg hb pbalh` (n`týg hb pbalh` hb eýrjudls‚
• ^bebrbgmkls rbdltkvls, lns`dutls y jkxtls Dls mbdhls hb dls f`ols hb mìdmud`, pubhbg m`gtbgbr m`j` yl sb fl bxpdkmlh`, hlt`s ` eýrjudls. Kghbpbghkbgtbjbgtb hb su m`gtbgkh`, dls mbdhls sb pubhbg pu bhbg m`pklr, m`rtlr y pbalr, m`j` sb fl rbebrkh` bg bd bpêarleb lgtbrk`r. Mulgh` dls mbdhls m`gtkbgbg eugmk`gbs, eýrjudls ` rbebrbgmkls l `trls mbdhls, ld m`pklrdls, g` sb m`pkl bxlmtljbgtb bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl skg` qub dls m`pkls sb flmbg bg eugmkýg hb dls p`skmk`gbs hb dls mbdhls. Bg bstb mls` sb utkdkzlg rbebrbgmkls rbdltkvls. Bg bd bobjpd` sb fl m`pklh` dl eýrjudl :]ujl (L>?N>), ld utkdkzlr rbebrbgmkls rbdltkvls y bgm`gtrlrsb d`s `pbrlgh`s bg dls skaukbgtbs ekdls, vlg mljnklgh` dls rbebrbgmkls l dls ekdls. Dl m`pklhl, bstlnl bg dl ekdl > y sujlnl bd rlga` L>?N>. Y`r tlgt`, dl ekdl =, sujlrì bd rlga` L=?N= y lsê sumbskvljbgtb. Dls rbebrbgmkls qub sb lpdkmlg p`r hbebmt` s`g dls rbdltkvls.
Bobjpd` hb rbebrbgmkls rbdltkvls
Ld utkdkzlr rbebrbgmkls lns`dutls y m`pklr dls mbdhls, dls rbebrbgmkls sb jlgtkbgbg ekols y g` sb mljnklg sbaÿg dl p`skmkýg. Ylrl kghkmlr qub sb vlg l utkdkzlr rbebrbgmkls lns`dutls, bs gbmbslrk` lgtbp`gbr bd sêjn`d` hb hýdlr —$‚ hbdlgtb hb dl ekdl y m`dujgl qub sb hbsbl jlgtbgbr ekol. Y`r bobjpd`? $N$1, ld m`pklr bstl mbdhl l `trl mbdhl, bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl sbrì $N$1, rbebrbgmklgh` l bsl jksjl mbdhl kghbpbghkbgtbjbgtb hb dl p`skmkýg qub `mupb.
Bobjpd` hb rbebrbgmkls lns`dutls
Ld utkdkzlr rbebrbgmkls jkxtls y m`pklr dls mbdhls, dls rbebrbgmkls hb dl ekdl ` hb dl m`dujgl mljnklrìg sk g` tkbgbg hbdlgtb bd sêjn`d` —$‚, jkbgtrls qub g` vlrklrìg lqubddls qub tbgalg hbdlgtb bd sêjn`d` —$‚3 l hkebrbgmkl hb dls lns`dutls bg dls qub tlgt` ekdl m`j` m`dujgl pbrjlgbmbg ekols. G`rjldjbgtb, dls rbebrbgmkls jkxtls sb utkdkzlg mulgh` sb vlg l rbldkzlr `pbrlmk`gbs m`g jltrkmbs, bg dls qub d`s `pbrlgh`s bstìg hkstrknukh`s bg ekdls y m`dujgls.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
81;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bg jltbjìtkmls, ug `pbrlgh` bs ugl hb hb dls bgtrlhls (lraujbgt`s (lraujbgt`s ` vlrklndbs) hb ug `pbrlh`r. Y`r bobjpd`, bg =+5 : ; , —+ — bs bd `pbrlh`r, —= — y —5 — s`g d`s `pbrlgh`s. ]k bd `pbrlgh` vl lm`jplülh` hb ug skag` jbg`s (——) sb m`gskhbrl qub bs ug `pbrlgh` gbaltkv`, bg mls` m`gtrlrk` sb m`gskhbrl `pbrlgh` p`sktkv` ` skjpdbjbgtb `pbrlgh`.
Bobjpd` hb rbebrbgmkls jkxtls
• ^bebrbgmkls bxtbrgls y vêgmud`s Bg d`s bpêarlebs lgtbrk`rbs sb flg bxpdkmlh` d`s tkp`s hb rbebrbgmkls qub sb pubhbg rbldkzlr hbgtr` hb ug jksj` dknr` hb trlnlo`. Bg bstb bpêarleb sb trltlrìg d`s lspbmt`s rbdltkv`s l dls rbebrbgmkls bxtbrgls, bs hbmkr, rbebrbgmkls hb rlga`s hb f`ols hb mìdmud` bgtrb d`s hkstkgt`s dknr`s. L dls rbebrbgmkls bxtbrgls tljnkëg sb dbs hbg`jkgl vêgmud`s. Rgl rbebrbgmkl bxtbrgl m`gskstb bg ugl rbebrbgmkl l ugl mbdhl ` rlga` hb mbdhls qub sb sktÿlg hbgtr` hb ugl f`ol hb trlnlo` bg `tr` dknr` hkebrbgtb. Dl e`rjl bg dl qub sb jubstrl ugl rbebrbgmkl bxtbrgl bs dl skaukbgtb? prkjbr` hbnbrì lplrbmbr bgtrb m`rmfbtbs bd g`jnrb hbd dknr` hb trlnlo`, kgmduybgh` dl bxtbgskýg. L m`gtkgulmkýg (skg bsplmk`), bd g`jnrb hb dl f`ol, sbaukh` hbd skag` —!‚ y p`r ÿdtkj`, dl rbebrbgmkl l dl mbdhl. Bobjpd`?
:SG`jnrbPDknr`.xdsxZG`jnrbPF`ol!$B$2
Ylrl mrblr ugl rbebrbgmkl bxtbrgl, g` bs gbmbslrk` tbmdblr bst`s hlt`s, skjpdbjbgtb sb hbnbrì tbgbr lnkbrt`s ljn`s dknr`s (bd qub m`gtkbgb d`s hlt`s qub sb hbsblg rbebrbgmklr y bd qub m`gtkbgb dl rbebrbgmkl). Ylrl kgsbrtlr ugl rbebrbgmkl bxtbrgl bg ugl mbdhl, sb pudslrì s`nrb hkmfl mbdhl, l m`gtkgulmkýg sb bsmrknb bd skag` : y p`stbrk`rjbgtb sb lmmbhbrì l dl f`ol hbd `tr` dknr` y sb flrì mdkm m`g bd rltýg s`nrb dl mbdhl qub sb hbsbl rbebrbgmklr. Ld flmbrd` sb jlrml hkmfl mbdhl (` rlga` hb mbdhls) pugtblhl (bg dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls sb vksuldkzl dl rbebrbgmkl skaukbgh` dl skgtlxks rbebrkhl lgtbrk`rjbgtb, p`r bdd` sb fl m`jbgtlh`, qub g` bs gbmbslrk` bsmrknkrdl, yl qub sb bsmrknb lut`jìtkmljbgtb ld pudslr s`nrb dl mbdhl). Ylrl vldkhlr dl rbebrbgmkl sb pudslrì dl tbmdl —Bgtbr‚ y hb bstb j`h` sb vubdvb lut`jìtkmljbgtb ld prkjbr dknr`, h`ghb sb vksuldkzlg d`s hlt`s rbebrbgmklh`s (bg dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls sb j`strlrì dl rbebrbgmkl bxtbrgl). Dls rbebrbgmkls bxtbrgls tljnkëg sb m`g`mbg m`j` vêgmud`s, yl qub sk sb j`hkekml bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl bg bd dknr` rbebrbgmklh`, lut`jìtkmljbgtb sb lmtuldkzlrìg d`s hlt`s bg bd dknr` bg bd qub sb fl kgsbrtlh` dl rbebrbgmkl bxtbrgl. Y`r hbebmt`, ld utkdkzlr rbebrbgmkls bxtbrgls bd tkp` hb rbebrbgmkl hb dl mbdhl sb jlrml m`j` lns`dut`, pbr` sb pubhb j`hkekmlr bg eugmkýg hb dls gbmbskhlhbs hb d`s mìdmud`s qub sb hbsbbg rbldkzlr.
869
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
• ^bs`dumkýg hb brr`rbs bg dls eýrjudls Bg d`s bpêarlebs lgtbrk`rbs sb fl bxpdkmlh` dl skgtlxks ` e`rjl qub tkbgbg qub sbaukr dls eýrjudls y rbebrbgmkls. Bg hkmfl skgtlxks, kgtbrvkbgbg skag`s (—:‚, plrëgtbsks, —!‚ y `pbrlh`rbs), qub hbnbg bstlr m`d`mlh`s hb jlgbrl lpr`pklhl yl qub bg mls` m`gtrlrk` sb prbsbgtlrìg jbgslobs hb brr`r. Lugqub bg ldaugls `mlsk`gbs dl m`rrbmmkýg hb bst`s brr`rbs sb rbldkzl hb e`rjl lut`jìtkml jbhklgtb dl vldkhlmkýg, p`r plrtb hbd usulrk`, hb dl suabrbgmkl qub sb `erbmb plrl su m`rrbmmkýg. Bs kjp`rtlgtb m`g`mbr d`s tkp`s hb brr`rbs, d`s jët`h`s hb rbs`dumkýg hb brr`rbs bg dls eýrjudls y dls fbrrljkbgtls hb lyuhl qub sb pr`p`gbg bg dl rbs`dumkýg hb hkmf`s brr`rbs. Bg d`s bpêarlebs skaukbgtbs sb hbtlddlrìg bst`s m`gtbgkh`s. Xkp`s hb brr`rbs Bg bd mls` hb bsmrknkr bg ugl mbdhl ugl eýrjudl ` eugmkýg g` m`rrbmtl, Jkmr`s`et Bxmbd >9<9 pubhb kge`rjlr qub sb fl m`jbtkh` ug p`skndb brr`r skaukbgh` ldaugl hb bstls e`rjls? - J`strlr ug mulhr` mulhr` hb hkìd`a` bg bd qub sb kghkml qub fl `murrkh` ug brr`r bg dl eýrjudl y bg ldaug`s mls`s pr`p`gb ugl m`rrbmmkýg. G`rjldjbgtb, bst`s mulhr`s hb hkìd`a` sb j`strlrìg mulgh` sb m`jbtlg brr`rbs m`jugbs, tldbs m`j` dl kgmduskýg hb ug `pbrlh`r ld ekgld hb dl eýrjudl. Ldaug`s brr`rbs sb m`rrkabg lut`jìtkmljbgtb, m`j` p`r bobjpd` sk eldtl ug plrëgtbsks ld ekgld hb ugl eýrjudl, sb lülhb ld vldkhlr dl eýrjudl.
Mulhr` hb hkld`a` qub kge`rjl s`nrb brr`r pbr` g` suakbrb m`rrbmmkýg
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` qub kge`rjl s`nrb brr`r y pr`p`gb m`rrbmmkýg
- J`stlr ug pbqubü` trkìgaud` bg dl bsqukgl supbrk`r kzqukbrhl hb dl mbdhl (g`rjldjbgtb hb m`d`r vbrhb) y ug mýhka` qub khbgtkekml bd tkp` hb brr`r. ]b jubstrl l m`gtkgulmkýg, ugl rbdlmkýg m`g d`s mýhka`s hb brr`r jìs erbmubgtbs y su skagkekmlh`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
86<
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bg dl skaukbgtb tlndl sb jubstrlg d`s tkp`s hb brr`rbs? Mýhka` hb brr`r
]kagkekmlh`
Bd tbxt` g` sb m`rrbsp`ghb m`g gkgaugl eýrjudl ` eugmkýg. ]b rbldkzlg mìdmud`s m`g tkp`s hb hlt`s hkstkgt`s bgtrb sê. Y`r bobjpd`, sb sujl ug gÿjbr` m`g ug tbxt`. ]b hbtbmtl qub sb fl kgtr`humkh` hbgtr` hb ugl eýrjudl ` eugmkýg ug hlt` g` gujërkm`. ]b pr`humb mulgh` sb rbldkzlg mìdmud`s hb hkvkskýg bgtrb 9 ` rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls vlmêls. ]b flmbg rbebrbgmkls g` vìdkhls hbgtr` hb eugmk`gbs ` eýrjudls. ]b rbdlmk`glg rlga`s hbgtr` hb ugl eýrjudl ` eugmkýg qub g` sb kgtbrsbmmk`glg. ]b pr`humb m`g ugl eugmkýg bspbmkld hb nÿsqubhl, mulgh` sb kgtbgtl nusmlr hlt`s qub bstìg m`gtbgkh`s bg d`s rlga`s hb nÿsqubhl.
Bg `mlsk`gbs sb jubstrl bg dl mbdhl dl lplrkbgmkl skaukbgtb?
Bst` g` skagkekml qub sb flyl m`jbtkh` gkgaÿg brr`r, skjpdbjbgtb, qub bd hlt` qub sb kgmduyb bg dl mbdhl bs hbjlsklh` lgmf` plrl su tljlü`. Y`r tlgt`, d` ÿgkm` qub sb hbnbrì flmbr sbrì lujbgtlr dl lgmfurl hb dl m`dujgl. Fbrrljkbgtls hb lyuhl bg dl rbs`dumkýg hb brr`rbs Xld y m`j` sb fl hbsmrkt` bg bd lplrtlh` lgtbrk`r, mulgh` sb pr`humb ug brr`r bg ugl eýrjudl ` eugmkýg sb jubstrl ug pbqubü` trkìgaud` bg dl bsqukgl supbrk`r kzqukbrhl. Ld pudslr s`nrb hkmfl jlrml sb jubstrl bd km`g` hb lmmbs` l dls fbrrljkbgtls hb lyuhl, qub pbrjktb lmmbhbr l dls fbrrljkbgtls hb lyuhl bg dl rbs`dumkýg hb brr`rbs. Hbpbghkbgh` hbd tkp` hb brr`r, sb `erbmbg hkebrbgtbs p`sknkdkhlhbs. Lugqub bg abgbrld sb jubstrlg dls skaukbgtbs `pmk`gbs? - Khbgtkekmlmkýg hbd tkp` hb brr`r. Dl prkjbrl dêgbl hbd jbgÿ kghkml bd tkp` hb brr`r? Brr`r hb g`jnrb g` vìdkh`, Brr`r hb hkvkskýg bgtrb mbr`, btm. - Lyuhl s`nrb bstb bstb brr`r. Ld pudslr s`nrb bstl `pmkýg sb lnrb dl —Lyuhl‚ hb Bxmbd, h`ghb sb `erbmb dl lyuhl gbmbslrkl plrl bxpdkmlr y sunslglr bd brr`r m`jbtkh`.
86>
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- J`strlr pls`s hb mìdmud`. Ld Ld pudslr s`nrb bstl `pmkýg, sb lnrb bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Bvldulr eýrjudl‚, qub pbrjktb bobmutlr pls` l pls` mlhl ugl hb dls `pbrlmk`gbs qub sb kghkmlg bg dl eýrjudl, kghkmlgh` bd rbsudtlh`. Hb bstb j`h`, sb khbgtkekml jìs eìmkdjbgtb bg quë plrtb hb dl eýrjudl sb bgmubgtrl bd brr`r. ]`nrb t`h` bg eýrjudls ` eugmk`gbs lgkhlhls ` qub m`gtkbgbg jumfls `pbrlmk`gbs ` rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls. - @jktkr brr`r. ]k sb fl m`jpr`nlh` m`jpr`nlh` qub dl eýrjudl bs m`rrbmtl m`rrbmtl sb bsm`abrì bsm`abrì bstl `pmkýg `pmkýg plrl qub hbslplrbzml dl jlrml hb brr`r. - J`hkekmlr bg dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls. Ld pudslr s`nrb s`nrb bstl `pmkýg `pmkýg bd murs`r murs`r sb p`skmk`gl bg dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls h`ghb sb vksuldkzl dl eýrjudl y sb pubhb pr`mbhbr l su bhkmkýg.
Fbrrljkbgtls hb lyuhl
n. Eugmk`gbs • Eugmk`gbs jltbjìtkmls prbhbekgkhls bg dl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` Dls eugmk`gbs pbrjktbg dl rbldkzlmkýg hb mìdmud`s, skaubg ugl bstrumturl y hbnbg mujpdkr ugls rbadls hb skgtlxks plrl su m`rrbmt` eugmk`gljkbgt`. Bstìg e`rjlhls p`r dl m`jnkglmkýg hb vld`rbs m`gstlgtbs y `pbrlh`rbs ` rbebrbgmkls l `tr`s rlga`s. Dl hkebrbgmkl bgtrb dls eýrjudls y dls eugmk`gbs bs qub ëstls ÿdtkjls bstìg prbhbekgkhls. Dls eugmk`gbs sb mdlskekmlg bg mltba`rêls, hbpbghkbgh` hb d`s mìdmud`s qub rbldkmbg. Dl eugmkýg jltbjìtkml jìs usuld y utkdkzlhl bg dls f`ols hb mìdmud` bs —]RJL‚, muyl skgtlxks bs dl skaukbgtb? :]RJL (gÿjbr`<3 gÿjbr`>3…gujbr`-g).
H`ghb gÿjbr`<, gÿjbr`>…gujbr`-g, pubhbg sbr vld`rbs m`gstlgtbs ` rbebrbgmkls l rlga`s ` mbdhls) Bstl eugmkýg sujl d`s gÿjbr`s m`gtbgkh`s bg ug rlga` hb mbdhls. Ylrl kgsbrtlr bstl eugmkýg, y muldqukbr `trl bg abgbrld, bxkstbg vlrkls p`sknkdkhlhbs? - Dl prkjbrl hb bddls bs bsmrknkr hkrbmtljbgtb bd g`jnrb hb dl eugmkýg y sus lraujbgt`s (bg bstb mls`, sb lmtkvl ug hbspdbalndb hbd qub sb pubhb bdbakr dl eugmkýg).
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
86=
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bsmrknkr hkrbmtljbgtb dl eugmkýg bg dl mbdhl
- @trl e`rjl bs pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Lut`sujl‚ , qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚ hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —J`hkekmlr‚. Ld pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg, sb bsmrknb hkrbmtljbgtb dl eýrjudl y nlstl sbdbmmk`glr bd rlga` l sujlr hbgtr` hb d`s plrëgtbsks. - Rgl tbrmbrl e`rjl m`gskstb bg lmmbhbr l bstb n`týg hbshb dl pbstlül —Eýrjudls‚, —Eýrjudls‚, hbgtr` hb dl —Nkndk`tbml hb eugmk`gbs‚.
Nkndk`tbml hb eugmk`gbs
Bxkstbg `trls eýrjudls jltbjìtkmls qub sb utkdkzlg erbmubgtbjbgtb y qub sb bxpdkmlrìg bg bd bpêarleb =.
• ^badls plrl utkdkzlr dls eugmk`gbs prbhbekgkhls Dl skgtlxks hb muldqukbr eugmkýg bs dl skaukbgtb? :g`jnrbPeugmkýg (lraujbgt`<3lraujbgt`>3…lraujbgt`g)
Fly qub tbgbr bg mubgtl ugl sbrkb hb rbadls plrl utkdkzlr m`g rbspbmt` l dls eugmk`gbs prbhbekgkhls? - Bd gÿjbr` hb lraujbgt`s bs vlrklndb y hbpbghbrì hb dl eugmkýg. Ldaugls eugmk`gbs g` rbqukbrbg dl kgtr`hummkýg hb lraujbgt`s, bg bstb mls`, sb p`ghrì bd g`jnrb hb dl eugmkýg y l m`gtkgulmkýg d`s plrëgtbsks, skg gkgaÿg lraujbgt`. Y`r bobjpd`, dl eugmkýg —F`y‚ qub hbvubdvb dl ebmfl lmtuld hbd skstbjl, sb bsmrknkrêl lsê? :F@[(). - D`s lraujbgt`s hb dl eugmkýg pubhbg sbr vld`rbs m`gstlgtbs, rbebrbgmkls l mbdhls ` rlga`s u `trls eugmk`gbs ` eýrjudls. - D`s lraujbgt`s sb sbplrlg ug`s hb `tr`s `tr`s p`r p`r bd sêjn`d` —3‚.
868
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
• Rtkdkzlmkýg hb dls eugmk`gbs jìs usuldbs Dls eugmk`gbs jìs usuldbs sb bgmubgtrlg bg bd hbspdbalndb qub sb jubstrl ld pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —lut`sujl‚ y p`r bdd` sb bgmubgtrlg bg dl pbstlül —Kgkmk`‚ hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —J`hkekmlr‚.
Eugmk`gbs jìs usuldbs
Bg dl skaukbgtb tlndl sb jubstrl dl skgtlxks y hbsmrkpmkýg hb bstls eugmk`gbs jìs usuldbs. Eugmkýg
]ujl Yr`jbhk`
Hbsmrkpmkýg
Mldmudl dl sujl hb d`s lraujbgt`s Mldmudl dl jbhkl hb d`s lraujbgt`s
]kgtlxks
:]RJL(gujbr`<3gujbr`>3… gujbr`g). :Y^@JBHK@(gujbr`<3gujbr`>3… gujbr`g).
Bobjpd`
:]ujl(L8?N5) :Yr`jbhk` (L8?N5)
M`gtlr
Mubgtl bd gÿjbr` hb :M@G :M@GXL^( XL^(rlga` rlga`3 ga`>3…rlg …rlga`g). a`g). mbdhls hb ug rlga` qub m`gtkbgb gÿjbr`s
:M@GXL^(A :M@G XL^(A=>?A= =>?A=8) 8)
Jlx
Hbvubdvb bd vld`r jìxkj` hb ug rlga` Hbvubdvb bd vld`r jêgkj` hb ug rlga`
:JL JLVV(r (rllga ga` `3 >3… …rlg lgaa`g `g). ).
:JL JLV( V(A= A=88?A ?A==2)
:JKG(rlga`3…rlga`g).
:JLV(A=8?A=2)
Jkg
• Rs` hbd lskstbgtb plrl eugmk`gbs Rgl e`rjl hb kgsbrtlr ugl eugmkýg, bs flmbr us` hbd n`týg hb lskstbgtb plrl eugmk`gbs qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl pbstlül —Eýrjudls‚, hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —Nkndk`tbml hb eugmk`gbs‚. Bstb jksj` km`g` sb jubstrl s`nrb dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls (bg bstl nlrrl qub jubstrl bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mbdhl, tljnkëg sb pubhb bsmrknkr hkrbmtljbgtb y sb vbrì bd rbsudtlh` bg dl mbdhl sbdbmmk`glhl), y ld pudslrd` sb lmmbhb ld mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr eugmkýg‚. Bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr eugmkýg‚ pbrjktb d`mldkzlr dl eugmkýg hbsblhl. ]b pubhb nusmlr kgtr`humkbgh` ugl hbsmrkpmkýg, hbgtr` hbd mulhr` hb tbxt` —Nusmlr ugl eugmkýg‚ hb d` qub sb hbsbl flmbr y l m`gtkgulmkýg pudslr bd n`týg —Kr‚. Lskjksj`, tljnkëg sb pubhb sbdbmmk`glr ugl mltba`rêl hbd hbspdb-
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
862
bhkt`rkld } mbp
alndb ` —sbdbmmk`glr ugl mltba`rêl‚. Dls `pmk`gbs p`skndbs hbpbghbg hbd tkp` hb mìdmud` qub sb rbldkzlrì. Dls p`sknkdkhlhbs s`g dls skaukbgtbs? - Rslhls rbmkbgtbjbgtb. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub sb flg bjpdblh` bjpdblh` ÿdtkjljbgtb. - X`h`. Jubstrl t`hls dls eugmk`gbs hksp`gkndbs `rhbglhls ldelnëtkmljbgtb. - Ekglgmkbrl. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs eugmk`gbs rbdlmk`glhls m`g bd ìjnkt` bm`gýjkm`. - Ebmfl y F`rl. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub pbrjktbg rbldkzlr `pbrlmk`gbs m`g tkp`s hb hlt`s ebmfl y f`rl. - Jltbjìtkmls y trka`g`jëtrkmls. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs yl bxpubstls bg bd lplrtlh` lgtbrk`r. - Bstlhêstkmls. Jubstrl eugmk`gbs rbdlmk`glhls m`g bd ìjnkt` bstlhêstkm`. - Nÿsqubhl y rbebrbgmkl. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub pbrjktbg d`mldkzlr hlt`s bg dl f`ol f`ol hb mìdmud`. mìdmud`. - Nlsbs hb hlt`s. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub pbrjktbg rbldkzlr `pbrlmk`gbs hb nlsbs hb hlt`s. - Xbxt`. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub rbldkzlg rbldkzlg lmmk`gbs nìskmljbgtb m`g tbxt`. - Dýakml. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub pbrjktbg rbldkzlr `pbrlmk`gbs m`g `pbrlh`rbs dýakm`s. - Kge`rjlmkýg. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub pbrjktbg `ntbgbr kge`rjlmkýg s`nrb dls f`ols hb mìdmud` y su m`gtbgkh`, tldbs m`j` su e`rjlt`, bd tkp` hb hlt` qub m`gtkbgbg, btm. - Kgabgkbrêl. Jubstrl dls eugmk`gbs qub pbrjktbg pbrjktbg rbldkzlr mìdmud`s rbdlmk`glh`s m`g bd bd mljp` hb dl kgabgkbrêl.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr‚
X`hls bstls mltba`rêls tljnkëg bstìg lmmbskndbs hkrbmtljbgtb hbshb dl pbstlül —Eýrjudls‚, hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —Nkndk`tbml hb eugmk`gbs‚. Ld sbdbmmk`glr ugl eugmkýg sb bobmutl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Lraujbgt`s hb dl eugmkýg‚, qub pbrjktb lmmbhbr ld lskstbgtb plrl eugmk`gbs qub vl auklgh` b kge`rjlgh` s`nrb dl skgtlxks hb dl
865
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
eugmkýg y bd rbsudtlh` y, pudslgh` s`nrb bd bgdlmb —Lyuhl‚ s`nrb bstl eugmkýg, sb lmmbhb l dl lyuhl bg mls` hb qubrbr m`gsudtlr muldqukbr huhl m`g rbspbmt` l hkmfl eugmkýg.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Lraujbgt`s hb eugmkýg‚
Bg bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Lraujbgt`s hb eugmkýg‚ sb jubstrl bd g`jnrb hb dl eugmkýg y l m`gtkgulmkýg, d`s lraujbgt`s `ndkalt`rk`s y `pmk`gldbs (bst`s lplrbmbg bgtrb m`rmfbtbs) qub bs gbmbslrk` lülhkr plrl `ntbgbr bd rbsudtlh`. Xljnkëg sb jubstrl ld dlh` hb mlhl lraujbgt` d`s hlt`s m`gtbgkh`s bg bd rlga`, ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glh`, y bd rbsudtlh` hb dl eýrjudl. Hbpbghkbgh` hb dl skgtlxks hb dl eugmkýg vlrklrì dl lplrkbgmkl hb bstb mulhr` hb hkìd`a`. Ld pudslr s`nrb bd lraujbgt`, lplrbmb hbnlo` hb dl hbsmrkpmkýg hb dl eugmkýg bd g`jnrb hbd lraujbgt`, ugl bspbmkekmlmkýg hbd rbqubrkjkbgt` hbd lraujbgt` y bd tkp` hb hlt`s gbmbslrk`s. Jumf`s hb d`s lraujbgt`s hb dls eugmk`gbs sb rbekbrbg l rlga`s hb mbdhls. Ylrl lülhkr ug lraujbgt`, sb hbnb pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg hb sbdbmmkýg hb rlga`, qub lplrbmb ld dlh` hb mlhl lraujbgt`, Ld flmbrd`, hbslplrbmb bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` y sb jubstrl dl f`ol hb mìdmud` h`ghb, utkdkzlgh` bd rltýg, sb sbdbmmk`glrì dl mbdhl ` rlga`. Xljnkëg sb pubhb bsmrknkr hkrbmtljbgtb s`nrb bd mulhr` hb tbxt` hbd lraujbgt`, lugqub bs t`tldjbgtb hbslm`gsbolndb. Ylrl tbrjkglr dl kgtr`hummkýg hb dl eugmkýg sb pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg —Lmbptlr‚. Bg dl mbdhl lplrbmbrì bd rbsudtlh` hb dl eugmkýg. ]k sb hbsbl bhktlr dl eýrjudl ` eugmkýg, sb pudslrì s`nrb dl mbdhl m`g h`ndb mdkm ` nkbg sb lmmbhbrì l dl nlrrl hb eýrjudls.
K. Arìekm`s l. Bdbjbgt`s hb ug arìekm` D`s arìekm`s p`sknkdktlg rbprbsbgtlr hlt`s gujërkm`s vkgmudlh`s l d`s hlt`s hb ugl f`ol hb mìdmud`. ]k d`s hlt`s sb j`hkekmlg, lut`jìtkmljbgtb sb j`hkekmlrì bd arìekm` mrblh`. Rgl vbz mrblh` bd arìekm`, l plrtkr hb d`s jbgmk`glh`s hlt`s, t`h`s d`s bdbjbgt`s hbd arìekm` sb p`hrìg trltlr kghkvkhuldjbgtb plrl lpdkmlrdbs d`s e`rjlt`s hbsblh`s. Kgmdus` sb p`hrìg ` bdkjkglr bdbjbgt`s hbd arìekm`. L m`gtkgulmkýg sb bspbmkekmlrìg muìdbs s`g d`s bdbjbgt`s qub e`rjlg ug arìekm`, mýj` m`gekaurlr y j`hkekmlrd`s, dls rbadls l sbaukr bg bd j`jbgt` hb su mrblmkýg, d`s tkp`s hb arìekm`s, mýj` mrblrd`s, j`hkekmlrd`s y n`rrlrd`s. Rg arìekm` bstì e`rjlh` p`r ugl sbrkb hb bdbjbgt`s (ldaug`s bstlrìg skbjprb prbsbgtbs y `tr`s sbrìg `pmk`gldbs su kgmduskýg bg bd arìekm`, hbpbghkbgh` hbd tkp` hb arìekm`). D`s bdbjbgt`s hb ug arìekm` s`g d`s skaukbgtbs?
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
861
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- ^lga`s ` sbrkbs hbd arìekm`. Bs bd bd rlga` qub m`rrbsp`ghb ld `rkabg hb d`s hlt`s qub sb vl rbprbsbgtlr. Bst`s rlga`s m`gtkbgbg p`r tlgt` d`s hlt`s qub sb prbsbgtlrìg, p`r bobjpd` bg d`s bobs, nkbg m`j` sbrkbs ` nkbg m`j` mltba`rêls, hbpbghkbgh` hbd tkp` hb arìekm` bdbakh` y hb mýj` sb prbtbghb j`strlr dl kge`rjlmkýg plrl qub sbl jìs bekmlz su vksuldkzlmkýg. - Xêtud`. Xbxt` qub sb kgmduyb bg bd arìekm` y qub jubstrl dl hbg`jkglmkýg, hbsmrkpmkýg ` tbjìtkml rbebrbgtb l dl kge`rjlmkýg qub sb jubstrl bg bd arìekm`. G`rjldjbgtb, sk sb kgmduyb sb subdb sktulr bg dl plrtb supbrk`r mbgtrld. - Dbybghl. Kghkml, jbhklgtb dl lskaglmkýg g`rjldjbgtb hb m`d`rbs m`d`rbs u `tr`s sêjn`d`s, sêjn`d`s, dl m`rrbsp`ghbgmkl m`g dls sbrkbs hb hlt`s rbprbsbgtlhls. Y`r bobjpd`, sb subdb kgmdukr ug mulhrlh` m`g ug m`d`r y ug rýtud` qub khbgtkekmlrì mlhl ugl hb dls sbrkbs. Bs juy kjp`rtlgtb bdbakr nkbg bd tljlü` y dl p`skmkýg hb dl dbybghl hbgtr` hbd arìekm`, hb j`h` qub g` sbl gk hbjlsklh` arlghb, gk hbjlsklh` pbqubül, sktulrdl bg dl plrtb supbrk`r hbd arìekm` sk m`gtkbgb p`m`s bdbjbgt`s y bg bd dltbrld hbrbmf` sk m`gtkbgb jumf`s bdbjbgt`s. Kgmdus` g` kgtbarlrdl bg bd arìekm` sk ÿgkmljbgtb sb bstì rbprbsbgtlgh` ugl sbrkb. - Bobs. Bst`s bdbjbgt`s g` lplrbmbg bg t`h`s d`s tkp`s hb arìekm`s. Fly h`s, bd bob f`rkz`gtld ` V y bd bob Ubrtkmld ` [. G`rjldjbgtb, bg bd bob f`rkz`gtld sb rbprbsbgtlg dls mltba`rêls bg dls qub sb hkstrknuybg d`s hlt`s. Bg bd bob vbrtkmld, sb jubstrl ugl bsmldl y skrvb hb rbebrbgmkl plrl j`strlr d`s vld`rbs hb dls mltba`rêls. - Dêgbls hb hkvkskýg. ]`g dêgbls f`rkz`gtldbs y vbrtkmldbs qub sb jubstrlg bg bd ìrbl hbd arìekm` y qub sb utkdkzlg m`g dl ekgldkhlh hb elmkdktlr dl vksknkdkhlh hb dl m`rrbsp`ghbgmkl hb d`s vld`rbs rbprbsbgtlh`s hb d`s hlt`s m`g d`s bobs. G`rjldjbgtb, dls dêgbls vbrtkmldbs sb utkdkzlg bg arìekm`s hbd tkp` dêgbls ` ìrbls y dls f`rkz`gtldbs m`g arìekm`s hb nlrrls ` m`dujgls. - Bsmldl. Bstb bdbjbgt` sb jubstrl bg d`s bobs f`rkz`gtld ` vbrtkmld, hbpbghkbgh` hbd tkp` hb arìekm`. Kge`rjl s`nrb muìgt` hb ugl ugkhlh sb bstì jkhkbgh`. Bd kgtbrvld` hb ugl bsmldl bs dl mlgtkhlh hb ugkhlhbs qub fly bgtrb ugl ugkhlh y su skaukbgtb. Flnktuldjbgtb, dl bsmldl mubgtl m`g ug vld`r jêgkj` y ug vld`r jìxkj`. - ^ýtud`s. D`s bobs pubhbg kgmdukr ug têtud` qub hbsmrknl d` qub sb bstì j`strlgh` bg bdd`s. Hb bstb j`h` sb btkqubtlg d`s bobs. - Eubgtbs. ]b rbekbrb l dl tlndl hb hlt`s qub m`gtkbgb d`s hlt`s gujërkm`s rbprbsbgtlh`s y qub s`g dl eubgtb l plrtkr hb dl muld sb fl mrblh` bd arìekm`. G`rjldjbgtb, sk sb kgmduybg sb sktÿlg bg dl plrtb kgebrk`r hbd arìekm` hbnlo` hbd bob f`rkz`gtld. - ^bprbsbgtlmkýg. ]b pubhbg kgmdukr ` g` dls btkqubtls hb d`s hlt`s qub pbrjktlg dl rbprbsbgrbprbsbgtlmkýg hb d`s vld`rbs gujërkm`s qub sb bstìg j`strlgh` bg ugl sbrkb bg ug pugt` m`gmrbt`.
n. Mrblmkýg hb ug arìekm` Ylrl bdln`rlr arìekm`s hb mldkhlh sb lm`gsbol sbaukr dls skaukbgtbs rbadls s`nrb dl mrblmkýg hb ug arìekm`? - ]bdbmmk`glr lhbmulhljbgtb lhbmulhljbgtb bd tkp` hb arìekm`, hbpbghkbgh` hbpbghkbgh` hb d`s hlt`s l rbprbsbgtlr. - Rtkdkzlr eubgtbs hb bstkd`s y tljlü`s lhbmulh`s hb e`rjl qub sblg dbakndbs, tlgt` plrl d`s rýtud`s, m`j` plrl dls dbybghls y bg su mls` plrl dls btkqubtls hb hlt`s. - Kgmdukr dbybghls s`dljbgtb mulgh` sbl kjprbsmkghkndb. - G` utkdkzlr e`gh`s `smur`s s`nrb bd ìrbl hb trlzlh`.
866
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Bdbakr dls bsmldls bsmldls lhbmulhls plrl d`s bobs, hbpbghkbgh` hb d`s vld`rbs jìxkj` y jêgkj` hbd hbd rlga` hb vld`rbs l rbprbsbgtlr. - Larbalr d`s rýtud`s y ugkhlhbs hb d`s bobs. D`s pls`s l sbaukr plrl dl mrblmkýg hb ug arìekm` s`g? - @ralgkzlmkýg hb d`s hlt`s qub sb hbsblg arlekmlr, bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Bs kjp`rtlgtb, bstlndbbstlndbmbr muìdbs sbrìg dls sbrkbs y dls mltba`rêls l rbprbsbgtlr, plrl qub hb bstb j`h` sb p`skmk`gbg d`s hlt`s m`rrbmtljbgtb bg dls ekdls y m`dujgls lhbmulhls (lugqub duba` sb pubhbg j`hkekmlr y mljnklr sbrkbs p`r mltba`rêls). - L m`gtkgulmkýg, jlrmlr d`s hlt`s qub sb kgmdukrìg bg bd arìekm`, sbdbmmk`glgh` d`s rlga`s lrrlstrlgh` bd rltýg s`nrb bdd`s. - Y`stbrk`rjbgtb, sbdbmmk`glr bd tkp` hb arìekm`, (hbpbghkbgh` hb d` qub sb hbsbb rbprbsbgtlr ` m`jplrlr, sb sbdbmmk`glrì bd tkp` hb arìekm` jìs lhbmulh`), plrl bdd`, sb pudslrì s`nrb dl pbstlül —Kgsbrtlr‚ y hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg hb —Arìekm`s‚, sb flrì mdkm s`nrb bd km`g` m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb ld tkp` hb arìekm`. Ld pudslr mlhl ug` hb bst`s n`t`gbs, sb jubstrlg ugl sbrkb hb j`hbd`s hb dl mltba`rêl ` tkp` hb arìekm` sbdbmmk`glh`. Ld flmbr mdkm s`nrb muldqukbrl hb bdd`s, sb kgsbrtl bd arìekm` bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud`.
Xkp`s hb arìekm`
Y`r bobjpd`, sk sb hbsbl rbldkzlr ug arìekm` bg bd qub sb jubstrbg y sb flal ugl m`jplrltkvl hbd gÿjbr` hb ldujg`s jltrkmudlh`s bg dls hkebrbgtbs pr`vkgmkls hb Mlstkddl Dl Jlgmfl, sb hbnbrìg p`skmk`glr d`s g`jnrbs hb dls pr`vkgmkls bg ugl m`dujgl (qub m`rrbsp`ghbrì l dls sbrkbs hbd arìekm`) y d`s lü`s bg ugl ekdl (qub m`rrbsp`ghbrì l dls mltba`rêls). Bg bd bobjpd`, sb sbdbmmk`glrì bd rlga` L>?B1. Bg bstb mls`, m`j` qubrbj`s rbldkzlr ug arìekm` m`jplrltkv` sb fl sbdbmmk`glh` bd tkp` hb arìekm` hb m`dujgls, sb pudsl s`nrb bd n`týg —M`dujgl‚ y sb bdkab bd j`hbd` —M`dujgl laruplhl bg >H‚.
Bobjpd` mrblmkýg hb arìekm`
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
86;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
m. J`hkekmlmkýg hb ug arìekm` Rgl vbz mrblh` bd arìekm`, dls `pmk`gbs hb j`hkekmlmkýg qub `erbmb s`g, p`r bobjpd`, mljnklr bd tkp` hb arìekm` sk g` jubstrl bxlmtljbgtb y hb j`h` mdlr` d`s hlt`s. Ylrl bdd`, sb hbnb pudslr bd n`týg —Mljnklr tkp` hb arìekm`‚, qub sb bgmubgtrl bg dl pbstlül —Hksbü` hb Fbrrljkbgtls hb arìekm`‚, hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —Xkp`‚. Ld pudslr s`nrb bstb n`týg sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Mljnklr tkp` hb arìekm`‚ qub jubstrl t`hls dls mltba`rêls hb d`s arìekm`s hksp`gkndbs y sus j`hbd`s. Flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb muldqukbrl hb bdd`s, sb mljnklrì lut`jìtkmljbgtb dl lplrkbgmkl hbd arìekm` m`g bd gubv` tkp` bdbakh`.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Mljnklr tkp` hb arìekm`‚
Lskjksj`, d`s hlt`s hb `rkabg sb pubhbg j`hkekmlr pudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg hb `rkabg hb hlt`s. ]b jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —]bdbmmk`glr `rkabg hb hlt`s‚, h`ghb sb pubhbg —Larbalr‚, —Bhktlr‚ ` —\uktlr‚ sbrkbs pudslgh` s`nrb d`s m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs n`t`gbs. @ nkbg, bhktlr dls mltba`rêls pudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Bhktlr‚. Kauldjbgtb, sb pubhbg mljnklr dls sbrkbs p`r dls mltba`rêls, pudslgh` s`nrb bd n`týg —Mljnklr ekdl/m`dujgl‚.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —]bdbmmk`glr `rkabg hb hlt`s‚.
8;9
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
h. N`rrlh` hb ug arìekm` Ylrl n`rrlr ug arìekm` nlstl m`g sbdbmmk`glr bd arìekm` y pudslr s`nrb dl tbmdl —]uprkjkr‚ hbd tbmdlh`. Lskjksj`, sb pubhbg n`rrlr hb e`rjl kghkvkhuld ldaug`s bdbjbgt`s hbd arìekm` tldbs m`j` d`s têtud`s hb d`s bobs ` bd pr`pk` têtud` hbd arìekm`, kgmdus` tljnkëg sbdbmmk`glgh` bd bdbjbgt` l n`rrlr y pudslgh` dl tbmdl —]uprkjkr‚. @trl `pmkýg bs, hbspuës hb sbdbmmk`glrd`, flmbr mdkm hbrbmf` s`nrb bd bdbjbgt` y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub lplrbmb pudslr s`nrb dl `pmkýg —M`rtlr‚. Xljnkëg sb pubhb j`vbr bd arìekm` hbgtr` hb dl f`ol sbdbmmk`gìgh`d` y lrrlstrlgh` m`g bd rltýg flstl dl gubvl p`skmkýg. D`s tktud`s hb d`s bobs lplrbmbg mlhl mlhl ug` bg su bob y flmbg rbebrbgmkl ld m`gtbgkh` hb d`s jksj`s,Lhbjìs hb d`s bobs prkgmkpldbs tljnkëg p`hbj`s m`d`mlr bobs sbmughlrk`s bg hbtbrjkglh`s tkp`s hb arìekm`s y bg tldbs mls`s tljnkëg p`hbj`s utkdkzlr d`s têtud`s m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb plrl lmdlrlr bd m`gtbgkh` hb d`s jksj`s.
O. Abstkýg hb hlt`s l. Uldkhlmk`gbs hb hlt`s Dls vldkhlmk`gbs hb hlt`s pbrjktbg bvktlr qub sb kgtr`huzmlg hlt`s brrýgb`s hbgtr` hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Bd jët`h` m`gskstb bg hbdkjktlr d`s vld`rbs qub sb lmbptlrìg m`j` vìdkh`s y j`strlr ug jbgslob hb lhvbrtbgmkl bg mls` hb tbmdblr hlt`s g` pbrjktkh`s. Ylrl dl m`gekaurlmkýg hb dl vldkhlmkýg hb hlt`s sb hbnbrì sbaukr bd skaukbgtb pr`mbhkjkbgt`? - Yudslr bd n`týg —Uldkhlmkýg hb hlt`s, qub sb jubstrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Fbrrljkbgtls hb hlt`s‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Hlt`s‚. - Bdbakr dl `pmkýg `pmkýg —Uldkhlmkýg hb hlt`s‚. Ld flmbrd` sb jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` Uldkhlmkýg hb hlt`s qub m`gstl hb trbs pbstlüls? m`gekaurlmkýg, jbgslob hb bgtrlhl y jbgslob hb brr`r.
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Uldkhlmkýg hb hlt`s‚
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
8;<
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bg dl pbstlül m`gekaurlmkýg sb hbnb m`gekaurlr d`s vld`rbs pbrjktkh`s. Bg bd hbspdbalndb pbrjktkr sb p`hrìg sbdbmmk`glr bd tkp` hb hlt` qub sb pbrjktb? gÿjbr` bgtbr`, hbmkjld, ebmfl, btm. Rgl vbz sbdbmmk`glh` bd tkp`, sb p`hrìg hbekgkr bg bd hbspdbalndb Hlt`s sk d`s vld`rbs pbrjktkh`s bstl rìg bgtrb mkbrt`s vld`rbs jìxkj` y jêgkj`, jly`r, jbg`r, kauld qub mkbrt` vld`r qub sb hbnbrì bspbmkekmlr bg d`s mljp`s m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs qub sb jubstrlg jìs lnlo`. Bg dl pbstlül Jbgslob hb bgtrlhl sb pubhb m`gekaurlr bd jbgslob qub sb j`strlrì ld sbdbmmk`glr dl mbdhl y qub pubhb kge`rjlr s`nrb bd tkp` hb hlt`s qub sb hbnb tbmdblr y dl m`ghkmkýg qub hbnb mujpdkr plrl qub sbl vìdkh`. ]b pubhb hbekgkr ug têtud` y ug jbgslob hb bgtrlhl tbmdblgh` bd tbxt` bg d`s mulhr`s m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs. Bg dl pbstlül jbgslob hb brr`r sb hbnbrì m`gekaurlr bd jbgslob l j`strlr bg bd mls` hb qub sb kgtbgtbg kgtr`humkr hlt`s g` vìdkh`s. ]b pubhb hbekgkr tljnkëg ug têtud` y ug jbgslob hb brr`r bsmrknkbgh` bd tbxt` bg d`s mulhr`s m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs. Bd têtud` lplrbmbrì bg dl nlrrl hb têtud` hbd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` y bd jbgslob hb brr`r hbgtr` hbd mulhr`. Xljnkëg sb pubhb bdbakr bd km`g` qub qu b sb j`strlrì hb lhvbrtbgmkl, kge`rjlmkýg ` brr`r ougt` m`g bd jbgslob hb brr`r.
n. Bsqubjls Bg `mlsk`gbs dls f`ols hb mìdmud` m`gtkbgbg arlghbs v`dÿjbgbs hb hlt`s qub aulrhlg rbdlmk`gbs obrìrqukmls. Ylrl jlgkpudlr bstl arlg mlgtkhlh hb kge`rjlmkýg hb e`rjl jìs skjpdkekmlhl y l dl vbz lmmbhbr jìs rìpkhljbgtb l hlt`s bspbmêekm`s, sb utkdkzlg d`s bsqubjls. Y`r bobjpd`, sb tkbgbg d`s hlt`s hb ug pr`ybmt` hkstrknukh`s p`r jbsbs y p`r hbplrtljbgt`s. Hbgtr` hb mlhl hbplrtljbgt` sb kghkmlg d`s hlt`s plrl mlhl ug` hb d`s jkbjnr`s hbd hbplrtljbgt`. ]k sb qukbrbg vksuldkzlr d`s t`tldbs p`r hbplrtljbgt`.
Bobjpd` hlt`s l d`s qub sb dbs pubhb lpdkmlr ug bsqubjl
Bxkstbg h`s e`rjls hb mrblr bsqubjls? jlguld y lut`jìtkml. Bg bstb bpêarleb sb bxpdkmlrì bd pr`mbhkjkbgt` l sbaukr plrl mrblr bsqubjls lut`jìtkm`s. ]b hbnb lmdlrlr qub plrl p`hbr mrblr bsqubjls lut`jìtkm`s hbnbg bxkstkr ug`s hlt`s t`tldbs m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs l dls sujls p`r ekdls y p`r m`dujgls. (Bg bd bobjpd` sb sujl p`r m`dujgls d`s t`tldbs jbgsuldbs p`r hbplrtljbgt` y p`r m`dujgls sb sujlg d`s t`tldbs p`r trkjbstrb y p`r hbplrtljbgt`). Rgl vbz `ralgkzlh`s d`s hlt`s sb hbnbrì pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Laruplr‚ qub sb
8;>
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
jubstrl bg dl sbmmkýg —Bsqubjls‚ hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Hlt`s‚. Ld pudslrd` sb hbnbrì flmbr mdkm s`nrb dl `pmkýg —Lut`bsqubjl‚. ]b abgbrlg bgt`gmbs d`s gkvbdbs hb bsqubjl qub sb jubstrlg bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl.
Gkvbdbs hb bsqubjl
Bg ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` sýd` sb p`hrì kgmdukr ug bsqubjl.
m. Mrblmkýg hb tlndls ` dkstls hb hlt`s Dl mrblmkýg hb tlndls ` dkstls hb hlt`s, rbqukbrb qub prbvkljbgtb sb rbldkmb ugl `ralgkzlmkýg hb d`s hlt`s, bs hbmkr, bstlndbmbr mýj` sb hksp`ghrì bg ekdls y m`dujgls. Y`r tlgt`, bg bd hksbü` hb dl tlndl sb bstlndbmbrìg dl m`d`mlmkýg hb d`s hlt`s bg dl tlndl, lhbjìs hb hbekgkr su e`rjlt`. Ylrl mrblr ugl tlndl, ugl vbz kgmdukh`s d`s hlt`s bg dl tlndl (lugqub sb pubhb mrblr dl tlndl vlmêl y p`stbrk`rjbgtb kgm`rp`rlr d`s hlt`s) sb sbdbmmk`glrì bd rlga` qub m`gtkbgb hkmf`s hlt`s y p`stbrk`rjbgtb sb pudslrì s`nrb bd n`týg —Xlndl‚, qub sb jubstrl bg dl pbstlül Kgsbrtlr hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg Xlndls. ]b jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Mrblr tlndl‚. Bg ëd sb jubstrl bd rlga` sbdbmmk`glh` (bg mls` hb g` flnbr sbdbmmk`glh` bd rlga` prbvkljbgtb sb pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —sbdbmmkýg hb rlga`‚ plrl sbüldlr h`ghb bstìg d`s hlt`s hb dl tlndl). ]k dl tlndl m`gtkbgb bgmlnbzlh`s sb jlrmlrì dl mlskddl hb vbrkekmlmkýg —Dl tlndl tkbgb bgmlnbzlh`s‚ (sk dl tlndl g` tkbgb bgmlnbzlh`s, g` sb jlrmlrì y Bxmbd lülhkrì d`s bgmlnbzlh`s p`r hbebmt`). Ld pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Lmbptlr‚ sb mrbl dl tlndl bg dl qub lplrbmbg bg d`s bgmlnbzlh`s hb dl tlndl d`s hbspdbalndbs m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs l d`s mljp`s hbd bgmlnbzlh`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
8;=
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —Kgsbrtlr tlndl‚
Ld mrblr dl tlndl sb db lpdkml ug hksbü` m`g ug bstkd` m`gmrbt`, pbr` sb pubhb mljnklr pudslgh` s`nrb muldqukbrl hb d`s hksbü`s prbhbekgkh`s qub sb jubstrlg bg dl aldbrêl hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Hksbü`‚ hb Fbrrljkbgtls hb tlndl, m`gmrbtljbgtb bg dl sbmmkýg —Bstkd` hb tlndl‚.
Ybstlül —Hksbü`‚, sbmmkýg —Bstkd`s hb tlndl‚
h. @rhbglmkýg hb dkstl hb hlt`s, p`r ug` ` vlrk`s mljp`s Rgl vbz mrblhl dl tlndl ` dkstl hb hlt`s sb kgmduybg bgmlnbzlh`s hb m`dujgls (bg mls` hb qub g` sb jlrqub dl mlskddl hb vbrkekmlmkýg —dl tlndl tkbgb bgmlnbzlh`s‚). Y`r tlgt`, d`s hlt`s m`gtbgkh`s bg dl tlndl sb p`hrìg `rhbglr p`r ug` ` vlrk`s mljp`s m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs l sus bgmlnbzlh`s (mlhl mljp` sb m`rrbsp`ghbrì m`g ugl m`dujgl y bd bgmlnbzlh` m`rrbsp`ghb l dl prkjbrl ekdl). Ylrl `rhbglr dl dkstl hb hlt`s sb hbnbrì sbaukr bd skaukbgtb pr`mbhkjkbgt`? - Yudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —@rhbglr‚, qub sb jubstrl bg dl sbmmkýg —@rhbglr‚ y ekdtrlr hbgtr` hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Hlt`s‚. - ]b j`strlrì bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` bg bd qub sb jubstrlg d`s bgmlnbzlh`s hb d`s mljp`s bg bd hbspdbalndb —@rhbglr p`r‚. Bg d`s mrktbrk`s hb `rhbglmkýg sb p`hrì bdbakr bd `rhbg hb `rhbglmkýg? lsmbghbgtb ` hbsmbghbgtb. - ]k sb hbsbl hbsbl `rhbglr p`r jìs hb ug mljp` sb hbnbrì pudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —Larbalr —Larbalr gkvbd‚ y sbdbmmk`glr bd skaukbgtb mljp` p`r bd qub sb `rhbglrì.
8;8
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —@rhbglr‚
b. Rs` hb ekdtr`s Bg dls tlndls hb hlt`s, bd us` hb ekdtr`s pbrjktb sbdbmmk`glr d`s hlt`s qub mujpdlg mkbrtls m`ghkmk`gbs, j`strlgh` ÿgkmljbgtb lqubdd`s qub mujpdlg d`s mrktbrk`s bspbmkekmlh`s. Ylrl lpdkmlr ekdtr`s sb hbnb sbaukr bd skaukbgtb pr`mbhkjkbgt`? - ]bdbmmk`glr dl tlndl ` bd bd rlga` hb mbdhls hb d`s hlt`s qub sb hbsbbg ekdtrlr. - Ylrl lmmbhbr l ug ekdtr`, sb pubhb flmbr mdkm s`nrb bd n`týg hbrbmf` y bg bd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld qub lplrbmb, bsm`abr bgtrb dls `pmk`gbs qub jubstrl bd ekdtr` y qub vlrklrìg bg eugmkýg hbd tkp` hb hlt`s.
Bobjpd` hb ekdtr` hb gÿjbr`s lmmbskndbs l trlvës hbd jbgÿ m`gtbxtuld
e. ]unt`tldb ]unt`tldbss D`s sunt`tldbs sb utkdkzlg mulgh` sb trlnlol m`g dkstls hb hlt`s `rhbglhls. ]krvbg plrl rbldkzlr mìdmud`s t`tldbs y plrmkldbs hb hkmfls dkstls. Hb bstb j`h` sb kgtbrprbtl y m`jprbghb jìs eìmkdjbgtb d`s hlt`s kgmdukh`s bg dl tlndl. Ylrl larbalr sunt`tldbs sb hbnb sbaukr bd skaukbgtb pr`mbhkjkbgt`? - Yudslr s`nrb bd n`týg —sunt`tld‚ qub sb jubstrlg hbgtr` hb dl sbmmkýg —Bsqubjl‚, hbgtr` hb dl pbstlül —Hlt`s‚. - ]b jubstrl bd mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —]unt`tldbs‚ h`ghb sb hbnbrìg m`gekaurlr d`s vld`rbs hb rbsujbg ` sunt`tldbs y dl eugmkýg l utkdkzlr, pudslgh` bg d`s hbspdbalndbs —Ylrl mlhl mljnk` bg‚ y —Rslr eugmkýg‚. Ylrl lpdkmlr sunt`tldbs, dl tlndl hb hlt`s hbnb bstlr `rhbglhl p`r bd mljp` s`nrb bd muld sb mldmudlg d`s sunt`tldbs.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
8;2
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Mulhr` hb hkìd`a` —]unt`tldbs‚
<.8 Ylqubtbs kge`rjìtkm`s kgtbarlh`s L. M`gmbpt` D`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s s`g ug m`gougt` hb pr`arljls qub rbÿgbg bg ugl s`dl lpdkmlmkýg ` plqubtb, pr`arljls hb skjkdlrbs mlrlmtbrêstkmls, pbgslh`s plrl trlnlolr bg bd jksj` bgt`rg` hb trlnlo` (`ekmkgl, bhkmkýg hb kjìabgbs, pr`arljlmkýg, bhkmkýg Qbn, elmturlmkýg, m`gtlnkdkhlh…) y pubhbg kgtbrmljnklr kge`rjlmkýg bgtrb bdd`s hb e`rjl eìmkd y rìpkhl. Rg bobjpd` hb plqubtb kgtbarlh` bs ugl suktb `ekjìtkml? ugl suktb `ekjìtkml bs ug arup` hb pr`arljls, d`s muldbs sb utkdkzlg bg `ekmkgls y tkbgbg hkebrbgtbs eugmk`gbs m`j` p`r bobjpd` bhktlr lrmfkv`s y h`mujbgt`s. Dls suktbs `ekjìtkmls s`g ljpdkljbgtb uslhls, yl qub ld sbr ugl rbm`pkdlmkýg, flmb qub sbl pr`p`rmk`gldjbgtb jìs nlrlt` lhqukrkr t`hl dl suktb, qub mlhl ug` hb d`s pr`arljls kghkvkhuldbs. Abgbrldjbgtb dls suktbs `ekjìtkmls kgmduybg ld jbg`s ug pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`s y ugl f`ol hb mìdmud`. Lhkmk`gldjbgtb, dl suktb pubhb m`gtbgbr ug pr`arljl hb prbsbgtlmkýg, ug skstbjl hb abstkýg hb nlsb hb hlt`s, fbrrljkbgtls jbg`rbs hb arìekm`s y m`jugkmlmk`gbs, ug abst`r hb kge`rjlmkýg pbrs`gld (labghl y mdkbgtb hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`) y ug bhkt`r hb pìakgls Qbn. Ylrl dl bdln`rlmkýg hb bstb lplrtlh` g`s mbgtrlrbj`s bg dls suktbs `ekjìtkmls, m`j` bobjpd` jìs mlrlmtbrêstkm` hb d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s, pbr` fly qub tbgbr mdlr` qub plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s pubhb flnbr hb jumf`s tkp`s. Bg dl lmtuldkhlh dls suktbs `ekjìtkmls h`jkglgtbs bg bd jbrmlh` s`g? - Jkmr`s`et @eekmb, ugl hb dls jìs utkdkzlhls p`r bd usulrk` jbhk` qub trlnlol bg bgt`rg`s Qkgh`ws. - @pbg@eekmb.`ra, bs ugl suktb `ekjìtkml arltuktl judtkpdltle`rjl.
8;5
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
N. @nobtkv`s @ nobtkv`s y eugmk`gbs l. @nobtkv`s D`s `nobtkv`s qub pbrskaubg d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s bs p`hbr sltkselmbr dls gbmbskhlhbs hb d`s usulrk`s (kghbpbghkbgtbjbgtb hbd gkvbd hb m`g`mkjkbgt`s kge`rjìtkm`s qub p`sblg) pr`p`rmk`gìgh`dbs ug m`gougt` hb pr`arljls qub sb lhlptbg l sus gbmbskhlhbs y qub bg jumf`s mls`s dls sltkselmbg m`g mrbmbs. L gkvbd hb bjprbsl, d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s nusmlg m`gvbrtkrsb bg bd s`etwlrb hb bjprbsl p`r bxmbdbgmkl, kgtbgtlgh` hlr sbrvkmk` l t`hls dls gbmbskhlhbs hbd sbmt`r bjprbslrkld, hbshb bsmrknkr ugl mlrtl, ddbvlr bd nldlgmb hb ugl bjprbsl flstl ddbvlr bd kgvbgtlrk` hb ug ldjlmëg. Nusmlgh`, bg ug eutur`, qub t`hls dls pbrs`gls hb dl bjprbsl sb m`jugkqubg uslgh` sus pr`arljls b kgtbgtlgh` rbdbalr ld trlhkmk`gld plpbd l ug sbaugh` pdlg`.
n. Eugmk`gbs Dls eugmk`gbs qub `erbmbg d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s hbpbghbg bg arlg jbhkhl hbd s`etwlrb qub sb lülhb bg bd plqubtb kgtbarlh`, hb bstl e`rjl, bg d`s skaukbgtbs pugt`s flndlrbj`s hb d`s m`jp`gbgtbs jìs flnktuldbs hb d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s y plrl qub skrvbg. Ybr` jkbgtrls, p`hbj`s hbmkr qub dl prkgmkpld eugmkýg hb d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s bs pr`p`rmk`glrdbs l d`s usulrk`s ugl ljpdkl aljl hb pr`arljls kge`rjìtkm`s plrl qub pubhlg utkdkzlrd`s bg su hêl l hêl, skg gbmbskhlh hb lhqukrkr ug s`etwlrb lhkmk`gld ` s`etwlrb rbldkzlh` l jbhkhl.
M. Mlrlmtbrêstkmls hb d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s - Eìmkd jlgbo`, ld bstlr nlslh`s bg ug bgt`rg` arìekm` y g`rjldjbgtb dls vbrsk`gbs gubvls jlgtkbgbg dl kgtbrelz hb usulrk`, plrl qub d`s usulrk`s g` tbgalg qub v`dvbr l lprbghbr bd jlgbo` hbd pr`arljl. - M`jpltknkdkhlh m`g d`s pr`humt`s hb vbrsk`gbs lgtbrk`rbs. - Lp`y` tëmgkm`, p`r plrtb hbd elnrkmlgtb. - Kgtbr`pbrlnkdkhlh bgtrb t`hls dls lpdkmlmk`gbs hbd plqubtb kgtbarlh`. - ]`p`rtb Judtkpdltle`rjl
H. M`jp`gbgt M`jp`gbgtbs bs D`s m`jp`gbgtbs pubhbg vlrklr hb ug plqubtb kgtbarlh` l `tr`, pubst` qub g` bxkstb ug bstìghlr qub `ndkaub l dl kgmduskýg hb ugl lpdkmlmk`gbs u `trls, d` qub sk subdb sbr flnktuld bs qub ug elnrkmlgtb kgtbgtb `erbmbr dl jly`r mlgtkhlh hb lpdkmlmk`gbs p`skndb hbgtr` hb su plqubtb kgtbarlh`, plrl lsê hkebrbgmklrsb hb dl m`jpbtbgmkl, hb t`h`s j`h`s, p`hbj`s hbmkr qub bg abgbrld ug plqubtb kgtbarlh` hksp`ghrì hb ldaugls hb dls skaukbgtbs lpdkmlmk`gbs? - Yr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`. - Yr`arljl hb arìekm`s. - F`ol hb mìdmud`. - Abst`r hb nlsb hb hlt`s. Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
8;1
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Abst`r hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. - Labghl bdbmtrýgkml? Kgmduyb dl kge`rjlmkýg pbrs`gld hb gubstr`s m`gtlmt`s. - Bhkt`r hb pìakgls Qbn.
<.2 M`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` L. M`gmbpt` y utkdkhlhbs Rg` hb d`s sbrvkmk`s qub pr`vbb Kgtbrgbt bs bd sbrvkmk` hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, qub pbrjktb bd kgtbrmljnk` hb jbgslobs utkdkzlgh` dl tbmg`d`aêl qub utkdkzl Kgtbrgbt. Ylrl p`hbr bgvklr y rbmknkr jbgslobs, lhbjìs hb Kgtbrgbt, sb gbmbsktl ugl lpdkmlmkýg qub abstk`gb t`hls dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs ls`mklhls ld m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. Dls utkdkhlhbs jìs kjp`rtlgtbs qub elmkdktl muldqukbr lpdkmlmkýg hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, lhbjìs hb dl hb pbrjktkr dl m`jugkmlmkýg m`g `tr`s usulrk`s, s`g dls skaukbgtbs? - Abstkýg hb m`gtlmt`s? Dls lpdkmlmk`gbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` bdbmtrýgkm` pbrjktbg g` sýd` dl abstkýg hb m`gtlmt`s skg` lhbjìs hb dls rbhbs s`mkldbs. - Bgvklr y rbmknkr h`mujbgt`s? Bstl eugmk`gldkhlh bs juy utkdkzlhl bg dl vkhl bjprbslrkld hb e`rjl m`tkhklgl, yl qub abstk`gl dl m`jugkmlmkýg hb kge`rjlmkýg. Bs kjp`rtlgtb hbekgkr ugl `ralgkzlmkýg lhbmulhl hb mlrpbtls plrl aulrhlr t`h`s d`s m`rrb`s bdbmtrýgkm`s hb e`rjl qub sbl eìmkd su nÿsqubhl. - Eubgtbs ^]]? Ybrjktb larbalr eubgtbs ^]] hb pìakgls wbn ` nd`as m`g dl ekgldkhlh hb rbmknkr kge`rjlmkýg m`g m`gtbgkh`s hb kgtbrës plrl bd usulrk`. - Abstkýg hb Labghl? Lyuhl l dl pdlgkekmlmkýg hb tlrbls y l dl abgbrlmkýg hb lvks`s jbhklgtb dls utkdkhlhbs qub nrkghl bd mldbghlrk` s`nrb bd qub sb lg`tlrìg mktls y ldlrjls hb e`rjl sbgmkddl.
N. Eugmk`gljkbgt` Bd sbrvkmk` hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` sb `erbmb nlo` h`s j`hldkhlhbs? m`rrb` Qbn ` Qbnjlkd y mdkbgtb hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` qub s`g lpdkmlmk`gbs qub pbrjktbg g` sýd` abstk`glr d`s jbgslobs skg` lhbjìs pr`vbbr hkebrbgtbs utkdkhlhbs. Bd m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` ` b-jlkd bs ug sbrvkmk` qub pr`vbb Kgtbrgbt, jbhklgtb bd muld sb flmb p`skndb bd kgtbrmljnk` hb jbgslobs hb ugl e`rjl rìpkhl y eìmkd. Bg rbdlmkýg ld m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, sb hbekgkrìg l m`gtkgulmkýg d`s skaukbgtbs tërjkg`s? - Hkrbmmkýg hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`? M`gougt` M`gougt` hb pldlnrls qub khbgtkekmlg l ug usulrk` (m`gtlmt`) qub bgvêl y rbmknb jbgslobs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. Dls hkrbmmk`gbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` s`g ÿgkmls. Bd e`rjlt` hb ugl mubgtl hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` bs g`jnrbpbrs`glIsbrvkh`rhbm`rrb`.m`j. X`hl hkrbmmkýg hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` m`gstl hbd sêjn`d` —I‚ (‖lrr`nl‛ qub sbplrl dl hkrbmmkýg hb m`rrb` bg h`s plrtbs. Dl plrtb hb dl kzqukbrhl qub bs bd g`jnrb hb usulrk` y dl plrtb hb dl hbrbmfl qub khbgtkekml bd h`jkgk` bg bd qub sb bgmubgtrl bd sbrvkh`r hb m`rrb`). - ^bjktbgtb? Rsulrk` qub bgvêl bd m`rrb`.
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Hbstkgltlrk`? Ybrs`gl/s ` usulrk`/s ld qub vl hkrkakh` bd m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. Rg hbstkgltlrk` bstlrì hbekgkh` p`r su g`jnrb y `tr`s hlt`s, skbgh` d` jìs kjp`rtlgtb su hkrbmmkýg hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. Bstl hkrbmmkýg hbnbrì lplrbmbr bg dl mlskddl —Ylrl‚. Bg bstl mlskddl sb p`hrìg kgmdukr jìs hb ugl hkrbmmkýg hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, hb e`rjl qub ug jksj` m`rrb` sbl rbmknkh` p`r jìs hb ugl pbrs`gl. - Lsugt`? Bstb mljp`, rbedbol hb e`rjl nrbvb y m`gmksl bd tbjl qub sb trltl bg bd m`rrb` m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. - Jbgslob? Bstb m`gmbpt` hbekgb bd m`gtbgkh` hbd jbgslob. ^bm`abrì bd bd tbxt` m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb l dl kge`rjlmkýg qub sb hbsbl trlgsjktkr. G`rjldjbgtb, dls lpdkmlmk`gbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` pbrjktbg e`rjltblr hkmf` tbxt`? tkp` hb dbtrl, ldkgblmkýg, m`d`r, btm. - Lrmfkv`s lhougt`s? Lhbjìs hbd tbxt` kgmdukh` bg bd jbgslob, jbgslob, sb pubhb bgvklr `tr` tkp` hb kge`rjlmkýg qub m`jpdbjbgtb ` qub sb rbekbrl l hkmf` jbgslob. D`s h`mujbgt`s qub sb pubhbg lhougtlr l ug m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` pubhbg sbr hb hkebrbgtbs e`rjlt`s? tbxt`, YHE, f`ols hb mìdmud`, kjìabgbs, vêhb`s, btm. - ]brvkh`r hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`? bdbmtrýgkm`? ]`etwlrb hb rbh kgstldlh` bg ug sbrvkh`r y qub tkbgb dl eugmk`gldkhlh hb rbldkzlr d`s pr`mbs`s gbmbslrk`s plrl bd trlgsp`rtb b kgtbrmljnk` hb jbgslobs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` hb e`rjl m`rrbmtl, utkdkzlgh` d`s pr`t`m`d`s m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs. - Mdkbgtb hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`? bdbmtrýgkm`? Lpdkmlmkýg qub pbrjktb dl abstkýg hb jbgslobs y `trls eugmk`gbs. @erbmb dl vbgtlol, m`g rbspbmt` l wbnjlkd, hb ug jly`r m`gtr`d s`nrb d`s jbgslobs hb m`rrb` y ug jbo`r eugmk`gljkbgt` skg m`gbxkýg l Kgtbrgbt. Bobjpd`s? Jkmr`s`et @utd``c, Qkgh`ws Dkvb Jlkd y J`zkddl Xfughbrnkrh. Ylrl flmbr p`skndb dl bjkskýg y rbmbpmkýg hb m`rrb`s, tlgt` bd rbjktbgtb m`j` bd hbstkgltlrk` hbnbg hb m`gtlr m`g ugl hkrbmmkýg hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. Ld bgvklr ug m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, bd mdkbgtb hbd m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, utkdkzlgh` bd pr`t`m`d` ]JXY, m`jprubnl qub tlgt` dl hkrbmmkýg hb m`rrb` hbd rbjktbgtb m`j` dl hbd hbstkgltlrk`. Bstl m`jpr`nlmkýg skrvb plrl slnbr, p`r ugl plrtb, hýghb bgvklrd` y p`r `trl, g`tkekmlr ld rbjktbgtb qukbg d` bgvêl. L m`gtkgulmkýg, sb bgvêl ld h`jkgk` hbd hbstkg` plrl qub bd rbmbpt`r pubhl tbgbr lmmbs` y pubhl hbsmlralrd` l trlvës hb ug mdkbgtb hb m`rrb`.
M. Abst`rbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` D`s abst`rbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` s`g fbrrljkbgtls juy m`jpdbtls qub `erbmbg eugmk`gldkhlhbs plrl lhjkgkstrlr jbgslobs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, abstkýg hb labghl y m`gtlmt`s. Dl kgtbrelz hb muldqukbr abst`r hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` pbrjktb dl vksuldkzlmkýg hb jbgslobs hb m`rrb` plrl su dbmturl, hb e`rjl rìpkhl y sbgmkddl, bdkakbgh` dl `pmkýg hb lnrkr ugl gubvl vbgtlgl. Kgmdus` sb pubhbg khbgtkekmlr hb e`rjl mdlrl l trlvës hb km`g`s ` m`d`rbs dl prk`rkhlh hb d`s jbgslobs, sk sb flg dbêh` ` g`, btm. Dl kgtbrelz qub sb vksuldkzl mulgh` sb bobmutl dl lpdkmlmkýg Jkmr`s`et @utd``c, jubstrl ugl sbrkb hb sbmmk`gbs. Bg mlhl ugl hb bddls sb rbldkzl ugl lmtkvkhlh ` sb prbsbgtl ugl vkstl lhbmulhl plrl vbr, p`r bobjpd` d`s m`rrb`s rbmknkh`s. Dl hkstrknumkýg bg z`gls pbrjktb mljnklr hb tlrbl ` hb `pmk`gbs, skjpdbjbgtb flmkbgh` mdkm bg dl z`gl m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb. ]b hbtlddlg l m`gtkgulmkýg dl eugmk`gldkhlh hb mlhl ugl hb dls sbmmk`gbs qub p`hrìg bgm`gtrlrsb ld lnrkr dl vbgtlgl hb h`mujbgt` - Ylgbd hb bxpd`rlmkýg? ]b bgmubgtrl bg dl plrtb kzqukbrhl hb dl plgtlddl. ]b hkvkhb bg h`s sbmmk`gbs? ±
Mlrpbtls pbrs`gldbs? Bg bstl sbmmkýg sb bgmubgtrlg p`r hbebmt` dls mlrpbtls hb Nlghbol hb bgtrlhl (h`ghb sb aulrhlg d`s jbgslobs rbmknkh`s), Nlghbol hb sldkhl (h`ghb sb aulrhlg d`s jbgslobs rbhlmtlh`s qub lÿg g` sb flg bgvklh`), bdbjbgt`s bgvklh`s (h`ghb sb aulrhlg d`s jbgslobs bgvklh`s), bdbjbgt`s bdkjkglh`s (h`ghb sb aulrhlg d`s jbgslobs bdkjkglh`s, hb
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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bhkt`rkld } mbp
e`rjl qub sb p`hrìg rbmupbrlr bg mls` gbmbslrk`. Eugmk`gl hb e`rjl skjkdlr l dl plpbdbrl hb rbmkmdlob hb Qkgh`ws), N`rrlh`r (h`ghb sb aulrhlg d`s jbgslobs qub t`hlvêl g` sb flg tbrjkglh` hb rbhlmtlr). ±
Lmmbs`s hkrbmt`s? Bg bstl sbmmkýg sbmmkýg sb pubhbg vksuldkzlr ugl sbrkb n`t`gbs qub pbrjktbg lmmbhbr l dls `pmk`gbs qub elmkdktl Jkmr`s`et @utd``c. Bstls s`g? M`rrb`, Mldbghlrk`, M`gtlmt`s, Xlrbls, G`tls, Dkstl hb mlrpbtls. Flmkbgh` mdkm s`nrb muldqukbrl hb bst`s n`t`gbs sb jubstrl bg bd plgbd mbgtrld dls eugmk`gldkhlhbs m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs l dl `pmkýg sbdbmmk`glhl.
- Ubgtlgl mbgtrld ` prkgmkpld? Bg bstl sbmmkýg (sktulhl bg bg dl plrtb mbgtrld hb dl plgtlddl) sb vksuldkzl bd mubrp` hb d`s jbgslobs, bg bd mls` hb tbgbr sbdbmmk`glhl dl `pmkýg M`rrb`, bd mldbghlrk` bg mls` hb flnbr fbmf` mdkm s`nrb dl eugmk`gldkhlh mldbghlrk`, d`s m`gtlmt`s sk sb fl pudslh` s`nrb m`gtlmt`s, btm. - Ubgtlgl ` nlrrl hb tlrbls pbghkbgtbs? ]b sktÿl bg dl plrtb hbrbmfl hb dl plgtlddl y jubstrl bd mldbghlrk` y ug rbsujbg hb mktls y tlrbls qub sb flylg rbakstrlh` m`g Jkmr`s`et @utd``c.
H. M`rrb` Qbn Bd m`rrb` wbn, tljnkëg m`g`mkh` m`j` wbnjlkd, pbrjktb bd bgvê` y rbmbpmkýg hb jbgslobs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` l trlvës hb sktk`s ` pìakgls wbn, skg tbgbr qub utkdkzlr ug mdkbgtb hb m`rrb`. Bobjpd`s? Ajlkd, @utd``c.m`j, [lf``! Jlkd. Dls hkebrbgmkls jìs skagkekmltkvls hb dl utkdkzlmkýg hb mdkbgtbs hb m`rrb` m`g rbspbmt` l wbnjlkd s`g? - Qbnjlkd g` prbmksl hb dl kgstldlmkýg hb gkgaugl lpdkmlmkýg bg bd bqukp` kge`rjìtkm`. ]kg bjnlra`, rbqukbrb hb dl m`gbxkýg l Kgtbrgbt plrl dl vksuldkzlmkýg hb jbgslobs, kgmdus` d`s qub yl sb flg dbêh`. - Qbnjlkd pbrjktb ldjlmbglr d`s m`rrb`s bg bd sbrvkh`r hb m`rrb` y g` bg bd `rhbglh`r. - Qbnjlkd pbrjktb bd lmmbs` ld m`rrb` hbshb muldqukbr bqukp` kge`rjìtkm` m`gbmtlh` l Kgtbrgbt. Bg bd mls` hb d`s abst`rbs hb m`rrb` bs gbmbslrk` tbgbr m`gekaurlh` dl lpdkmlmkýg bg bd bqukp` hbshb bd muld sb utkdkzl.
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B. Jkmr`s`et @utd``c? bd bgt`rg` hb trlnlo`. Mrblmkýg hb jbgslobs. Bgvklr, rbmknkr, rbsp`ghbr y rbbgvklr jbgslobs. Lhjkgkstrlmkýg hb jbgslobs. ^badls hb jbgslob. Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs Lgtbs hb m`jbgzlr l mrblr gubstr` jbgslob, bs m`gvbgkbgtb slnbr khbgtkekmlr qub plrtbs e`rjlg hbd jbgslob. Ylrl lmmbhbr l gubstrl plgtlddl hb jbgslob, krbj`s ld km`g` Gubv` hb dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hb lmmbs` rìpkh`, nkbg ld jbgÿ Kgkmk`, `pmkýg Gubv`, Gubv` jbgslob bdbmtrýgkm` ` p`r jbhk` hb dls tbmdls Mtrd + R. Lut`jìtkmljbgtb sb g`s lnrkrì dl plgtlddl hb gubstr` jbgslob. Dl mbgtrld bs dl rbsbrvlhl plrl bd tbxt` hbd jbgslob, bs d` qub sb hbg`jkgl ìrbl hb bsmrkturl. L m`gtkgulmkýg hbtlddlrbj`s dls nlrrls. - Nlrrl hb têtud`, lplrbmb bd g`jnrb hbd jbgslob. - Nlrrl hb jbgÿs, m`gtkbgb dls `pbrlmk`gbs bstìghlrbs hb @utd``c. - Nlrrl hb `pmk`gbs, m`gtkbgb dls têpkmls eugmk`gbs qub sb `erbmb bg bd bgt`rg` Qkgh`ws. - Nlrrl hb e`rjlt`, m`gtkbgb dls `pmk`gbs plrl hlr e`rjlt` ld tbxt` hbd jbgslob bsmrkt`. bsmrkt`. - Bd mljp` Ylrl, g`s sbrvkrì plrl kghkmlr l qukbg vl hkrkakh` bd jbgslob, pubhb sbr ugl ÿgkml hkrbmmkýg ` pubhbg sbr vlrkls sbplrlhls p`r bd skag` pugt` y m`jl, kgmdus` pubhb sbr ugl dkstl hb hkstrknumkýg. Mlnb kghkmlr qub bstb mljp` bs `ndkalt`rk`, m`j` jêgkj` bd jbgslob hbnb tbgbr ugl hkrbmmkýg hbstkg`. - Bd mljp` MM, skrvb plrl bgvklr ugl m`pkl hbd jksj` jksj` jbgslob l jìs hb ugl pbrs`gl l plrtb hbd rbmbpt`r kghkmlh` bg bd mljp` Ylrl. Bstb mljp` g` bs `ndkalt`rk` rbddbglrd`. - Bd mljp` Lsugt`, g`s skrvb plrl kghkmlr bd j`tkv` hbd m`rrb`. m`rrb`.
l. Bgvklr gubv`s jbgslobs Bxkstbg vlrkls e`rjls plrl p`hbr mrblr ug gubv` jbgslob, dl prkjbrl hb bddls bs hbshb dl nlghbol hb bgtrlhl flmbr mdkm bg bd m`jlgh` gubv` hb dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls ` bg bd jbgÿ Kgkmk`, `pmkýg Gubv`, Gubv` jbgslob hb m`rrb`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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Rgl vbz lplrbmb dl plgtlddl hbd jbgslob, m`jbgzlrbj`s p`r rbddbglr d`s mljp`s Ylrl (hbstkgltlrk`) ` tljnkëg sb pubhb sbdbmmk`glr hb dl dkstl hb m`gtlmt`s. Bd mljp` MM skrvb plrl bgvklr m`pkl hbd jbgslob l `trls pbrs`gls y bd MM@ bs plrl bgvklr m`pkls `mudtls l `tr`s hbstkgltlrk`s. Bg `mlsk`gbs ldaug`s hb bst`s mljp`s g` lplrbmbg, plrl hbolrd`s l dl vkstl, hbnbj`s pudslr bd jbgÿ @pmk`gbs hbd jbgslob, h`ghb sbdbmmk`glj`s dls `pmk`gbs qub g`s eldtl.
L m`gtkgulmkýg rbddbglrbj`s bd Lsugt` m`j` tktud` hb gubstr` jbgslob. Ekgldjbgtb bsmrknkj`s bd tbxt` qub hbsblj`s bgvklr bg bd ìrbl hb bsmrkturl. Rgl vbz tbgalj`s m`jpdbt` gubstr` jbgslob, pudslrbj`s bd m`jlgh` bgvklr plrl qub bstb vlyl ld hbstkgltlrk` hbsblh`.
n. ^bmknkr gubv`s jbgslobs Mlhl vbz qub lnrkj`s @utd``c, sb rbldkzl hb jlgbrl lut`jìtkml ug bsmlgb` p`r dls mubgtls, m`g bd `nobt` hb vbr sk flg bgtrlh` gubv`s m`rrb`s l dl nlghbol hb bgtrlhl. Bg bd mls` hb flnbrd`, bst`s sb ldjlmbglg bg dl nlghbol hb bgtrlhl hb dl mubgtl hb m`rrb`.
Y`hbj`s `murrkr qub bstl `pbrlmkýg g` sb rbldkmb yl qub g` sb fl lmtkvlh`, plrl bdd` pudslj`s s`nrb bd m`jlgh` J`strlr pr`arbs`, `pmkýg Hbsmlralr, jbgÿ Bgvklr y rbmknkr, h`ghb g`s lplrbmb dl vbgtlgl Yr`arbs` hb bgvê` ` rbmbpmkýg hb @utd``c, bd muld kge`rjl s`nrb dls `pbrlmk`gbs rbldkzlhls, sk sb fl tbgkh` ëxkt` dl hbsmlral hbd sbrvkh`r hb m`rrb` ` g`.
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G` t`h`s d` jbgslobs rbmknkh`s vlg l dl nlghbol hb bgtrlhl, bst` bs hbnkh` l qub @utd``c kgmduyb ugl utkdkhlh hb ekdtrlh` lut`jìtkm` plrl qub hbtbrjkglh`s jbgslobs plsbg hkrbmtljbgtb l dl mlrpbtl hb M`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` g` hbsblh` y g` sb ldjlmbgbg bg dl nlghbol hb bgtrlhl. Lugqub tljnkëg p`hbj`s hbekgkr gubstr` pr`pk` ekdtrlh` plrl qub lut`jìtkmljbgtb d`s jbgslobs qub g`s ddbaubg sb m`d`qubg bg ugl mlrpbtl u `trl, hbekgkbgh` rbadls hb bgtrlhl..
m. ^bsp`ghbr l ug m`rrb` ]k l dl f`rl hb dbbr gubstr` jbgslob g`s surab dl gbmbskhlh hb m`gtbstlrd`, p`hbj`s rbmurrkr ld m`jlgh` ^bsp`ghbr unkmlh` bg dl nlrrl bstìghlr. Mlhl vbz qub sb pudsl bstb m`jlgh` g` vl l flmbr eldtl v`dvbr l bsmrknkr d`s hlt`s hbd jbgslob, yl qub bd gubv` bgvê` lplrbmb m`g dl hkrbmmkýg hbd hbstkgltlrk` bsmrktl bg bd mljp` Ylrl y bd Lsugt` hbd jbgslob m`jpdbtlh` m`g bd jksj` tbxt` qub ddbvlnl bd Lsugt` hbd jbgslob `rkakgld, sldv` p`r dl lplrkmkýg hb dls dbtrls ^B (hb rbsp`ghbr) ld prkgmkpk` hbd tbxt` hbd lsugt`. Kgmdus` pubhb lplrbmbr bd tbxt` hbd jbgslob `rkakgld sk d` hbsblj`s. Bg ldaug`s mls`s bs ÿtkd m`gsbrvlr bstb tbxt` plrl qub dl pbrs`gl qub rbmknl dl m`gtbstlmkýg sbpl kgjbhkltljbgtb l quë db m`gtbstlj`s. @trls hb dls `pmk`gbs plrl m`gtbstlr l ug jbgslob bs p`r jbhk` hbd m`jlgh` ^bsp`ghbr l t`h`s, m`g dl hkebrbgmkl hb qub bg vbz hb bgvklrsb dl rbspubstl l ugl pbrs`gl, ëstb sb jlghl l t`hls dls hkrbmmk`gbs hb m`rrb` qub flylg bg bd jbgslob qub sb fl rbmknkh`.
h. ^bbgvklr bd m`rrb` l ug` ` vlrk`s m`gtlmt`s @trl hb dls p`sknkdkhlhbs m`g rbspbmt` ld jbgslob qub g`s `erbmb @utd``c bs m`gtbstlr l gubstr` rbjktbgtb hbd m`rrb` p`r jbhk` hb dl `pmkýg ^bbgvklr. Ylrl p`hbr rbbgvklr bd jbgslob qub fbj`s rbmknkh`, tbgbj`s qub bstlr bg hkmf` jbgslob. Rgl vbz bg ëd, flmbr mdkm bg dl mlnbmbrl hbd jbgslob y hbspuës pudslr s`nrb bd m`jlgh` ^bbgvklr hb dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls. @trl e`rjl hb flmbrd` ugl vbz sktulh`s s`nrb bd jbgslob, pudslr bd n`týg hbrbmf` hbd rltýg, h`ghb lplrbmb ug jbgÿ hbspdbalndb bg bd muld p`hbj`s bdbakr dl `pmkýg ^bbgvklr. Rgl vbz fbmf` bst`, lplrbmb dl plgtlddl hb m`jp`skmkýg hb gubv` jbgslob, m`g bd mubrp` hbd jbgslob rbddbglh` m`g bd jksj` qub flnêl bg bd jbgslob `rkakgld, bg bd mljp` Lsugt` p`ghrì bd jksj` tbxt` qub bg bd jbgslob `rkakgld jìs dls dbtrls ^U ld kgkmk` hbd tbxt` hbd Lsugt`. Bstb tbxt` y bd hbd mubrp` hbd jbgslob pubhbg sbr j`hkekmlh`s lgtbs hb sbr bgvklh` bd m`rrb`. M`g bd jbgslob lsê prbplrlh`, sýd` g`s qubhl flmbr mdkm bg bd m`jlgh` Bgvklr.
b. Mrblmkýg Mrblmký g hb jbgslobs @utd``c g`s `erbmb dl p`sknkdkhlh hb m`gekaurlr gubstr` jbgslob, hbshb vbr d`s jbgslobs qub bgvklh`s flstl sbdbmmk`glr bd hêl y dl f`rl bg qub sb hbsbl bgvklr bd m`rrb`. Ylrl lmtkvlr bstls `pmk`gbs, krbj`s ld jbgÿ @pmk`gbs hbd jbgslob, h`ghb g`s lplrbmb dl vbgtlgl hb `pmk`gbs hbd jbgslob, ` nkbg p`r jbhk` hb dl `pmkýg Jìs `pmk`gbs, km`g` kgkmklh`r.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
29=
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Hbgtr` hb bstb mulhr` tbgbj`s hkebrbgtb `pmk`gbs hb m`gekaurlmkýg, dl prkjbrl hb bddls bs m`gekaurlr bd gkvbd hb kjp`rtlgmkl qub tkbgb bd jbgslob bdbmtrýgkm` qub sb vl l bgvklr. D`s gkvbdbs hb kjp`rtlgmkl vlg hbshb ldtl (muy` km`g` bs bd skag` hb lhjkrlmkýg bg r`o`), bd gkvbd nlo` (Bd km`g` bs ugl edbmfl lzud) y bd g`rjld. Bst`s gkvbdbs hb kjp`rtlgmkl s`g hb jumfl lyuhl, plrl dl pbrs`gl qub rbmknb bd jbgslob, yl qub lsê p`hrì slnbr sk bs urabgtb dbbr y m`gtbstlr bd jbgslob ` p`hbr flmbrd` bg `trl `mlskýg. Lhbjìs hb d`s gkvbdbs hb kjp`rtlgmkl sb pubhb m`gekaurlr bd mlrìmtbr hbd jbgslob (hbdkmlhbzl hbd lsugt`), bst` bs btkqubtlr bd jbgslob m`j` ug jbgslob g`rjld, prkvlh`, pbrs`gld ` m`gekhbgmkld. Bs kjp`rtlgtb jbgmk`glr qub sk bd jbgslob bs m`gekaurlh` m`j` prkvlh` bd ` d`s hbstkgltlrk`s g` p`hrìg bhktlr bd jbgslob hb m`rrb`, s`d` sk utkdkzl bd e`rjlt` skg tbxt` ` ^XE plrl dbbr sus m`rrb`s. Bg bd skaukbgtb lplrtlh` bstìg dls `pmk`gbs hb v`t` y sbaukjkbgt`, h`ghb d`s hbstkgltlrk`s pubhlg `pkglr s`nrb ldaÿg tbjl bg plrtkmudlr y hlr su v`t`, lsê m`j` slnbr bd bstlh` hb d`s jbgslobs bgvklh`s. Ld jlrmlr dl mlskddl hb v`t`, lplrbmbg m`j` prbhbtbrjkglh`s d`s n`t`gbs Lpr`nlr y ^bmflzlr. Xbgbj`s ug hbspdbalndb h`ghb p`hbj`s sbdbmmk`glr d`s n`t`gbs qub qubrbj`s qub lplrbzmlg m`j` n`t`gbs (Lpr`nlr, ^bmflzlr3 ]k/G`3 ]k, G`, \ukzìs). ]k hbsbl pubhb mrblr sus pr`pkls `pmk`gbs, d` qub fly qub flmbr bs n`rrlr d` qub tkbgb dl dkstl hbspbalndb y tbmdblr bd g`jnrb hb d`s n`t`gbs qub hbsbl sbplrlhls m`g ug pugt` y m`jl. D`s hbstkgltlrk`s, ld dbbr bd jbgslob, vbrìg d`s n`t`gbs qub sb flylg m`gekaurlh`, bs`s n`t`gbs sb d`mldkzlrlg bg bd bgmlnbzlh` hbd jbgslob bdbmtrýgkm`. Dl e`rjl bg qub m`gtbstlrìg su jbgslob sbrì flmkbgh` mdkm bg bd m`jlgh` qub jubstrb su prbebrbgmkl, y sk d` hbsblg p`hrìg bgvklr su rbspubstl m`g ` skg mljnk`s. Bg bstb lplrtlh` tbgbj`s h`s e`rjls plrl rlstrblr d`s jbgslobs bgvklh`s? dl prkjbrl bs ]`dkmktlr m`gekrjlmkýg hb bgtrbal plrl bstb jbgslob y ]`dkmktlr m`gekrjlmkýg hb dbmturl plrl bstb jbgslob. Dl prkjbrl lvksl mulgh` ug jbgslob fl skh` bgtrbalh` y/` dbêh`, bgvêl ug m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` qub g`tkekml dl lmmkýg. Xljnkëg bg dl m`pkl hbd jbgslob qub sb bgvêl (bdbjbgt`s bgvklh`s) sb pubhb slnbr bd bstltus hbd jbgslob. Bd ÿdtkj` hb d`s lplrtlh`s hb bstl vbgtlgl bs @pmk`gbs hb bgtrbal, h`ghb sb pr`p`rmk`glg multr` `pmk`gbs jìs qub db pubhb lülhkr l su jbgslob?
298
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Bgvklr rbspubstl l, dl rbspubstl p`r plrtb hb d`s hbstkgltlrk`s hbd jbgslob g`s vubdvbg vubdvbg l g`s`tr`s ` nkbg l dl ` dls pbrs`gl qub qubrlj`s. - Aulrhlr jbgslob bgvklh` bg, g`s hbol sbdbmmk`glr bg hýghb sb qukbrb qub sb aulrhb bsb jbgslob bdbmtrýgkm` bg plrtkmudlr. - G` bgtrbalr lgtbs hb, bstl `pmkýg g`s pbrjktb bsmrknkr ug jbgslob jbgslob y aulrhlrd` plrl sbr bgvklh` bg `trl f`rl y/` ebmfl. - Mlhuml hbspuës hbd, g`s pr`p`rmk`gl dl elmkdkhlh hb m`gekaurlr ugl ebmfl y f`rl hb mlhumkhlh l d`s jbgslobs bdbmtrýgkm`s.
• M`gekaurlmkýg hb jbgslob ]bdbmmk`glgh` bd e`rjlt` hbd jbgslob
Ylrl hlrdb e`rjlt` l ug jbgslob hb m`rrb`, hkebrbgtb ld prbhbtbrjkglh` sb flmb d` skaukbgtb, kr jbgÿ Lrmfkv`, `pmkýg @pmk`gbs, M`rrb`, h`ghb sbdbmmk`glj`s muldqukbrl hb d`s e`rjlt`s hb tbxt` qub lplrbmbg bg bd jbgÿ. Lf`rl nkbg sk ld bstlr rbhlmtlgh` bd jbgslob hbmkhkj`s mljnklrdb bd e`rjlt`, hbnbrbj`s kr ld jbgÿ E`rjlt` hb tbxt`, `pmkýg E`rjlt`, y sbdbmmk`glr bd e`rjlt` hbsblh`.
D`s e`rjlt`s qub @utd``c `erbmb s`g Xbxt` skg e`rjlt`, bs bd qub abgbrl bd jbg`r tljlü` hbd jbgslob, d` muld bs kjp`rtlgtb plrl lqubddls pbrs`gls qub g` mubgtbg m`g jumf` bsplmk` bg sus nuz`gbs hb m`rrb`, y abgbrldjbgtb sb utkdkzl mulgh` g` sb slnb qub pr`arljl hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` bstl utkdkzlgh` bd hbstkgltlrk`. @tr` hb d`s e`rjlt`s bs Xbxt` bgrkqubmkh`, bd muld bs ug e`rjlt` qub s`dljbgtb @utd``c pubhb utkdkzlr hbnkh` l dls mlrlmtbrêstkmls qub sb db pubhb lülhkr ld jbgslob, p`r d` qub s`d` pubhb sbr bgvklhl l `tr`s usulrk`s hb @utd``c. Y`r ÿdtkj` bd e`rjlt` FXJD, pbrjktb sbdbmmk`glr bd tkp` hb dbtrl y larbalr arìekmls bg bd m`rrb` y jumfls jìs mlrlmtbrêstkmls m`jpdbols bg mulgt` ld e`rjlt`, pbr` bst` trlb m`j` hbsvbgtlol qub mkbrt`s pr`arljls hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` g` pubhlg kgtbrprbtlr bstb e`rjlt` y j`strlr sêjn`d`s bxtrlü`s, lhbjìs hb abgbrlr ug m`rrb` juy arlghb bg tljlü`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
292
bhkt`rkld } mbp
]bdbmmk`glr bd e`rjlt` rbsp`ghbr y rbbgvklr jbgslobs
Bg bd mls` hb qubrbr hlr ug e`rjlt` l gubstrl rbspubstl ` rbbgvê` hb m`rrb`, krbj`s ld jbgÿ Lrmfkv`, `pmkýg @pmk`gbs, h`ghb g`s lplrbmb dl vbgtlgl hb `pmk`gbs hb @utd``c, m`g vlrkls pbstlüls, bdkakbgh` dl pbstlül hb M`rrb`.
G`s bgm`gtrlj`s m`g dl vbgtlgl hb @pmk`gbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`, hbgtr` hb dl muld tbgbj`s vlrk`s sunlplrtlh`s, h`ghb krbj`s l `pmk`gbs hb rbspubstls y rbbgvê` hb jbgslobs. Y`hbj`s `nsbrvlr vlrkls p`sknkdkhlhbs m`j`? - @pmk`gbs tlgt` plrl dl rbspubstl m`j` bd rbbgvê`. - G` kgmdukr jbgslob `rkakgld, g` pbrjktb kgmdukr bd jbgslob jbgslob `rkakgld bg bd mubrp` hbd jbgslob. @o`, bstl `pmkýg s`dljbgtb sb utkdkzl ld rbsp`ghb l ug jbgslob g` ld rbbgvklrd`. - Lhougtlr jbgslob `rkakgld, lhougtl bd bd jbgslob `rkakgld ld jbgslob. - Kgmdukr bd tbxt` hbd jbgslob `rkakgld, larbal bd jbgslob `rkakgld bg bd bd mubrp` hbd jbgslob qub sb vl l bgvklr. - Yrbeko` bg mlhl dêgbl hbd hbd jbgslob `rkakgld, larbal ug mlrìmtbr l mlhl dêgbl hbd jbgslob `rkakgld, abgbrldjbgtb bd prbeko` qub sb utkdkzl bs 7, pbr` pubhb sbr mljnklh`. Bs kjp`rtlgtb flmbr g`tlr qub bstl `pmkýg m`g bd mlrìmtbr prbhbekgkh` bs bd bstìghlr hb Kgtbrgbt plrl dls rbspubstls. - Jlrmlr jk m`jbgtlrk` m`jbgtlrk` m`g, h`ghb bd jbgslob bsmrkt` bg bd mljp`, bs larbalh` bg bd e`rjlt` FXJD (y ^XE) mulgh` sb larbal m`jbgtlrk`s ld jbgslob. Bs kjp`rtlgtb jbgmk`glr qub sk sb mljnkl bd e`rjlt` hbd jbgslob l tbxt` skg e`rjlt` bstl `pmkýg g` tkbgb eugmk`gldkhlh. - Mbrrlr dl vbgtlgl vbgtlgl hbd jbgslob `rkakgld `rkakgld ld rbsp`ghbr ` rbbgvklr. rbbgvklr. - M`jbgzlr m`jbgtlrk`s m`g, pbrjktb larbalr ugl bgtrlhl plrl gubstrl rbspubstl. Xljnkëg p`hbj`s bgm`gtrlr `trls sbrkbs hb `pmk`gbs qub lpdkmlr l d`s jbgslobs rbdlmk`glh`s m`g dl abstkýg hb d`s jbgslobs, lvks`s, btm.
295
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
• Bd Lrmfkv` lhougt` bg bd m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` L dl f`rl hb bgvklr m`rrb`s @utd``c, g`s `erbmb dl p`sknkdkhlh hb lhougtlr ug` ` vlrk`s lrmfkv`s (sbaÿg sbl bd mls`) ` ldaÿg bdbjbgt` hb @utd``c. Dl e`rjl hb lhougtlr bd lrmfkv` bs nlstlgtb sbgmkddl. Rgl vbz flddlj`s m`jpdbtlh` bd jbgslob (hbstkgltlrk`, lsugt` y tbxt`) pr`mbhbrbj`s l lhougtlr bd lrmfkv` ` bdbjbgt` hb @utd``c. ]k sb vl l kgsbrtlr ug lrmfkv`, pudslrbj`s bd m`jlgh` Kgsbrtlr lrmfkv` hb dl nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls hbd jbgslob ` sbdbmmk`glr dl edbmfl ougtl l hkmf` m`jlgh` y sbdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg Lrmfkv`. Ld sbdbmmk`glrd`, sb lnrb ug mulhr` hb hkìd`a` qub g`s lyuhlrì l sbdbmmk`glr bd lrmfkv` qub hbsbl. Rgl vbz bdbakh` bd lrmfkv`, pudslj`s bd Kgsbrtlr (pubhb sbdbmmk`glr dl edbmfl hbd m`jlgh` kgsbrtlr y p`hbr larbalr bd h`mujbgt` m`j` tbxt` hbd jbgslob ` m`j` hlt`s lhougt`s). Ld kgsbrtlrd` lplrbmb ug km`g` hbd lrmfkv`. ^bpbtkrbj`s bd jksj` pr`mbhkjkbgt` sk hbsblj`s kgsbrtlr jìs lrmfkv`s.
]k d` qub vlj`s l kgsbrtlr ug bdbjbgt` hb @utd``c, flmbj`s mdkm l dl edbmfl ougt` ld km`g` hb Kgsbrtlr lrmfkv`, y `ptlj`s p`r sbdbmmk`glr Bdbjbgt`. Ld flmbrd` sb g`s lnrb ug mulhr` hb hkìd`a` qub g`s lyuhlrì l sbdbmmk`glr bd bdbjbgt` qub hbsbl (pubhb sbr ug jbgslob hb m`rrb`, ugl mktl, ug m`gtlmt`, btm).
Ld kauld qub bgvklj`s m`rrb`s m`g lrmfkv`s lhougt`s, lhoug t`s, tljnkëg p`hbj`s rbmknkrd`s. Dl e`rjl jìs eìmkd hb lnrkr ug lrmfkv` lhougt`, bs flmkbgh` h`ndb mdkm s`nrb bd km`g` qub jubstrl bd jbgslob hb m`rrb`. Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
291
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Lug qub dl e`rjl jìs sbaurl hb lnrkr ug lrmfkv` lhougt` bs aulrhlrd` bg bd hksm` hur`, bsmlgblrd` plrl slnbr sk tkbgb vkrus y hbspuës lnrkrd`. D`s lrmfkv`s lhougt`s bgvklh`s p`r m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` s`g ldjlmbglh`s bg bd nuzýg hb m`rrb`. Bg ldaugls `mlsk`gbs, sb bgvêlg jbgslobs hb m`rrb` m`g lrmfkv`s juy arlghbs y sb hbsbl m`gsbrvlr bd m`rrb` pbr` g` bd lrmfkv` lhougt`, d` qub hbnb flmbr bg bsb mls` bs n`rrlr bd lrmfkv`. Dl e`rjl hb rbldkzlrd` m`gskstb bg Lnrkr bd jbgslob qub tkbgb bd lrmfkv` lhougt` h`ghb sbdbmmk`glj`s bd lrmfkv` hbd bgmlnbzlh` hbd jbgslob. Bg bd mls` hb gbmbsktlr ugl m`pkl hbd lrmfkv` lhougt`, flmbj`s mdkm bg bd m`jlgh` hbrbmf` hbd rltýg s`nrb bd km`g` hbd lrmfkv` lhougt` y `ptlj`s p`r dl `pmkýg Aulrhlr m`j`, h`ghb d` aulrhlrbj`s bg bd dualr hbsblh`. ]k g` hbsblj`s aulrhlrd` bdbakj`s dl `pmkýg bdkjkglr. D` ÿdtkj` qub g`s qubhb bs mbrrlr bd jbgslob, h`ghb ld flmbrd` g`s lplrbmb ug mulhr` hb hkìd`a` prbaugtlgh` sk hbsbl aulrhlr d`s mljnk`s, sbdbmmk`gb sê plrl aulrhlr bd jbgslob skg bd lrmfkv` lhougt`. L j`h` hb rbm`rhlt`rk`, sk bg bd mls` hb tbgbr qub lnrkr ug lrmfkv` lhougt`, lsbaÿrltb hb qub bd bqukp` tbgal kgstldlh` ug s`etwlrb hb pr`tbmmkýg lgtkvkrus, lsê m`j` dl pbrs`gl qub g`s bgvêb bd jbgslob sbl hb m`geklgzl. Bdkjkgl dls m`pkls aulrhlhls hb d`s lrmfkv`s lhougt`s qub lnrlj`s, yl qub d`s hlt`s lhougt`s lnkbrt`s sb hbsmlralg hbshb dl nlghbol hb bgtrlhl bg bd sbrvkh`r y sb ldjlmbglg bg bd bqukp` qub bstë utkdkzlgh`.
• Ybrs`gldkzlr bd jbgslob hb tbxt` Rgl hb dls prkjbrls `pmk`gbs qub p`hbj`s rbldkzlr s`nrb bd jbgslob bs larbalr ug m`d`r hb pìakgl, ug hbarlhlh`, ugl tbxturl, btm, plrl bdd` krbj`s ld jbgÿ @pmk`gbs, `pmkýg Xbjls, h`ghb p`hbj`s lpdkmlr mljnk`s hb tbjl, m`d`rbs, eubgtbs, bebmt`s y mljnk` hb m`d`r hb pìakgl.
@trl hb dls `pmk`gbs qub p`hbj`s rbldkzlr hbgtr` hbd jbgslob bs dl hb kgsbrtlr Kdustrlmk`gbs m`j`? - Kjlabg, pbrjktb nusmlr ugl kjlabg plrl kgsbrtlrdl bg bd jbgslob. - Kjìabgbs prbhksbülhls, pbrjktb nusmlr ugl kjlabg prbhbtbrjkglhl hlhl p`r p`r @eekmb. - E`rjls, pbrjktb sbdbmmk`glr `nobt`s hb dl dkstl qub g`s lplrbmb. lplrbmb. - ]jlrtLrt, pbrjktb kgsbrtlr bdbjbgt`s hb arìekm`s ]jlrtLrt. - Arìekm`, pbrjktb mrblr ug arìekm` hbgtr` hbd jbgslob. - Mlpturl hb plgtlddl, kgsbrtl ugl kjlabg kgstlgtìgbl hb dl plgtlddl bg dl qub fbj`s rbldkzlh` dl mlpturl.
296
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Xljnkëg p`hbj`s rbldkzlr `pbrlmk`gbs m`g dl `pmkýg Xbxt`, h`ghb p`hbj`s? - Mulhr` hb tbxt`, pbrjktb mrblr ug mulhr` hbgtr` hbd muld p`hbj`s kgsbrtlr ug tbxt`. - Q`rhLrt, pbrjktb rbldkzlr `pbrlmk`gbs s`nrb bd e`rjlt` hb ug tbxt`. - Dbtrl mlpktld, pbrjktb kgmdukr ug e`rjlt` hkebrbgtb ld tbxt`. - Ebmfl y f`rl, pbrjktb kgmdukr ebmfl ebmfl y f`rl ld jbgslob. - @nobt`, pbrjktb kgsbrtlr ug `nobt` l gubstr` jbgslob. Y`r `tr` dlh` tljnkëg p`hbj`s larbalr tlndls p`r jbhk` hbd m`jlgh` Xlndl, h`ghb p`hbj`s mrblr dl tlndl hb e`rjl rìpkhl (Xlndls rìpkhls), hknuolrdl (Hknuolr tlndl) ` rbmurrkr l ugl f`ol hb mìdmud` (F`ols hb mìdmud` hb Bxmbd). Mulgh` sbdbmmk`glj`s bstl ÿdtkjl `pmkýg, bs p`skndb qub lplrbzml ugl vbgtlgl bg dl qub sb g`s prbaugtb sk m`geklj`s bg bd `rkabg hb dl f`ol hb Bxmbd. Bg dl jly`rêl hb d`s mls`s, plrtkmudlrjbgtb sk dl f`ol hb mìdmud` pr`vkbgb hbd Bxmbd mlralh` bg su bqukp`, p`hbj`s flmbr mdkm bg ]ê. ]k Bxmbd sb bstì bobmutlgh` hbshb `trl eubgtb ` rbh, pýgalsb bg m`gtlmt` m`g bd lhjkgkstrlh`r hb rbh sk g` bstì sbaur`. Y`hbj`s larbalr ugl ekrjl prbhbtbrjkglhl plrl qub sb kgsbrtb bg t`h`s sus jbgslobs sldkbgtbs, ` kgsbrtlr jlguldjbgtb ugl ekrjl bg d`s jbgslobs sldkbgtbs hb e`rjl kghkvkhuld. Ylrl bdd` krbj`s ld jbgÿ Jbgslob, `pmkýg Kgmdukr, Ekrjl, h`ghb lut`jìtkmljbgtb lplrbmb dl vbgtlgl hb Ekrjl y pdlgtkddls.
L m`gtkgulmkýg pudslj`s gubvl y hlj`s g`jnrb l dl ekrjl, plrl p`hbr rbm`g`mbrdl bg mls` hb qub gubstr` m`rrb` sbl uslh` p`r vlrkls pbrs`gls.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
29;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
G`s bgm`gtrlj`s m`g dl p`sknkdkhlh hb kgsbrtlr dl ekrjl bg d`s m`rrb`s qub rbsp`ghlj`s y rbbgvkbj`s, plrl bdd` rbmurrkj`s l dl sbmmkýg Bdbakr ekrjl prbhbtbrjkglhl, ^bspubstls ` rbbgvê`s, pbr` sk g` sbdbmmk`glj`s gkgaugl. Xljnkëg p`hbj`s mrblr dl ekrjl jlguldjbgtb p`r jbhk` hb dl sbmmkýg Bhktlr Ekrjl. @trl hb dls `pbrlmk`gbs Dl tlrobtl hb prbsbgtlmkýg bdbmtrýgkml, bs `trl hb dls hb pbrs`gldkzlmkýg hb d`s `pmk`gbs qub g`s vl l pbrjktkr rbldkzlr @utd``c. jbgslobs bs dl hb larbalr Jbhklgtb dls tlrobtls hb prbsbgtlmkýg bdbmtrýgkmls bs sêjn`d`s, bmulmk`gbs y jìs eìmkd m`jplrtkr dl kge`rjlmkýg hb d`s m`gtlmt`s. Ylrl dêgbls f`rkz`gtldbs, p`r bdd` krbj`s ld jbgÿ Jbgslob, `pmkýg Kgmdukr, Lhougtlr jbhk` hb bst`s m`jlgh` bdbjbgt`, Xlrobtls hb prbsbgtlmkýg3 ` p`r jbhk` hbd unkmlh`s bg bd jbgÿ jbgÿ Kgsbrtlr, `pmkýg Kgmdukr, Xlrobtl hb prbsbgtlmkýg, Kgsbrtlr, `pmkýg ]êjn`d`s. h`ghb nusmlj`s ug g`jnrb hb dl dkstl dl dkstl qub lplrbmb. Bg mls` hb g` lplrbmbr, krbj`s l dl skaukbgtb `pmkýg s`nrb dl Xlrobtl, @trls tlrobtls hb prbsbgtlmkýg. Lquê flmbj`s mdkm bg bd g`jnrb hb dl dkstl Lrmfkvlh` m`j` y lmbptlj`s. Xljnkëg p`hbj`s bstlndbmbr ug sbaukjkbgt` plrl bd jbgslob p`r jbhk` hb hkebrbgtbs `pmk`gbs. Dl prkjbrl hb bddls bs bstlndbmbr jlrmls. Bstls jlrmls bg d`s jbgslobs mrblg bdbjbgt`s pbghkbgtbs, sýd` plrl g`s`tr`s y/` hbstkgltlrk`s hbd jbgslob hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`3 lsê m`j` rbldkzlr bd sbaukjkbgt` s`nrb dl sktulmkýg hb bsb jbgslob. Ylrl rbldkzlr bstl `pmkýg krbj`s ld jbgÿ Jbgslob, `pmkýg Btkqubtls, ]baukjkbgt`, h`ghb nkbg p`hbj`s hlr ugl ebmfl hb vbgmkjkbgt` hbd sbaukjkbgt` ` pbrs`gldkzlrdl3 lsê m`j` bstlndbmbr ugl jlrml plrl d`s hbstkgltlrk`s hb e`rjl qub tljnkëg sb dbs lvksb hb ugl ebmfl dêjktb. Xljnkëg g`s pbrjktb mrblr lvks`s sk lsê d` qubrbj`s. Dl skaukbgtb hb bstls `pmk`gbs bs dl hb larbalr n`t`gbs hb v`t`, plrl bdd` krbj`s ld jbgÿ @pmk`gbs, `pmkýg ]baukjkbgt`, Rtkdkzlr n`t`gbs hb v`t`, h`ghb p`hbj`s sbdbmmk`glr? - ]ê3G`, g`s vl l pbrjktkr `ntbgbr ug s`ghb` rìpkh` mulgh` t`h` t`h` d` qub sb gbmbsktl bs ug sê ` ug g` m`j` rbspubstl. - ]ê3G`3\ukzìs, g`s g`s vl l pbrjktkr `ntbgbr ug s`ghb` s`ghb` h`ghb dl rbspubstls bs bs ug p`m` jìs jìs vlrklhl. - Ybrs`gldkzlh`s, pbrjktb mrblr g`jnrbs hb n`t`gbs hb v`t` pbrs`gldkzlh`s. Dl ÿdtkjl hb bstls `pmk`gbs bs dl hb `ntbgbr m`gekrjlmkýg hb bgtrbal ` hb dbmturl, plrl bdd` hbnbj`s hb lmtkvlr dl mlskddl ]`dkmktlr ugl m`gekrjlmkýg hb bgtrbal ` ]`dkmktlr ugl m`gekrjlmkýg hb dbmturl. Ybr` sk qubrbj`s qub bstl `pmkýg sb rbpktl bg t`h`s gubstr`s jbgslobs krbj`s ld jbgÿ Lrmfkv`, `pmkýg @pmk`gbs, M`rrb` y vlj`s ld lplrtlh` ]baukjkbgt`, h`ghb dl sbdbmmk`glj`s. Y`hbj`s mltba`rkzlr d`s jbgslobs p`r jbhk` hb dl lskaglmkýg hb mltba`rêls hb m`d`r prbhbtbrjkglhl ` nkbg p`hbj`s mrblrdl. Ylrl lskaglr ugl mltba`rêl hb m`d`r? - Ylrl ug jbgslob hb dl Nlghbol hb bgtrlhl ` hb muldqukbr dkstl hb jbgslobs, flmbj`s mdkm bg bd jbgslob m`g bd m`jlgh` sbmughlrk` hbd rltýg, h`ghb bdbakj`s Mltba`rkzlr y sbdbmmk`glj`s dl mltba`rkzlmkýg. - Ylrl ug jbgslob lnkbrt`, krbj`s krbj`s ld jbgÿ Jbgslob, `pmkýg @pmk`gbs, @pmk`gbs, Mltba`rkzlr.
2<9
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Ylrl vbr jìs mltba`rêls ` mrblr ugl gubvl, krbj`s l X`hls dls mltba`rêls plrl lnrkr dl vbgtlgl vbgtlgl Mltba`rêls hb m`d`r3 h`ghb plrl lskaglr ugl mltba`rêl hb m`d`r hbnbj`s lmtkvlr dl mlskddl ougt` l dl mltba`rêl hb m`d`r. Dl prkjbrl vbz qub lskagbj`s ugl mltba`rêl hb m`d`r prbhbtbrjkglhl l ug bdbjbgt`, g`s pbhkrì qub mljnkbj`s bd g`jnrb hb dl mltba`rêl. Bg bstb j`jbgt`, tljnkëg p`hbj`s mljnklr bd m`d`r hb dl mltba`rêl y bdbakr ug jët`h` lnrbvklh` hb tbmdlh`.
h. ^badls Rgl rbadl bs ugl lmmkýg qub @utd``c rbldkzl hb jlgbrl lut`jìtkml bg d`s jbgslobs bgtrlgtbs y sldkbgtbs bg eugmkýg hb dls m`ghkmk`gbs qub sb flylg bspbmkekmlh`. Dls rbadls sb hkvkhbg bg h`s mltba`rêls? `ralgkzlmkýg y g`tkekmlmkýg. Dls rbadls g` eugmk`glg bg jbgslobs qub sb dbybr`g, sýd` s`nrb d`s g` dbêh`s. Bd Lskstbgtb plrl rbadls kgmduyb pdlgtkddls plrl dls rbadls qub sb uslg m`g jìs erbmubgmkl, qub kgmduybg? - Jlgtbgbrsb `ralgkzlh`, pbrjktbg pbrjktbg lrmfkvlr y rbldkzlr ug sbaukjkbgt` hb d`s jbgslobs. - Jlgtbgbrsb lmtuldkzlh`, pbrjktbg g`tkekmlr dl rbmbpmkýg hb ug hbtbrjkglh` jbgslob hb ldaugl jlgbrl. - Kgkmklr hbshb ugl rbadl bg ndlgm`, s`g rbadls qub sb mrblg hbshb bd prkgmkpk`. Ylrl p`hbr mrblr, vbr y j`hkekmlr bstls rbadls, sktulh`s bg dl mlrpbtl hb m`rrb` krbj`s ld jbgÿ Kgkmk`, `pmkýg Lmmk`gbs, ^badls, h`ghb sbdbmmk`glj`s Lhjkgkstrlr rbadls y ldbrtls. Lf`rl nkbg, p`hbj`s mrblr rbadls hbshb hkebrbgtbs `pmk`gbs, m`j` p`r bobjpd` hbshb ugl pdlgtkddl, h`ghb ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glhl dl pdlgtkddl hbd arup` Jlgtbgbrsb `ralgkzlh` ` Jlgtbgbrsb lmtuldkzlh`, m`jbgzlj`s m`g dl hbsmrkpmkýg hb dl rbadl (vld`r sunrlylh`). L m`gtkgulmkýg p`gbj`s dls m`ghkmk`gbs l mujpdkr p`r bd jbgslob bhktlgh` dl m`ghkmkýg m`rrbsp`ghkbgtb. Xljnkëg p`hbj`s sbdbmmk`glr ugl ` vlrkls lmmk`gbs, ugl ` vlrkls bxmbpmk`gbs, mlhl ugl hb bddls m`g sus m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs m`ghkmk`gbs. L m`gtkgulmkýg y plrl ekgldkzlr s`d` tbgbj`s qub hlr g`jnrb l dl rbadl y lpdkmlr muldqukbr `trl rbadl qub qubrlj`s3 y ekgldkzlj`s dl mrblmkýg. ]k hbsblj`s mrblr gubstrls pr`pkls rbadls, ugl vbz bg ^badls, krbj`s l M`jbgzlr m`g ugl rbadl bg ndlgm`, h`ghb bdbakj`s bgtrb h`s `pmk`gbs M`jpr`nlr d`s jbgslobs mulgh` ddbaubg ` M`jpr`nlr jbgslobs hbspuës hb bgvklr. L m`gtkgulmkýg rbldkzlj`s dl sbdbmmkýg hb m`ghkmk`gbs, Lmmk`gbs y ` bxmbpmk`gbs, m`g sus m`rrbsp`ghkbgtbs m`ghkmk`gbs. Ekgldjbgtb s`d` qubhl hlr g`jnrb l dl rbadl y ekgldkzlr. Xljnkëg p`hbj`s mrblr ugl rbadl hkrbmtljbgtb hbshb ug jbgslob, h`ghb ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glh`, krbj`s ld m`jlgh` Mrblr rbadl, hbd muld lplrbmb dl vbgtlgl Mrblr rbadls, h`ghb lmtkvlj`s dls mlskddls hb dls m`ghkmk`gbs l uslr. Lmtkvlj`s dl mlskddl J`vbr bd bdbjbgt` l dl mlrpbtl.3 l su vbz flmbj`s mdkm bg ugl mlrpbtl bxkstbgtb ` bg Gubvl plrl mrblr ugl mlrpbtl gubvl plrl ldjlmbglr d`s jbgslobs. ]k qubrbj`s larbalr jìs m`ghkmk`gbs, lmmk`gbs ` bxmbpmk`gbs l dl rbadl, rbmurrkj`s l @pmk`gbs lvlgzlhls, qub g`s ddbvlrì ld Lskstbgtb plrl rbadls, bd muld sbaukrbj`s flstl su ekgldkzlmkýg.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
2<<
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Ylrl bobmutlr jlguldjbgtb gubstrl rbadl mrblhl, s`d` tbgbj`s qub kr l dl vbgtlgl Lhjkgkstrlr rbadls y ldbrtls, h`ghb hbsflnkdktlj`s dl rbadl hbslmtkvlgh` dl mlskddl qub sb bgmubgtrl ougt` l ëstl. L m`gtkgulmkýg flmbj`s mdkm bg Bobmutlr rbadls lf`rl. Hbgtr` hb bstl bdbakj`s ]bdbmmk`gb dls rbadls qub hbsbb bobmutlr y lmtkvlj`s dl mlskddl hb dl rbadl qub hbsblj`s bobmutlr. Duba` bg Bobmutlr bg mlrpbtl, sbdbmmk`glj`s Bxljkglr lsê m`j` dl mlrpbtl l dl qub hbsblj`s lpdkmlr dl rbadl. Ekgldjbgtb bg Lpdkmlr rbadl l, bdbakj`s dl mltba`rêl hb jbgslobs l dl qub hbsblj`s lpdkmlr dl rbadl y pudslj`s Bobmutlr lf`rl.
b. Dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`g hkrbmmk`gbs bs @utd``c prbsbgtl ugl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs qub g`s pbrjktb tbgbr ugl dkstl m`g t`hls dls hkrbmmk`gbs hb dls pbrs`gls l dls qub bsmrknkj`s m`rrb`s bdbmtrýgkm`s plrl qub g`s sbl jìs mýj`h` bgvklr d`s jbgslobs y g` tbgalj`s qub rbm`rhlr bsls hkrbmmk`gbs. Hbd jksj` j`h` g`s pbrjktb laruplr bsls hkrbmmk`gbs plrl p`r bobjpd` tbgbr dls hkrbmmk`gbs hb dl bjprbsl, p`r `tr` dlh` tbgbr dls hkrbmmk`gbs hb ljka`s/ls, eljkdklrbs.
• Mrblr ugl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs Ld kauld qub tbgbj`s ugl labghl h`ghb lplrbmbg gubstr`s m`gtlmt`s m`g sus hlt`s (g`jnrb, tbdëe`g`s, hkrbmmk`gbs, btm), @utd``c g`s vl l pbrjktkr tbgbr ugl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs p`r hbebmt`, pbr` p`hbj`s mrblr dknrbtls lhkmk`gldbs. Y`hbj`s uslr dl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs plrl nusmlr y sbdbmmk`glr g`jnrbs, hkrbmmk`gbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` y dkstls hb hkstrknumkýg ld hkrkakr jbgslobs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm`. Dl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs hb @utd``c bs ug m`gougt` hb dknrbtls hb hkrbmmk`gbs ` dkstls hb hkrbmmk`gbs, mrblhls hbshb dls mlrpbtls hb m`gtlmt`s hb @utd``c. ]k uslj`s @utd``c m`g ugl mubgtl hb Jkmr`s`et Bxmflgab ]brvbr, dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs kgmdukrì dl Dkstl ad`nld hb hkrbmmk`gbs, dl muld m`gtkbgb d`s g`jnrbs y dls hkrbmmk`gbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` hb t`hls dls pbrs`gls qub tkbgbg ugl mubgtl m`g bsb sbrvkh`r Bxmflgab ]brvbr y bs m`gekaurlhl lut`jìtkmljbgtb p`r Bxmflgab.
2<>
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Ylrl vbr `trls dknrbtls hb hkrbmmk`gbs qub g` sblg dls prbhbtbrjkglhls, bg jbgÿ Kgkmk`, `pmkýg Nusmlr, flmbj`s mdkm bg Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs. L m`gtkgulmkýg, bg dl vbgtlgl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs, sbdbmmk`glj`s dl dkstl hb hkrbmmk`gbs qub hbsblj`s vbr.
Ylrl mrblr ugl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs, krbj`s ld jbgÿ Lrmfkv`, `pmkýg Kge`rjlmkýg, M`gekaurlmkýg hb dl mubgtl. L m`gtkgulmkýg bg dl vbgtlgl hb Dknrbtls hb hkrbmmk`gbs, pudslj`s Gubvl, h`ghb g`s s`dkmktl qub sbdbmmk`gbj`s ug` ` h`s tkp`s hb dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs.
]k rbmurrkj`s ld sbrvkmk` hb hkrbmt`rk` hb Kgtbrgbt (DHLY) plrl larbalr dl dknrbtl, bg G`jnrb hbd sbrvkh`r, bsmrknkj`s bd g`jnrb hb sbrvkh`r pr`p`rmk`glh` p`r bd pr`vbbh`r hb lmmbs` l Kgtbrgbt ` bd lhjkgkstrlh`r hbd skstbjl. ]k bd sbrvkh`r qub fl bspbmkekmlh` bstì pr`tbakh` m`g m`gtrlsbül, lmtkvlj`s dl mlskddl Bd sbrvkh`r gbmbsktl qub kgkmkb sbskýg y, l m`gtkgulmkýg, bsmrknkrbj`s g`jnrb hb usulrk` y m`gtrlsbül. L m`gtkgulmkýg sbdbmmk`glj`s Jìs m`gekaurlmk`gbs, y bg dl vbgtlgl qub g`s lplrbmb g`s vlj`s l G`jnrb plrl j`strlr, h`ghb bsmrknkj`s bd g`jnrb hb dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs DHLY qub hbsblj`s j`strlr bg dl dkstl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs. Bg Hbtlddbs hb m`gbxkýg, bsmrknkj`s bd gÿjbr` hb pubrt` pr`p`rmk`glh` p`r bd pr`vbbh`r hb lmmbs` l Kgtbrgbt (K]Y) ` bd lhjkgkstrlh`r hbd skstbjl. Ylrl mljnklr dl m`gekaurlmkýg hbd sbrvkh`r, sk bs gbmbslrk`, sbdbmmk`glj`s Nusmlr.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
2<=
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Bg @pmk`gbs hb nÿsqubhl, sk bd mulhr` Nlsb hb nÿsqubhl bstì vlmê`, bsmrknkj`s d`s g`jnrbs hkstkgtkv`s (khbgtkekml bxmduskvljbgtb l ugl pbrs`gl ` arup` hb pbrs`gls bg t`h`s d`s hkrbmt`rk`s hb Kgtbrgbt. M`gstl hb vlrk`s ltrknut`s hbsmrkptkv`s, m`j` G`jnrb, @ralgkzlmkýg y Ylês/ rbakýg) pr`p`rmk`glh`s p`r bd lhjkgkstrlh`r. ]`d` qubhl lmbptlr y plslr l ekgldkzlr dl `pbrlmkýg hb mrblmkýg hb dl dknrbtl. Dl `trl e`rjl hb mrblr ugl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs bs p`r jbhk` hb larbalr ugl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs lhkmk`gld, h`ghb ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glhl bg dl vbgtlgl hb tkp`s hb dknrbtls, plslj`s ld skaukbgtb pls`, h`ghb sbdbmmk`glj`s dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs l larbalr. L m`gtkgulmkýg pudslj`s ]kaukbgtb, h`ghb flmbj`s mdkm bg muldqukbr `trl pbstlül plrl rbarbslr ld lrmfkv`.
Ylrl qub t`h`s bst`s mljnk`s surtlg bebmt`, hbnbj`s sldkr hb @utd``c y rbkgkmklrd` plrl utkdkzlr dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs qub fbj`s larbalh`.
• Mrblr gubvls bgtrlhls bg dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs Ylrl larbalr g`jnrbs l dl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs, p`hbj`s rbmurrkr l vlrk`s pr`mbs`s?
2<8
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
- Y`r jbhk` hb dl mrblmkýg hb m`gtlmt`s bg dl mlrpbtl M`gtlmt`, h`ghb hbspuës hb aulrhlr ug m`gtlmt`, d`s mljnk`s sb rbedbolg bg dl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs. - Y`r jbhk` hb kjp`rtlr pbrs`gls hb `trls dkstls ` dknrbtls hb hkrbmmk`gbs, plrl bdd` krbj`s l ld jbgÿ Lrmfkv`, `pmkýg Lnrkr, Kjp`rtlr3 h`ghb sbdbmmk`glj`s bd Lskstbgtb plrl kjp`rtlr y bxp`rtlr. Rgl vbz kgmdukh` bd m`gtlmt` l dl mlrpbtl M`gtlmt`s prkgmkpld hb @utd``c, qub bs dl mlrpbtl hb m`gtlmt`s prbhbtbrjkglhl qub sb jubstrl bg dl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs hb @utd``c, p`hbj`s m`pklr bd m`gtlmt` bg muldqukbr `trl mlrpbtl hb m`gtlmt`s qub flylj`s mrblh`. Dls gubvls mlrpbtls hb m`gtlmt`s sb larbalg lut`jìtkmljbgtb l dl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs y lddê tljnkëg p`hbj`s vbr dl kge`rjlmkýg gubvl. Hb e`rjl prbhbtbrjkglhl, prbhbtbrjkglhl, dl Dknrbtl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs hb @utd``c m`gtkbgb t`h`s d`s m`gtlmt`s hb dl mlrpbtl M`gtlmt`s prkgmkpld. ]k uslj`s ugl mubgtl hb Jkmr`s`et Bxmflgab ]brvbr, tljnkëg sb kgmduybg d`s m`gtlmt`s h b dl Dkstl ad`nld hb hkrbmmk`gbs.
• Nusmlr bg dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs ]k d` qub qubrbj`s bs nusmlr ugl hkrbmmkýg hbgtr` hb gubstrl dknrbtl, rbmurrkj`s ld jbgÿ Fbrrljkbgtls, `pmkýg Nusmlr, nkbg p`r jbhk` hb km`g` Nusmlr ` jbhklgtb dls Mtrd+Jlyus+E. Dl vbgtlgl qub lplrbmb pbrjktb kgtr`humkr d`s hlt`s l nusmlr (g`jnrb, pldlnrl, btm). ]k dl nÿsqubhl tkbgb ëxkt` v`dvbj`s l dl plgtlddl lgtbrk`r m`g ug dkstlh` hb d`s m`gtlmt`s qub m`kgmkhbg m`g d`s hlt`s (g`jnrbs, pldlnrls, btm) qub nusmìnlj`s.
• Bdkjkglr ugl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs ]k d` qub sb qukbrb bs bdkjkglr ugl Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs krbj`s ld jbgÿ Lrmfkv`, `pmkýg Kge`rjlmkýg, M`gekaurlmkýg hb mubgtls, h`ghb bg dl pbstlül Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs, sbdbmmk`glj`s dl dknrbtl l bdkjkglr y pudslj`s \uktlr. G`s lplrbmb ugl gubvl vbgtlgl kge`rjlgh` hb dl m`gekrjlmkýg s`nrb sk qubrbj`s bdkjkglr dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs. ]k t`h` fl sldkh` m`rrbmtljbgtb, g`s rbjktb l dl plgtlddl lgtbrk`r, h`ghb pudslj`s Ekgldkzlr plrl lmlnlr bd pr`mbs`.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
2<2
bhkt`rkld } mbp
G`s lplrbmb ugl gubvl vbgtlgl kge`rjlgh` hb dl m`gekrjlmkýg s`nrb sk qubrbj`s bdkjkglr dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs. ]k t`h` fl sldkh` m`rrbmtljbgtb, g`s rbjktb l dl plgtlddl lgtbrk`r, h`ghb pudslj`s Ekgldkzlr plrl lmlnlr bd pr`mbs`.
• Bdkjkglr hkrbmmk`gbs hb dl dknrbtl Mulgh` qubrbj`s bdkjkglr ugl hb dls pbrs`gls hb gubstrl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs, tbgbj`s qub lnrkrdl. Rgl vbz hbgtr` flmbr h`ndb mdkm s`nrb dl dkstl hb hkstrknumkýg p`r bobjpd` F`spktld. ]b g`s lnrb dl vbgtlgl hb pr`pkbhlhbs hb dl dkstl hb hkstrknumkýg F`spktld. Bg bstl vbgtlgl pudslr s`nrb Larbalr y quktlr kgtbarlgtbs plrl qub jubstrb dl vbgtlgl h`ghb bstìg t`h`s d`s kgtbarlgtbs hb dl dkstl. Rgl vbz bg bstl vbgtlgl, sbdbmmk`glr l dl pbrs`gl l bdkjkglr y pudslr ]upr hbd tbmdlh`, bg bstb j`jbgt` bstb m`gtlmt` hbslplrbmb hb gubstrl dkstl hb hkstrknumkýg y hb gubstrl dknrbtls hb hkrbmmk`gbs. ]k bstl pbrs`gl g` bstì kgmdukhl bg gkgaugl dkstl hb hkstrknumkýg s`d` fly qub bdkjkglrdl hbshb dl pudslgh` bd km`g` Bdkjkglr ` m`g dl tbmdls ]upr.
e. Lhjkgkst Lhjkgkstrlmkýg rlmkýg hb jbgslobs Dl dkstl hb mlrpbtls tkbgb p`r hbebmt` ugl sbrkb hb mlrpbtls m`j` s`g? Nlghbol hb bgtrlhl, Nlghbol hb sldkhl, N`rrlh`r, Bdbjbgt`s bdkjkglh`s y Bdbjbgt`s bgvklh`s, h`ghb p`r mlhl mubgtl hb m`rrb` qub sb mrbb sb abgbrlg bstls mlrpbtls p`r hbebmt`. ]k qubrbj`s mrblr ugl gubvl mlrpbtl bxkstbg vlrkls jlgbrls hb rbldkzlrd`. Dl prkjbrl hb bddls bs kr ld jbgÿ bg Mlrpbtl, `pmkýg Gubv`, Gubvl Mlrpbtl ` pudslgh` bd m`jlgh` hbrbmf` hbd rltýg s`nrb dl supbrekmkb hb dl dkstl hb mlrpbtls y pudslr s`nrb Gubvl Mlrpbtl. G`s vl l lplrbmbr dl vbgtlg mrblr mlrpbtl, h`ghb hlrbj`s bd g`jnrb hb dl jksjl lsê m`j` dl unkmlmkýg hb dl jksjl.
2<5
Xbjl >;
bhkt`rkld } mbp
Dls mlrpbtls qub lplrbmbg prbhbtbrjkglhls p`r @utd``c bg bd nuzýg hb m`rrb` g` pubhbg sbr n`rrlhls, pbr` sk dls mrblhls p`r g`s`tr`s. Ylrl bdd` s`d` fly qub sbdbmmk`glr dl mlrpbtl pudslgh` bd hbrbmf` hbd rltýg ugl vbz sbdbmmk`glhl dl mlrpbtl l n`rrlr. L m`gtkgulmkýg sbdbmmk`glr dl `pmkýg n`rrlh`, h`ghb @utd``c prbaugtl sk sb bstlj`s sbaur`s hb n`rrlr d l mlrpbtl3 sk bs lsê, sbdbmmk`glr bd m`jlgh` Lmbptlr. Xljnkëg p`hbj`s rbldkzlr bstl lmmkýg uslgh` bd m`jlgh` Bdkjkglr mlrpbtl. ]k qubrbj`s flmbr ugl dkjpkbzl hb d`s m`rrb`s qub laruplj`s bg dls hkebrbgtbs mlrpbtls, p`hbj`s rbmurrkr l dl `pmkýg Dkjpklr, hbgtr` hb dl muld p`hbj`s rbldkzlr hkebrbgtbs `pbrlmk`gbs? - Jlrmlr t`h`s m`j` dbêh`, pbrjktb hbolr t`h`s d`s m`rrb`s hb ugl mlrpbtl bg dl m`ghkmkýg hb dbêh`. - Dkjpklr mlrpbtl, pbrjktb n`rrlr bd m`gtbghkh` tlgt` hb dls mlrpbtls m`j` sunmlrpbtls sunmlrpbtls mrblhls ` prbhbtbrjkglhls. - Bdkjkglr t`h`, bdkjkgl t`h` bd m`gtbgkh` hb dl mlrpbtl mlrpbtl sbdbmmk`glhl. - ^bmupbrlr bdbjbgt`s bdkjkglh`s, pbrjktb rbstktukr d`s m`gtbgkh`s bdkjkglh`s hb dls mlrpbtls.
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
2<1
Bsqubjl >;
FB^^LJKBGXL] @EKJÌXKML]? Y^@MB]LH@^B] HB XBVX@, NL]B] HB HLX@], F@OL HB MÌDMRD@, YL\RBXB] KGE@^JÌXKM@] KGXBA^LH@] [ M@^^B@ BDBMX^ÝGKM@ Yr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt` Hbekgkmkýg hb pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt` Bd pr`mbslh`r hb tbxt`s bs ugl lpdkmlmkýg kgmdukhl hbgtr` hb ug bgt`rg` `ekjìtkm` plrl mrblr y bhktlr h`mujbgt`s hb tbxt` bg ug `rhbglh`r. ]b trltl hb ug s`etwlrb hb jÿdtkpdbs eugmk`gldkhlhbs plrl dl rbhlmmkýg, m`g hkebrbgtbs `pmk`gbs rbdlmk`glhls m`g dl bhkmkýg hbd tbxt` (tkp`arleêls, tljlü`s hb dbtrl, m`d`rbs, tkp`s hb pìrrle`s, bebmt`s y `trls `pmk`gbs) Eugmk`gbs abgbrldbs hb d`s pr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt`s Yr`mbslh`rbs hb tbxt` bg bd skstbjl `pbrltkv` Qkgh`ws Jkmr`s`et Q`rh. Yrkgmkpldbs Yrkgmkpldbs eugmk`gbs y utkdkhlhbs Hbsmrkpmkýg hb dl plgtlddl hbd trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s (Kgtbrelmb) Ubgtlgl hb h`mujbgt` Nlrrl hb bstlh` Lyuhl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb trltljkbgt` hb tbxt`s Nlrrl hb fbrrljkbgtls bstìghlr Mrblmkýg y bstrumturlmkýg hb h`mujbgt`s y pdlgtkddls. Jlgbo` b kjprbskýg hb ekmfbr`s Kgtr`hummkýg? `pbrlmk`gbs nìskmls hb tbxt` bg bd pr`mbs` hb bhkmkýg @pbrlmk`gbs m`g ekmfbr`s hb Q`rh Kjprbskýg hb h`mujbgt`s hb Q`rh
Nlsbs hb hlt`s Nlsbs hb hlt`s M`gmbpt` ]kstbjl abst`r hb nlsb hb hlt`s (]ANH). Bstrumturl Lmtkvkhlhbs m`g Nlsbs hb hlt`s Lmmbss Bdbjbgt`s hb dl Nlsb hb hlt`s Xlndls Ukstls ` M`gsudtls E`rjudlrk`s Kge`rjbs ` rbp`rts Kgkmk` y vbgtlgl hb Lpdkmlmkýg Mrblmkýg hb nlsb hb hlt`s b kgsbrmkýg hb hlt`s
Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
2<;
F`ols hb mìdmud` Hbekgkmkýg, kgstldlmkýg b kgkmk` hb dl lpdkmlmkýg Bgtrlhl y sldkhl hbd pr`arljl Hbsmrkpmkýg hb dl plgtlddl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` Lyuhl hb dl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` Hbspdlzljkbgt` p`r dl f`ol hb mìdmud` Jbhklgtb tbmdlh` Jbhklgtb rltýg Arlghbs hbspdlzljkbgt` hbspdlzljkbgt`ss Nlrrls hb hbspdlzljkbgt` Xrlnlo` m`g dknr`s Mrblmkýg hb ug gubv` dknr` Lnrkr ug dknr` yl bxkstbgtb Aulrhlh` hb d`s mljnk`s rbldkzlh`s bg ug dknr` Mrblmkýg hb ug hupdkmlh` hb ug dknr` Mbrrlh` hb ug dknr` Kgtr`hummkýg y bhkmkýg hb hlt`s Kgtr`hummkýg hb hlt`s bg dl f`ol hb mìdmud` Gujërkm`s Ldelgujërkm`s Ebmfl/f`rl Eýrjudls Eugmk`gbs Bhkmkýg y j`hkekmlmkýg hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud` ]bdbmmkýg hb dl f`ol hb mìdmud` J`hkekmlmkýg hb hlt`s M`pklh` ` rbunkmlmkýg Eýrjudls y eugmk`gbs Eýrjudls @pbrlh`rbs y prk`rkhlh Bsmrkturl hb eýrjudls M`pkl hb eýrjudls ^bebrbgmkls rbdltkvls, lns`dutls y jkxtls ^bebrbgmkls bxtbrgls y vêgmud`s ^bs`dumkýg hb brr`rbs bg dls eýrjudls Eugmk`gbs Eugmk`gbs jltbjìtkmls prbhbekgkhls bg dl lpdkmlmkýg hb f`ol hb mìdmud` Rs` hbd lskstbgtb plrl eugmk`gbs
2>9
Xbjl >;
Arìekm`s Bdbjbgt`s hb ug arìekm` Mrblmkýg hb ug arìekm` J`hkekmlmkýg hb ug arìekm` N`rrlh` hb ug arìekm` Abstkýg hb hlt`s Uldkhlmk`gbs hb hlt`s Bsqubjls Mrblmkýg hb tlndls ` dkstls hb hlt`s @rhbglmkýg hb dkstl hb hlt`s, p`r ug` ` vlrk`s mljp`s Rs` hb ekdtr`s ]unt`tldbs
Ylqubtbs kge`rjìtkm`s kgtbarlh`s M`gmbpt` D`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s s`g ug m`gougt` hb pr`arljls qub rbÿgbg bg ugl s`dl lpdkmlmkýg ` plqubtb, pr`arljls hb skjkdlrbs mlrlmtbrêstkmls, pbgslh`s plrl trlnlolr bg bd jksj` bgt`rg` hb trlnlo` (`ekmkgl, bhkmkýg hb kjìabgbs, pr`arljlmkýg, bhkmkýg Qbn, elmturlmkýg, m`gtlnkdkhlh…) y pubhbg kgtbrmljnklr kge`rjlmkýg bgtrb bdd`s hb e`rjl eìmkd y rìpkhl @nobtkv`s y eugmk`gbs @nobtkv`s Eugmk`gbs Mlrlmtbrêstkmls hb d`s plqubtbs kgtbarlh`s M`jp`gbgtbs
M`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` M`gmbpt` y utkdkhlhbs Eugmk`gljkbgt` Abst`rbs hb m`rrb` bdbmtrýgkm` M`rrb` Qbn Jkmr`s`et @utd``c? bd bgt`rg` hb trlnlo`. Mrblmkýg hb jbgslobs. Bgvklr, rbmknkr, rbsp`ghbr y rbbgvklr jbgslobs. Lhjkgkstrlmkýg hb jbgslobs. ^badls ^badls hb jbgslob. Dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs Bgvklr gubv`s jbgslobs ^bmknkr gubv`s jbgslobs ^bsp`ghbr l ug m`rrb` ^bbgvklr bd m`rrb` l ug` ` vlrk`s m`gtlmt`s Mrblmkýg hb jbgslobs ^badls Dl dknrbtl hb hkrbmmk`gbs Lhjkgkstrlmkýg hb jbgslobs Fbrrljkbgtls `ejìtkmls
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