Apuntes de Telefonía Parte III

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Y@_J^ ID ^@^YDLH^. ..................................................... ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................... ........................................ 1 Ndfufhrds.....................................................................................................................................................................1 ^`m c`fjs. Njrifdss. .....................................................................................................................................................1 Qhi`j aõsqudih. _hg`mg. ................................................... ........................................................... .............................. 1 Qhi`jnjlum`nhn`jmds pr`vhihs. Yrumnk`mg. ................................................... ............................................................ 1 Jtrhs njlum`nhn`jmds vìh rhi`j. Afudtjjtc................................................................................................................> Njlum`nhn`jmds vìh shtàf`td. ......................................................................................................................................> YDFDBJMÌH LÞR@F. ^@^YDLH^ NDFTFHQD^. ........................................................ .................................................................................................................... ............................................................ 9 Idb`m`n`þm .......................................................................... ........................................................... .............................. 9 ^dntjr`zhn`þm...............................................................................................................................................................2 _fhm`b`nhn`þm ndfufhr................................................ ........................................................... ........................................ 7 ^@^YDLH GFJAHF ID NJLTM@NHN@JMD^ LÞR@FD^ G^L..............................................................................................84 _rjphghn`þm............................................................. ........................................................... ...................................... 82 Ljv`fìhi id fjs hajmhijs. ......................................................... ........................................................... .................. 87 Hrqu`tdnturh id fh rdi G^L........................... ........................................................... ................................................ 83 Luft`pfdxhn`þm. ........................................................ ........................................................... ...................................... 18 @mtdrbhnds ha`drths ................................................................................. ........................................................... ........ 19 Dsthafdn`l`dmtj id fh njlum`nhn`þm......................................................................... ................................................ 19 TLY^........................................................................................................................................................................19 QDID^ I@G@YHFD^ P YDNMJFJGÌH^ DLDQGDMYD^.......................................................................................13

YDNMJFJGÌH^ SI^F.....................................................................................................................................................13 HI^F ...........................................................................................................................................................................13 EI_ (EDQHQXTÌH I@G@YHF _FD^@ÞNQJMH).....................................................................................................................>8 EI^ (EDQHQXTÌH I@G@YHF ^ÌMNQJMH). NHQHNYDQÌ^Y@NH^ P H_F@NHN@JMD^. ....................................................... ............................................................... ........ >1 HYL (LJIJ ID YQHM^L@^@ÞM H^ÌMNQJMJ). NHQHNYDQÌ^Y@NH^ P H_F@NHN@JMD^......................................................>>



Ydfdbjmìh lþv`f Y`pjs i d ^`stdlhs. Ndfufhrds. Ds um s`stdlh id tdfdbjmìh põaf`nh njmndaìj njlj umh dxtdms`þm idf sdrv`n`j id tdfdbjmìh aès`nj, prjpjrn`jmhmij hf ldmjs fjs l`sljs sdrv`n`js, pdrj id bjrlh qud df usuhr`j dstè idspfhzèmijsd. F h n jmsdnun`þm id umh h lpf`h lpf`h njadrt n jadrtur urh h y nhphnìhi nhp hnìhi id trèb`nj rèb`nj sd njms`gud sþfj grhn`hs g rhn`hs hf h f dlpfdj dlp fdj id umh rdi ndfufhr. ndfufhr. Hntu H ntuhfldmt hfldmtd d dx`stdm dx`stdm 1 s`stdl s`stdlhs5 hs5 hmhfþg`nj h mhfþg`nj y i`g`thf. i`g`thf. Idaìj hf grhm nrdn`l`dmtj id fh idlhmih idf sdrv`n`j id YLH pfhmtdh prjafdlhs dm fh nhphn nhp hnìhi ìhi id fjs s`st s `stdl dlhs, hs, shturhmij shturhmij df dspdn trj rhi`jdfàntr rhi`jdfàntr`nj `nj y bhvjrdn` bhvjrdn`dmij dmij df idshrr idsh rrjff jffj jd `lpfhmthn`þm id s`stdlhs i`g`thfds. ^d dlpfdhm vhr`hs ahmihs id brdnudmn`h id TCB (94?, 0??, 83??, 80?? LCz) ut`f`zhmij ljiufhn`þm dm brdnudmn`h y dm bhsd. Fhs i`sthmn`hs id njadrt nja drturh urh nj`mnìdm njm nj m df hfnhmnd þpt`nj. þpt`nj.

^`m c`fjs. Njrifdss. Ffhlhih tdfdbjmìh `mhfèlar`nh, idst`mhih h sul`m`strhr df hnndsj h rdids põaf`nhs h pdrsjmhs dm ljv`l`dmtj njm idspfhzhl`dmtjs njrtjs. Mjrlhfldmtd t`dmd um usj rdsìdmn`hf (NY, njrifdss tdfdpcjmd), y hntuhfldmtd su usj sd dstè dxtdmi`dmij h m`vdf dlprdshr`hf njm fh hphr`n`þm id _AS `mhfèlar`nhs. Chsth chnd mj idlhs`hij t`dlpj df dstèmihr lès ut`f`zhij drh df NY1, qud hpf`nh umh tànm`nh LIB phrh pjrthijrhs y LIY phrh fh trhmsl`s`þm iõpfdx dmtrd 329 y 323 LCz, njm 9? pjrthijrhs sdphrhihs 8?? KCz. Fh pjtdmn`h rhi`hi ds `mbdr`jr h 8? lW njm s`stdlh s`stdlh id ljiufhn` ljiufhn`þm þm GL ^K. Hntuhfldmtd idaìj hf idshrrjffj id _AS `mhfèlar`nhs sd ch dxtdmiìj um dstèmihr lès hntuhf qud ds df IDNY, qud i`g`thf`zh fh rdi y dstè bjrlhij pjr s`stdlhs l`nrj ndfufhrds qud pdrl`tdm dbdntuhr y rdnà`r ffhlhihs idsid nuhfqu`dr pumtj idf di`b`n`j j `mnfusj dm ljv`l`dmtj. Fh pjtdmn`h id trhmsl`s`þm ds id 14? lW. Fh trhlh sd i`vìd dm 19 `mtdrvhfjs id t`dlpj (nhmhfds) njm umh iurhn`þm tjthf id 8? ls (`mtdrvhfjs id 987 ´s). Nhih nhmhf trhmsl`td umh trhlh id 91? a`ts dm >23 ´s. Tt`f`zh um làtjij id trhmsl`s`þm id LIY phrh pjrthijrhs y LIY phrh fh trhmsl`s`þm iõpfdx (HLIY/IIY) njm ljiufhn`þm GB^K. Dm dstd t`pj id tdfdbjmìh hphrdndm njmndptjs, njlj dm s`stdlhs ndfufhrds, id rjhl`mg y chmijvdr.

Qhi`j aõsqudih. _hg`mg. Yhl a`àm ffhl ffhl hih hi h rhi`jldms rhi`jl dmshedrì hedrìh h umì`rdn umì`rdnn`jmh n`jmhf. f. ^ d ahsh ah sh dm df dmvìj dmvìj id l dmsheds dms heds njrt nj rtjs js.. Dstè idb`mìj pjr df NN@Q, rdn. 439, ut`f`zhmij um dstèmihr id bhntj, df _J^HG (pjst jbb`nd njid sthmihri hiv`sjry grjup) qud pdrl`td umh vdfjnìhi id ihtjs id chsth 81?? a`ts/sg. Df s`stdlh lès ut`f`zhij ds df DQLD^, qud ut`f`zh um dmfhnd h 9?? KCz id fh ahmih id 820,9 h 820,3 LCz L Cz njm n jm 82 nhmhf nh mhfds ds id i d 14 KCz. Fh vdfjnìhi dfjnìhi ds id 2,14 Ka`ts/s Ka`ts/s y fh fh l jiufhn`þm jiufhn`þm ds dm bhsd.

Qhi`jnjlum`nhn`jmds pr`vhihs. Yrumnk`mg. Yhl a`àm ffhl ffhl hih hi h tdfdbjmìh l þv`f dm grupj ndrrhij, nd rrhij, ds dsttè jr`dmthi jr`dmthij j h fh njl nj l um`nhn`þm um`nhn `þm dmtrd dmtrd usuhr`js pdrtdmdn`dmtds h um l`slj grupj (bfjths id vdcìnufjs, sdrv`n`js id dldrgdmn`hs, dtn.). ^d ut`f`zh pr`mn`phfldmtd um dstèmihr i`g`thf ffhlhij Ydtrh. _drl`td fh trhmsl`s`þm id ldmsheds id njrth iurhn`þm njm ffhlhih dm grupj. Tt`f`zh ljiufhn`þm dm bhsd phrh fh vjz, njm idsv`hn`þm id brdnudmn`h id +/- 81,4 KCz y BL phrh ihtjs h 81?? ahui`js dm fhs brdnudmn`hs id 84?, 11? y 94? LCz. Tt`f`zh fhs ahmihs id >33 h 9?? LCz (sdrv`n`js id dldrgdmn`h) y 98? h 9>? LCz (n`v`fds), 14 KCz id nhmhf`zhn`þm y 9 nhmhfds id YILH,



njms`gud umh vdfjnìhi id chsth 13,3 Ka`ts (9x7.1 pjr nhmhf). _drl`td ffhlhih dm grupj njlj id nhmhf ha`drtj. ^jpjrth sdrv`n`js id njmluthn`þm id n`rnu`tjs phrh vjz y njmluthn`þm id phqudtds phrh ihtjs.

Jtrhs njlum`nhn`jmds vìh rhi`j. Afudtjjtc Idsnràd Ids nràd njlj nj lj pudidm `mtdrnjmdnthrsd `mtdrnjmdnthrsd i`st`m i`st`mttjs i`spjs`t i`spjs `t`v `vjs js id lh lhmdrh mdrh `mhfèl `mhfèlar` ar`nh nh,, id njrtj njrtj hfnhmnd y s`m v`s`þm i`rdnth dmtrd fjs i`spjs`t`vjs qud sd njmdnthm pjr qud ut`f`zh umh njmdx`þm vìh rhi`j. ^d supjmd qud ds umh tdnmjfjgìh pjr fh qud hpudsth fh `miustr`h, humqud hntuhfldmtd dx`stdm thla`àm jtrhs tdnmjfjgìhs (@rIH, Wìrdfdss Fhm, dtn.) Njlphrht`vh Tsj Brdnudmn`h Brdnudmn`h Rdfjnìhi Hfnhmnd L èx. mjijs N hmhfds id vjz

Afudtjjtc Afudtjjtc Njlum`nhn`þm dmtrd i`spjs`t`vjs s`m nhafds 1,9 GCz 8 L a`t/s a`t/s 8?-8?? l 3 / p`njmdt 3 / p`njmdt

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Nhih dqu`pj qud bumn`jmh njm dsth tdnmjfjgìh `mnjrpjrh um n`rnu`tj qud dl`td y rdnàd dmtrd 1,9?1 y 1,93? GCz, umh ahmih i`spjmàfd phrh usj fàrd dm tjij df lumij y qud mj mdnds`th f`ndmn`h. Fhs njmdx`jmds sjm umj h umj njm um rhmgj lèx`lj id 8? ldtrjs (humqud sd pudidm n jmsdgu`r jmsdg u`r i`sthmn`hs i`sthmn`hs id i d chst chs th 8?? l hl hlpf` pf`b` b`nhmi nhmij j fh sdøhf) sdøh f).. ^d ch i`sdøhij phrh jpdrhr dm um hla`dmtd luftùsuhr`j, chsth 3 usuhr`js j i`spjs`t`vjs, bjrlhmij umh p`njmdt, hntuhmij umj njlj lhstdr y df rdstj njlj sfhvds. 8? p`njmdts pudidm njdx` nj dx`st st`r `r dm fh l `slh èrdh id i d njadrt n jadrturh urh bjrlh bjrlhmij mij umh snh s nhtttdrmdt, drmdt, ut`f ut`f`zhmij `zhmij df l `slj rhmgj id brdnudmn`hs y ut`f`zhmij i`st`mtjs nhmhfds id trhmsl`s`þm y s`mnrjm`zhn`þm. Nhih dmfhnd ds tè n ji`b`nhij ji`b`nhij y prjtdgìj prjtdgìj njmtrh njmtrh `mt `mtdrbdrdmn`h drbdrdmn`h y pàriìh id dmfhnd, s`dmij s `dmij umh rdi id njrtj hfnhmnd luy sdgurh, _HM, pdrsjmhf hrdh mdtwjrk. Tt`f`zh um s`stdlh id sprdhi spdntrul spdntrul phrdnìj hf id TL Y^. -

_jtdmn`h idf trhmsl`sjr5 dmtrd 8 y 8?? lW (t`pynhffy 1,4 lW). Nhmhfds, lèx.5 > id vjz y 7 id ihtjs pjr p`njmdt. Rdfjnìhi5 Lèx. id 71? Ka`ts/s pjr p`njmdt. @mtdrb @mtdrbdrdmn`h5 drdmn`h5 Dlp fdh shftjs shftjs rèpìjs id i d brdnudmn brdnudmn`h, `h, 82?? vdnds pjr sdgumij. sd gumij.

Njlum`nhn`jmds vìh shtàf`td. ^d ut`f`zhm shtàf`tds gdjdsthn`jmhr`js (dm pjs`n`þm bèh njm rdspdntj h fh Y`drrh), hfturh dmtrd >4??? y 9???? Kl, s d nhrhnt nh rhntdr` dr`zh zh pjr5 p jr5 pf`h zjmh zj mh id njadrtur njadrturh, h, s`m sjl arhs. - Hl pf`h Dfdvhih pjtdmn`h pjtdmn`h phrh p hrh trhmsl trhmsl `s`þm `s`þm y rdndpn `þm. - Dfdvhih - _drìjij id fhtdmn`h dfdvhij. Njl`dmzhm h prjf`bdrhr s`stdlhs id shtàf`tds qud jpdrhm dm þra`ths dmtrd 4?? y 8?? Kl, prdn`shmij ldmjr pjtdmn`h, lhyjr vdfjnìhi y njm ldmjr njadrturh. Yrhahehm dm rdi rdhf`zhmij jpdrhn`jmds id trhsphs rhsp hsj j dmtrd dmtrd shtàf s htàf`t `tds ds.. - Tt` Tt`f`zhm ahmihs idsid R CB, F , ^, N , Kh, Ku. hbdnthijs pjr rh`m bhid. bhid. - ^d vdm hbdnthijs Hfgumjs id dstjs dstjs s`stdlhs s`stdlhs sjm5 -

@mlhrsht. ^jm 9 shtàf`tds gdjdsthn`jmhr`js, 8 pjr rdg`þm, lès shtàf`tds id rdsdrvh. ^d jpdrhm idsid > ndmtrjs id njmtrjf (DDTT, Qd`mj Tmìj y Hfdlhm`h). Fhs hmtdmhs dm Y`drrh t`dmdm 89 l id i`èldtrj. _rjpudstj `m`n`hfldmtd pjr @MLHQ^HY y qud njmsthrìh id 8? shtàf`tds h 8?.>>4 kl id hfturh. Fh prjpudsth id @NJ ds lès


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ljidsth qud fh id Ljtjrjfh, pdrj nudmth njm audmjs hpjyjs `mtdrmhn`jmhfds y ds id ldmjr njstd. Njlj nhrhntdrìst`nhs pudid idsthnhrsd fh s`l`f`tui njm df s`stdlh G^L idf qud tjlh luncjs id sus prjtjnjfjs id rdi. @NJ `mnjrpjrh, hidlès, um s`stdlh id ldmshedrìh qud idad bumn`jmhr `mnfusj dm df `mtdr`jr id di`b`n`js. Gfjahfsthr. Gfjahfsthr (Fjrhf) ds um `mtdrldi`j h fhs ijs prjpudsths hmtdr`jrds. ^d prjpjmdm 93 shtàf`tds y sd pjmd àmbhs`s dm fhs njlum`nhn`jmds njm èrdhs rurhfds y njlj sjfun`þm, phrh `mnjrpjrhr h fhs l`slhs h fh sjn`dihi id fh `mbjrlhn`þm, sd ut`f`zh fh tànm`nh id hnndsj dm NILH y sd prjpjmd df usj id s`stdlhs iuhfds (HL_^/Gfjahfsthr-G^L/Gfjahfsthr) njm njmluthn`þm hutjlèt`nh. Fh ds umh rdprdsdmthn`þm rdprdsdmthn`þm id fhs nj adrturhs adrturhs hfhrghihs hfhrghih s id i d Gfjahfst Gfjah fsthr hr qud l `m`l`zhm `m`l`zhm df mõldrj id trhsphs js idaìjs hf ljv` lj v`l`dmt l`dmtj j idf sht sh tàf`t àf`td. Dutdft Dutdftrhns. rhns. Jr`dmthij Jr`dmthij h ldmsheds. ldms heds. C`sphsht C`sphs ht.. Rhr` R hr`js js shtàf`t shtàf`tds ds njm ndmtrj ndmtrj id i d nnjmt jmtrjf rjf dm Hrghmih idf Qdy. @rì`j. Qdi id shtàf`tds dm þra`ths ahehs (73? Kl), mj gdjdsthn`jmhr`js. @m`n`hfldmtd sd i`sdøþ umh rdi id 77 shtàf`tds (`rì`j ds df dfdldmtj htþl`nj mõldrj 77), rdhfds 22. Fh njadrturh sd ahsh dm s`stdlhs ndfufhrds y dm ahmih K (1? „ 1>,4 LCz) y ahmih F (8282 „ 8212 L Cz). Cz). Tt`f Tt`f`zh YIL H y sdøhf` sdøhf`zhn`þm njl õm h G^ L . Df dlpfdj id dmfhnds dmtrd shtàf`tds i`sl`muyd df rdthrij dmtrd fhs njlum`nhn`jmds. Fjs sdrv`n`js sdrèm id vjz (h 93?? a`t/s), ihtjs y fjnhf`zhn`þm.

Ydfdbj m ìh Lþv`f . ^`s tdl hs Ndfu fhr ds. Idb`m`n`þm Dst Ds th ahshij ahs hij fh i`v` i`v`s`þm s`þm id fh zjmh id nja drturh drturh dm nàfuf n àfufhs hs y dm fh rdut`f rdut`f`zhn`þm `zhn`þm id brdnudmn brdnudmn`hs `hs dv`thmij pjsàfds `mtdrbdrdmn`hs dmtrd usuhr`js, jpdrhijrds, dtn. Nhrhntdrìst`nhs pr`mn`phfds5 Grhm nhphnìhi id usuhr`js, ut`f`zhn`þm db`n`dmtd idf dspdntrj y hlpf` hl pf`h h njadrt nja drturh. urh. ^d bjrlh hf i`vì`r df tdrr`tjr`j hf qud sd prdtdmid ihr sdrv`n`j dm nàfufhs cdxhgjmhfds, nhih umh id fhs nuhfds ds htdmiìh pjr umh dsthn`þm id rhi`j qud rdstr`mgd su zjmh id njadrturh h fh l`slh, hprjvdnchmij df hfnhmnd f`l`thij id fh prjphghn`þm id fhs jmihs id rhi`j h brdnudmn`hs dfdvhihs, hsì df dspdntrj pudid vjfvdr h sdr rdut`f`zhij dm nhih mudvh nàfufh s`dlprd tdm`dmij nuìhij id dv`thr `mtdrbdrdmn`hs dmtrd nàfufhs prþx`lhs. Id dsth lhmdrh sd pudid huldmthr njmsìdrhafdldmtd df mõldrj id usuhr`js, hf mj rdqudr`rsd umh brdnudmn`h dxnfus`vh phrh nhih umj id dffjs, njlj s` sundid pjr dedlpfj dm fjs s`stdlhs id trumnk`mg. Nuhmths lès pdqudøhs sdhm fhs nàfufhs lhyjr sdrè df mõldrj id nhmhfds qud sjpjrtd df s`stdlh s`stdlh,, hf pjidr pj idr hs`gmhr hs `gmhr njmeumtjs njmeumtjs id brdnudmn`hs i`bdrdmt i`bdrdmtds ds phrh èrdhs è rdhs j nàfufhs nàfufhs i`st`m i`st`mtths. Fh bjrlh lès ut`f`zhih ds df cdxègjmj, njm df pjidljs i`vì`r um pfhmj, prdsdmth lhyjr supdrb`n`d dm rdfhn`þm h su pdrìldtrj, hcjrrhmij dsthn`jmds y nhla`js id ndfih (chmijvdrs). Fhs hmtdmhs sjm id trhmsl`s`þm y rdndpn`þm, sd ua`nhm dm um pumtj njlõm id > ndfihs, njm um i`hgrhlh id rhi`hn`þm cjr`zjmthf y sdphrhn`þm id 81?µ dmtrd sdntjrds, njm umh hmncurh id chz dmtrd 2? y 0?µ y umh hmncurh dm df pfhmj vdrt`nhf id 8?µ. Fh ghmhmn`h dstè njlprdmiìh dmtrd 84 y 1? iA, rdspdntj h umh jlmì`rdnn`jmhf. Fh ldiìh id rdbdrdmn`h phrh umh hmtdmh id trhmsl`s`þm ds df _@QD, qud ds df prjiuntj id fh pjtdmn`h sul`m`strhih h fh hmtdmh pjr fh lèx`lh ghmhmn`h id fh l`slh njm rdfhn`þm h umh hmtdmh `sjtrþp`nh. Fh `lpdihmn`h nhrhntdrìst`nh ds id 4?W y sd prjtdgd df lhtdr`hf rhi`hmtd id rhijlj njlj dfdldmtj id prjtdnn`þm. ^d sudfd ut`f`zhr um õm`nj dfdldmtj pjr sdntjr ut`f`zhmij pjfhr`zhn`þm nruzhih h 94µ y um njla`mhijr „ i`stràuìjr qud ldi`hmtd b`ftrjs sdphrhm fhs sdøhfds id dl`s`þm y rdndpn`þm.



Dm hfgumhs zjmhs (rurhfds) sd ut`f`zhm lèst`fds id 1? h 9? l y sd njfjnhm 1 hmtdmhs id rdndpn`þm y 8 id trhmsl`s`þm dmtrd dffhs, nuar`dmij sdntjrds id 81?µ. Dm df l`slj lèst`f y h i`st`mths hfturhs sd pudidm njfjnhr hmtdmhs id jtrjs sdrv`n`js. Yhla`àm sd njlphrtd df dfdldmtj rhi`hmtd pjr vhr`js jpdrhijrds. Dm zjmhs id gdjldtrìh fjmg`tui`mhf sd ut`f`zhm hmtdmhs a`sdntjr`hfds (1 x 83?µ) qud t`dmdm um i`hgrhlh id rhi`hn`þm jlmàì`rdnn`jmhf. Dm zjmhs luy njmgdst`jmhihs sd ut`f`zhm 2 sdntjrds id 2?µ (lhyjr i`rdnt`vìhi). Dm TLY^ sd ut`f`zhm hmtdmhs ljmjchnds, luy i`rdnt`vhs y qud rdiundm fh pjtdmn`h, dv`thmij `mtdrbdrdmn`hs. _hrh fh um`þm dmtrd AY^ y A^^ sd ut`f`zhm dmfhnds id l`nrjjmihs. Fh rdut`f`zhn`þm id brdnudmn`hs njms`std dm df usj id nhmhfds id rhi`j id fh l`slh brdnudmn`h pjrthijrh phrh nuar`r i`st`mths èrdhs gdjgrèb`nhs, qud idadm dsthr sdphrhihs dmtrd dffhs fj sub`n`dmtd phrh qud mj hbdntd fh `mtdrbdrdmn`h. Àsth pudid sdr njnhmhf, nuhmij sd prjiund dmtrd fjs l`sljs nhmhfds j hiyhndmtd nuhmij ds dmtrd nhmhfds luy prþx`ljs (b ! 1?? KCz) hbdnthmij hbdnthmij h fh rdfhn`þm N/@ 6 0 iA. iA .



Tm njmeumtj id nàfufhs qud ut`f`zh tjijs fjs nhmhfds id brdnudmn`h i`spjmàfds idf s`stdlh, pdrj qud mj fjs rdut`f`zh sd idmjl`mh nfõstdr, dx`st`dmij vhr`js phtrjmds id rdusj (rdusd phttdrm) s`dmij fjs lès njlumds 7/18, 9/81 þ >/0 (> dlpfhzhl`dmtjs y 0 grupjs id brdnudmn`hs). H trhvàs id fh rdut`f`zhn`þm id brdnudmn`hs um s`stdlh lþv`f ndfufhr qud prdstd sdrv`n`j dm umh zjmh gdjgrèb`nh ihih pjirè ffdvhr h nhaj um mõldrj id ffhlhihs lhyjr qud df mõldrj mõl drj id brdnudmn`hs brdnud mn`hs ut`f ut`f`zhij `zhij.. Df prjnds prjn dsj j id suai`v` sua i`v`s`þm s`þm ndfuf n dfufhr hr t`dmd t`dmd df fìl`t fìl`td d dmtrd dmtrd 4?? y 8??? l (l`nrj nàfuf n àfufhs) hs) ijmid fh pjtdmn`h pjtdmn`h sd rdiund n jmsìdrhafdldmt jmsìdrhafdld mtd) d)..

_hrh lès `mbjrlhn`þm, vdr nhtèfjgj id hmtdmhs lþv`fds

^dntjr`zhn`þm.



^dgõm huldmth fh idlhmih id usuhr`js, fh rdi hnhah i`sdøèmijsd njm AY^‐s qud ihm njadrt nja drturh urh h > n dfihs ushmij us hmij hmtdmhs hmtdmhs i`rdnt` i`rdnt`v vhs, hs , qud n uardm èmgufjs id i d 81?µ, tr`pf tr`pf`nhmij `nhmij df mµ id nhmhfds y i`sl`muydmij fhs `mtdrbdrdmn`hs (sjard tjij fhs njnhmhfds) pjsà`f`thmij fh rdiunn`þm id fh i`sthmn`h id rdut`f`zhn`þm d `lpfìn`thldmtd i`spjmdljs id lès nhmhfds pjr nàfufh. nàfufh. Yhla Yh la`àm `àm dm bumn`þm bumn`þm idf mõldrj id us uhr`js uhr`js fhs nàfufhs nàfufhs vhm rdiun`dmij s u thl thlhøj. høj.

_fhm`b`nhn`þm ndfufhr. Fh rdi sd dlp`dzh h idshrrjffhr njm nàfufhs id grhm thlhøj y sdgõm huldmth fhs mdndsìhids id fjs usuhr`js ds idn`r df mõldrj id ffhlhihs pjr Kl 1, sd vhm i`sl`muydmij fhs ndfihs. Hf pfhm`b`nhr umh rdi ndfufhr chy qud tdmdr dm njmsìdrhn`þm, hf ldmjs, fjs s`gu`dmtds pr`mn`p`js5 `vdf id `mtdrbdr `mtdrbdrdmn dmn`hs `hs pdrl`t pdrl `tìj. ìj. - Mµ prdv`stj id usuhr`js dm fh - M `vdf zjmh. - _htrþm id rdut`f`zhn`þm dfdgìj, Yrèb`nj nurshij nursh ij pjr pj r fjs fjs usuhr` usuh r`js js qud idtdrl`mh df mµ id nhmhfds - Yrèb`nj sdrv`n`j id nhih nhi h AY^ . pjr n àfufh. àfufh. - Ujmh id sdrv` - Lèx`lh nhphnìhi id nhmhfds. - Bhntjrds tjpjgrèb`njs. _jr dedlpfj5 -

Hmncj id ahmih5 14 LCz. Nhmhf`zhn`þm5 Nhmhf`zhn`þm5 1?? K Cz. Mµ pjrthijrhs5 14???/1?? < 819. Mµ pjrthijrdhs pjr nàfufh5 819/0 < 89. Mµ `mtdrvhf `mtdrvhfjs js pjr pj rthijrh5 rthijrh5 3. Mµ id nhmhfds pjr nàfufh5 89 % 3 < 881.

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_jtdmn`h dm hmtdmh trhmsl`sjrh5 8> „ >0 iAl. Y`dlpj id suaìh y t`dlp t`dlp j id ahehih5 13 fs. ^dmsà`fìhi idf rdndptjr5 - 8?9 iAl. Qdnchzj id nhmhf njlõm5 - 32 iAl. Qdnchzj id `mtdrljiufhn` `mtdrljiufhn`þm5 þm5 - 8?? iAl .

Dm bumn`þm idf thlhøj id fhs ndfihs, tdmdljs5 Lhnrjndfihs

^d dmt`dmid njlj lhnrjnàfufh hqudffh ndfih qud prjpjrn`jmh njadrturh njm um hfnhmnd id hfgumjs k`fþldtrjs. Fh idb`m`n`þm ds ahsthmtd hlpf`h, yh qud muldrjsjs y luy i`bdrdmtds dmtjrmjs id prjphghn`þm pudidm njmsìdrhrsd lhnrjndfufhrds; h shadr5 zjmhs rurhfds, zjmhs ljmthøjshs, hutjp`sths, zjmhs rdsìdmn`hfds suaurahmhs, zjmhs rdsìdmn`hfds urahmhs d `mnfusj zjmhs urahmhs njm hfth idmsìhi id di`b`n`js. Dm dsths õft`lhs s`gud dm v`gjr fh idb`m`n`þm id lhnrjnàfufhs, s`dlprd y nuhmij fhs dsthn`jmds id ahsd sd dmnudmtrdm pjr dmn`lh id fhs hfturhs ldi`hs id fjs di`b`n`js n`rnumihmtds, tìp`nhldmtd dm lèst`fds sjard tdehijs.



_hrh rdhf`zhr fjs nèfnufjs id prjphghn`þm dm dmtjrmjs lhnrjndfufhrds sd ut`f`zhm ahsds id ihtjs gdjgrèb`nhs qud njmt`dmdm `mbjrlhn`þm tjpjgrèb`nh (hfturh idf tdrrdmj) y ljrbjfþg`nh (usj idf tdrrdmj) njm umh rdsjfun`þm qud sudfd jsn`fhr dmtrd fjs 4? l y fjs 1?? l. Dsth `mbjrlhn`þm sudfd dxtrhdrsd h phrt`r id bjtjgrhbìhs hàrdhs. Fjs nèfnufjs sjm luy sdmsàfds h drrjrds drrjrds dm hl ajs t`pjs id `mbjrlhn `mbjrlhn `þm5 •

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Dm df nhsj id fh hfturh idf tdrrdmj, fjs nèfnufjs lès sdmsàfds sjm fjs id i`brhnn`þm. ^d prjiundm drrjrds qud pudidm jsn`fhr dmtrd ?,> y 8 iA pjr nhih ldtrj id drrjr dm fh hfturh idf jastènufj, phrh um õm`nj jastènufj. Dm df nhsj id lõft`pfds jastènufjs df drrjr sd prjphgh. Dm df nhsj id fh ljrbjfjgìh, fjs ljidfjs id prjphghn`þm `mnjrpjrhm bhntjrds id njrrdnn`þm pjr usj idf tdrrdmj qud jsn`fhm dmtrd ? y >? iA. Nuhfqu`dr `mdxhnt`tui dm fh ahsd id ihtjs pudid ihr fughr h umh hpf`nhn`þm drrþmdh id dstjs bhntjrds id njrrdnn`þm, n jm df nj ms`gu`dmt ms`gu`dmtd d drrjr dm fjs nèfnufjs n èfnufjs id njadrt nj adrturh. urh.

L `n r j n d fi fi h s

Fhs l`nrjnàfufhs sjm, pjr idb`m`n`þm, nàfufhs urahmhs nua`drths pjr dsthn`jmds id ahsd njm hmtdmhs trhmsl`sjrhs njfjnhihs pjr idahej id fhs hfturhs ldi`hs id fjs di`b`n`js n`rnumihmtds. ^d prjiund fh prjphghn`þm gu`hih id fhs jmihs pjr fhs nhffds ldi`hmtd rdbfdx`jmds, i`brhnn`jmds dm dsqu`mhs y, dvdmtuhfldmtd, njmtràun`jmds id sdøhf i`brhnthih pjr dmn`lh id fjs tdehijs. tdehijs. Df hfnhmnd (njadrt nja drturh) urh) sudfd sdr `mbdr` `mbdr`jr jr h 8 kl. kl . Df ljidfhij prdn`sj id fhs njmi`n`jmds id prjphghn`þm dm dmtjrmjs l`nrjndfufhrds rdqu`drd njmthr njm ahsds id ihtjs idf tdrrdmj njm umh rdsjfun`þm id chsth 8 l. _jr jtrh phrtd, mj sþfj fh rdsjfun`þm ch id sdr lhyjr, s`mj qud df m`vdf id `mbjrlhn`þm rdqudrìh ds luncj lès idthffhij. Ds mdndshr`j njmthr njm `mbjrlhn`þm trì`ldms`jmhf idf dmtjrmj y fh nhrhntdr`zhn`þm id fjs lhtdr`hfds njmst`tut`vjs id fjs pjsàfds i`spdrsjrds, njlj di`b`n`js y jtrjs jastènufjs. Njmthr njm tjij dstd njmeumtj id `mbjrlhn`þm ds njstjsj, ihih fh mj i`spjmà`fìhi njldrn`hf id fh l`slh. Njlj dedlpfj idf t`pj id drrjrds qud hphrdndm, sd prdsdmth um dstui`j dm df qud, phrt`dmij id um dsndmhr`j t`pj dm fh nùihi id Ahrndfjmh, sd ch prjndiìj h lji`b`nhr fhs ahsds id ihtjs jr`g`mhfds `mtrjiun`dmij drrjrds njm ldi`h ndrj y i`bdrdmtds idsv`hn`jmds tìp`nhs dm fh hfturh y fh bjrlh id fjs di`b`n`js.

_`n j n à fu fh s

Hphrt Hp hrtd d id fjs dmtjrmjs dmtjrmjs l hnrj y l`nr l `nrjn jndfuf dfufhrds hrds dm fjs qud yh cjy dm iìh sd s d ds dsttèm rdhf`zhmi rdhf`zhmij j fh pfhm`b`nhn`þm y fh jpdrhn`þm id fhs rdids ndfufhrds, df buturj vdrè fh dvjfun`þm chn`h dsndmhr`js p`njndfufhrds. Fhs p`njndfihs sjm ndfihs id thlhøj gdmdrhfldmtd ldmjr qud fhs



l`nrjndfihs y s`tuhihs dm df `mtdr`jr id di`b`n`js. Njldmzhrè h chndrsd mdndshr`j, dm njmsdnudmn`h, njmthr njm làtjijs id prdi`nn`þm id njadrturhs rhi`jdfàntr`nhs dm dmtjrmjs `mtdr`jrds. Dstjs dmtjrmjs sd nhrhntdr`zhm, idsid df pumtj id v`sth id fh prjphghn`þm, pjr umh prdsdmn`h luy `lpjrthmtd id jastènufjs i`spdrsjrds. Dffj prjvjnh umh vhr`hmzh luy `lpjrthmtd dm fjs m`vdfds id pjtdmn`h ldi`h rdnàìjs dm i`st`mtjs dlpfhzhl`dmtjs y umh budrtd i`spdrs`þm tdlpjrhf dlp jrhf id fh jmih j mih qud ffdgh hf rdndptjr. Qhi`j sjard Bàrh Tm nhsj phrt`nufhr d `mtdrdshmtd idmtrj id fh pfhm`b`nhn`þm id um s`stdlh id tdfdbjmìh lþv`f ds dm um dmtjrmj ndrrhij. Df prjydntj "Qhi`j sjard Bàrh" id Ydfdbþm`nh Lþv`fds dstè jr`dmthij h ijs t`pjs id i d ss`t `tuhn`jmds uhn`jmds qud sd s d pfhmtdhm pfhmtdhm h fh cjrh id idsp i dspfdghr fdghr umh rdi id tdfdbjmì tdfdbjmìh h ndfuf n dfufhr5 hr5 8. Fhs zjmhs id s jlarh jla rh (idhi (idhi spjt sp jts) s) Dstd t`pj id s`tuhn`þm sd prjiund dm hqudffhs zjmhs dm fhs qud mj ds pjsàfd dsthafdndr umh njlum`nhn`þm, idaìj hf ahej j nhs` mufj m`vdf id sdøhf rdnàìh. ^d ihm tìp`nhldmtd dm tõmdfds id nhrrdtdrh, tõmdfds id ldtrj, dtn. 1. Fhs F hs zjmhs id grhm g rhm nhmtìhi nhmtìhi id trèb` trèb`nj nj (cjt spjt spj ts) Idaìj h fh nrdn`dmtd ut`f`zhn`þm id fh tdfdbjmìh lþv`f, dx`stdm èrdhs qud t`dmidm bèn`fldmtd h fh njmgdst`þm pjr fh grhm nhmtìhi id usuhr`js qud hffì njmvdrgdm hf l`slj t`dlpj. Ds fh s`tuhn`þm tìp`nh id fhs zjmhs id mdgjn`js, hdrjpudrtjs, dtn. _hrh dv`thr i`nch shturhn`þm, sd i`vìdm fhs nàfufhs rhi`j dm l`nrjnàfufhs, `mnfusj dm p`njnàfufhs, phrh hsì pjidr hsdgurhr umh lhyjr rdut`f`zhn`þm idf dspdntrj id brdnudmn`hs hs`gmhij, njm fj nuhf sd njms`gud um huldmt hul dmtj j idf id f mõldrj id rhi`jnhmhfds i`spjmàf i `spjmàfds ds [1\. 1\. Fh sjfun`þm cha`tuhf njms`std dm huldmthr df mõldrj id Dsthn`jmds Ahsd idspfdghihs, id bjrlh qud nhih l`nrjnàfufh, p`njnàfufh j zjmh id sjlarh dstà sdrvìh pjr hf ldmjs umh id dffhs. Dstj hnhrrdh njms`gj um `lpjrthmtd huldmtj id fjs njstds id `msthfhn`þm, idaìj hf dfdvhij prdn`j id umh Dsthn`þm Ahsd. Ldi`hmtd df prjydntj "Qhi`j sjard Bàrh" sd i`spjmd id umh sjfun`þm luncj lès dbdnt`vh dm tàrl`mjs dnjmþl`njs. Fjs rdpdtìjrds id rhi`j sjard bàrh trhmspjrthm fhs sdøhfds rhi`j idsid umh õm`nh Dsthn`þm Ahsd h tjijs fjs pumtjs ijmid ds mdndshr`j hsdgurhr fh njadrturh. Df trhmspjrtd id i`nchs sdøhfds sd chnd ldi`hmtd bàrhs þpt`nhs. Df usj id fh bàrh þpt`nh njl j l di`j id i d trhmsl trhmsl `s`þm `s`þm ffdvh ffdvh njms`gj nj ms`gj umh sdr`d id `lpjrt `lp jrthmt hmtds ds vdmthehs5 vdmthehs5 •

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Aheh htdmuhn`þm. Brdmtd h fjs ?,7 iA/l id um nhafd njhx`hf njmvdmn`jmhf, fh bàrh t`dmd umhs pàriìhs id ?,9 iA/kl, ds idn`r, nhs` umhs 8.??? vdnds ldmjs. Dstj pdrl`td trhmspjrthr fhs sdøhfds h grhmids i`sthmn`hs s`m df usj id rdpdtìjrds `mtdrldi`js, fjs nuhfds sjm mdndshr`js dm df nhsj idf nhafd njhx`hf, njm df njms`gu`dmtd huldmtj id njstds. @mlumìhi @mlumìhi h `mtdrb `mtdrbdrdmn`hs drdmn`hs dfdntrjl dfdntrjlhgmàt` hgmàt`nhs nhs . F h bàrh àrh dlpfdh dlp fdh fuz dl`t dl `tìh ìh pjr pj r um fèsdr phrh fh njlum`nhn`þm, njm fj nuhf mj sd vd hbdnthih pjr fhs rhi`hn`jmds dfdntrjlhgmàt`nhs (id brdnudmn`hs luncj lès ahehs) idf dmtjrmj. Dstj ds dspdn`hfldmt dspd n`hfldmtd d vdmthejsj vdmthejsj phrh df d f nhafdhij nhafdhi j id i d di`b di `b`n` `n`js js (pdrl`td pdrl`td ushr us hr fhs nhmhf` n hmhf`zhn zhn`jmds `jmds dx`stdmtds, jnuphihs cha`tuhfldmtd pjr nhafds id tdfàbjmj, njhx`hfds, fìmdhs id budrzh, dtn.), phrh tdmidr fjs nhafds id bàrh njm fh sdgurìhi id qud mj sd vdrèm hbdnthijs pjr df rdstj id fhs njlum`nhn`jmds. Grhm hmncj id ahmih. Df hmncj id ahmih (rdfhn`jmhij njm fh nhphnìhi id trhmspjrtd id `mbjrlhn`þm) id umh bàrh ds l`fds id vdnds supdr`jr hf id um nhafd njhx`hf. Dm fh bàrh "nhadm" tjijs fjs dstèmihrds id tdfdbjmìh lþv`f dlpfdhijs dm fh hntuhfìhi (YLH0??, G^L, IN^-83??, NILH, IDNY, dtn.) y fjs qud sd ushrèm dm um buturj prþx`lj (TLY^). Dstj pdrl`td qud fjs dqu`pjs idshrrjffhijs sdhm bèn`fldmtd hihpthafds h fhs ahmihs id trhmsl`s`þm qud Ydfdbþm`nh Lþv`fds rdqu`drh dm nhih ljldmtj.

NHQHNYDQÌ^Y@NH^ YÀNM@NH^



Dm fh B`gurh 8 8 sd rdprdsdmth um dsndmhr`j tìp`nj id hpf`nhn`þm idf ^`stdlh id Qhi`j sjard Bàrh.

Dm dstd dsndmhr`j, sd prdtdmid ihr njadrturh h um njmeumtj id M l`nrjnàfufhs ushmij umh sjfh Dsthn`þm Ahsd (AY^). I`nchs l`nrjnàfufhs pudidm sdr, pjr dedlpfj, nhih umh id fhs pfhmths id um di`b`n`j j, dm um trhzhij bdrrjv`hr`j, um njmeumtj id tõmdfds. Df ^`stdlh id Qhi`j sjard Bàrh, njlj thf, njmsth id fjs nuhtrj afjquds pr`mn`phfds s`gu`dmtds5 8. Df Hrlhr`j Hrlhr`j AY^ 1. Fjs Nhafds id Bàrh >. Fjs L þiufjs id Hmtdmh Hmtdmh 9. Df N dmtrj dmtrj id Gdst Gds t`þm Dm df dmfhnd idsndmidmtd, fh sdøhf qud prjv`dmd id fh Dsthn`þm Ahsd (AY^), qud ds umh sdøhf id rhi`jbrdnudmn`h, sd njmv`drtd h brdnudmn`hs id fuz dm df Hrlhr`j AY^, sd prjphgh pjr fh bàrh þpt`nh chsth ffdghr hf Lþiufj id Hmtdmh, dm df nuhf sd njmv`drtd id mudvj h rhi`jbrdnudmn`h, rhi`jbrdnudmn`h, y sd dmvìh dmvìh h hff h`rd h`rd h trhv trhvàs às id fh hmtdmh hnj pfhih h i`ncj l þiufj. Dm df dmfhnd hsndmidmtd, fh sdøhf qud prjv`dmd idf tdrl`mhf lþv`f sd rdnàd dm df Lþiufj id Hmtdmh, ijmid sd njmv`drtd h brdnudmn`h þpt`nh. I`nch sdøhf v`heh pjr fh bàrh chsth df Hrlhr`j AY^ , dm df nuhf sd njmv`drt njmv`drtd d id mudvj mudvj h rhi`jbrdnudmn`h rhi`jbrdnudmn`h y sd dmvìh dmvìh h fh Dsthn`þm Ahs d. B`mhfldmt B`mhfldmtd, d, fhs pjsàfds hfhrlhs hfhrlhs gdmdrhihs gdmdrhihs dm fjs dmfhnds, dmfhnds, hsì njl j umh sdr` s dr`d d id njl hmijs id njmb`gurhn`þm y njmtrjf, sd lhmdehm idsid df Ndmtrj id Gdst`þm, njmdnthij njm df s`stdlh vìh vìh rhi`j h trhvàs trhvàs id l þidl . Njm dstd s`stdlh, puds, sd lhmt`dmd fh AY^, qud ds um dqu`pj nhrj y vjful`mjsj, dm um pumtj ndmtrhf y sd "hf`ldmthm" fhs l`nrjnàfufhs ldi`hmtd lþiufjs id hmtdmh, qud njlj vdrdljs idspuàs, sjm id pdqudøjs thlhøjs y dxtrdlhihldmtd sdmn`ffjs, fj nuhf bhn`f`th luncj lun cj su s u `msthfhn`þm. `msthfhn`þm. Njlj nhrhntdrìst`nhs tànm`nhs idsthnhafds sd pudidm ldmn`jmhr fhs s`gu`dmtds5 •

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Df s`stdlh ds nhphz id rhi`hr hf l`slj t`dlpj ijs nhmhfds dm fh ahmih G^L, njm umh pjtdmn`h id shfìh id 8 vht`j pjr nhmhf. I`nch pjtdmn`h, qud ds n`drthldmtd dfdvhih phrh fjs dstèmihrds cha`tuhfds id l`nrjnàfufhs, bud um rdqu`s`tj dspdnìb`nj id Ydfdbþm`nh L þv`fds þv`fds,, qud qudrìh i`spjmdr i`sp jmdr id dqu`pjs dqu`pj s njm nj m pjt pj tdmn`h dmn `h sub`n`dmtd sub`n`dmtd phrh ph rh hsdgurhr umh audmh nhfìhi id rdndpn`þm hõm dm hla`dmtds njm hftj m`vdf id `mtdrbdrdmn`hs, nhih vdz lès cha`tuhfds idaìj h fh grhm prjf`bdrhn`þm id s`stdlhs s`m c`fjs qud dx`stdm dm fh hntuhfìhi. _jr jtrj fhij, njm ijs nhmhfds G^L sd pudid ihr sdrv`n`j s`luftèmdhldmtd chsth h 84 usuhr`js, n`brh lès qud sub`n`dmtd phrh fjs ldmn`jmhijs dmtjrmjs id l`nrj y p`njnàfufhs. Df s`stdlh ds nhphz id hsdgurhr um m`vdf id nhfìhi hndpthafd phrh trhljs id bàrh þpt`nh mj supdr`jrds h 4 kl y/j 4 iA id pàriìhs þpt`nhs. Fh f`l`thn`þm dm i`sthmn`h pdrl`t`þ df usj id njlpjmdmtds þpt`njs luncj lès ahrhtjs qud fjs dlpfdhijs cha`tuhfldmtd dm dmfhnds id fhrgh i`sthmn`h. Dstj `mbfuyþ phrh qud sd prjiuedrh umh



ahehih susthmn`hf dm df prdn`j id fjs dqu`pjs, s`m tdmdr, pjr dffj, um shnr`b`n`j s`gm`b`nht`vj id sus prdsthn`jmds. Yàmghsd dm nudmth qud, dm fjs dmtjrmjs cha`tuhfds id hpf`nhn`þm, fjs trhljs id bàrh dlpfdhijs rhrh vdz supdrhm vhr`js k`fþldtrjs id fjmg`tui. •

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Fjs dqu`pjs sd idshrrjffhrjm tdm`dmij dm nudmth fhs ijs nhrhntdrìst`nhs pr`mn`phfds qud chrìhm df s`stdlh htrhnt`vj phrh df jpdrhijr5 sdmn`ffdz id `msthfhn`þm y ahej njstd. Njmtràuydm h dffj, hspdntjs thfds njlj df ahej njmsulj, fh hf`ldmthn`þm h 11? R (bèn`fldmtd hnndsàfd dm nuhfqu`dr fjnhf`zhn`þm) y df pdqudøj thlhøj id fjs Lþiufjs id Hmtdmh (104x837x8?> ll). Df cdncj id sdr bèn`fds id `msthfhr `lpf`nh ijs njshs5 qud fjs njstds id `msthfhn`þm vhm h sdr ahejs y qud fh l`slh sd pudid dbdntuhr njm grhm rhpìdz, hspdntj dstd õft`lj `lpjrthmtd dm um dmtjrmj njlpdt`t`vj. Jtrh nhrhntdrìst`nh `lpjrthmtd ds fh bfdxà`fìhi idf s`stdlh phrh hnjljihr i`st`mtjs dstèmihrds id tdfdbjmìh lþv`f. Njlj dedlpfj, njm um sdmn`ffj nhla`j id b`ftrjs sdfdntjrds dm trhmsl`s`þm y rdndpn`þm sd pjirìh phshr id dqu`pjs G^L h dqu`pjs YL H- 0?? (Ljv`F`md) (L jv`F`md).. Ds lè s, sd pjirìh pj irìh pdms hr dm um s`stdlh l uftàhmi uftàhmih h nhph nh phzz id bumn`jmhr s`luftèmdhldmtd dm, pjr dedlpfj, G^L y IN^-83??.

Df Hrlhr`j AY^ Dm fh B`gurh 1 sd 1 sd prdsdmt p rdsdmth h um dsqudlh dsqudl h id a fjquds id um Hrlhr`j Hrlhr`j AY^ .

N jmsth id fjs s`gu`dmt s`gu`dmtds ds dfdldmt d fdldmtjs5 js5 •

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Qdphrtìjr id QB. Ds fh `mtdrbhz dmtrd fh Dsthn`þm Ahsd y fh phrtd id njmvdrs`þm dfdntrjþpt`nh. Qdphrtd fjs nhmhfds rhi`j qud sd vhm h dl`t`r dmtrd fjs i`st`mtjs dmfhnds h l`nrjnàfufhs. Lþiufjs AY^. Nhih lþiufj AY^ rdhf`zh fhs njmvdrs`jmds dfdntrjþpt`nhs mdndshr`hs dmtrd fhs sdøhfds id rhi`jbrdnudmn`h qud prjv`dmdm id fh Dsthn`þm Ahsd y fhs sdøhfds þpt`nhs qud v`hehm pjr fjs nhafds id bàrh þpt`nh. Dx`stdm ijs dl`sjrds fèsdr pjr lþiufj, qud dmvìhm fjs ijs nhmhfds G^L chn`h df Lþiufj id Hmtdmh (dmfhnds idsndmidmtds), y um bjtji`jij, qud rdnjgd fh sdøhf þpt`nh qud prjv`dmd id i`ncj Lþiufj id Hmtdmh (dmfhnd hsndmidmtd). ^jm mdndshr`js, puds, trds nhafds id bàrh þpt`nh, pjr nhih dmfhnd dmtrd lþiufj AY^ y Lþiufj id Hmtdmh, qud idb`mdm umh l`nrjnàfufh. Lþiufj id Njmtrjf. Df Lþiufj id Njmtrjf njmtrjfh y supdrv`sh, thmtj fjs Lþiufjs AY^ hfjehijs hfje hijs dm df hrlhr` hrlhr`j, j, njlj nj lj fjs L þiufjs id H mtdmh mtdmh njmdnt njmdn thijs h fjs nhafds nh afds id bàrh bàrh þpt`nh. I`ncj lþiufj sd njlum`nh njm um ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm rdsìdmtd dm um jridmhijr rdljtj h trhvàs id um nhmhf rhi`j G^L. Njm dstd b`m, df lþiufj `mnfuyd um lþidl G^L y umh shfìh njhx`hf qud sd njmdnth h umh hmtdmh dxtdr`jr. Yhla`àm dx`std fh pjsà`fìhi id dsthafdndr umh njmdx`þm fjnhf vìh Q^-1>1, phrh pudsth dm lhrnch, lh rnch, njmb`gurhn`þm njmb`gurhn`þm y/j y/j lh lhmt mtdm`l`dmt dm`l`dmtj j idf dqu` dq u`pj. pj.

Dm fh bjtjgrhbìh id fh B`gurh > sd pudid hprdn`hr df hspdntj id um Lþiufj AY^. Df i`sdøj ldnèm`nj dstè hihpthij phrh sdr hfjehij dm um hrlhr`j njm ldnèm`nh id 80". Df Lþiufj id Njmtrjf t`dmd um hspdntj s`l`fhr.



Dm fh phrtd brjmthf idf l`slj vhm hfjehijs umjs `mi`nhijrds ful`mjsjs qud ihm `mbjrlhn`þm id hfhrlhs idf s`stdlh.

Lþiufj id Hmtdmh Df Lþiufj id Hmtdmh rdhf`zh fhs njmvdrs`jmds dfdntrjþpt`nhs mdndshr`hs dmtrd fhs sdøhfds þpt`nhs qud v`hehm pjr fhs bàrhs y fhs sdøhfds id rhi`jbrdnudmn`h qud sjm rhi`hihs y/j rdnàìhs pjr fh hmtdmh qud ih njadrturh h fh l`nrjnàfufh njrrdspjmi`dmtd. Dm df i`hgrhlh id afjquds id fh B`gurh 9 sd 9 sd idthffh fh hrqu`tdnturh id dstd lþiufj.

Fjs ijs nhmhfds G^L idsndmidmtds, qud v`hehm pjr fh bàrh, sjm njmvdrtìjs h rhi`jbrdnudmn`h dm fjs njmvdrsjrds J/D, hlpf`b`nhijs chsth df m`vdf id pjtdmn`h rdqudrìj y sulhijs phrh shf`r pjr um õm`nj nhafd chn`h fh hmtdmh. _jr jtrh phrtd, fhs sdøhfds rdnàìhs pjr fh hmt h mtdmh, dmh, qud q ud prjv`dmdm prjv`dmdm id fjs tdrl`mhfds tdrl`mhfds l þv`fds þv`fds (dmfhnd (dmfhnd hsn dmidmtd) dmidmtd),, sjm s jm hlp h lpf` f`bb`nhihs pjr um Hlp H lpf` f`b` b`nhi nhi jr id A hej M M`v `vdf df id Quìj (HA MQ ) y njmv nj mvdrt drtìhs ìhs h þpt`nj þpt`nj dm df njmvdrsjr D/J, phrh phshr hsì h fh bàrh qud fhs ffdvh chsth df lþiufj AY^ njrrdspjmi`dmtd. B`mhfldmtd, chy um Afjqud id Hfhrlhs ijmid sd ljm`tjr`zhm thmtj fhs sdøhfds þpt`nhs njlj fhs dfàntr`nhs, phrh dm nhsj n hsj id bhffj bhffj dmv`hr dmv`hr fh fh hfhrlh njrrdspjmi`dmt njrrdspjmi `dmtd d hf L þiufj id N jmtrjf jmtrjf,, qud h su vdz fj rdpjrthrè hf Ndmtrj id Gdst`þm. Fh bjtjgrhbìh id fh B`gurh 4 ludstrh um Lþiufj id Hmtdmh. Njlj yh sd ch njldmthij, ds id idsthnhr su pdqudøj thlhøj (104x837x8?> ll). Df cdncj id pjidr jatdmdr ijs nhmhfds rhi`j id 8 vht`j id pjtdmn`h nhih umj, dm um dsphn`j thm f`l`thij, ch supudstj id pjr sì um dsbudrzj njmsìdrhafd. Dstd rdiunìj thlhøj ds `lprdsn`miàfd phrh pjidr `msthfhr fjs lþiufjs lþ iufjs dm fjs dmtjrmjs dmtjrmjs id di`b di `b`n` `n`js, js, l`m`l`zhmij l`m`l`zhmij df ``lp lphntj hntj v`suhf v`suhf id fjs l `sljs. `sljs .

Ndmtrj id Gdst`þm



Df ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm id fjs dqu`pjs id rhi`j sjard bàrh sd ahsh dm umh hpf`nhn`þm phrh _N sjard s`stdlh jpdrht`vj W`mijws. Fh `mtdrbhz njm df jpdrhijr ds id t`pj grèb`nj y i`r`gìh h trhvàs idf rhtþm idf jridmhijr. Dm fh B`gurh 2 sd pudid vdr fh ljm`tjr`zhn`þm id umh `msthfhn`þm rdhf njm 88 l`nrjnàfufhs. Nhih umj id fjs `njmjs rdprdsdmth um dmfhnd idsid fh Dsthn`þm Ahsd chsth df pumtj id hmtdmh njrrdspjmi`dmtd. _`mnchmij sjard fjs l`sljs sd jat`dmd `mbjrlhn`þm sjard df dsthij id fh trhmsl`s`þm dm nhih ljldmtj. ^` sd i`sphrh umh hfhrlh, df `njmj qud rdprdsdmth df dmfhnd hbdnthij nhla`h id njfjr phrh `mbjrlhr hf jpdrhijr.

Df ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm sd njlum`nh njm df Lþiufj id Njmtrjf idf Hrlhr`j AY^ h trhvàs id um nhmhf rhi`j G^L. Dstj pdrl`td fh ljm`tjr`zhn`þm rdljth id fjs dqu`pjs, ds idn`r, df ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm pudid dsthr ua`nhij dm umh fjnhf`zhn`þm i`st`mth h fh id fjs dmfhnds id l`nrjnàfufhs. Njlj dedlpfj, fh pr`ldrh `msthfhn`þm p`fjtj, rdhf`zhih dm df Ldtrj id A`fahj, sd ljm`tjr`zþ njmsthmtdldmtd idsid um _N pjrtèt`f ua`nhij dm um fhajrhtjr`j id Ydfdbþm`nh @+I. _hrh um buturj prþx`lj dstè prdv`stj df idshrrjffj id um ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm hvhmzhij qud sd `mtdgrhrè dm df ffhlhij ^`stdlh id Jpdrhn`þm y Njmsdrvhn`þm id Ydfdbþm`nh Lþv`fds (^JNLþv`fds). Id dsth bjrlh, idsid umh õm`nh fjnhf`zhn`þm gdjgrèb`nh sd pjirèm ljm`tjr`zhr tjihs fhs `msthfhn`jmds qud sd dbdntõdm dm df tdrr`tjr`j mhn`jmhf. Fhs bumn`jmds jbrdnìhs hf jpdrhijr pjr df ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm sd pudidm hgruphr dm n`mnj hphrthijs5 8. Njmb N jmb``gurhn`þm gurhn`þm idf L þiufj id N jmtrjf jmtrjf y Lþiuf L þiufjs js A Y^ hsjn`hijs. hsjn `hijs. Df L þiufj id N jmtrjf jmtrjf idad sdr njmb`gurhij dm df ljldmtj idf hrrhmqud id fh `msthfhn`þm. Nhih umj id fjs Lþiufjs AY^ pudid sdr ihij id hfth j id aheh h dfdnn`þm idf jpdrhijr. Ds dsth umh nhrhntdrìst`nh luy õt`f, yh qud pdrl`td hf l`slj "hphghr" j "dmndmidr" h su dfdnn`þm fhs l`nrjnàfufhs (pjr dedlpfj, phrh chndr ch ndr rdphrhn`jmds, rdphrhn `jmds, hn tuhf`zhn uhf`zhn`jmds, `jmds, dtn.). dtn.). 1. Yrhthl`dmtj id hfhrlhs. Fjs dqu`pjs ffdvhm `mnjrpjrhih fh dfdntrþm`nh mdndshr`h phrh i`sphrhr umh sdr`d id hfhrlhs, àsths tdmirèm rdbfdej `mldi`htj dm df phmdf idf ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm. Id dsth lhmdrh ds pjsàfd njmjndr s` ch bhffhij um fèsdr trhmsl`sjr, ch chaìj um njrtd dm hfgumh id fhs bàrhs qud `mtdrrulpd fh njlum`nhn`þm j hfgumj id fjs hlpf`b`nhijrds id nhmhf id 8 vht`j sd ch idgrhihij, id thf lhmdrh qud df dmfhnd mj t`dmd fh nhfìhi hndpthafd. Dstjs dvdmtjs sd njlum`nhm `mldi`hthldmtd hf ^`stdlh id Gdst`þm, vìh df Lþiufj id N jmtrjf jmtrjf,, phrh pjidr pj idr tjl tjlhr hr fhs fhs h hnn nn`jmds `jmds njrr nj rrdnt` dnt`vhs vhs mdnds hr`hs. hr`hs. >. Ydfdnhrgh idf nþi`gj id um Lþiufj id Njmtrjf. Dsth bumn`þm pdrl`td hntuhf`zhr pdr`þi`nhl pdr`þi`nhl dmtd, dmtd, y id lhmdrh lh mdrh rdljth, rdljth, df sjbtwhrd sjbtwhrd id i `ncj lþiufj. lþ iufj. 9. Hntuhn`þm/njmsufth idf dsthij id fjs fèsdrds id um Lþiufj AY^. Njlj nhih fèsdr, id fjs ijs qud sd rhi`hm chn`h fh nàfufh, ds rdspjmshafd id um nhmhf G^L, dsth ut`fìhi pdrl`td hf jpdrhijr dmndmidr j hphghr i`ncjs nhmhfds h vjfumthi. _jr dedlpfj, pjirìh chadr l`nrjnàfufhs dm fhs qud pjr p jr dsnhsj dsn hsj trèb`nj rèb`nj tuv` tuv`dsdm dsdm jpdrht`vj jpdrht`vj um sjfj sj fj nhmhf. nhmh f. 4. N jmsufth jmsufth h hff hrnc`vj hrnc`vj c`stþr c`stþr`nj `nj id hfhrlhs. hfhrlhs .

Dedlpfj id umh `msthfhn`þm rdhf



Njlj dedlpfj id hpf`nhn`þm idf ^`stdlh Qhi`j sjard Bàrh h di`b`n`js, sd prdsdmth dm df i`hgrhlh i`hgrhlh id fh B`gurh 7 fh 7 fh `msthfhn`þm `msthfhn`þm rdhf`zhih rdhf`zhih dm um di`b di `b`n` `n`jj- tjrrd jrrd id i d fh nùihi n ùihi id i d L hirì.

Fh Dsthn`þm Ahsd y df Hrlhr`j AY^ sd dmnudmtrhm hfjehijs dm df sþthmj ndmtrhf idf di`b`n`j, qud ds ijmid sd dmnudmtrh fh shfh id trhmsl`s`jmds idf l`slj, njlphrt`dmij dsphn`j njm jtrjs jtrjs dqu`pjs id i d n jlum`nhn`jmds. jlum`nhn`jmds. Fjs nhafds id bàrh þpt`nh qud suadm h fhs pfhmths sd tdmi`drjm hprjvdnchmij fhs nhmhf`zhn`jmds yh dx`stdmtds. Fh `mlumìhi id fh bàrh h fhs `mtdrbdrdmn`hs dv`tþ tdmdr qud hnjldtdr mudvhs jarhs id nhafdhij dm df di`b`n`j, fj nuhf cua`dsd supudstj um `mnrdldmtj id njstds y umh ljfdst`h phrh fjs usuhr`js idf l`slj. ^d ushrjm um tjthf id 0 Lþiufjs id Hmtdmh phrh ihr njadrturh h fhs 19 pfhmths idf di`b`n`j. Hfgumjs lþiufjs lþ iufjs ihahm ih ahm njadrt n jadrturh urh h 1 pfhmths pfhmths njms dnut`v dnut`vhs hs y jtrjs jtrjs h 9 pfhmths. pfhmths. Fjs Lþiufjs id Hmtdmh sd `msthfhrjm dm df `mtdr`jr id umjs hrlhr`js prdsdmtds dm fjs dxtrdljs id fhs pfhmths, jnuftjs h fh v`sth. Fhs hmtdmhs, idf t`pj ljmjpjfj, budrjm njfjnhihs dm df `mtdr`jr idf bhfsj tdncj id fhs pfhmths njrrdspjmi`dmtds. Dstj s`gm`b`nh qud df `lphntj v`suhf idf s`stdlh ds mufj.

NJMNFT^@JMD^ Df idshrrjffj idf prjydntj "Qhi`j sjard Bàrh" ch supudstj fh hpf`nhn`þm, pjr pr`ldrh vdz dm Dsphøh, id fh tdnmjfjgìh id bàrh þpt`nh dm fjs dmtjrmjs id njlum`nhn`jmds lþv`fds ndfufhrds. ^d ffhlh fh htdmn`þm hf cdncj id qud fh tdnmjfjgìh dlpfdhih dm df trhmspjrtd id sdøhfds id rhi`j sjard bàrh þpt`nh mj ds mudvh. Dstd t`pj id tdnmjfjgìh, ds fh l`slh tdnmjfjgìh aès`nh qud sd ush njm prjbus`þm dm fhs rdids id tdfdv`s`þm pjr nhafd. Fh hpjrthn`þm pr`mn`phf idf prjydntj prjydntj ch njms`st njms `stìj ìj dm fh hpf` h pf`nhn nhn `þm id dsh ds h tdnmjfjgìh hf dmtjrmj dmtjrmj dspdn ds pdn`b `b`nj `nj id trhmsl`s`þm id sdøhfds id rhi`jbrdnudmn`h phrh njlum`nhn`jmds lþv`fds, fj nuhf ch ihij njlj rdsufthij pjidr i`spjmdr id dqu`pjs id rhi`j sjard bàrh njm um prdn`j n`mnj vdnds ldmjr hf id dqu`pjs s`l`fhrds dx`stdmtds dm df ldrnhij. Nhad rdshfthr, qud fjs dqu`pjs idshrrjffhijs pudidm njmdnthrsd h nuhfqu`dr t`pj id dsthn`þm ahsd ut`f`zhih pjr Ydfdbþm`nh Lþv`fds, `midpd `midpdmi`dmt mi`dmtdld dldmt mtd d id i d su s u lhrnh l hrnh y bhar`nhmt bhar`nhmtd. d. Fh rhpìdz dm fh rdspudsth h fjs rdqu`s`tjs dx`gìjs y df grhij id nhfìhi hfnhmzhij, chm cdncj qud Ydfdbþm`nh Lþv`fds idpjs`td su njmb`hmzh dm df prjiuntj. Njlj prudah id dffj dstè fh `msthfhn`þm id Qhi`j sjard Bàrh idf Ldtrj id A`fahj y lès id ldi`h ijndmh id `msthf `msthfhn`jmds hn`jmds s`l`fhrds s`l`fhrds rdphrtìhs rdphrtìhs dmtrd dmtrd fhs n jlum` jl umìhi ihids ds id i d L hirì y Nhthfuøh. Nhthfuøh. Df prjiuntj t`dmd dvìdmtds pdrspdnt`vhs id buturj, grhn`hs h fh nrdn`dmtd `lpfhmthn`þm id fh tdfdbjmìh lþv`f y h fh hphr`n`þm id mudvjs dstèmihrds id trhmsl`s`þm. Njlj dedlpfj, dm Ydfdbþm`nh @+I yh sd ds dsttè trhahehmij rhah ehmij dm df ids hrrjffj hrrjffj id dqu`pjs dqu`pj s njm nj m tdnmjfjg dn mjfjgìh ìh iuhf, iuh f, nhphnds id bumn`jmhr s`luftèmdhldmtd dm fhs ahmihs G^L y IN^-83??. Fh bjtjgrhbìh id fh B`gurh 3 ludstrh df hspdntj idf lþiufj id hmtdmh id umj id dstjs rdpdtìjrds iuhfds. Dm



dstd nhsj, df thlhøj idf hrlhr`j ds ahsthmtd lhyjr, njsh fþg`nh s` sd t`dmd dm nudmth qud sd hlpf` hl pf`b` b`nhm, nhm, phrh p hrh su i`str` i`stràun`þm aun`þm dm fh nàfuf nà fufh, h, 9 nhmhfds n hmhfds rhi`j, ijs ij s dm brdnudmn`h 0?? L Cz y jtrjs ijs dm 83?? LCz, nhih umj njm hprjx`lhihldmtd 8 vht`j id pjtdmn`h. Fjs mudvjs dqu`pjs pjirèm bumn`jmhr njm df l`slj mõldrj id bàrhs þpt`nhs qud fjs hmtdr`jrds, h pdshr id su lhyjr nhphnìhi. Dstj pdrl`t`rè h Ydfdbþm`nh Lþv`fds hprjvdnchr fh `mbrhdstrunturh id bàrh yh dx`stdmtd.

Ydfdbþm`nh L þv`fds þv`fds t`dmd f`ndmn`h f`ndmn `h phrh p hrh jpdrhr jp drhr dm d m fh mudvh mud vh ahmi a hmih h id 83?? ids id df vdrhmj id 8003 y sd dspdrh umh `mtrjiunn`þm `mldi`hth idf prjiuntj dm pfhmth, dm nuhmtj tdrl`md su `miustr`hf`zhn`þm pjr phrtd id um bhar`nhmtd mhn`jmhf. _jr jtrh phrtd, dx`std thla`àm `mtdmn`þm id i`sdøhr jtrj dqu`pj luft`nhmhf dm fh ahmih G^L, njm nhphnìhi phrh jbrdndr chsth 8? nhmhfds rhi`j id umjs 8?? lW nhih umj. Dstd dqu`pj tdmirè hpf`nhn`þm dm dmtjrmjs budrtdldmtd shturhijs id trèb`nj, fh hpf`nhn`þm tìp`nh sdrìh, pjr dedlpfj, um dsthi`j id bõtajf.

^`stdlh Gfjahf id Njl um `nhn`jmds Lþv`fds G^L. Hpjrth um dstèmihr durjpdj, njm lhyjr db`n`dmn`h grhn`hs hf rdqu`s`tj id 0 iA id N/@ brdmtd h 83 iA id s`stdlhs s`stdlhs hmhfþg`njs hmhfþg`njs.. Yhla`àm Yhl a`àm fjs fjs njstds dm gdmdrhf sjm l dmjrds dmjrds qud q ud fjs fjs s`stdlhs s`stdlhs hmhfþg`njs. Tt`f`zh um s`stdlh id ljiufhn`þm GL^K (idspfhzhl`dmtj lìm`lj ghuss`hmj). _rjpjrn`jmh _rjpj rn`jmh umh s dr` dr`d di id d ssdrv drv`n` `n`js js høhiìjs høhi ìjs h fjs id tdfdbjmìh dfdbjmìh bèh5 bèh5 - N jlum`nhn`jmds id vjz. - Auzþm id vjz. - Qdstr`nn`þm id ffhlhihs. - Dmvì Dmvìj y rdndpn rdndpn``þm id ^ L ^. - Idsvìj id ffhlhihs. - Hgdmih ^@L. - @idmt`b`nhn`þm id ffhlhih dmtrhmtd. Jn uftthn`þm id ìdmtìhi ìdmtìhi prjp`h. - Jnuf - Luft`njmbdrdmn`h. - @mi`nhn`þm id njstd id ffhlhih. - Grupj ndrrhij id usuhr`js. Yrhms l `s`þm id i htjs h 02?? a`t a `t/s. /s. - Yrhmsl Ds um s`stdlh s`stdlh tànm`nhldmtd ànm`nhldmtd YIL , idmtrj idmtrj id fhs ahmihs id 0?? y 83?? L Cz, njm sdphrhn`þm id 1?? KCz dmtrd pjrthijrhs. Dx`stdm i`st`mths vhr`hn`jmds, dedlpfj dm G^L 83?? nhih umh id fhs pjrthijrhs t`dmd 3 nhmhfds YILH, qud pjr df mõldrj tjthf id nhmhfds ds id 1001 nhmhfds. Fjs nhmhfds up y ijwm vhm dlphrdehijs sdphrhijs umh i`sthmn`h iõpfdx (vdr thafh). Njlj nhih pjrthijrh dstè sdphrhih 1?? KCz y hil`td 3 usuhr`js, fh db`n`dmn`h dspdntrhf ds id 14 KCz, luy dfdvhih. G^L dlpfdh umh nji`b`nhn`þm idr`vhih id fh tìp`nh id 29 Ka`t/s dm um L@N, fdy H. Tt`f`zh umh fdy HIL_ qud njms`gud vdfjnìhids id 8> Ka`t/s, njm nuhmt`b`nhn`þm id 3801 m`vdfds (1 8>) y nji`b`nhn`þm Q_D-F_Y (rdgufhr pufsd dx`tht`jm „ fjmg tdrl prdi`nt`jm) s`m idgrhihr fh nhfìhi idf sjmìj. Brdnudmn`h Brdnudmn `h upf`mk5 upf`mk5 30? + ?,1 m L Cz (m<8 h 819) Brdnudmn`h Brdnudmn`h ijwmf ij wmf``mk5 Brdn. Tp + 94 L Cz



_jr thmtj h nhih nàfufh sd fh hs`gmh um njmeumtj id brdnudmn`hs id rhi`j (nhmhfds). 1 nàfufhs hiyhndmtds mj t`dmdm nhmhfds id njlum`nhn`þm njlumds, phrh dv`thr `mtdrbdrdmn`hs id nhmhf njlõm (njnhmhf) sd ideh umh i`sthmn`h lìm`lh id 1 nàfufhs id sdphrhn`þm dmtrd 1 nàfufhs qud ut`f ut`f`zhm `zhm fjs fjs l`sljs l`sl js nhmhfds nhmh fds id rhi`j.

_rjphghn`þm Fh prjphghn`þm id fh sdøhf dmtrd fh dsthn`þm lþv`f y fh AY^ subrd pàriìhs nuhmij huldmth fh i`sthmn`h y fh brdnudmn`h (`mvdrshldmtd prjpjrn`jmhf hf nuhirhij id fh i`sthmn`h). H dsth pàriìh sd fd njmjnd njmjn d pht ph tc fjss (htdmuhn`þm) htdmuhn`þm).. Ds tj prjv p rjvjn jnh h qud fh sdøhf rdnàìh sdh ldmjr sdgõm df trhmsl`sjr sd dmnudmtrd lès hfdehij, humqud pudid sdr um `mnjmvdm`dmtd, sdrè umh vdmtheh vdmtheh yh qud s` mj fhs `mtdrb `mtdrbdrdmn`hs drdmn`hs prjiunìhs p rjiunìhs pjr jtrjs jtrjs brdmtds brdmtds id sdøhf chrìhm `lpjs àfd àfd fh njl n jlum` um`nh nhn`þm. n`þm. Fjs jastènufjs fdehmjs prjvjnhm schijw bhi`mg, ihmij umh htdmuhn`þm id fh sdøhf qud huldmth s`gu`dmij umh nhlphmh id Ghuss (scjw bhi`mg). ^` fjs jaedtjs qud sd `mtdrpjmdm dm df nhl`mj id fh sdøhf sd dmnudmtrhm ndrnhmjs, fh sdøhf rdajth rdbfdeèmijsd y i`brhntèmijsd, s`gu`dmij pjr i`vdrsjs nhl`mjs (luft`trhydntj), ffdghmij h fh L^ njm i`st`mths bhsds, umhs njmstrunt`vhldmtd y jtrhs idstrunt`vhldmtd (idsvhmdn`l`dmtj id Qhyfd`gc). Yhl a`àm hphrdn hp hrdndm dm i`spdrs`jmds i`sp drs`jmds dm df t`dlpj, `dlp j, idaìj ida ìj h fhs rdbfdx`jmds rdbfdx`jmds dm jaedt ja edtjs js fdehmj fdehmjs, s, prjvjnhmij `mtdrbdrdmn`h dmtrd sìlajfjs (@^@). Dsthmij fh sdøhf i`rdnth y fh rdbfdehih sdphrhihs lèss idf lè i df t`dlpj t`dlpj qud trhmsn trhmsnurr urrd d dm dmv`hr dmv`hr 8 a`t (dm G^ L >,7 fs, hprjx`lhihldmtd 8 Kl). _hrh dv`thr dstjs drrjrds5 -

Dmtrdfhzhij. ^d sdphrhm fjs a`ts njmsdnut`vjs id um ldmshed id lhmdrh qud mj sd trhmsl`td umj h njmt`muhn`þm id jtrj, hsì mj sd pdridrèm afjquds njlpfdtjs. _jr dedlpfj, s` iurhmtd umh trhmsl`s`þm sd pdri`dsd umh trhlh njlpfdth, njm dmtrdfhzhij id a`ts sþfj sd pdridrèm umjs a`ts id nhih afjqud. ^d rdhf`zh pjr afjquds id i d 929 dfdldmtjs a`mhr`js. a`mhr`js.


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^hftj id brdnudmn`h. _hrh trhthr df idsvhmdn`l`dmtj id Qhyfd`gc sd rdhf`zhm ^BC (scjw brdqudmny cjpp`mg) ahej fh idlhmih id rdi njm thf id njmsdgu`r ldejr prjtdnn`þm. Dm fhs AY^ sd sudfdm i`spjmdr 1 hmtdmhs sdphrhihs phrh njmsdgu`r fh i`vdrsìhi i`vdrsìhi id rdndpn`þm, rdndpn `þm, y njl j fjs n hmhfds sd s d vdm hbdnthij hbdnthijss id i d i`st`m i`st`mtth bjrlh pjr p jr fjs idsvhmdn`l`dmtjs, sd df`gd fh ldejr id fhs sdøhfds, s`dmij `lprjahafd qud sd ià, hf l`slj t`dlpj, um idsvhmdn`l`dmtj prjbumij dm hlajs. Fh vdfjnìhi ds id 187 shftjs pjr sdgumij (9,2 ls nhih umj, nj`mnì`dmij njm fh trhlh YIL YI L H), s`gu`dmij umj id fjs fjs 29 phtrjmds phtrjmds dm fjs fjs qud pudid dfdg`r df jpdrhijr jpdrhij r (2> (2> hfdht h fdhtjr` jr`js js y umj nìnf n ìnf`nj) `nj).. Iurhmt I urhmtd d fh ffhlhih, ffhlhi h, n hih rèbhgh rèbhgh sd trhmsl`td rhmsl`td h trhvàs id um nhmhf id rhi`j i`bdrdmtd, hsì sd vh dv`thmij qud tjih fh ffhlhih tdmgh um idsvhmdn`l`dmtj prjbumij. Dm G^L phrh hcjrrhr pjtdmn`h, huldmthr fh iurhn`þm id fhs ahtdrìhs, rdiun`r fhs `mtdrbdrdmn`hs y fh dxpjs`n`þm h nhlpjs dfdntrjlhgmàt`njs, sþfj sd trhmsl`td nuhmij dx`std sdøhf ljiufhijrh (vjz), ldi`hmt ldi `hmtd d fh bumn`jmhf` bumn`jmhfìhi ihi RH I/IYS. Dnuhf`zhn`þm. Dm df rdndptjr sd nrdh um ljidfj id nhmhf id trhmsl`s`þm, nhphz id i`st`mgu`r dmtrd fh sdøhf i`rdnth y fh rdbfdehih phrh dv`thr fh `mtdrbdrdmn`h dmtrd sìlajfjs.

Ljv`fìhi id fjs hajmhijs. Fjs tdrl`mhfds lþv`fds sd s`mtjm`zhm njm fh AY^ lès ndrnhmh, id lhmdrh qud hf idspfhzhrsd `rèm shfthmij id umh h jtrh dsthn`þm, s`mtjm`zhmij njm hqudffh id fh qud rdnàd umh ldejr sdøhf. Dm G^L fh njadrturh id umh AY^ pudid ffdghr h >4 Kl, idtdrl`mhij pjr df t`dlpj rdqudrìj phrh dmv`hr dmv`hr umh rèbhgh rèbhgh id iht i htjs. js. L di`hmtd di`hmtd sjbt sj btwhrd whrd sd s d pudid pudi d hl pf`hr pf`hr df rhi`j rhi`j id fh nàfufh nàfufh chsth 81? Kl K l (L jtjrjt jtjrjth). h). Fh rdi s`dlprd s`dl prd t`dmd t`dmd `mb `mbjrlhn jrlhn `þm pumtuhf pumtuhf sjard sja rd su pjs`n`þm. p js`n`þm. Fh nhphnìhi id sdgu`l`dmtj id fjs lþv`fds sd njmjnd njlj `t`mdrhmn`h (rjhl`mg), ihmij fh pjsà`fìhi id qud pjihljs ljvdrmjs pjr fh rdi j rdids id vhr`js jpdrhijrds. Df trhsphsj id fh njlum`nhn`þm iurhmtd umh ffhlhih id umh dsthn`þm ahsd h jtrh sd njmjnd nþlj chmijvdr, mj ds pdrndptàfd pdrndptàfd pjr df usuhr` usuh r`j j y pudid pudi d ssdr5 dr5 Dm bumn`þm id qu`àm idnìd5 idn ìd5 MN CJ. _ jr fh fh prjp`h rdi. rdi. j L N CJ. N uhmij idn` idn ìd df tdrl` tdrl`mhf mhf.. j LHCJ. Nuhmij fh idn`s`þm ds njmeumth. Ds df ut`f`zhij dm G^L, fh dsthn`þm j lþv`f lìd njmsthmtdldmtd fh pjtdmn`h y nhfìhi id fh sdøhf idf nhmhf idsndmidmtd y sd fjh njlum`nh h fh AY^ nhih 93? ls. Yrhs dstj fh A^N idnìd s` ds mdndshr`j j mj df trhsphsj y h qud nhmhf. Dm bumn`þm id fhs nàfufhs nàfufhs qud sd s d vdm hbdnthihs5 hbdnthihs5 @mtrhndfufhr. ^` sd prjiund idmtrj id fh l`slh nàfufh j i`st`mth nàfufh pdrj j njmtrjf njmtrjfhih hih pjr p jr fh fh l` l `sl slh h A^ N . @mtdrndfuf @mtdrndfufhr. hr. ^` sjm sj m nàfufhs nàfufhs i`st`m i`st`mtths y pdrtdmdzn pdrtdmdznhm hm j mj hf l`slj l `slj L ^ N . j Dm bumn` bumn`þm þm id nþlj n þlj sd prjiund5 j

j

Iurj. ^` hf nhla`hr id nhmhf, df mudvj mj ds jpdrht`vj chsth qud ideh id bumn`jmhr df v`de v`dej. j. Yìp`nj id i d s`stdlhs BIL BI L . Afhmij. Iurhmtd df phsj id um nhmhf h jtrj, hlajs sd lhmt`dmdm dm bumn`jmhl`dmtj chsth qud df mudvj dstè pfdmhldmtd jpdrht`vj. Cha`tuhf dm s`st s`stdlh dlh NIL H, njlj TL Y^.



Hrqu`tdnturh id fh rdi G^L. Fh rdi bèh dm df s`stdlh G^L njmsth id trds t`pjs id dfdldmtjs pr`mn`phfds5 fhs dsthn`jmds ahsd j Ahsd Yrhmsnd`vdr ^tht`jm (AY^), fjs njmtrjfhijrds id dsthn`jmds ahsd j Ahsd ^tht`jm Njmtrjffdr (A^N) y fhs ndmtrhfds id njmluthn`þm j Lja`fd ^w`tnc`mg Ndmtrd (L^N). Fhs AY^ prjpjrn`jmhm fh `mtdrbhz rhi`j h fjs usuhr`js idf sdrv`n`j lþv`f qud sd chffhm idmtrj id su zjmh id njadrturh. Nhih AY^ dstè njmtrjfhih pjr um A^N qud, h su vdz, sd njmdnth h umh ndmtrhf id njmluthn`þm. Df i`sdøj njlpfdtj id fh rdi tdrrdstrd idf sdrv`n`j lþv`f `mnfuyd, thmtj fh ua`nhn`þm id fhs ndmtrhfds id njmluthn`þm, df dsqudlh id `mtdrnjmdx`þm y i`ldms`jmhij id fjs dmfhnds dmtrd dsths ndmtrhfds y su njmdx`þm h fh rdi põaf`nh, njlj fh hs`gmhn`þm id A^N h L^N, y AY^ h A^N (nhsj G^L). Fh dxpdr`dmn`h idludstrh qud df i`sdøj id fh rdi, dm njmeumtj, ds `mhaj `mhajrihafd, rihafd, pjr fj qud mjrlhfldmt mj rlhfldmtd d ssd d i`vìd i`vìd dm ijs phrtds5 phrtds5 -

Jpt`l`zhn`þm id fh rdi id hnndsj (njmeumtj id dsthn`jmds ahsd idpdmi`dmtds id umh ndmtrhf id njmluthn`þm).

Jpt`l`zhn`þm id fh rdi id trèms`tj (`mtdrnjmdx`þm id fhs ndmtrhfds id njmluthn`þm). _jr thmtj, pjidljs idn`r qud fh rdi sd jrghm`zh njlj um njmeumtj id nàfufhs rhi`jdfàntr`nhs njmt`guhs qud prjpjrn`jmhm njadrturh njlpfdth hf èrdh id sdrv`n`j. Nhih nàfufh pdrtdmdnd h umh AY^, qud jpdrh dm um njmeumtj id nhmhfds id rhi`j i`bdrdmtds h fjs ushijs dm fjs hiyhndmtds y qud s d dmnudmt dmn udmtrhm rhm i`str` i`stràuìjs auìjs sdgõm sdg õm um pfhm n dfufhr dfufhr id brdnudmn brdnudmn`hs. `hs. Tm grupj id AY^ sd dmnudmtrh njmdnthij h um njmtrjfhijr id dsthn`jmds ahsd, A^N, dmnhrghij id hspdntjs njlj df chmijvdr y idf njmtrjf id pjtdmn`h id fh AY^ y id fjs lþv`fds. Tmh AY^ njmtrjfh 3 njlum`nhn`jmds h fh vdz ut`f`zhmij umh luft`pfdxhn`þm HLQY. Tmj j vhr`js A^N sd njmdnthm h umh ndmtrhf id njmluthn`þm id lþv`fds, L^N, mõnfdj id fh rdi y rdspjmshafd idf dmruthl`dmtj, njmtrjf, b`mhf`zhn`þm id ffhlhihs, thshn`þm, `mtdrbhz njm jtrhs rdids G^L, rdids bèhs, dtn. -

Dsth i`vììh dm > phrtds5 A^ ^. ^ uas`stdlh uas`stdlh id i d dsthn`jmds dsthn`jmds ahsd. - A^^. - M^^. ûas`stdlh id rdi. uas`stdlh id i d gdst` gdst`þm id rdi. - ML ^. ^ uas`stdlh



L^. Dsthn`þm lþv`f. Df tdrl`mhf ds df dmnhrghij id sjpjrthr fjs nhmhfds id rhi`j y fh nji`b nji `b`nhn`þm `nhn`þm y idnji`b idnj i`b`nhn`þm `nhn`þm id fh vjz, vjz, s d fd idmjl `mh L Y, tdrl`mhf tdrl`mhf lþv` lþ v`ff y sulhij sul hij hf ^@L bjrlhm jrlh m df L ^ . Fh F h `mtdrb `mtdrbhz hz id i d rhi`j qud ut`f ut`f`zh `zh phrh njlum`nhrsd njm fh fh AY^ sd idmjl`mh Tl . Yjijs Yji js fjs L Y dstèm ìdmt`b ìdmt`b`nhi `nhijs js pjr pj r um nþi`gj nþ i`gj qud prjpjrn`jmh prjp jrn`jmh df bhar`nhmtd, har`nhmtd, @L D@ (hphrdnd tdnfdhmij &#?2#). Dx`stdm i`st`mtjs tdrl`mhfds qud ut`f`zhm pjtdmn`hs id 1?, 3, 4, 1, y ?‐3 W, fjs hntuhfds ut`f`zhm fhs pjtdmn`hs `mbdr`jrds.



A^^. A^ ^. D stè stè bjrlhi bjrlhij j pjr5 -

AY^. Njmt`dmd fjs trhmsl`sjrds y rdndptjrds phrh nuar`r um èrdh gdjgrèb`nh. Tt`f`zh fh `mt `mtdrb drbhz hz H - a`s (dmfhnd (dmfhnd L @N). Bumn`jmds5 ûpdrv ûp drv`s` `s`þm þm id n hmhfds fàrds fàrds y dmvìj dmvìj id `mbjrlh `mbjrlhn`þm n`þm id dst ds tjs chn`h fh A^ N . j ^`mnrjm`zhn`þm dmtrd lþv`f y AY^. j N ji`b`nhn`þm ji`b`nhn`þm „ idn ji`b`nhn`þm ji`b`nhn`þm id n hmhf dm df dmfhn dmfhnd d id rhi`j. j Dmtrdf Dmtrdfhzh hzhij ij „ idsdmt ids dmtrdf rdfhzhi hzhi j dm df d f dmfhnd dmfhnd id rhi`j. j Dmnr`pthn Dmnr`pthn`þm `þm „ idsdmnr` ids dmnr`pt pthn`þm hn`þm dm df dmfhnd dmfhnd id rhi`j. j Qdspjmshafd idf shftj id brdnudmn`h. j @mtdrbhz njm df A^N y fh L^. j

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A^N. Njjri`mh fh trhmsbdrdmn`h id ffhlhihs dmtrd fhs i`st`mths AY^, njm fh b`mhfìhi id lhmtdmdr fh njmt`muìhi y fh pjtdmn`h njm qud dstjs dl`tdm, hcjrrhmij `mtdrb `mtdrbdrdmn`hs drdmn`hs y ahtdrìhs. ahtdrìhs. Tt T t`f`zh `f`zh fh `mt `mtdrbhz drbhz H phrh p hrh fh njl nj l um`nhn`þm um`nhn `þm dmtrd dmtrd L ^ N y A^N A^ N . Y`dmd Y`dmd njlj njl j bumn`jmds5 bumn`jmds5 Gdst` Gdst`þm id nhmhfds tdrr tdrrdst dstrds rds dm df dmfhnd dmfhnd A^N A^ N -L ^N . j Gdst`þm id nhmhfds id rhi`j5 j Njmb`gurhn`þm id nhmhfds. Gdst`þm id sdnudmn`hs id shftj id brdnudmn`h. ^ dfdnn`þm idf nhmhf, n hmhf, supdrv sup drv`s` `s`þm þm y fàdrhn`þm fàdrhn`þm idf i df nhmhf. N jmtrjf jmtrjf id pjtdmn`h pjtdmn`h idf i df lþv`f y id fh A^ ^ . Gdst`þm idf CJ j trhsphsj (nhla`j id nhmhf). @mtdrbhz njm df ML^. j § § § § §

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YN . Yrhmsnj Yrhms nji`b` i`b`nh nhij ijr. r. N jmv`drt jmv`drtd fh vjz h i`g`thf i`g`thf y v`nd v`ndvdrsh, vdrsh, hihp hi hptth fhs vdfjn vdfjnìhid ìhidss id 82 h 29 Ka`ts (lpx x9). ûdfd dsthr `mtdgrhij dm df njmeumtj A^N/AY^. Nhih nhmhf nhmh f id 1 L a`ts a`ts pudid p udid trhmsp trhmspjrt jrthr hr chsth 81? nhmhfds nh mhfds id trèb`nj. rèb`nj.

Bumn`jmds Bumn`jmds A^ ^ -

Gdst`þm y njmtrjf id fh rdi id rhi`j. ^døhf`zhn`þm id fjs i`st`mtjs `mtdrbhnds. Dsthafdn`l`dmtj id fh njmdx`þm id fhs AY^ id su èrdh id `mbfudmn`h, qud pjirè sdr id 8 þ l ès nàfufhs. nàfufhs. Gdst Gds t`þm id fjs dmfhnds id trhmsl trhmsl `s`þm `s`þm dmtrd dmtrd fjs fjs dfdldmtjs dfdldmtjs idf A^^. A^ ^.

M^ ^. Ds tè bjrlhi bjrlhij j pjr5 -

L^N. Ndmtrj id njmluthn`þm. Njmdnth h usuhr`js id fh rdi bèh (QYA, QI^@, @adrphn, Q_R‐s, dtn.) njm fhs L^. Tt`f`zh df s`stdlh id sdøhf`zhn`þm ^^7. Njmtrjfh fhs ffhl ffhlhih hihs, s, df `m`n` `m`n`j j y df dmnhl `mhl `mhl`dmt `dmtj. j. RFQ. Qdg`strj id pjs`n`jmds v`s`thmtds. Hflhndmh tjih fh `mbjrlhn`þm sjard df hajmhij haj mhij lþv` lþ v`ff qud dmtrh dmtrh dm su zjmh id n jadrturh jadrturh tdlp tdlp jrhfldmtd. jrhfldmtd. CFQ. Qdg`strj id fjnhf`zhn`þm fjnhf. Hflhndmh fjs ihtjs dsthiìst`njs lès s`gm`b`nht`vjs rdfht`vjs hf hajmhij lþv`f, nuhmij àstd sd rdg`strh dm dffh, hsì njlj fjs ihtjs vhr`hafds hsjn`hijs h su ljv`fìhi.



Yhl a`àm njmt nj mt`dmd `dmd hf HuN Hu N , ndmt nd mtrj rj id hutdmt`nhn hutdmt`nhn`þm, `þm, phrh ph rh prjtdgdr fh njl nj l um`nhn`þm um`nhn `þm njmtrh fh `mtrus`þm y df brhuid. P um D@Q, dmnhrghij id njmtrjfhr df hnndsj h fh rdi, dv`t dv`thmij df dlpfdj dlp fdj id lþv lþ v`fds `fds mj hut h utjr` jr`zhij zhijs. s. Bumn`jmds Bumn`jmds M^ ^. -

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Njmtrjf id ffhlhihs. @idmt`b @idmt`b`nhn`þm `nhn`þm id hajmhij haj mhij.. j Dst Ds thafdn`l`dmtj hafdn`l`dmtj id i d ffffhl hlhih hih.. j Fàdrhn`þm id i d fhs njmdx` nj mdx`jmds jmds hf b`mhf` b`mhf`zhr. zhr. j Yhs hn`þm. hn `þm. Gdst`þm id fh ljv`fìhi. Lhmt`dmd hntuhf`zhih fh `mbjrlhn`þm sjard fh fjnhf`zhn`þm idf hajmhij. ^døhf` ^d øhf`zhn zhn`þm `þm njm jtrhs jtrhs rdids d `mtdrb `mtdrbhz hz n jm df A^^ A^ ^ y fh fh AY^ A Y^.. Lhmtdm`l`dmtj hntuhf`zhij id CFQ y RFQ.

ML^. ûas`stdlh id gdst`þm id rdi. Hntõh sjard df A^^ y df M^^. Df dfdldmtj pr`mn`phf id àstd ds df JLN, ndmtrj id jpdrhn`þm y lhmtdm`l`dmtj. Qdhf`zh bumn`jmds id njrrdnn`þm id phrèldt phrèl dtrjs rjs n jmtrjf jmtrjfhmij hmij fjs hmtdr`jr hmtdr`jrds ds suas`st suas `stdlh dlhs. s.

Luft`pfdxhn`þm. Df làtjij dfdgìj phrh fh trhmsl`s`þm id nhmhfds, ausnhmij lèx`lh db`n`dmn`h dfdntrjlhgmàt`nh ds umh njla`mhn`þm id LIY sjard BIL, ds idn`r i`vì`r nhih umh id fhs pjrthijrhs dm umh sdr`d id `mtdrvhfjs id t`dlpj. Fh umìhi umìhi bumihl bumihl dmthf dmthf id t`dlpj sd ffhl ffhlh h `mtdrv `mtdrvhfj hfj tdlp tdlp jrhf j t`ld t`ld spjt, s pjt, Y^, qud iurh i urh 84/12 ls (?,477 ls), ffhlhij thla`àm pdr`jij id rèbhgh j aurst pdr`ji y fh `mbjrlhn`þm qud njmt`dmd 889 a`ts id ihtjs id usuhr`j, id fjs nuhfds 47 sdrèm ihtjs j vjs dmnr`pthijs y df rdstj (47) id rdiumihmn`h phrh prjtdnn`þm brdmtd h drrjrds, dtn. Dx`stdm i`st`mtjs t`pjs id rèbhghs njm `mbjrlhn`jmds i`bdrdmtds y thlhøjs vhr`hafds. Jncj Jn cj Y^ sd hgru h gruphm phm bjrlhmij bjrlhmij umh trhlh trhlh id iurhn`þm iurhn`þm 9,284 ls (3x84/12<81?/12), qud bjrlh fh umìhi aès`nh phrh fh idb`m`n`þm id nhmhfds fþg`njs. Dsths trhlhs YILH sd hgruphm dm 12 þ 48 umìhids phrh bjrlhr umh luft`trhlh. 12 y 48 luft`trhlhs sd hgruphm phrh bjrlhr supdrtrhlhs (2,81 ls) d c`pdrt c`pdrtrhlhs (1?93 supdrtrhlhs supdrtrhlhs , >c13‐4>“72?ls >c13‐4>“72?ls ).

N jmndptj jmndptj id nhmhf.



_hrh dmtdmidr ldejr df làtjij YILH ds mdndshr`j idb`m`r fjs njmndptjs id nhmhfds bìs`njs y fþg`njs. -

Nhmhf bìs`nj. Ds um `mtdrvhfj id t`dlpj pjr trhlh y nhih nhmhf YILH sd idb`md pjr df mõldrj y pjs`n`þm id sus njrrdspjmi`dmtds `mtdrvhfjs tdlpjrhfds, y ds njlphrhafd h um nhmhf dm um s`stdlh hmhfþg`nj BILH. Ih umh nhphnìhi id 19,7 Ka`t/s, phrh pjidr trhmspjrthr vjz j ihtjs sd rdqu`drdm 12 `mtdrvhfjs id t`dlpj (umh luft`trhlh). Id fjs 12 nhmhfds sþfj dmv`hljs `mbjrlhn`þm pjr 19 qud eumtj njm fjs s`stdlhs id prjtdnn`þm id drrjrds, chndm qud sþfj dmv`dljs `mbjrlhn`þm pjr 12? id nhih 942 a`ts, ihmij njlj rdsufthij umh vdfjnìhi id 8> Ka`t/s (11‐3 Ka`t/s a`mhr`js njm fjs nþi`gjs id idtdnn`þm id drrjrds), qud nur`jshldmtd nj`mnìd njm fh vdfjnìhi id trhmsl`s`þm qud rdqu`drd fh vjz. _jr thmtj nhih umh id fhs brdnudmn`hs pjrthijrhs sd suai`vìd dm 3 `mtdrvhfjs id t`dlpj (Y^? h Y^7). Nhih njmvdrshn`þm sd hs`gmh h umh id fhs trhlhs y i`g`thf`zhih sd trhmsl`td njlj um trdm id `lpufsjs id ihtjs, nhih umj id 477 ´s, qud sd dmtrdfhzh njm jtrjs prjndidmtds id jtrhs njmvdrshn`jmds.

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Nhmhf fþg`nj. ^jm sjpjrthijs pjr fjs nhmhfds bìs`njs. ^jm id vhr`js t`pjs dm bumn`þm id fh `mbjrlhn`þm y id fh nhphnìhi qud njmtdmghm. j

j

Id trèb`nj. YNC. Yrhmspjrthm vjz j ihtjs, pudidm sdr h vdfjnìhi tjthf (8> Ka`t/s) j h ldi`h vdfjnìhi. ^d ut`f`zhm dm fh njlum`nhn`þm dmtrd L^ y AY^. Tt`f`zhm luft`trhlhs-12 (81? ls) Id sdøhf`zhn`þm, njlumds j id njmtrjf. Qdgufhm df hnndsj id fjs tdrl`mhfds hf s`stdlh, trhmsl`tdm fh `mbjrlhn`þm id sdøhf`zhn`þm njlõm h tjijs fjs lþv`fds qud sd dmnudmtrhm dm umh nàfufh. ^jm ut`f`zhijs pjr fjs L^ thmtj dm dspdrh dspdrh n jlj idi`nhijs. idi`nhijs. §

§

§

Id i`bus`þm. I`bumidm `mbjrlhn`þm gdmdrhf idsid fhs AY^ chn`h tjihs fh L^ qud sd dmnudmtrdm dm su nàfufh. Id njmtrjf njlõm. ^`rvdm phrh njlum`nhr umh L^ njm fh rdi, ds idn`r nurshm fh sjf`n`tui id um nhmhf idi`nhij phrh df `m`n`j id fh sds`þm rhi`j. Idi`nhijs. ^jm id sdøhf`zhn`þm id njmtrjf idi`nhij, aì`rdnn`jmhfds qud sd hs`gmhm h fhs L^ phrh df dsthafdn`l`dmtj y fàdrhn`þm id ffhlhihs. Yhla`àm sd dlpfdhm phrh df `mtdrnhla`j id `mbjrlhn`þm dmtrd L^ y AY^ sjard fhs i`st`mths ldiìhs idf nhmhf, njlj pjtdmn`h, nhfìhi nhfìhi id fh sdøhf, s døhf, dtn. dtn.

_hrh ffdvhr h nhaj fh lèx`lh db`nhn`h, fj pr`ldrj qud ds mdndshr`j njmjndr ds df mõldrj id rhi`jnhmhfds njm fjs qud dstè dqu`phih nhih AY^ qud, eumtj njm fh `mbjrlhn`þm id njmtrjf y



sdøhf`zhn`þm, idtdrl`mhm fh nhphnìhi id trhmsl`s`þm mdndshr`h dmtrd fh AY^ y su L^N. Df mõldrj id rhi`jnhmhfds id nhih AY^ sd idr`vh, dm õft`lh `msthmn`h, idf vjfuldm id trèb`nj lèx`lj qud sd prdvà charè id nurshr. _hrh trhmsl`t`r i`nch `mbjrlhn`þm sd ut`f`zhm dm fh hntuhfìhi n`rnu`tjs hfqu`fhijs id 1 La`t/s. Fh nhmtìhi id `mbjrlhn`þm qud pudid trhmspjrthr nhih n`rnu`tj id 1 La`t/s idpdmid idf t`pj id nji`b`nhn`þm qud sd dlpfdd y ds i`bdrdmtd dm df nhs j hmhfþg`nj h mhfþg`nj y i`g`thf. i`g`thf. Fh `mbjrlhn`þm gdmdrhih pjr nhih AY^ sd njlpjmd id umh phrtd id njmtrjf y/j sdøhf`zhn`þm prjp`h idf dlpfhzhl`dmtj (y id nhih trhmsndptjr dm df nhsj G^L) y jtrh njrrdspjmi`dmtd h fjs rhi`jnhmhfds id fh AY^. Df mõldrj id nhmhfds id 29 ka`t/s mdndshr`js phrh trhmspjrthr fjs rhi`jnhmhfds y fh fh `mbjrlhn `mbjrlhn `þm id n jmtrjf jmtrjf id dlpfhzhl dl pfhzhl `dmtjs `dmtjs y trhmsndp trhmsndpttjrds idpdmid i dpdmid idf t`pj t`pj id AY^ A Y^ njmsìdrhih. njmsìdrhih. D m df s`stdlh s`stdlh G^L G^ L fh n hmt` hmtìhi id nhmhfds n hmhfds id 29 ka`t ka`t/s mdndshr` mdnds hr`js js phrh p hrh trhmsl`t`r fh `mbjrlhn`þm gdmdrhih pjr umh AY^ idpdmid, hidlès, idf pumtj dm qud sd s`tõd df njidn G^L5 trhmsnji`b`nhn`þm fjnhf dm nhsj id dsthr s`tuhij dm fh prjp`h AY^ j rdljth dm nhsj id dsthr s`tuhij dm df A^N. Df rdhgruphl`dmtj id rhi`jnhmhfds sd njms`gud ldi`hmtd fh `mtrjiunn`þm id dqu`pjs id rdi hi`n`jmhfds, dm tjijs j hfgumjs id fjs dlpfhzhl`dmtjs id DA y NNDA. Njm df usj id dstjs dqu`pjs sd pjsà`f`th qud fh rdi id `mtdrnjmdx`þm tdmgh umh dstrunturh qud pudih hihpthrsd ldejr h fhs mdndsìhids id trhmsl`s`þm dx`stdmtds. _drj fjs dqu`pjs dlpfdhijs mj sþfj pdrl`tdm nrdhr dstrunturhs id rdi lès bfdxàfds, s`mj qud, hidlès, `mnrdldmthm njmsìdrhafdldmtd fhs bhn`fìhids id gdst`þm id fh rdi y, dm phrt`nufhr, pjsà`f`thm fh idtdnn`þm hutjlèt`nh id bhffjs y fh rdnjmb`gurhn`þm id fh rdi. Dsths bhn`fìhids sjm luy `lpjrthmtds, phrh l hmtdmdr hmtdmdr df m`vdf m`vdf id n hfìhi hfìhi idf sdrv`n`j sdrv`n`j hf hul dmthr dmthr fh njlp nj lpfde fdeìhi ìhi idf i df i`sdøj id i d rdi. Id tjihs fhs pjsàfds dstrunturhs id rdi, fhs sjfun`jmds edrèrqu`nhs njm ijs m`vdfds. Dm df m`vdf supdr`jr, fjs dlpfhzhl`dmtjs pudidm um`rsd dmtrd sì id lhmdrh hra`trhr`h (lhffh tjthf j phrn`hf), l`dmtrhs qud, dm df m`vdf `mbdr`jr, nhih dlpfhzhl`dmtj sd njmdnth h um õm`nj dlpfhzhl`dmtj idf m`vdf supdr`jr. Df m`vdf supdr`jr pudid prjtdgdrsd brdmtd h bhffjs s`lpfds id dmfhnds y/j mjijs, njms`gu`àmijsd fh rdsthurhn`þm id fh njlum`nhn`þm hf 8?? pjr 8??. Fh suardi dmtrd dlpfhzhl`dmtjs idf m`vdf supdr`jr prdn`sh, pjr thmtj, id umh njmdnt`vìhi thf qud, dmtrd nuhfdsqu`drh ijs dlpfhzhl`dmtjs, dx`sthm hf ldmjs ijs ruths i`seumths, ds idn`r, qud mj njlphrthm dmfhnds y/j mjijs



@mtdrbhnds ha`drths Qdprdsdmthm um s`stdlh qud gdst`jmh fh njlum`nhn`þm rhi`j dmtrd fhs AY^ y fhs A^N. Df A^N hil`m`strh fhs brdnudmn`hs id rhi`j ut`f`zhihs pjr sus i`st`mths AY^. Y`dmd vhr`hs `mtdrbhnds mjrlhf`zhihs5 @mtdrbhnd H- a`s a`s S.14 Tl A N I D B G

Njmdx`þm Njm fhs AY^ N jm df ndmt nd mtrj rj id njmt nj mtrjf rjf y l hmtdm`l hmtdm`l `dmtj `dmtj Dmtr Dmtrd AY^ y L ^ Dmtr Dmtrd L ^N y RFQ Dmtr Dmtrd L ^N y CFQ Dmtrd Dmtrd RF Q y CFQ Dmtr Dmtrd L ^N y L ^N Dmtrd Dmtrd L ^N y D@Q Dmtrd Dmtrd RF Q y RF Q

Yjihs Yji hs dffhs dffhs sjm sj m ha`drt ha `drths hs y f`l`t f`l`thi hihs hs h n`drt n `drths hs phrt ph rtds ds idf s`st s `stdl dlh. h. Tl. Ph fh cdljs idsnr`tj njm hmtdr`jrìhi, rdnjridljs qud, njmsth id 814 brdnudmn`hs dsphn`hihs 1?? Kcz qud trhmsl`tdm 3 nhmhfds bìs`njs pjr LIY. Nhih `mtdrvhfj id t`dlpj dm qud sd s d i`v i `vìd ìd umh trhl trhlh h sd s d idmjl i dmjl`m `mh h t`ld t`ld spjt spj t j pdr`jij pdr`jijss id i d rèbhgh, y t`dmdm t`dmdm dmtrd dmtrd 33 y 893 a`ts, humqud mjrlhfldmtd sjm id 889 a`ts. Tm nhmhf bìs`nj t`dmd umh nhphnìhi id 19,7 Ka`ts/s y phrh umh njmvdrshn`þm sd rdqu`drdm 12 `mtdrvhfjs. _jr ljt`vjs id prjtdnn`þm id drrjrds sþfj 12? id nhih 942 a`ts sjm `mbjrlhn`þm, ihmij umh nhphnìhi mdth id 8> Ka`ts/s phrh vjz y 0,2 Ka `ts/s `ts/s phrh ph rh ihtjs. @mtdrbhz H y H-a`s. Dlpfdh um dmfhnd t`pj L@N id 1 La`ts/s (nhph bìs`nh) sdgõm fh rdnjldmihn`þm G.7?> idf @YT. Dstèm idb`mìhs ut`f`zhmij um ljidfj id > nhphs, fh nhph 8 nj`mnìd njm df ljidfj J^@, fh nhph 1 ds fh id dmfhnd y t`dmd njlj l`s`þm pdrl`t`r df `mtdrnhla`j id trhlhs id `mbjrlhn`þm dmtrd 1 dmtìhids njmdnthihs h trhvàs id um ldi`j bìs`nj, y fh nhph > njlprdmid fhs nhphs > h 7 idf ljidfj J^@, idb`m`dmij idsid fh mhturhfdzh id fh n jlum` jl um`nhn nhn `þm chsth fjs sdrv sd rv`n` `n`js js y fh fh `mtdrb `mtdrbhz hz hl hl`ghafd `ghafd phrh df usuhr`j. usuhr`j. H ut`f`zh um s`stdlh ^^7 dm fh nhph id dmfhnd id ihtjs, y H-a`s df prjtjnjfj FH_I. _hrh _h rh hprjvdnchr ldejr fjs 29 Ka`t K a`ts/s s/s i`spjmàf i`spj màfds ds d dm m fjs nhmhfds nh mhfds id trèb`nj, rèb`nj, àstjs sd s d i`vìdm i`vìdm dm 9 suanhmhfds id 82 Ka`ts/s, pui`dmij sjpjrthrsd id dstd ljij 9 njmvdrshn`jmds id vjz (h 8> Ka`ts/s) j id ihtjs dm um l`slj nhmhf. Dm fhs ndmtrhfds L^N fh njmluthn`þm sd dbdntõh sjard n`rnu`tjs njmvdmn`jmhfds id 29 Ka`t/s, ut`f`zèmijsd trhmsnji`b`nhijrds YN-T, ua`nhijs mjrlhfldmt mjrlhfldmtd d hf fhij fhij id i d fjs L ^N .

Dsthafdn`l`dmtj id fh njlum`nhn`þm @lhg`mdljs qud df hajmhij id fh rdi bèh lhrnh df mõldrj id um lþv`f. Fh rdi hmhf`zh df mõldrj y jat`dmd fh ruth id fh rdi iþmid df tdfàbjmj lþv`f dstè `msnr`tj. Dm dsd ljldmtj hnndid h fh rdi h trhvàs id fh phshrdfh lþv`f lès ndrnhmh, Ghtdwhy Lja`fd ^drv`nds ^w`tnc`mg Ndmtrd, GL^N. Àstd dxhl`mh df mõldrj, lhmih umh pdt`n`þm h qud sd fjnhf`nd hf hajmhij, CFQ dmqu`ry y jat`dmd fh i`rdnn`þm CFQ. ^` df lþv`f dstuv`drh budrh id su rdi df CFQ prdgumth hf L^N/RFQ dm df qud dstè hntuhfldmtd df hajmhij. Df L^N/RFQ njlum`nh df mõldrj id `t`mdrhmn`h, L^QM (Lja`fd ^tht`jm Qjhl`mg Muladr) y àstd fj trhsfhih chn`h df GL ^N , qud `m` `m`n`h n`h df prjndsj.

TLY^ Df Tm`vdrshf Lja`fd Ydfdnjllum`nht`jms ^ystdl, ds df sthmihri nrdhij phrh `mtdgrhr tjijs fjs sdrv`n`js jbrdnìjs pjr fhs i`st`mths tdnmjfjgìhs y rdids hntuhfds (G^L, YHN^, IDNY, QI^@, @mtdrmdt) ut`f`zhmij nuhfqu`dr t`pj id tdrl`mhf (bèj, `mhfèlar`nj j ndfufhr) sjpjrthmij fh pdrsjmhf`zhn`þm idf usuhr`j y fjs sdrv`n`js luft`ldi`h dm t`dlpj rdhf. Dsth >G t`dmd dsthafdnìh dsthafdnìh umh vdfjnìhi i d trhmsbdrdmn`h trhmsbdrdmn`h id ihtjs id i d 899 Ka`ts/s Ka`ts/s chsth ch sth 1 L a`ts/s a`ts/s (di`b`n` (di`b`n`js), js), njm >39 Ka`t Ka `ts/s s/s phrh ph rh usuhr`js lþv` l þv`fds. fds.



Jnuph um rhmgj id 1>? Lcz, dm fhs ahmihs id 8334-1?14 y 188?-11?? LCz. Yhla`àm t`dmd prdv`stj fh ut`f`zhn`þm id ahmihs dxtrhs5 3?2-02?, 878?-8334 y 14??-120? LCz. Hf ut`f`zhr brdnudmn`hs dm fh ahmih id 1 GCU, fhs nàfufhs sjm lès pdqudøhs, pjr fj qud sd mdnds`th `msthfhr lès dsthn`jmds ahsd phrh nuar`r um idtdrl`mhij tdrr`tjr`j, pdrj df mõldrj id usuhr`js hil`tìjs sdrè lhyjr y fh pjtdmn`h id fjs tdrl`mhfds lþv`fds sdrè ldmjr, fj qud rdpdrnut`rè dm um ldmjr thlhøj id fh ahtdrìh. Tt`f`zh umh tànm`nh id rhi`j pjr ahmih hmnch, idmjl`mhih hnndsj lõft`pfd pjr i`v`s`þm id nþi`gj (WNILH), qud ds umh sjfun`þm NILH luft`pjrthijrh (nilh1??). Jpdrh njm BII, njm 1 pjrt pj rthij hijrhs rhs i`st i `st`mt `mths hs pjr nhmhf n hmhf (umh (umh phrh ph rh df dmfhn dmfhnd d hs ndmidmt ndmid mtd d y jtrh jtrh idsndmi ids ndmidmt dmtd) d) phrh jpdrhn`þm dm ahmihs id brdnudmn`h phrdhihs, sdphrhihs nhih pjrthijrh 4 LCz, hf l`slj t`dlpj. Yhla`àm sd ch tdmìj dm nudmth fh pjsà`fìhi id jpdrhr njm YII, njm umh pjrthijrh pjr nhmhf. Njm BII sd dlpfdh bumihldmthfldmtd njm sdrv`n`js s`làtr`njs y YII phrh hs`làtr`njs. Fjs jpdrhijrds pudidm dlpdzhr jpdrhmij dm ljij BII phrh njadrturhs lhnrjndfufhrds y pjstdr`jrldmtd dm ljij YII phrh ndfihs l`nrj y p`njndfufhrds. Dm hlajs nhsjs sd ut`f`zh umh tànm`nh X_^K y prjtdnn`þm brdmtd h drrjrds ldi`hmtd dmtrdfhzhij y nji`b`nhn`þm idf nhmhf. Df usj id WNILH mj ds tjthfldmtd `mnjlphtàfd njm fhs rdids hntuhfds id G^L, pjr fj qud phrtd id fh `mbrhdstrunturh s`gud s`dmij vèfìh. Df trhsphsj ds id t`pj afhmij, sjbè chmijvdr. M` BI L H, m` YILH YIL H pdrl`tdm pdrl`tdm m`mgõm m`mgõm sjfhphl`dmtj sjfhphl`dmtj dm fh brdnudmn`h j dm df t`dlpj id trhmsl`s`þm, s`m dlahrgj njm NILH mj dx`std i`v`s`þm dm df t`dlpj y tjijs fjs usuhr`js ut`f`zhm fh pjrthijrh `mtdrrulpìhldmtd, njm um sdgldmtj dspdntrhf lhyjr, hs`gmèmijsd um nþi`gj a`mhr`j i`st`mtj h nhih usuhr`j. Ds idn`r tjijs fjs usuhr`js dlpfdhm fh l`slh brdnudmn`h njm um nþi`gj i`st`mtj. NILH sd ahsh dm fh dxphms`þm idf dspdntrj id fh sdøhf h trhmsl`t`r pjr ldi`j id sdnudmn`hs jrtjgjmhfds. Yjijs Yji js fjs nþi`gjs nþ i`gjs sjm sj m jrtjg jrtjgjmh jmhfds fds y trhs fh njrrdfhn`þm njrrdspjmi`dmtd nhih usuhr`j sþfj jatdmirè fh sdøhf idsdhih. Dm fh rdhfìhi y idaìj hf luft`trhydntj, fjs nþi`gjs mj sjm tjthfldmtd jrtjgjmhfds, s`dmij mdndshr`j um audm njmtrjf id fh pjtdmn`h. H n hih nhmhf sd fh s`gmhm 4 LCz dm nhih sdmt` sdmtìj, h dst ds tj sd fd ffhlh ‖dspdntrj dxphmiìj“ y ds mdndshr`j phrh qud ‖qudph“ df nþi`gj qud ìdmt`b`nh fh njlum`nhn`þm id nhih usuhr`j. Dstj supjmd hfgumhs vdmthehs5 -

Fh sdøhf mj pudid htdmuhrsd tjthfldmtd dm um nhmhf nhmh f i`spdrs`vj. i`spdrs`vj. _drl`td dsthr njmdnthij s`luftèmdhldmtd h 1


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þ lès l ès ds thn`jmds. _drl`td df lèx`lj hprjvdnchl`dmtj id fh trhmsl`s`þm idsid df pumtj id v`sth id fhs njlum`nhn`jmds id vjz, qud sjm id nhrèntdr i`snjmtìmuj, `mnrdldmthij fh nhphnìhi idf jridm id um 4? h 2? %.

Df dmshmnchl`dmtj j dxphms`þm (sprdhi`mg) sd njms`gud luft`pf`nhmij fh sdnudmn`h id fh sdøhf id ihtjs pjr jtrh id lhyjr vdfjnìhi a`mhr`h y trhmsl`t`dmij fh rdsufthmtd, tjijs jrtjgjmhfds dmtrd sì. H i`bdrdmn`h id fjs s`stdlhs id 8ª y 1ª gdmdrhn`þm, ijmid df dfdldmtj h pfhm`b pfhm`b`nhr ds fh brdnudmn brdnudmn`h, `h, dm s`stdlh s`stdlhss N IL H df dfdl dfdldmt dmtj j h njmt nj mtrjf rjfhr hr ds fh pjt p jtdmn`h dmn`h id fh sdøhf, fh njadrturh id umh nàfufh dstè i`rdnthldmtd f`ghih h fh pjtdmn`h lèx`lh qud umh dsthn`þm ahsd pudid rhi`hr. ^`stdlh id rdi rhi`j TYQHM, TLY^ tdrrdstr`hf rhi`j hnndss mdtwjrk idb`md fh `mtdrbhz h`rd, phrh fh qud sd ch dfdgìj WNILH, Wìd njid i`v`s`jm luft`pfd hnndss, dm jpdrhn`þm njm BII, njm 1 pjrthijrhs pjr nhmhf, umh phrh df dmfhnd hsndmidmtd y jtrh phrh df idsndmidmtd phrh jpdrhn`þm dm ahmihs phrdhihs, qud rdsufth ìþmdj phrh sdrv`n`js s`làtr`njs (njmvdrshn`jmds). Dstè Dstè bbjrlhi jrlhi j pjr fjs fjs dfdldmtjs qud njmtrjfhm njmtrjfhm fjs fjs rdnursjs id i d hnndsj hnn dsj h fh rdi y prjpjrn`jmhm um ldnhm`slj phrh hnndidr h fh rdi trjmnhf. Ds umh id fhs pr`mn`phfds i`bdrdmn`hs dmtrd fhs rdids G^L y TLY^, ijmid fhs AY^ y A^N sd sust`tuydm pjr Mjijs-A y QMN rdspdnt`vhldmtd

Njlj yh cdljs v`stj dsth mudvh rdi dstè ahshih dm tdnmjfjgìh id hnndsj rhi`j NILH njm ljijs id bumn`jmhl`dmtj TYQH-BII y TYQH-YII. _hrh um hprjvdnchl`dmtj db`n`dmtd idf dspdntrj, pjr qud àstd ds f`l`thij y tdm`dmij dm njmsìdrhn`þm fhs pàriìhs id trhydntj idaìj h fh htdmuhn`þm, dm bumn`þm idf nuhirhij id fh brdnudmn`h y id fh i`sthmn`h, hf idsvhmdn`l`dmtj s` dx`stdm jastènufjs, h fh prjphghn`þm luft`trhydntj, hsì njlj h fhs `mtdrbdrdmn`hs, sd ut`f`zhm hmtdmhs slhrt j `mtdf`gdmtds qud i`r`gdm fh sdøhf hf usuhr`j dm bjrlh id fþaufj luy dstrdncj, s`gu`dmij df idspfhzhl`dmtj idf lþv`f dm bumn`þm idf chz hsndmidmtd. Id dsth bjrlh sd pudid rdiun`r fh pjtdmn`h rhi`hih, rdiun`dmij fh `mtdrbdrdmn`h njm df rdstj y ldejrhmij fh rdfhn`þm N/@. F hs hmt hm tdmhs l uft`chz uft`chz (^ H^ , slhrt slh rt hmtdmhs systdl) pdrl`t pdrl `tdm dm trhmsl trhmsl `t`r `t`r df chz i`vììj i`vììj dm vhr`js fþaufjs luy i`rdnt`vjs, grhn`hs hf dlpfdj id um pchsdi-hrrhy, bjrlhmij um i`hgrhlh id rhi`hn`þm rhi`hn`þm qud vhr`h vhr`h thmt thmtj j fh pjs `n`þm njlj njl j df mõldrj id chnds . N hih umj id fjs chn ds s d hs`gmh h um usuhr`j, id thf bjrlh qud fj ‖pdrs`gud“ sdgõm df usuhr`j sd idspfhzh pjr df `mtdr`jr id fh n àfufh. àfufh.



Df njmtrjf id pjtdmn`h sd chnd thmtj dm df lþv`f njlj dm df Mjij-A. Fhs nàfufhs nhla`hm id thlhøj sdgõm fhs njmi`n`jmds y df mõldrj id usuhr`js (ndff ardhtc`mg), yh qud njlj cdljs njl dmthij dmthij ds df m`vdf m`vdf id p jtdmn`h jtdmn`h id i d fh sdøhf s døhf df qud idt i dtdrl`mh drl`mh df pdrìldtr pdrìldtrj j id i d fh ndfih. n dfih.



Qdids i`g`thfds y tdnmjfjgìhs dldrgdmtds Ydnm jf j g ìhs xI ^F CI^F. C`gc a`t rhtd, 8,499 Laps, ^`làtr`nj. Tt`f`zhah 1 phrds id c`fjs, chsth 9,4 Kl. @guhf qud vdfjnìhi qud Y8. Tt`f`zh 1A8X y NH_. CI^F1. C`gc a`t rhtd, rhtd, 1,?93 L aps , ^`làt ^ `làtr` r`nj. nj. ^ þfj um phr id c`fjs. c`fjs. @guhf vdfjnìhi vdfjnìhi qud q ud D8. Î^F. ^`mgfd 723 Kap s, ^ `làtr` `làtr`nj. nj. _ hr õm`nj, õm`nj, fìl`td fìl`td id > Kl. Kl . HI^F. Hsyldtr`n, 3 Laps Ijwmstrdhl, 29? Kaps Tpstrdhl, Hs`làtr`nj, ut`f`zh um sjfj phr id c`fjs. _udid jpdrhr chsth 4,4 Kl. QHI^F. Qhtd hihpt`vd, 3 Laps Ijwmstrdhl, 29? Kaps Tpstrdhl, Hs`làtr`nj, hf ut`f`zhr um nþi`gj id fìmdh ILY pudid hihpthr fhs vdfjnìhids id fh fìmdh h fhs njmi`n`jmds id fh l`slh. NI^F. Njmsuldr, 8 Laps Ijwmstrdhl, 813 Kaps Tpstrdhl, Hs`làtr`nj, ut`f`zh um õm`nj phr. Mj mdnds`th b`ftrjs (spf`ttdrs) phrh pdrl`t`r fh ut`f`zhn`þm id tdfàbjmjs y bhxds, njlj dm HI^F y QHI^F. @I^F. QI^@, 1,?93 Laps, ^`làtr`nj. Yjlh df hnndsj aès`nj id fh QI^@. Tm õm`nj phr y 4,4 Kl. RI^F. Rdry C`gc, 41 Laps Ijwmstrdhl, 2 Laps Tpstrdhl. Hs`làtr`nj hfnhmnd dmtrd >?? y 8>?? l sjard phr id njard. Dstè pdmshij phrh ut`f`zhr rdi id bàrh y trhmspjrthr ndfihs HYL (ljij lj ij id trhmsbdrdmn`h rhmsbdrdmn`h hsìmnrjmj). •

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HI^F _drl`td df hnndsj h sdrv`n`js id ahmih hmnch h usuhr`js rdsìdmn`hfds j pdqudøhs dlprdshs. Ijs sjm fhs nhrhntdr n hrhntdrìst ìst`nhs `nhs qud fh n hrhntdr`zhm hrhntdr`zhm y i`bdrdmn`hm i`bdrdmn`hm id j trhs tdnmjfjgìhs. Df b`ftrj j spf`ttdr. Df b`ftrj ds um i`spjs`t`vj qud sd dmnudmtrh dmtrd df njmluthijr fjnhf y df dqu`pj id usuhr`j. _drl`td qud fjs tdfàbjmjs hmhfþg`njs y bhxds dx`stdmtds njmt`mõdm bumn`jmhmij `guhf qud s`dlprd y thla`àm qud df trèb`nj id ihtjs id fhrgh iurhn`þm sdh idsv`hij pjr fh QYN (ijmid df trhmspjrtd id ihtjs sd chnd ldi`hmtd njmluthn`þm id n`rnu`t n`rnu`tjs) js) chn`h um dmruthij dmruthijrr @_ @_ j um njml n jmlut uthij hijrr HYL (ijmid fjs iht ih tjs sjm trhmsp trhmspjrt jrthij hijss dm bjrlh id phqudtds). Dstj hf`v`h fh prds`þm qud subrd fh QYN y df`l`mh njstds hf usuhr`j yh qud mj mdnds`thm nhla`hr fjs dqu`pjs dx`stdmtds, m` sd rdqu`drdm i`spjs`t`vjs hihpthijrds dsphn`hfds (njlj jnurrd dm CI^F). Fjs dmruthijrds j njmluthijrds HYL trhmspjrt rhmsp jrthm hm df trèb` trèb`nj nj chn`h chn `h sdrv s drvìjrds ìjrds id @mtdrmdt @mtdrmdt j @mtrhmdt @mtrhmdt njrpj rht`v rht`vhs hs.. Df bfuej id ihtjs ds hs`làtr`nj. Fh vdfjnìhi ijwmstrdhl ds luncj lhyjr qud fh vdfjnìhi upstrdhl. Ds hsì pjr qud df jaedt`vj id dsth tdnmjfjgìh ds prjpjrn`jmhr sdrv`n`js h usuhr`js qud vhm h idlhmihr um grhm bfuej idsndmidmtd y pjnj bfuej hsndmidmtd (`mtdrmdt, vìidj ahej idlhmih, dtn.).



HYT - N . HI^ F Yrhmsl Yrhmsl``ss`jm Tm`t, Tm`t, NJ N J s ìd. I^ FH L , I`g`t I`g`thf ûasnràdr ûasnràdr F`md Hnnds s L uft uft`pfdxdr. pfdxdr. HYT - Q. HI^F HI ^F Yrhmsl`ss`jm Yrhmsl`ss`jm Tm`t, Tm`t, Qdljt Qdlj tds` dsìd. id. A. Dmtrhih hux`f`hr id ihtjs (pjr dedlpfj um idnji`b`nhijr id vìidj). _JY^-N. @mtdrbhz dmtrd fh QYN y df b`ftrj, fhij id ndmtrhf. _ JY JY^ ^ - Q. @mtdrbhz @mtdrbhz dmtrd dmtrd fh fh QYN y df b`ft b`ftrj, rj, fhi fhij j id usuhr` usuh r`j. j.

Yrhmsl Yrhms l `s`þm id fh `mbjrlhn`þm `mbjrlh n`þm HI^F ut`f`zh df hmncj id ahmih i`spjmàfd i`vììh dm 1, umh phrh nhih sdmtìj id fh trhmsl`s`þm, lès df nhmhf id vjz hmhfþg`nj (Rjz5?-9 Kcz, Tpstrdhl5 14-1?? Kcz, Ijwmstrdhl5 18? Kcz-8,8 Lcz), umh ut`f`zhn`þm lès db`n`dmtd idf dspdntrj, df`l`mhmij fh sdphrhn`þm dmt dmtrd rd ahmihs chnd chn d qud idahljs nuìhr nuìhr fh fh nhmndfhn`þm id dnj. Fjs Fj s nþi`gjs id fìmdh ut` ut`f`zhijs dm HI^ F sjm N H_ y ILY. IL Y. IL Y ds df dstèmihr. dstèmihr.



NH_ ut`f`zh fh ljiufhn`þm hlpf`tui / bhsd s`m pjrthijrh. NH_ ds s`l`fhr h fh ljiufhn`þm id hlpf` hl pf`ttui dm nuhirht n uhirhturh urh (XH (XH L ) pdrj s`m s `m pjrthij pjrthijrh, rh, ds pjr p jr thmt thmtj j um s`st s `stdl dlh h id i d ljiufhn`þm l jiufhn`þm i`g`thf dm fh qud fh ljiufhijrh ds umh sdøhf i`g`thf y fh pjrthijrh ds umh sdøhf hmhfþg`nh. Tt`f`zh tjij df hmncj id ahmih i`spjmàfd dxndptj df nhmhf id vjz hmhfþg`nj, jr`g`mh 82 sdøhfds i`bdrdmtds rdhf`zhmij umh ljiufhn`þm id hlpf`tui y id bhsd. @mtrjiun`dmij 81 pjsàfds nhla`js id bhsd y 1 pjsàfds hlpf`tuids, ds pjsàfd jatdmdr fjs 82 i`bdrdmtds t`pjs id sdøhf. Dsths 82 sdøhfds rdprdsdmthm 9 a`ts pjr nhih m`vdf id fh sdøhf j fj qud ds fj l`slj 9 a`ts pjr ahui`j. Fh shfìh idf nji`b`nhijr sd dmvìh hf ljiufhijr qud jr`g`mh fh sdøhf id shfìh, phrh pjstdr`jrldmtd b`ftrhrfh y hsdgurhrmjs id qud mj `mtdrb`drd njm jtrhs sdøhfds. ILY fh ljiufhn`þm pjr luft`tjmjs i`snrdtjs. ILY njms`std dm df dlpfdj id lõft`pfds pjrthijrhs y mj sþfj umh, qud ds fj qud sd chnd dm fjs lþidls id ahmih vjnhf. Yrhaheh i`vì`dmij df hmncj id ahmih idf aunfd fjnhf dm um grhm mõldrj id suanhmhfds (j suapjrthijrhs, 142) sdphrhijs dquì`sthmtdldmtd jnuphmij tjij df hmncj id ahmih i`spjmàfd chsth fjs 8,8 Lcz. Njl`dmzh dm fjs ? Cz, nhih nhmhf jnuph 9,>814 Cz. Nhih suapjrthijrh pudid heusthr df mõldrj id a`ts pjr sdgumij qud ds nhphz id trhmspjrthr dm bumn`þm id fh ghmhmn`h. Fjs sdrv`n`js HI^F ut`f`zhm um rhmgj dmtrd 14 Kcz y 8,8 Lcz, ijmid sdgõm huldmth fh brdnudmn`h i`sl`muyd fh ghmhmn`h, pdrj shfvhljs fjs pr`ldrjs 14 Kcz, ahehs brdnudmn brdnudmn`hs `hs qud s d vdm lès lè s hb h bdnthihs pjr ruìj ruìj `lpufs`vj `lpufs`vj y i`hbjmì i`hbjmìhs. hs. Fh lhyjrìh id fjs s`stdlhs ILY ut`f`zhm 14? nhmhfds, (sudfdm sdr fjs pr`ldrjs) idf 8 hf 2 sd ut`f ut`f`zhm `zhm phrh fh ahmih id vjz hmh fþg`nh fþg`nh.. ^d sudfd s udfd idehr idehr umh grhm zjmh id guh rih dmtrd dmtrd fh fh vjz y fjs sdrv`n`js HI^F. Dm fjs nhmhfds supdr`jrds dx`std lunch htdmuhn`þm y ds i`bìn`f qud dmvìdm `mbjrlhn`þm njrrdnthldmtd. Dx`stdm >1 nhmhfds upstrdhl, njldmzhmij dm df mõldrj 7. ^` ut`f`zhljs nhmndfhn`þm id dnj pjirdljs ut`f`zhr fjs 14? nhmhfds, s` mj sþfj dmnjmtrhrdljs 183 nhmhfds õt`fds phrh ijwmstrdhl. Fjs nhmhfds upstrdhl ut`f`zhm fh zjmh lès aheh idf dspdntrj, pjr qud fh htdmuhn`þm ds ldmjr y fjs trhmsl`sjrds id fjs usuhr`js trhmsl`tdm ldmjs pjtdmn`h qud fjs trhmsl`sjrds id fjs aunfds fjnhfds. Mjrlhfldmtd nhih umj id fjs suanhmhfds ut`f`zh su prjp`h tànm`nh id nji`b`nhn`þm ahshih dm XHL. ILY ldejrh sjard NH_ dm nuhmtj h fh ljm`tjr`zhn`þm y rdmi`l`dmtj, l`dmtrhs qud dm NH_ pjidljs dmv`hr 723 Kaps þ 913 Kaps, dm ILY dmv`hljs 723 j 7>2 Kaps, dm bumn`þm id fhs njmi`n`jmds dm fhs qud sd dmnudmtrd fh rdi, pjr thmtj fh grhmufhrìhi id ILY ds ldmjr qud dm NH_. Df trhmspjrtd id HI^F dstè ahshij dm trhlhs. Df bfuej id a`ts idmtrj id nhih umh sd pudid i`vì` i`vì`rr chsth chsth dm um lèx` lè x`lj lj id 7 nhmhfds nh mhfds pjrt pj rthij hijrds, rds, i`vì` i`vììjs ijs dm 1 nfhsds5 n fhsds5 ^`lpfdx ^`lp fdx.. N hmhfds `midpd `midpdmi`dmt mi`dmtds ds qud jpdrhm dm ljij lj ij umì`r umì`rdnn dnn`jmhf `jmhf dm sdmtìj sdmtìj idsndmidmtd. idsndmidmtd. _udid chadr chsth chsth 9, idmjl`mhijs H ^?, H^8, H ^8, H ^1 y H^ >. Iõpfdx. Iõpfdx. N hmhfds hmhfds aì`rd aì`rdnn`jmhf nn`jmhfds. ds. _udid chadr chsth chsth >, F^ ?, F^ 8, F^ 1. H fh cjrh id v`hehr fhs trhlhs dmtrd df HYT-N y df HYT-Q, pudidm chndrfj id 9 bjrlhs i`st`m i`st`mtths, 9 ljij l jijss id i d i`stràun`þm i`stràun`þm qud vhm h pdrl`t p drl`t`r `r qud fh njl n jlum` um`nh nhn`þm n`þm sd rdhf`nd rdhf`nd hihpt hih pthih hih hf sdrv s drv`n`j5 `n`j5 - L jij id i d s`mnrjmì s`mnrjmìh h id a`t. a`t.



- Ljij hihpthijr id phqudtds. - L jij id phqudt ph qudtds ds dxtrdlj dxtrdlj h dxtrdlj. dxtrdlj. - L jij HYL.

EI _ (Edr (Edr hrq u ìh I`g `t hf _fds `þnr j mh). Ds umh tànm`nh tànm`nh phrh pjidr p jidr luf l uftt`pfdxhr `pfdxhr vhr` vhr`hs hs sdøhfds pr` p r`lh lhr` r`hs hs dl dlpfdhmij pfdhmij um dmtrdf dmtrdfhzhi hzhij j id id a`ts, dm vdz id aytds, yh qud dstj õft`lj rdqudr`rìh fh s`mnrjm`zhn`þm id tjihs fhs budmtds



pr`lhr`hs, id thf bjrlh qud fhs sdøhfds tdmghm sus `msthmtds s`gm`b`nht`vjs njm fh l`slh nhidmn`h mjl`mhf y idmtrj id umjs fìl`tds dspdn`b`nhijs, ds idn`r qud tdmghm fh l`slh vdfjn vdfjnìhi ìhi i`g`thf i`g`thf y prjvdmghm prjvdmg hm id i`st`mt i`st`mtj j rdfje. rdfje. _hrt`ljs id umh trhlh id 1 La`ts/s, sdøhf pr`lhr`h, bjrlhih ldi`hmtd df dmtrdfhzhij sìmnrjmj (df s`mnrjm`slj ds njlõm, gdmdrhij pjr df prjp`j rdfje idf s`stdlh) id fjs jntdtjs id nhmhfds id 29 Ka`ts/s. Yjihs dsths sdøhfds sjm tràuthr`hs y vhm s`dmij fdìihs njm umh vdfjnìhi um pjnj lhyjr, qudihmij a`ts vhnìjs. ^jm fdìihs h lhyjr vdfjnìhi pjr df cdncj id qud idadm hihpthrsd fhs vdfjnìhids id tjijs fjs nhmhfds tràuthr`js. Nhih umh id dsths sdøhfds sd vh dmtrdfhzhmij njm fhs jtrhs, njmbjrlhmij umh sdøhf hgrdghih qud njmt`dmd fjs a`ts id rdffdmj y a`ts id njmtrjf id eust`b`nhn`þm. Fh vdfjnìhi pjr thmtj id fh sdøhf hgrdghih ds lhyjr qud fh sulh sul h id i d fhs vdfjnìhids id fhs sdøhfds tràut ràuthr` hr`hs. hs. _hrh _h rh Durjph sd idb`mdm idb`mdm vhr`js vhr`js m`vdfds5 m`vdfds5 M `vdf `vdf ? 29 Ka`t Ka `ts/s s/s

M `vdf `vdf 8 1?93 Ka`t Ka `ts/s s/s

M `vdf `vdf 1 3993 Ka`t Ka `ts/s s/s

M `vdf `vdf > >9>23 Ka`t Ka `ts/s s/s

M `vdf `vdf 9 8>0129 Ka`t Ka `ts/s s/s

Hmhf`ndljs fh trhlh id 3 La`ts/s (3993 Ka`ts/s). _hrh 8?? ´s, sd i`vìd dm 9 sdgldmtjs `guhfds id 181 a`ts. a`ts. Df D f pr`ldrj pr`ldrj n jl`dmzh jl `dmzh njm fh sdøhf id hf` h f`mdhl mdhl`dmt `dmtj j id i d trhlh, trhlh, 81 a`ts, a`ts, id i d fjs nuhfds n uhfds df 88 pudid dlpfdhrsd phrh fh trhmsl`s`þm id hfhrlhs y df 81 sd rdsdrvh phrh df usj id nhih jpdrhijrh. Df rdstj id a`ts, 1??, sjm tràuthr`js y sd dmtrdfhzhm nìnf`nhldmtd. Fjs > sdgldmtjs s`gu`dmtds njl`dmzhm njm 9 a`ts id rdffdmj. Tmj id dstjs y pjr sdgldmtj sd hs`gmh h um s`stdlh tràuthr`j `mbjrlhmij id s` sd dl`tdm ihtjs j a`ts id rdffdmj dm df 9µ sdgldmtj, h njmt`muhn`þm id fjs id njmtrjf, a`ts idf 4 hf 3. Dm tjthf sd dl`tdm 393 a`ts dm 8??,9 fs. Df m`vdf > ds s`l`fhr pdrj njm sdgldmtjs id >39 a`ts y df 9µ m`vdf t`dmd 2 sdgldmtjs id 933 a`ts y idi`nhmij 82 hf hf`mdhl`dmtj id trhlh. Dstd s`stdlh sd ch ut`f`zhij dm rdids id trhmsl`s`þm i`g`thf, s`dmij df sjpjrtd id fh QYN, QI^@, @adrphn, dtn., ut`f`zhmij bàrh þpt`nh h vdfjnìhids id 89? La`ts/s (y id 424 La`ts/s, mj mjrlhf`zhijs). _hrh dxtrhdr um nhmhf tràuthr`j, pjr dedlpfj umj id 1 La`ts/s, ds mdndshr`j idluft`pfdxhr tjijs fjs m`vdfds id jridm supdr`jr, dstj dstè ljt`vhij pjr df cdncj id qud fh tdlpjr`zhn`þm sd chgh id i`st`mth bjrlh dm nhih m`vdf, pjr thmtj mj sjm ìdmt`b`nhafds fjs nhmhfds tràuthr`js. Yhla`àm i`spjmd id pjnh nhphnìhi hi`n`jmhf phrh df trhmspjrtd id `mbjrlhn`þm id gdst`þm, pjr fj qud su lhmtdm`l`dmtj ds idb`n`dmtd. Dx`stdm i`st`mths dsthmihr`zhn`jmds (hldr`nhmh, ehpjmdsh, durjpdh) y fh fh mjrlhf` mjrl hf`zhn zhn`þm `þm mj `mnfuyd `mnfuyd quà nþi`gjs nþ i`gjs id fìmdh fìmdh h ut`f ut`f`zhr `zhr j s`stdl s`stdlh h id id l ljiufhn`þm jiufhn`þm njm nj m fj qud nhih bhar`nhmtd h `lpfdldmthij umj i`st`mtj hf id jtrj bhar`nhmtd, chn`dmij `mnjlphtàfds luncjs id fjs dqu`phl`dmtjs tànm`njs. Qhzjmds tjihs àsths qud chm gdmdrhij fh mdndsìhi id idshrr ids hrrjff jffhr hr jtrhs jtrhs tdnmjfjgìhs, tdnmjfjgìhs, humqud phrh p hrh df trhmspjrt trhmspjrtd d sþfj id nhmhfds n hmhfds id vjz, fh E I_ nulpfd.

EI ^ (Edr hrq u Ìh I` g` thf ^ìmn rj mh). Nhr hnt drìst `n hs y hp f`n hn` j m ds. ûrgd h ldi`hijs id fjs 3?, dm DDTT, njlj df dstèmihr ^JMDY (^ymncrjmus Yrhmspjrt Mdtwjrk) njm bàrh þpt`nh njlj sjpjrtd, h fh phr qud fh T@Y trhaheh sjard jtrj dstèmihr id s`l`fhrds s`l`fhrds nhrhnt nhrhn tdrì drìst st`nhs, `nhs, E I^ (ÎC, Î C, ^ ymncrjmus ymncrjmus I`g`t I`g`thf C`drhrncy) C`drhrncy),, njm n jm vdfjnìhi vdfjnìhids ds lõft`pf lõft`pfjs js qud pdrl`tdm df `mtdrbumn`jmhl`dmtj id hlahs5 ^JMD ^J MDY Y ^Y^-8 ^Y^- > ^Y^- 81 ^Y^-19 ^Y^ -93

E I^ L Y^-8 L Y^-9 L Y^- 82 LY^-29

Rdfjnìhi Rdfjnìhi (Ka`t/ Ka`t/s) 48.9? 844. 844.41 41? ? 211. 211.?3 ?3? ? 8.199.82? 1.933. 1.933.>1? >1? 0.04>.13?

^d ut`f`zh njlj s`stdlh vdrtdarhijr id fh rdi id trhmsl`s`þm, njm bjrlh id lhffh y dm 1 m`vdfds5



Qdi trjmnhf. Tt`f`zhmij ^YL-29 pjr nhih bàrh þpt`nh (9??.??? njlum`nhn`jmds id vjz) qud tdrl`mhm dm mjijs njm i`stràuìjrds y luft`pfdxjrds phrh njmb`gurhr df sdgumij sdgumi j m`vdf m`vdf id fh rdi. - Qdi id hnndsj. _hrh fh i`spdrs`þm id fh rdi id njlum`nhn`jmds, h vdfjnìhids `mbdr`jrds, dm rdids id hm`ffj njm luft`pfdxjrds phrh fh `msdrn`þm y dxtrhnn`þm id sdøhfds id 1 L a`ts/s, a`ts/s, d `mt `mtdgrhmij fh pjsàf pjs àfd d dx`stdmn` dx`stdmn`h h id E I_. I_ . Fh rdi vh sjard bàrh þpt`nh dxndptj dm hfgumjs fughrds qud pjr su jrjgrhbìh ut`f`zhm dmfhnds id rhi`j. Fh s`mnrjm`zhn`þm id fh rdi sd rdhf`zh njm um s`stdlh lhdstrj-dsnfhvj qud phrtd id um rdfje pr`mn`phf y sd i`stràuyd fh sdøhf h fjs rdfjeds id fjs mjijs rhi`hfldmtd, h umh brdnudmn`h id 1 LCz. -

Fh vdfjnìhi dfjnìhi aès`nh aè s`nh id fh E I^ sd idmjl `mh L Y^- 8 (L (L þiufj þiufj id trhmspjrt rhmspjrtd sìmnrjmj sìmnrjmj id m`v m`vdf 8) yh qud trhmspjrth id bjrlh sìmnrjmh sus edrhrquìhs idb`mìhs. H phrt`r id dsth sdøhf sd jat`dmdm sdøhfds id jridm supdr`jr ldi`hmtd luft`pfdxhn`þm sìmnrjmh pjr dmtrdfhzhij id aytds id fh sdøhf id 1 La`ts/s (h phrt`r id 29 Ka`ts/s). Fhs vdfjnìhids supdr`jrds sd jat`dmdm luft`pf`nhmij pjr mõldrjs dmtdrjs fh vdfjnìhi idf pr`ldr jridm. Dm fh dstrunturh id fh trhlh LY^ dstèm fjs njmtdmdijrds v`rtuhfds, qud sjm ijmid sd trhmspjrth fh nhrgh õt`f. Fh `mbjrlhn`þm phrh fh gdst`þm id dsth nhrgh sd dmvìh dm fh thrh id sdnn`þm, njmtdmìh dm df prjp`j njmtdmdijr. Fh vdfjnìhi idf LY^-8 idr`vh id umh lhtr`z id 17? njfulmhs pjr 0 b`fhs id jntdtjs, njlj fh trhmsl`s`þm ds sdnudmn`hf 8µ sd trhmsl`tdm fjs jntdtjs pjr b`fh (8ª….0ª). _hrh trhmsl`t`r um jntdtj id um nhmhf tdfdbþm`nj sjm mdndshr`hs 3??? pjr sdgumij, ihmij njlj rdsufthij 17?%0%3%3??? < 844 La`ts/s. Dm fh dstrunturh id fh lhtr`z i`st`mgu`ljs hgruphn`jmds id aytds njm idmjl`mhn`þm y bumn`þm prjp`h. Hfgumhs id dsths sjm fh bumn`þm hux`f`hr id sdnn`þm, YJC, phrh dmtrhlhij, idtdnn`þm id drrjrds, nhmhf phrh fh gdst`þm id rdi y sdøhf`zhn`þm id lhmtdm`l`dmtj, `mnfuydmij hpumthijrds qud `mi`nhm fh pjs`n`þm id fjs i`st`mtjs nhmhfds y qud pdrl`t`rèm fh idluft`pfdxhn`þm id nhih umh id dffjs dffjs s` mdndsìhi mdnds ìhi id i d idl i dluf uftt`pfdxhr `pfdxhr tjih tjih fh trhlh. trhlh. Rdmthehs5 -

Grhm vdfjnìhi. Chsth 8? Gaps Dsthmihr`zhn`þm. Dx`std njlphtà`fìhi dfàntr`nh y þpt`nh. Bfdxà`fìhi. _jidljs hgrdghr y dxtrhdr tràuthr`js id 1 La`ts/s s`m mdndsìhi id rdhf`zhr rdhf`zhr tjij tjij df prjn prjndsj. dsj. Yh Yhla la`àm `àm pdrl`t pdrl`td d `mnfu` `mnfu`rr nhmhfds E I_. I_ . Gdst`þm id rdi. Fh `mnjrpjrhn`þm id bumn`jmds njlj fh gdst`þm id hfhrlhs, ljm`tjr`zhn`þm, njmb`gurhn`þm, pjsà`fìhi id njmtrjf y lhmtdm`l`dmtj rdljtj.

Idsvdmthehs5 -

Mdndsìhi id s`mnrjm`slj dm tjih fh rdi.

HYL (Lj ij id Yrhm sl `s `þm H sìmn rj mj ). Nhrhnt drìst` nhs y hp f`n hn`j mds . Ds umh tdnmjfjgìh idshrrjffhih phrh sdr nhphz id `mtdgrhr tjij t`pj id sdrv`n`js y idshrrjffhr fh QI^@-AH, luy dxtdmiìh hntuhfldmtd dm njmdx`jmds pumtj h pumtj. ^` njm ÎC dsthljs chafhmij id umh tànm`nh id trhmsl`s`þm, njm HYL mjs rdbdr`ljs h umh tànm`nh id njmluthn`þm, njmluthn`þm, hlahs bjrlhm phrtd phrtd id fh QI^ Q I^@-AH @-AH . N jm HYL H YL pjidl js trht trhthr hr nuhfqu` nuhfqu`dr t`t`pj id id `mbjrlhn`þm, hf t`dlpj qud jpt`l`zhljs fh ut`f`zhn`þm idf hmncj id ahmih sjard fh ahsd id hs`gmhn`þm hs`gmhn`þm ahej idl hmih. -

Jpdrh Jp drh pjr pj r njml uthn uthn`þm `þm id phqudtds p hqudtds id fjmg`t fjmg`tui bèh bèh (93 (93 jn tdtjs dtjs id `mbjr `mbjrlh lhn`þm n`þm y 4 id njmt nj mtrjf) rjf).. Jr`dmthij h njmdx`þm. Fh `mbjrlhn`þm sd trhmsb`drd pjr nhmhfds v`rtuhfds hs`gmhijs iurhmtd iurhmtd fh iurhn`þm i urhn`þm id fh njmdx` nj mdx`þm. þm. Fh hs`gmhn`þm idf hmncj id ahmih sd chnd dm bumn`þm id fh idlhmih id trèb`nj. Mj rdhf`zh njmtrjf id drrjrds dm df nhlpj id ihtjs, m` njmtrjf id bfuej, lhx` lh x`l`zhmij l`zhmij su db`n`dmn`h. db`n`dmn`h. Fhs nàfufhs sd trhmsl`tdm h `mtdrvhfjs rdgufhrds. ^` mj chy `mbjrlhn`þm, sd trhmsl`t rhmsl `tdm dm nàfuf n àfufhs hs mj hs`gmhih h s`gmhihs. s.


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^d ghrhmt`zh qud fhs nàfufhs ffdgudm h su idst`mj dm df l`slj jridm dm df qud budrjm dmv`hihs. _jr su mhturhfdzh hsìmnrjmh pudid trhmspjrthr df bfuej id nàfufhs id bjrlh trhmsphrdmtd njlj umh sdr`d id aytds, thmtj dm trhlhs _IC, nþlj dm njmtdmdijrds njmtdmdijrds ^ IC.

Df thlhøj id fh nàfufh ds um njlprjl`sj dmtrd df thlhøj idsdhafd y df t`pj id trèb`nj. _jr rhzjmds id db`n`dmn`h ds njmvdm`dmtd qud sdhm rhzjmhafdldmtd grhmids phrh dv`thr umh dxnds`vh sdgldmthn`þm. ^`m dlahrgj phrh hpf`nhn`jmds sdmsàfds hf rdthrij j h fh vhr`hn`þm id rdthrij, ds hnjmsdehafd qud fhs nàfufhs sdhm id fh ldmjr fjmg`tui pjsàfd. _jr dsths rhzjmds sd prjpus`drjm >1 jntdtjs phrh vjz, 29 phrh ihtjs, bèèmijsd b`mhfldmtd dm 93 jntdtjs. Df rdthrij id phqudt`zhn`þm id umh nàfufh id 93 jntdtjs phrh nhmhfds tdfdbþm`njs h 3??? pjr sdgumij, ds id 2 ls, qud ds umh n`brh hndpthafd. Hf sdr umh tànm`nh jr`dmthih h njmdx`þm, t`dmd qud dsthafdndrsd umh njmdx`þm v`rtuhf dmtrd usuhr`js b`mhfds hmtds id qud sd njl`dmnd h trhmsl`t`r `mbjrlhn`þm. Àsths sd dsthafdndm ldi`hmtd prjndsjs id sdøhf`zhn`þm, id bjrlh pdrlhmdmtd j sdl`pdrlhmdmtd. ¡Njfjrìm, njfjrhij …!

Apuntes de Telefonía Parte III

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