DLGXXMG JXINLJG
Jbrinlj dlgrrbimg Zgcvgtirm Jujjblgrg, @grlng Gcil
DMALNL[LINM
Cg dlgrrmg jrinljg â un dlsirdlnm dmcc“gcvi jgrgttmrlzzgti dgc armqumntm pgssgeeli dl amjl clquldm smjindgrli gd un gu`mnti dmc vicu`m dmccm amjl stmssm jbm pmrslstm pmr plü dl trm smttl`gnm. Nmc cgttgntm, un vicu`m dl supmrlirm g 7= e/oe/dlm â dgsljinsldmrgrm dlgrrmg. Nmc hg`hlni plüamjl ergndm, jisã ji`m nmcc“gducti, pgrcg dl dlgrrmg ln prmsmnzg dl un vicu`m amjgcm supmrlirm g 866 e/dlm. MVLDM@LICIELG
Ninistgntm jinsldmrmvicl pgssl gvgntl nmccg ji`prmnslinm m nmccg emstlinm dmccm pgticielm dlgrriljbm, mssm sini gnjirg rmspinsghlcl dl jlrjg 8.8 `lclinl dl `irtl ln mtæ pmdlgtrljg nmc `indi. Ztudl puhhcljgtl nmecl uctl`l 76 gnnl lndljgni jbm c“lnjldmnzg ecihgcm rl`gnm l``idljgtg, gssmstgndisl ln jlrjg :.8 mplsidl pmr hg`hlni pmr gnni, ninistgntm sl slg vmrljgtg
ung rlduzlinm dmccg `irtgcltæ. C“lnjldmnzg prmjlsg dl dlgrrmg jrinljg nin â nitg. Ln gjjirdi gl dgtl dmccg UBI, cg prmvgcmnzg dl dlgrrmg jrinljg ln mtæ pmdlgtrljg nmc `indi sl gssmstg trg lc : m lc 86%. Hg`hlnl nin gccgttgtl gc smni sini g rlsjbli gu`mntgti dl dlgrrmg pmrslstmntm, `mntrm c“gccgttg`mnti pricunegti gc smni rgpprmsmntg un agttirm pritmttlvi. M[LICIELG M ALZLIVGTICIELG
Lc prlnjlpgcm `mjjgnls`i slipgticielji dl tuttl l tlpl dl dlgrrmg â c“lnji` -
pcmti gssirhl`mnti dl gjqug dgc cu`m lntmstlngcm i g jgusg dl ung nmttg rlduzlinm dmc rlgssirhl`mnti dl gjqug (divuti gd unrlditti gssirhl`mnti dmecl mcmttricltl i gd un gu`mnti dmccg ciri smjrmzlinm) i pmr ung rltmnzlinm
is`itljg`mntm `mdlgtg dl gjqug nmc cu`m lntmstlngcm. Cg sm`pcljm rlduzlinm dmc rlgssirhl`mnti dl `mni dmcc“7% dmcc“gjqug lntrgcu`lngcm â elæ suajlmntm g jgusgrm dlgrrmg, pmrtgnti gnjbm ung `idmstg ji`pri`lsslinm
dmccg aunzlinm gssirhltlvg puø dmtmr`lngrm amjl `iccl. Zl jgplsjm pmrtgnti ji`m dlvmrsm jindlzlinl pissgni mssmrm rmspins ghlcl dl dlgrrmg (Tghmccg 7).
Tgh. 7 -
Dlgenisl dlaamrmnzlgcm dmccg dlgrrmg jrinljg (> : smtt) LNAGN[LG
Dlgrrmg jrinljg gspmjlaljg Mjjmsslvg gcl`mntgzlinm Lnamzlinmlntmstlngcm Lnamzlinm mxtrglntmstlngcm (itltl, LQ]) Alhrisljlstljg Jmclgjblg Egstrimntmrltmmislnialcg Lpmrtlrildls`i Dmaljltjinemnltidlcgttgsl Zlndri`l dg l``unidmaljlmnzg @gcnutrlzlinmp ritmlji-jgcirljg @gcgttlgdlBlrsjbsprune Dlamttl jinemnltl dl trgspirti (pmrdltg dl Jc, pmrdltg dl Ng) Dmaljlt dl sgjjgrgsl-lsi`gctgsl @gcgssirhl`mnti dl ecujisli-egcgttisli Gjridmr`gtltm mntmripgtljg QLVi`g Gtrialg ldlipgtljg dml vlccl Mntmripgtlg gutil``unm Ghmtgclpipritmlnm`lg Clnagnemjtgslg prl`grlg
DIVIC“LNAGN[LG Dlgrrmg jrinljg gspmjlaljg Zlndri`m dmcc“lntmstlni lrrltghlcm Jmclgjblg Alhrisl jlstljg Dmaljltdldlsgjjgrldgsl @gcgttlglnalg``gtirlglntmstlngcm Jicltmucjmrisg @irhidlJribn Vsmudi-istruzlinm @gcnutrlzlinm pritmlji-jgcirljg Zjcmridmr`lg Clnai`g Zprum tripljgcm
Jicmstgsl nmingtgcm Lntmstlni jirti jinemnlti (`gcritgzlinm) Dlgrrmg agjtltlg
Cg dlgrrmg sl dlstlneum ln smjrmtirlg i is`itljg, smhhmnm mntrg`hl l `mjjgnls`l pissgni jimslstmrm ln pgzlmntl jin ergvl mntmripgtlm. Cg prl`g â plü rgrg md â jgrgttmrlzzgtg dg erissl qugntltgtlvl dl amjl clquldm, jin sjgrljbm `icti armqumntl, slg dlurng jbm nitturng, md â un dlgrrmg jbm pmrslstm gnjbm g dleluni. Jcgssljl msm`pl sini cg dlgrrmg lndittg dgc Qlhrli jbicmrgm m dg M. Jicl mntmritisslemnlji. Gc jintrgrli, cg dlgrrmg is`itljg dlpmndm dgcc“gcl`mntgzlinm m lc vicu`m dmccm amjl nin â emnmrgc`mntm jisã `gsslvi ji`m nmccg dlgrrmg smjrmtirlg. Jgusm sini cg prmsmnzg dl nutrlmntl nin gssirhlhlcl g clvmcci egstrilntmstlngcm md â emnmrgc`mntm gssijlgtg g dgnni dmccg `ujisg. Mssl msmrjltgni un rljblg`i is`itlji dl clquldl nmc cu`m lntmstlngcm, jin rlduzlinm dmccg jinslstmnzg dmccm amjl. Jcgsslji msm`pli â cg dlgrrmg nmcc“lnticcmrgnzg gc cgttisli. Lc cgttisli nin gssirhlti rgeelunem lc jicin nmccg sug air`g lntgttg,
divm cg irg hgttmrljg amr`mntg ci zujjbmri ln gjldl iregnljl g jirtg jgtmng, emnmrgndi un ussi is`itlji dl gjqug nmc cu`m. Cg prmsmnzg dl `uji m sgneum nmccm amjl sl vmrljg ln prmsmnzg dl lng``gzlinm lntmstlngcm, cg `ujisg vlmnm lnvgsg m dlstruttg dgcc“lnctrgti jmc cu-
cgrm dl tlpi lng``gtirli m vmneini pridittmjltijblnm prilng``gtirlm.
L prijmssl gssirhltlvl vmneini gctmrgtl, l `gtmrlgcl mssudgtl (`uji, sgneum) vmneini mcl`lngtl m cg `itlcltæ lntmstlngcm gctmrgtg. C“lng``gzlinm lntmstlngcm puø mssmrm divutg g rmgzlinl gccmreljbm, lnamzlinl, prijmssl dl tlpi l``unltgrli, jisã ji`m gvvlmnm nmccm `gcgttlm lntmstlngcl. Cm prlnjlpgcl jgusm dl dlgrrmg jrinljg sm`hrgnilng``gtirlm dlpmndmrm dgccg sltugzli-
nm sijlimjini`ljg dmccg pipicgzlinm. Nmccm ngzlinl lndustrlgclzzgtm, cm dlgenisl plü armqumntl ln pgzlmntl jin dlgrrmg jrinljg sini cg slndri`m dmcc“lntmstlni lrrltghlcm, cm `gcgttlm lng``gtirlm jrinljbm dmcc“lntmstl ni, cm slndri`l dg `gcgssirhl`mnti, cm lnamzlinl jrinljbm m cg dlgrrmg smjrmtirlg ldlipgtljg. Nmccm ngzlinl `mni svlcuppgtm, lnamzlinl hgttmrljbm m pgrgssltgrlm rgpprmsmntgni cm mzlicielm plü armqumntl. JCLNLJG
Lc qugdri dl prmsmntgzlinm dmc hg`hlni jin dlgrrmg jrinljg â jirrmcgti gcc“mzlicielg dmc dlsirdlnm (Tghmccg 8), gnjbm sm cm jinsmeumnzm dl ung dlgrrmg pmrslstmntm jin pmrdltg dl nutrlmntl mssmnzlgcl sini ji`unl g tuttm cm jgusm. Lc hg`hlni pitræ prmsmntgrm dlvmrsl ergdl dl dlsldrgtgzlinm m, nmccm air`m plü smvmrm m pricunegtm, un qugdri jinjcg`gti dl `gcnutrlzlinm. Zpmjljbm pgticielm dmc pljjici lntmstlni, dmc amegti m
dmc pgnjrmgs dmtmr`lngni c“gctmrgzlinm dmccg jinslstmnzg dmccm amjl. Nmc jgsi dmc pljjici lntmstlni, lc dgnni dmccg `ujisg divuti g dlvmrsm jgusm sl `gnlamstg jin dlgrrmg m `gcgssirhl`mnti (gd msm`pli nmccg jmclgjblg, nmccg egstrimntmrltm mislnicg m nmccg slndri`m dmcc“lntmstlni jirti).
Cg jindlzlinm jbm plü armqumntm`mntm dmtmr`lng dlgrrmg jrinljg â c“gtrig dml vlccl lntmstlngcl smjindgrlg gd un dgnni dmccg `ujisg dmtmr`lngti
dg gemntl lnamttlvl i gccmremnl. Ln tgc jgsi lc qugdri jclnlji sl jgrgttmrlzzg pmr ung dlgrrmg smjrmtlvg (divutg gc gcl`mntgrl `gcgssirhl`mnti dl mcmttricltl m sl vmrljg ung mntmrinutrlmntl). Ln prmsmnzg dl lnticcmrgnzm jicltm gccmreljg jin dlgrrmg, spmssi sgneulnicmntg, m vi`lti jbm smeuini l``mdlgtg`mntm i mntri qugcjbm smttl`gng c“lnemstlinm dmcc“gccmremnm. Nml jgsl pmrslstmntl m nin rljinisjlutl sl gssijlg ung ji`pri`lsslinm dmcc“gjjrmsjl`mnti pindmri-stgturgcm. Cg jmclgjblg sl prmsmntg tlpljg`mntm jin dlgrrmg, sjgrsi gjjrmsjl`mnti, gnirmsslg m dlstmnslinm gddi`lngcm (gnjbm sm lc qugdri jclnlji â mstrm`g`mntm picl`irai m l slnti`l eg-
strilntmstlngcl pissini `gnjgrm). mislnicg sl `gnlamstg jin dicirl gddi`lngcl, ngusmg, Cg egstrimntmrltm vi`lti m pmrdltg dl pmsi jin dlgrrmg. Nmc 5=% dml jgsl sl gssijlg ung lpmrmislniclg pmrlamrljg.
Tgh. 8 -
Dlgenisl dlaamrmnzlgcm dmccg dlgrrmg jrinljg succg hgsm dmccm jgrgttmrlstljbm dmccm amjl Dlgrrmg gjquisg DlgrrmgIs`itljg
Ztmgtirrmg Zlndri`ldg`gcgssirhl`mnti
Lnemstlinm dl@e,ZI4, VI4 Vgticielm dmccg `ujisg jirti @gcgssirhl`mnti dl jgrhildrgtl Zlndri`m dmcc“lntmstlni Dlgrrmgsmjrmtlvg Dlgrrmgpistrmsmzlinm Ghusi dl cgssgtlvl (nin-is`itljl) @gcdlemstlinm Zlndri`ljinemnltm Lnsuaaljlmnzgpgnjrmgtljg Tisslnmhgttmrljbm Dmaljltgjldlhlclgrl Dlgrrmg lnalg``gtirlg @gcgssirhl`mnti lcmgcm dmecl gjldl hlclgrl @gcgttlm lnalg``gtirlm jrinljbm dmcc“lntmstlni @gcgttlm lnalg``gtirlm jrinljbm Jicltmucjmrisg Jicltmucjmrisg @gcgttlgdlJribn @gcgttlgdlJribn Jicltm`ljrisjipljg Dlvmrtljicltm Dlvmrtljicltm Dlelunilcmltmucjmrgtlvg Qgsjucltl Lnamzlinl Driebmmvmcmnl Lnamzlinlvlrgclucjmrgtlvm Dlsirdlnldmccg`itlcltæ J@Q Dlgrrmgpistvgeiti`lg BZQ Dlgrrmg pistsl`pgtmjti`lg Lpmrtlrildls`i Zlndri`m dmcc“lntmstlni lrrltghlcm Tu`irl nmurimndijrlnl Egstrlni`g QLVi`g @gcgttlg dl Gddlsin Dlgrrmg smjrmtlvg ldlipgtljg
Cg –dlgrrmg lntrgttghlcm dmcc“lnagnzlg‐, jinisjlutg gnjbm ji`m dmjlt smjindgrli dmccm dlsgjjgrldgsl, sl vmrljg ln smeulti gd ung lnamzlinm
lntmstlngcm jbm dmtmr`lng ung vgrlghlcm rlduzlinm dmccm jgpgjltæ dlemstlvm md gssirhltlvm dmc cgttgntm. C“lnticcmrgnzg trgnsltirlg gc cgttisli nm rgpprmcg air`g plü clmvm. Nmccg printg`mntm vgrlgntm plü smvmrg (dlgrrmg pgrmntmrgcm. lntrgttghlcm) âsmntg tgcvictg nmjmssgrli rljirrmrm gccg nutrlzlinm Mplsidl rljirrmntl dl dlgrrmg m sjgrsg jrmsjltg nmc prl`i sm`mstrm dl vltg sueemrlsjini tgcm dlgenisl. Cg dlgenisl sl hgsg succg jinisjmnzg dg pgrtm dmc `mdlji dmccg `gcgttlg, succ“msjcuslinm dl gctrm pisslhlcl jgusm md, mvmntugc`mntm, succg rlspistg gccg tmrgplg nutrlzlingcm (mntmrgcm i pgrmntmrgcm smjindi cg ergvltæ dmc qugdri). Mrrirl jinemnltl dmc `mtghicls`i sl pissini prmsmntgrm jin ung dlgrrmg prmjijm pmrslstmntm nmc jintmsti dl gctrl slnti`l jclnljl, jlø â
qugnti gvvlmnm nmccg egcgttism`lg, nmccg tlrislnm`lg, nmccg jcirldirrmg ag`lclgrm. ]ng jindlzlinm armqumntm m hmnleng dl dlgrrmg jrinljg durgntm cg gLm cg LLg lnagnzlg â rgpprmsmntgtg dgccg DLGXXMG JXINLJG NIN-ZVMJLALJG LNAGNTLCM. Lc hg`hlni prmsmntg 1-78 mvgjugzlinl quitldlgnm, mspcislvm
dl amjl `iccl, spmssi jintmnmntl jlhi lndlemrlti smnzggctmrgzlinl dmccg jrmsjltg (g `mni jbm nin slg pistig dlmtg rmstrlttlvg) i slnti`l jclnljl. Zpmssi sl vmrljg g smeulti dl un mplsidli dl egstrimntmrltm gjutg (Tghmccg :).
Tgh. : -
Dlgrrmg jrinljg nin spmjlajg
ZLNTI@L • Lnlzli; 1-72 `msl dl vltg • Amjl `iccl, `ivl`mntl lntmstlngcl mspcislvl jintmnmntl jlhi lndlemrltl • Armqumnzg dml `ivl`mntl lntmstlngcl; 1-78 vv/dlm • Jrmsjltg; nir`gcm (sm nin g dlmtg rmstrlttlvg) XMD ACGEZ • M`gtijbmzlg/`mcmng • Amhhrm pmrslstmntm • Vmrdltg dl pmsi i grrmsti dmccg jrmsjltg • Gnm`lg DLMTG • Tmntgtlvi dl msjcuslinm dl cgttisli m sujjbl dl aruttg MZG@L DL CGHIXGTIXLI • M@G m gntl-tTE • Gntlemnm amjgcm dl Elgrdlg TMXGVLG • Xgssljurgzlinm • Jg`hlg`mntl dmcci stlcm dl vltg • Mvltgrm dlmtm rmstrlttlvm
Cm jindlzlinl lng``gtirlm dmc pljjici lntmstlni i dmc jicin sl `gnl amstgni jin ung dlgrrmg `uji-sgneulnicmntg. Cm `gcgttlm lng``gtirlm
jrinljbm plü armqumntl sini cg `gcgttlg dl Jribn mcg Xmttijicltm ]cjmrisg. Nmccm `gcgttlm lng``gtirlm jrinljbm dmcc“lntmstlni cg dlgrrmg nin â
ghhindgntm, sl `gnlamstg spmssi slg dl elirni jbm dl nittm md â emnmrgc`mntm `uji-sgneulnicmntg. Gnjbm mrrirl dlmtmtljl pissini mssmrm cg jgusg dl dlgrrmg jrinljg nmc hg`hlni. Ln pgrtljicgrm, â l`pirtgntm msjcudmrm un“mjjmsslvg lnemstlinm dl erissm qugntltæ dl jgrhildrgtl nin dlemrlhlcl, ji`m lc sirhltici dmccg aruttg. Cg slndri`m dmcc“lntmstlni lrrltghlcm â ung jindlzlinm `icti dlaausgnmccg pipicgzlinm pmdlgtrljg m nmcc“gducti. Zl rltlmnm jbm lc 76-86% dmccm vlsltm egstrimntmricieljbm spmjlgclstljbm slgni divutm g tgcm qugdri jclnlji. L
slnti`l sini rgpprmsmntgtl gd ung gctmrngnzg dmcc“gcvi.dg dicirl gddi`lngcl gssijlgtl emnmrgc`mntm Tuttm cm jindlzlinl jbm jgusgni ung lnsuajlmnzg pgnjrmgtljg msijrlng jgusgni stmgtirrmg. Cg jindlzlinm plü armqumntm â cg hrisl jlstljg, gctrm
sini cg slndri`m dl Zbwgjb`gn i cg pgnjrmgtltm jrinljg.
Ln prmsmnzg dl jicmstgsl mpgtljg sl vmrljg uni sjgrsi gssirhl`mnti dl ergssl pmr lc dmjlt dl sgcl hlclgrl (gtrmslg hlclgrm, stmnisl hlclgrm jinemnltg,
mjj) jin dlgrrmg jrinljg. Nml dmjlt l``unltgrl, ji`m cg slndri`m dl l``unidmjlmnzg ji`hl-
ngtg smvmrg (ZJLDZ) i c“GLDZ, cg dlgrrmg â spmssi un lnlzlgcm slnti`i dl gccgr`m. DLGENIZL
C“gpprijjli gd un hg`hlni jin dlgrrmg jrinljg jinslstm lnngnzltutti ln un“gjjurgtg rgjjictg dmcc“gng`nmsl gssijlgtg gd un gttmntg vgcutgzlinm jclnljg (Tghmccg 4). Tgh. 4 -
Qgcutgzlinm lnlzlgcm dmccg dlgrrmg jrinljg
DGTL DLGENIZL DLAAMXMN[LGCM Ztmp 7; stirlg jclnljg • Armqumnzg dmamjgtirlg ‚ pgttmrn Zmjrmtirlg ‚ is`itljg ‚ lnalg``gtirlg (nitturng9 `idlaljgtg dgc dleluni9) • Gspmtti dmccm amjl; gjquism, sjblu`i- ↘ Dlamttl jinemnltl dmcc“gssirhl`mnti ‚ stmgsm, untuism `ujism, sgneulnicmntm, jlhi tirrmg lnalg``gzlinm ‚ dlgrrmg jrinljg lndlemrlti • Zlnti`l gssijlgtl; jrg`pl gddi`lngcl, acgtucmnzg, amhhrm, slnti`l mxtrglntmstlngcl • Ztirlg dlmtmtljg Ztmp 8; vgcutgzlinm jclnljg • Jrmsjltg nir`gcm • Zjgrsg jrmsjltg • Gatm irgcl • Gddi`m dlstmsi • @gssm gddi`lngcl • Gni`gclm rmttgcl • Zlnti`l mxtrglntmstlngcl; pic`ingrl, grtljicgrl, ijucgrl, jutgnml Ztmp :; tmsts dl cghirgtirli • Lnjrm`mnti lndljl dl acieisl • Gctmrgzlinl mcmttricltljbm • Gnm`lg • Xlduzlinm vltg`lnm clpisicuhlcl • Lnjrm`mnti mnzl`l pgnjrmgtljl
gspmjlaljg ↘ @gcgssirhl`mnti dl jgrhildrgtl - @LJL
Aunzlingcm, dlmtmtljg @gcgssirhl`mnti @LJL L`pgtti amjgcm, lnalg``gzlinm @LJL ‚ tu`irl ‚ l`pgtti amjgcm @LJL Alhrisl jlstljg, @LJL, jmclgjblg @LJL Jindlzlinl lpmrsmjrmtlvm Jmclgjblg, @LJL Ztmgtirrmg; alhrisl jlstljg, gcaghmtg clpipritmlnm`lg, jmclgjblg, @LJL @LJL
• • • •
Xlduzlinm gchu`lng Xlduzlinm jicmstmrici, trlecljmrldl Gu`mnti gntl tTE i M@G Jiprijicturg
Mntmripgtlg pritmlni-dlspmrdmntm, @LJL Gcaghmtg clpipritmlnm`lg Jmclgjblg Lnamzlinl hgttmrljbm i pgrgssltgrlm
Cm lndgelnl sujjmsslvm dmvini qulndl mssmrm hgsgtm su tgcm vgcutgzlinm, succ“mtæ dmc hg`hlni m succg durgtg dmccg dlgrrmg. Dgtl gng`nmstljl l`pirtgntl sini qumccl pmrlngtgcl (jistlpgzlinm, hrisl jlstljg), prmjmdmntl
lntmrvmntl jblrureljl (slndri`m dmcc“lntmstlni jirti) m cg stirlg ag`lclgrm (jmclgjblg, @LJL). Â l`pirtgntm vgcutgrm cg smvmrltæ dmccg dlgrrmg, lc tlpi dl amjl g cg prmsmnzg dl slnti`l gssijlgtl. Â l`pirtgntm maamttugrm ung gdmeugtg vgcutgzlinm nutrlzlingcm, ldmntljgndi un mvmntugcm jgci pindmrgcm
i un rldittg jrmsjltg, md msg`lngrm un jg`plinm dl amjl. ]ng dlgrrmg msirdltg ln pmrlidi nmingtgcm, ung victg msjcusm pisslhlcl lnamzlinl, sueemrlsjm ung mntmrijicltm dg gccmrelg gccm pritmlnm dmc cgttm vgjjlni, ung hrisl jlstljg, ung clnagnemjtgslg, dlamttl jinemnltl dmc trgspirti dl
mcmttricltl (ji`m cg jcirldirrmg jinemnltg). ]ng dlgrrmg sgneulnicmntg nmc pmrlidi nmingtgcm sueemrlsjm ung mntmrijicltm nmjritlzzgntm, nmc hg`hlni plü ergndm ung `gcgttlg lng``gtirlg jrinljg lntmstlngcm. Nmc rgnem dl
mtæ ji`prmsg trg sml `msl m dum gnnl, cm jindlzlinl dg jinsldmrgrm sini cg dlgrrmg jrinljg gspmjljg dmc cgttgntm, ung slndri`m pistmntmrltljg, cg jmclgjblg. Lnamzlinl rmsplrgtirlm gssijlgtm dmvini sueemrlrm ung hrisl jlstljg i ung l``unidmjlmnzg jinemnltg. Ln pgmsl divm vl â un“gctg
prmvgcmnzg dmcc“BLQ, qumstg dmvm mssmrm msjcusg prmjijm`mntm. C“msg`m ihlmttlvi pmr`mttmræ dl vgcutgrm gttmntg`mntm cg jrmsjltg m ci svlcuppi. Ci stgdli dmcci svlcuppi puhmrgcm â utlcm pmr vgcutgrm ung `gcnutrlzlinm g puhmrtæ Zuccg hgsm dmccggssijlgtg stirlg jclnljg m dmccgrltgrdgtg. vgcutgzlinm jclnljg sl pitræ gvmrm un prl`i irlmntg`mnti su un dlsturhi aunzlingcm i iregnlji, pmr dlstlneumrm un `gcgssirhl`mnti dg air`m dl lng``gzlinm jicinljg m pmr ldmntljgrm
cg nmjmssltæ dl sujjmsslvm lndgelnl (Tghmccg =). Xmd ges, ji`m dlgrrmg jintlnug smvmrg m nitturng, sgneum m `uji nmccm amjl, amjl `icti gjldm, pmrdltg dl pmsi i sjgrsi gjjrmsjl`mnti m slnti`l gssijlgtl pripmndini pmr ung air`g iregnljg. TMXGVLG
Cg dlgrrmg jrinljg gssijlgtg gd uni stgti dl `gcnutrlzlinm dmvm mssmrm sm`prm jinsldmrgtg ji`m ung pgticielg smrlg m dmvm mssmrm printg`mntm gvvlgtg ung tmrgplg. Lc trgttg`mnti jinslstm sjbm`gtljg`mntm ln `lsurm dl suppirti emnmrgcm, rlghlcltgzlinm nutrlzlingcm m tmrgplg `mdljg/jblrureljg ln hgsm gccm dlvmrsm mzlicielm (cg tmrgplg dmccm spmjljbm jgusm nin â dl
pmrtlnmnzg qumsti lcjgpltici). Vmr qugnti dl rleugrdg suppirti emnmrgcm dmc pgzlmntm, piljbì cm jinsmeumnzm jclnljbm plü ergvl pissini mssmrm maamtti dmccg dlsldrgtgzlinm, â l`pirtgntm lnstgurgrm printg`mntm un“gdmeugtg rmldrgtgzlinm dmc hg`hlni jin ung sicuzlinm pmr cg rmldrgtgzlinm irgcm (ZXI). Lc tlpi dl sicuzlinm
dg utlclzzgrm nmc hg`hlni jin dlsldrgtgzlinm â gnjirg dlhgttuti, lnagttl, smhhmnm slg niti jbm cm sicuzlinl lpitinljbm rlspmtti g qumccm lsitinljbm rldujgni cg durgtg m cg qugntltæ dl mvgjugzlinl dl amjl clquldl, studl rmjmntl sueemrlsjini cg pgrl majgjlg dl sicuzlinl mcmttricltljbm rlspmtti gccg sicuzlinm slicieljg.
Tgh. = -
Lndgelnl pmr cg dlgenisl mzlicieljg dl dlgrrmg jrinljg
Nin-lnvgslvl Vgrg`mtrl dl cghirgtirli Lnalg``gzlinm 0 QMZ, VJX, trgnsg`lngsl Gccmrelg 0 LeM, XGZT
Lnvgslvl MEDZ jin hlipslm dmc pljjici lntmstlni Lcmijicinsjiplg
Nutrlzlinm 0 m`ijri`i, gzitm`lg, mcmttricltl, VT, Qlt. G, M, D, H78, Jg, amrrltlng, trlecljmrldl, jicmstmrici L``unltæ 0 LeG, M@G, gntl tTE Tissljicielg Aunzlingcltæ tlrildmg Amjl Jicturm Ztmgtijrlti Ergssl amjgcl Mcgstgsl Gcag-7-Gntltrlpslng Egp is`itlji Hrmgtb tmst pmr vgcutgrm c“gssirhl`mnti Hrmgtb tmst gc cgttisli Tmst dmc sudirm Xx dlrmttg gddi`m
Ln hg`hlnl `gcnutrltl, cg rlghlcltgzlinm nutrlzlingcm â mssmnzlgcm, gnjbm ln prmsmnzg dl un“lnamzlinm mntmrljg. Dlmtm dl msjcuslinm vmneini pripistm dipplimssmrm pripislti dl trgttgrm lnticcmrgnzm gcl`mntgrl,jin jbmlcpissini ung jgusg prl`grlgmvmntugcl dl dlgrrmg jrinljg i dmccm sum ji`pcljgnzm. Cg smqumnzg dl mcl`l ngzlinm divrmhhm mssmrm maamttugtg pgrtmndi dg pijbl gcl`mntl, rmstrlnemndi mvmntugc`mnt m cg dlmtg gd gctrl gcl`mntl, pgr tmndi qulndl dg un ldriclsgti pritmlji i dg ung air`ucg hgsgtg su g`lnigjldl clhmrl, g smjindg dmccg ergvltæ dmc qugdri jclnlji. G njbm sm un dmjlt dl dlsgjjgrldgsl nin â ung jgusg armqumntm dl dlgrrmg pmrslstmntm, â armqumntm un dmjlt trgnsltirli dl
cgttgsl smjindgrli gc dlmtg dgnnismnzg dmccgcgttisli `ujisgdivrmhhm lntmstlngcm md gccg `gcnutrlzlinm, pmr jul ung mssmrm gvvlgtg ln ienl hg`hlni jin dlgrrmg pmrslstmntm md â lnjcusg nmcc“gceirlt`i tmrgpmutlji dmccg UBI.
Divrmhhm mssmrm sm`prm airnlti un gdmeugti gppirti jgcirlji. C“lntgom jgcirlji divrmhhm mssmrm priermsslvg`mntm gu`mntgti gc =6% i gc dl siprg dmccm rgjji`gndgzlinl dlmtmtljbm pmr smssi md mtæ. Ln dlvmrsl jgsl, â nmjmssgrli nutrlrm lc hg`hlni pmr vlg mntmrgcm jin un sindlni ngsiegstrlji i jinrleugrdg ung egstristi`lg pmr vlgrlvictg pgrmntmrgcm. Vmr qugnti cg tmrgplg i`mdljg gccg rlduzlinm dmc trgnslti dl uldl gttrgvmrsi c“lntmstlni, sl pissini utlclzzgrm ecl ipplgjml md l
ciri dmrlvgtl. Cg cipmrg`ldm â c“gemntm dl sjmctg pmrjbì bg cg spmjlgcltæ gntldlgrriljg `geelirm. Cg si`gtistgtlng rldujm airtm`mntm cg dlgrrmg smjrmtirlg jgusgtg dg tu`irl nmurimndijrlnl md gtrig dml vlccl.
Cg tmrgplg g cunei tmr`lnm dmcc“lnticcmrgnzg gc cgttisli dmvm lnjcudmrm cg rmlntriduzlinm dml jlhl jintmnmntl cgttisli, `g gcjunl dl qumstl sini `mecli ticcmrgtl dl gctrl. Ci yieurt nin pgstirlzzgti jbm jintlmnm ung qugntltæ pgrl i supmrlirm dl cgttisli rlspmtti gc cgttm lntmri jintlmnm gnjbm un hmtg-egcgttisldgsl `ljrihljg jbm glutg cg dlemstlinm lntrgcu`lngcm dmcci zujjbmri. L air`geel stgelingtl ji`m –ergng‐, –m``mntbgc‐, –hrlm‐ sini `mecli ticcmrgtl rlspmtti g qumccl mcghirgtl. L jlhl jin gcti jintmnuti dl ergssl jbm rgccmntgni ci svuitg`mnti egstrlji m qulndl lc trgspirti dmc cgttisli gcc“lntmstlni tmnum, pissini mssmrm ticcmrgtl dg gcjunl pgzlmntl lnticcmrgntl gc cgttisli. Wulndl lc emcgti m lc cgttm lntmri sini `mecli ticcmrgtl rlspmtti gc cgttm sjrm`gti. Cm gctmrngtlvm pmr l pgzlmntl jbm nin ticcmrgni lc cgttm sini rgpprmsmntgtm dgc cgttm prmldriclzzgti trgttgti jin mnzl`l qugcl cg cgttgsl dl dmrlvgzlinm `ljrihljg i c“gssunzlinm dl qumsti mnzl`g ln ji`prmssm lnslm`m gl pridittl dmc cgttm durgntm l pgstl. Ln jgsi dl dlgrrmg jrinljg gspmjljg, ictrm gd ung dlmtg rmeicgrm md gcc“mvmntugcm rlduzlinm dmcc“gssunzlinm dl sujjbl dl aruttg, puø mssmrm utlcm si``lnlstrgrm cg cipmrg`ldm irgcm (6,7-6,8 `e/oe/dlm) ln dum i trm disl. Ln jgsi dl sispmtti dl sivrgjrmsjltg hgttmrljg dmcc“lntmstlni tmnum, sl divrgnni prmndmrm ln `idgcltæ dl suppirti jblrurelji, `mdlji m nutrltlvi. Cgjinsldmrgzlinm tmrgplg gntlhlitljg prmvmdm c“usi lnlzlgcm dl gntlhlitljl g cgrei spmttri (ms. `mtrinldgzici, mrltri`ljlng md g`pljlcclng ln ji`hlngzlinm jin nmi`ljlng)? sicltg`mntm vlmnm maamttugtg ln jljcl dl dum smttl`gnm. Cg rlspistg jclnljg sl bg emnmrgc`mntm mntri cg prl`g smttl`gng dl tmrgplg. Hlhcliergag mssmnzlgcm
- @gtbgl K, Xgku H, Hgvdmogr G. Vmdlgtrlj Egstrimntmriciey Jbgptmr, Lndlgn Gjgdm`y ia Vmdlgtrljs. Jbrinlj gnd pmrslstmnt dlgrrbmg ln lnagnts gnd yiune jblcdrmn; stgtus stgtm`mnt. Lndlgn Vmdlgtr. 8677? 42;:5-48.
- Cmm OZ, Ogne DZ, mt gc. Biw ti di ln pmrslstmnt dlgrrbmg ia jblcdrmn9; Jinjmpts gnd trmgt`mnts ia jbrinlj dlgrrbmg. Vmdlgtr Egstrimntmric Bmpgtic Nutr. 8678?7=;88<-:1. - @iirm ZX. ]pdgtm in pricinemd gnd pmrslstmnt dlgrrbmg ln jblcdrmn. Jurr Ipln Egstrimntmric. 8677? 85;7<-8:.
