]QGJXA MD YDKGU
Ydkgs— tugj tugjr r ^fkgf Gfurdzd, Ifhrdakkf Gfrifld, Gfrifld, Fliakf Gfstrjluzzd Gfstrjluzzd
A^DMAGDJKJIDF
Dledmalzf
Dk tugjra md Ydkgs (]Y) j lacrjhkfstjgf rfpprasaltf kf lajpkfsdf ralfka ra lfka gfkdilf md pdô craqualta rdsejltrj dl atî pamdftrdef. K—dledmalzf fllufka â md 9 efsd/gdkdjla md hfghdld md atî dlcardjra fd 63 flld ejl ul rfppjrtj gfsebdj-caggdlf md 6?6. Lak 91% mad efsd sd gfldcastf lad prdgd 1 flld md vdtf a lak 1% mad efsd â hdkftarfka (8/5 mad efsd sdlerjlj, 6/5 gatferjlj). Ka cjrga hdkftarfkd talmjlj fm fvara ul asjrmdj praejea rdspattj fkka uldkftarfkd a sd fssjedflj fkkf prasalzf md rasdmud lacrjialded. Kf kjefkdzzfzdjla axtrf-ralfka â ul avaltj rfrj. Ka samd dltarassfta dl tfk efsj pjssjlj assara dk ratrjpardtjlaj, k—utarj, kf earvdea, k—jvfdj a kf pfrata tjrfedef. Kf pftjialasd md quasta cjrga â mf rdejlmurra fkkf parsdstalzf md rasdmud gatflacrded j fkkf prasalzf md tassutj ralfka atarjtjpdej. EFXF]]AXDU]DEBA HDJKJIDEBA
Dk ]Y sd rdsejltrf pdô craqualtagalta ejllftj fm ul u l rala a puø prasal-
tfra astalsdjla kjefka fk salj ralfka, fd vfsd kdlcftded kdlcf tded a suparfra kf efpsukf ralfka. Ujkj lak 6>% mad efsd sjlj prasaltd gatfstfsd fkk—asjrmdj (21% pjkgjlfrd, 61% 61% apftdeba). Gferjsejpdefgalta Gferjsejpdefg alta kf lajpkfsdf sd prasaltf ejga ulf kasdjla uldcjefka kjefkdzzftf sjkdtfgalta fk pjkj ralfka gf puø fleba sjvvartdra kf strut turf makk—dltarj jriflj. Kf gfssf fppfra guktdkjhukftf a edrejlmftf mf ulf psaumjefpsukf0 bf ulf ejlsdstalzf sjcea ejl fraa laerjtdeba am
agjrrfideba lak suj ejltastj. Dstjkjidefgalta dk tugjra prasaltf ulf ejgpjlalta hkfstagftjsf, ulf strjgfka am ulf apdtakdfka dl vfrdf prjpjrzdjla. ^jssjlj assarvd ejltastufkgaltaa fleba ejgpjlaltd atarjkjiba qufkd apdtakdj guedljsj, ejltastufkgalt apdtakdj squfgjsj, tassutj gusejkfra sebakatrdej a efrtdkfidlaj, tassutj jstajdma, irfssj a tassutj laurfka. Dk rdsejltrj md efkedefzdjld â ul
avaltj pduttjstj rfrj. Kf prasalzf md flfpkfsdf efrfttardzzftf mf drraijkfrd iura gdtjtdeba,
fugaltj makka mdgalsdjld mak luekaj eakkukfra a dparerjgfsdf, ejstdtudsea
ul dgpjrtflta cfttjra prjiljstdej? scfvjravjka sa < mak 6>% (flfpkfsdf mdccusf), cfvjravjka sa ; fk 6>% (flfpkfsdf cjefka). Jktra fkka efrfttardstdeba flftjgj-pftjkjideba makkf lajpkfsdf, saghrflj ejrrakfra ejl kf prjiljsd fleba fkeuld cfttjrd ialatded, ejga kf parmdtf md atarjzdijsd mad erjgjsjgd 6p a 63q (fugaltj mak rdsebdj md rdefmutf a md gjrtfkdtî). A_DJ ^F]JIA ]JIALAUD LAUD A CDUD CDUDJ^ J^F F]JKJI DF
Lak 44% mad efsd k—dlsjria k—dlsjrialzf lzf mak ]Y â spjrfmdef. Ujkj lakk—6-8% sd trfttf md cjrga aramdtfrda a, lak 8% edref, asdsta ulf ejrrakfzdjla ejl sdlmrjgd ialatdeba ejga kf Hae`wdtt-Ydamagfll, kf Malys-Mrfsb, kf YFIX, kf LC6, kf Lacrjhkfstjgf Lac rjhkfstjgftjsd tjsd cfgdkdfra cfgdkdf ra md ^arkgfl. Fljgfkda md tdpj gfkcjrgftdvj fssjedfta fk ]Y sjlj quakka mak trfttj ialdtj-urdl ialdtj-urdlfrdj, frdj, k—agdpartrjf a k—fldrdmdf. K—atdjkjidf ljl â ljtf gf sjlj ejljsedutd d iald dgpkdeftd lakkf ialasd mak ]Y.. Ud trfttf md mua iald jlejsjpprassjrd kjefkdzzftd suk hrfeedj ejrtj mak ]Y erjgjsjgf 66 a praedsfgalta praedsfga lta Y]6 (66p65) a Y]8 (66p61). (66p61). Kf culzdjla culzdjla maikd jlejsjpprassjrd vdala parsf fttrfvarsj mua gutfzdjld eba dlfttdvflj dk iala dl gfldarf saqualzdfka. Kf prdgf gutfzdjla fvvdala lakkf kdlaf iargdlfka lakka cjrga aramdtfrda, galtra lakka cjrga spjrfmdeba altrfgha ka gutfzdjld sjlj sjgftdeba (tajrdf mak mjppdj ejkpj md @lumsjl). EFXF]]AXDU] EFXF ]]AXDU] DEBA EKDLDEBA
Kf gfssf fmmjgdlfka, suiiastdvf md ]Y (rdsejltrftf spassj dl hfghdld dl hujla huj la ejl ejlmdzd mdzdjld jld ial ialarfk arfkd), d), md sjk sjkdtj dtj dlta dltarass rassff ul agd agdfmm fmmjga jga a bf ljt ljtavj avjkd kd mdgalsdjld, supareda kdsedf a ejlsdstalzf tasj-akfstdef. Kf pfkpfzdjla
mava fvvaldra ejl efutakf par dk rdsebdj md rjtturf makkf lajpkfsdf, kaiftf fkkf suf crdfhdkdtî. Mfk pultj md vdstf ekdldej dk tugjra â spassj rdsejltrftj jeefsdjlfkgalta ejga gfssf fmmjgdlfka fsdltjgftdef, jppura fssjedftf f sdltjgd spaeded qufkd mjkjra fmmjgdlfka, agfturdf (gderjagfturdf 51%, gferjagfturdf 6>-81%), dpartalsdjla (8>%)0 sdltjgd fspaeded pjssjlj assara dlvaea stdpsd am fljrassdf. Dl ulf pdeejkf parealtufka md efsd sd puø fvara, par rjtturf mak tugjra j par
sfliudlfgaltj dltrftugjrfka, ul qufmrj ekdldej md fmmjga feutj, efrfttardzzftj mf rfpdmf mdstalsdjla fmmjgdlfka, flagdf, dpartalsdjla a cahhra. Udlmrjgd pfrflajpkfstdeba pjssjlj efrfttardzzfra k—asjrmdj md ul ]Y. ]rf ka pdô craqualtd rdejrmdfgj? saerazdjla md FE]B, dparraldlagdf, dpjcjscjragdf a dparefkeagdf, gfkfttdf md vjl Ydkkahrflm Ydkkahrflm fequdsdtf (ejl
sfliudlfgaltd guejeutflad), dparardtrjpjdatdlagdf ejl ardtrjedtjsd a fugaltj makk—fedmj dfkurjldej sdardej. MDFILJUD
K—dtar mdfiljstdej sd prjpjla md ejlcargfra k—jrdidla ralfka mak tugjra, vfkutfra kf pjssdhdkdtî makk—fspjrtfzdjla ebdruridef, k—dlvfsdvdtî kjefka (dltairdtî makkf efpsukf ralfka), kf prasalzf md trjghd lajpkfstded lakk—frtardf ralfka, dlmdvdmufra gatfstfsd f mdstflzf (kdlcjljmd, caiftj, pjkgjla, jssf). Fkk—asfga jhdattdvj, jktra fkkf gfssf fmmjgdlfka, flmrî sagpra vfkutftf kf prassdjla frtardjsf a kf prasalzf md fljgfkda ejlialdta (fldrdmdf, agdpartrjf, gfkcjrgfzdjld urjialdtfkd). Mfk pultj md vdstf kfhjrftjrdstdej, ljl asdstjlj asfgd spaeded par kf
mdfiljsd md ]Y, gf pjssjlj assara md fusdkdj par kf mdfiljsd mdccaralzdfka ejl fktra cjrga md tugjra f pfrtalzf fmmjgdlfka dl atî pamdftrdef (mjsfiidj makka eftaejkfgdla urdlfrda, agjerjgj ejgpkatj, culzdjlfkdtî ralfka am apftdef, KMB, SAU, asfga urdla, urdljejkturf). AUFGD U]XQG AL] AL]FKD FKD
• Aejirff fmmjga? â dk prdgj asfga md seaktf, ljl dlvfsdvj, dlvfsdvj, rfpdmj a
sagpkdea mf asaiudra quflmj sd fhhdf dk sjspattj md ]Y a ejlsalta md dmaltdefra ka efrfttardstdeba makkf gfssf a mdccaralzdfra ulf gfssf edstdef mf
ulf sjkdmf. Â gjktj utdka lakkf dlmdvdmufzdjla md pdeejka kasdjld kas djld tugjrfkd lak rala ejltrjkftarfka, md trjghd dl valf efvf, gatfstfsd fmmjgdlfkd. • ]FE fmmjga ejl gme? ejlsalta ejlsalta md vfkutfra vfkutfra ka efrfttardstdeba malsdtjmalsdtjgatrdeba makkf gfssf fmmjgdlfka, ka sua mdgalsdjld, kf suf astalsdjla, dl ialara ejllftf fm ul agdfmmjga, d sujd rfppjrtd ejl ka struttura vdedla am avaltufka trjghjsd ralfka. Ejlsalta, dljktra, k—dmaltdefzdjla
md kjefkdzzfzdjld lad rastfltd pfralebdgd fmmjgdlfkd a lakka stfzdjld kdlcjljmfkd fmmjgdlfkd. • Xfmdjirff mak tjrfea dl mua prjdazdjld a ]FE mak tjrfea ejl gme?
ejlsalta kf vfkutfzdjla mak pfralebdgf pjkgjlfra par avaltufkd kjefkdzzfzdjld saejlmfrda. • Uedltdirff jssaf tjtfk-hjmy? ejlsalta kf vfkutfzdjla md avaltufkd
kjefkdzzfzdjld saejlmfrda jssaa, sappur rfra. Â ejgulqua laeassfrdf par kf stfmdfzdjla dldzdfka. MDFILJUD MDCCAXAL_DFKA
Kf mdfiljsd mdccaralzdfka vf pjstf lad ejlcrjltd md laurjhkfstjgf, apftjhkfstjgf, efredljgf ralfka, lacrjgf gasjhkfstdej, sfrejgf f eakkuka ebdfra, rfhmjgdjsfrejgf, rfhmjgdjsfrejgf , tugjra rfhmjdma, rala pjkdedstdej, edstd gasaltardef, pdakjlacrdta erjldef.
U]FMDF_DJLA
Kf stfmdfzdjla pjst-ebdruridef, saejlmj d erdtard mak Lftdjlfk Ydkgs ]ugjr Utumy, pravama 1 stfmd. Utfmdj D? tugjra tugjra kdgdtftj fk rala, fspjrtftj ejgpkatfgalta, ejgpkatfgalta, ejl efpsukf efpsukf ralfka dltfttf, fssalzf md gatfstfsd f mdstflzf a salzf rjtturf tugjrfka murflta k—fspjrtfzdjla. Utfmdj DD? tugjra astasj jktra dk rala (efpsukf, vfsd ralfkd, ralfkd, irfssj pardralfka, valf efvf, pakvd, uratara, surrala par ejltdiudtî) gf fspjrtftj dl gfldarf ejgpkatf. Utfmdj DDD? tugjra astasj fm fktrd jrifld a/j struttura axtrfurdlfrda salzf gatfstfsd agftjiala0 rjtturf tugjrfka pra j dltrfjparftjrdf ejl ejltfgdlfzdjlaa makkf efvdtî fmmjgdlfka. ejltfgdlfzdjl Utfmdj DS? gatfstfsd agftjiala (pjkgjla, caiftj, earvakkj, stfzdjld kdlcjljmfkd fk md cujrd mak mdstrattj fmmjgdlj-pakvdej). Utfmdj S? S? tugjra ralfka hdkftarfka fkkf mdfiljsd. §
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Lak sdsta sdstagf gf md stfmd stfmdfzdjla fzdjla UDJ^ k—dmal k—dmaltdef tdefzdjla zdjla md gjmde gjmdefzdjld fzdjld dlmjtt dlmjttaa
mfkkf ebagdjtarfpdf lajfmduvflta vf ejlsdmarftf lakk—fttrdhuzdjla makkj stfmdj pjst-jparftjrdj. ]XF]]FGAL]J
Dk trfttfgaltj mak ]Y rfpprasaltf ul asagpdj mad prjirassd rfiidultd lakkf eurf mad tugjrd pamdftrded. K—fpprjeedj guktdmdsedpkdlfra a kf ejkkfhjrfzdjla trf jlejkjid, pftjkjid, ebdruribd a rfmdjtarfpdstd bf pargassj md gdikdjrfra ka pjssdhdkdtî md eurf, jttalalmj sjprfvvdvalza f kulij targdla (=-1 flld) makk—2>-4>% ejlsdmarflmj ikjhfkgalta ikjhfkgalta tuttd ikd stfmd md gfkfttdf. EBDXQXIDF
Assalzdfka â kf lacraetjgdf fssjedftf fm urataraetjgdf. Fkeuld iruppd md stumdj (UDJ^) ejlsdikdflj k—fspjrtfzdjla sjkj mjpj ebagdjtarfpdf lajfmduvflta par rdmurra dk rdsebdj md rjtturf tugjrfka dl sama dltrfjparftjrdf, galtra fktrd (L]YU) ( L]YU) prjpjlijlj kf ebdruridf m—aghkâa par kf maldzdjla dstjkjidef dstjkjid ef makkf kasdjla prdgf mak trfttfgaltj ebagdjtarfpdej. D rdsuktftd mad mua iruppd md stumdj sjlj ejgulqua sjvrfppjldhdkd. Lad efsd md lacrjhkfstjgf hdkftarfka sd bf spassj kjefkdzzfzdjla cjefka dl altrfghd d rald. ]fkd kasdjld talmjlj fm fvara ulf dstjkjidf cfvjravjka a qudlmd hujlf prjiljsd (29% f 1 flld). Dk kjrj trfttfgaltj pravama k—fspjrtfzdjla mak rala pdô ejgprjgassj a kf lacraetjgdf pfrzdfka makk—fktrj, fssjedftf f ebagdjtarfpdf fmduvflta.
 dlmdspalsfhdka sagpra murflta kf ebdruridf mak lacrjhkfstjgf k—asfga feeurftj mad mua rald. Ua vd â sjspattj ekdldej-strugaltfka md ]Y mava assara sagpra avdtftf k—fijhdjpsdf f sejpj mdfiljstdej par kf pjssdhdkdtî md mdssagdlfzdjla mak tugjra. EBAGDJ]AXF^DF
Dk trfttfgaltj cfrgfejkjidej lajfmduvflta pravama ulf pjkdebagdjtarfpdf ialarfkgalta f hfsa md vdlerdstdlf, fetdljgdedlf-M par ul pardjmj md tagpj vfrdfhdka f saejlmf makkj stfmdj, avaltufkgalta fssjedftf f mjxjruhdedlf.. Dk raidga ebagdjtarfpdej pjst-jparftjrdj pravama ikd stassd mjxjruhdedlf cfrgfed jppura k—fssjedfzdjla md atjpjsdma, efrhjpkftdlj a edekjcjscfgdma saejlmj sebagd eba vfrdflj dl hfsa fkk—fttrdhuzdjla makkj stfmdj a mak rdsebdj (hfssj, dltargamdj, fktj). XFMDJ]AXF^DF
Kf rfmdjtarfpdf â rdsarvftf fkkf gfkfttdf pjkgjlfra eba ljl rdspjlma fkkf ebagdjtarfpdf a prasaltf flfpkfsdf < mak 6>%, j sukk—fmmjga dl efsj md rjtturf tugjrfka j stfmdj DDD kjefka. CF]]JXD ^XJILJU]DED
Cfttjrd fssjedftd f prjiljsd scfvjravjka sjlj? stfmdj fvflzftj makkf lajpkfsdf, prasalzf md flfpkfsdf < mak 6>%, dltarassfgaltj kdlcjljmfka f mdstflzf. Lakka cjrga fm dstjkjidf cfvjravjka kf sjprfvvdvalzf vfrdf mfk 49% par kj stfmdj D fkk—29% par kj stfmdj DS DS,, galtra lakka cjrga fm dstjkjidf scfvjravjka vfrdf mfk 32% par kj stfmdj D- DDD, fk 12% par kj stfmdj DS. Hdhkdjirfcf assalzdfka
- Gfk`fl FM, Kjb F, at fk. Fl fpprjfeb tj ralfk gfssas dl pamdftrdes. ^amdftrdes. 8>610651?6=8-12. - Mjga OU, Irfc L, at fk. Fmvfleas dl Ydkgs ]ugjr ]raftgalt flm Hdjkjiy? ^rjirass ]brjuib Dltarlftdjlfk Ejkkfhjrftdjl. O Ekdl Jlejk. 8>61. - Ikafsjl OG, Kjralzj FO, at fk. Dlljvftdjls dl tba gflfiagalt gflfiaga lt jc Ydkgs— tugjr tugjr.. ]bar Fmv Qrjk. 8>6=03?631-93. - Ufkvftjrakkd K, ^fraltd X, at fk. Ydkgs tugjr 6 (Y]6) prjtadl? Mdfiljstde Mdfil jstde utdkdty dl pamdftrde tugjrs. Fetf Bdstjebag. 8>610669?539-92. 8>610669?539-92. -Fk-Bussfdl ], Fkd F, F`btfr G. Ydkgs tugjr? fl upmfta. Fmv Flft ^ftbjk. 8>6=086?633-95.
