PROPOSAL PENELITIAN
OPTIMALISASI OPTIMALISASI PEMBUATAN KITOSAN DARI KITIN CANGKANG BEKICOT ( Achatina fulica) SEBAGAI ADSORBEN LOGAM MERKURI
Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Matakuliah Metopel
Oleh :
Nama
: Purwanto H Manurung
NIM
: 408231037
Program Studi
: Kimia
Jurusan
: Kimia
JURUSAN KIMIA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN 2011
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ii
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul
i
Daftar Isi
ii
Daftar Tabel
iii
Daftar Gambar
iv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah
1
1.2. Identifikasi Masalah
2
1.3. Pembatasan Masalah
3
1.4. Perumusan Masalah
3
1.5. Tujuan Penelitian
3
1.6. Manfaat Penelitian
3
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
4
2.1. Bekicot
5
2.2. Kitin
6
2.2.1. Sifat-sifat Kimia Kitin
7
2.2.2. Kegunaan Kitin
9
2.3. Kitosan
10
2.4. Penentuan Derajat Deastilasi
11
2.5. Adsorbsi
12
2.5.1. Adsorbsi Fisika
12
2.5.2. Adsorbsi Kimia
12
2.6. Air Raksa (Merkuri)
14
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
16
3.1. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian
16
3.2. Alat dan Bahan
16
3.2.1. Alat
16
3.2.2. Bahan
16
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3.4.1. Pembuatan Larutan
16
3.4.2. Pembuatan Asorben Khitosan dari Cangkang Bekicot
17
3.4.3. Uji Derajat Deastilasi
18
3.4.4. Tahap Uji Adsorbsi
18
Diagram Alir
19
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
22
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iv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel abel 2.2 2.2. Kan Kandu dung ngan an Kiti Kitin n Pad Padaa Ber Berba bag gai Jen Jenis Hewa Hewan n dan dan Jam Jamur
7
Tabel 2.2.1. Spesifikasi Kitin Niaga
8
Tabel 2.3. Standar Mutu Kitosan
11
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Bekicot
4
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1
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Latar Belakang Belakang Masalah Masalah
Air raksa atau merkuri termasuk salah satu logam berat, dengan berat molekul tinggi. Dalam kadar rendah, logam berat ini umumnya sudah beracun bagi bagi tumbuh tumbuhan an dan hewan, hewan, termas termasuk uk manusi manusia. a. Beberap Beberapaa logam logam berat berat lainny lainnyaa adalah magnesium (Mg), timbal (Pb), tembaga (Cu), kromium (Cr), dan besi (Fe). Air raksa (Hg) diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan kehidupan biologis, tetapi dalam jumlah berlebihan akan bersifat racun. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan logam berat perlu mendapat pengawasan, terutama dari segi jumlah kandungannya di dalam air. Air raksa dalam kondisi temperatur kamar berbentuk zat cair, bila terjadi kontak dengan logam emas akan membentuk larutan padat. Larutan padat biasa disebut amalgam , yaitu yaitu merupa merupakan kan paduan paduan antara antara air raksa raksa dengan dengan beberap beberapaa logam (emas, perak, tembaga, timah, dan seng) (Noviardi,dkk. 2007). Logam merkuri atau air raksa mempunyai nama kimia hydragyrum yang berarti perak cair. Logam merkuri dilambangkan dengan Hg. Merkuri merupakan salah satu unsur logam transisi dengan golongan IIB dan memiliki nomer atom 80, memiliki bobot atom 200,59 adalah satu-satunya logam yang berbentuk cair. Merkuri Merkuri merupakan merupakan elemen alami oleh karena karena itu sering mencemari mencemari lingkungan lingkungan.. Kebanyakan merkuri yang ditemukan dialam terdapat dalam gabungan dengan elemen lainnya dan jarang ditemukan dalam bentuk elemen terpisah. Merkuri dan komponen-komponen merkuri banyak digunakan oleh manusia untuk berbagai keperluan. Kitin Kitin merupa merupakan kan salah salah satu satu sumbe sumberr alam polisa polisakar karida ida yang yang terbesa terbesar r jumla jumlahny hnyaa setela setelah h selulo selulosa. sa. Kitin Kitin adalah adalah suatu suatu polime polimerr anhidr anhidro o N-aset N-asetilil- Dgluk glukos osam amin in,, memp mempun unya yaii mass massaa mole moleku kull rela relati tiff besa besarr yait yaitu u seki sekita tarr 1,2. 1,2.10 106 gram/mol. Kitin mempunyai rumus kimia (C 8H13 NO NO5)n dengan struktur [β-(1→4)2-aset 2-asetami amida-2 da-2-de -deoks oksi-D i-D-gl -gluko ukosa] sa] didapa didapatt dari dari isolas isolasii kulit kulit dan kepala kepala hewan hewan
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2
Kitosan Kitosan merupakan merupakan turunan turunan dari kitin dengan struktur struktur [β-(1→4)-2-am [β-(1→4)-2-amina ina -2-deoksi-D-glukosa] merupakan hasil dari deasetilasi dari kitin. Kitosan adalah hasil hasil deaset deasetilas ilasii kitin, kitin, merupa merupakan kan suatu suatu polime polimerr yang yang bersif bersifat at polika polikatio tionik nik.. Keberadaan gugus hidroksil dan amino sepanjang rantai polimer mengakibatkan kitosan sangat efektif mengadsorpsi kation ion logam berat maupun kation dari zat-zat organik (protein dan lemak). Interaksi kation logam dengan kitosan adalah melalui pembentukan kelat koordinasi oleh atom N gugus amino dan O gugus hidr hidrok oksi sil) l).. Hal Hal ini ini yang yang meny menyeb ebab abka kan n kito kitosa san n lebi lebih h bany banyak ak manf manfaat aatny nyaa dibandingkan dengan kitin (Tao Lee , et al., 2001). Salah Salah satu satu sumber sumber kitin kitin adalah adalah cangka cangkang ng bekico bekicot. t. Bekico Bekicott merupa merupakan kan hewan lunak ( mollusca ) dari kelas gastropoda. Bekicot menurut jenisnya dapat dibeda dibedakan kan menjad menjadii empat empat yakni; yakni; Achatin Achatina a variegat variegata, a, Achatina Achatina fullica fullica,, Helix Helix sedangkan kan dua jenis jenis terakh terakhir ir tidak tidak ditemu ditemukan kan di pomatia dan Helix Helix aspersa aspersa sedang Indonesia. Bekicot di Indonesia telah dibudidayakan sebagai sumber protein dan menjad menjadii komodi komoditas tas ekspor ekspor.. Selama Selama ini pemanf pemanfaat aatan an cangka cangkang ng bekico bekicott hanya hanya digunakan digunakan sebagai sebagai campuran campuran makanan makanan ternak. ternak. Cangkang Cangkang bekicot bekicot mengandun mengandung g senyaw senyawaa kitin. kitin. Kitin Kitin dalam dalam cangka cangkang ng berika berikatan tan dengan dengan protei protein, n, lipid, lipid, garamgaramgaram anorganik seperti kalsium karbonat serta pigmen-pigmen. Agar diperoleh produk yang bernilai ekonomis sekaligus dapat mengatasi penumpukan limbah cangkang bekicot maka harus dilakukan isolasi kitin yang terdapat pada cangkang bekicot. bekicot. Cangkang bekicot bekicot mengandun mengandung g zat kitin sekitar 70% - 80% sedangkan sedangkan dalam udang terdapat kitin sebanyak 15% - 20% dan rajungan 20% - 30% yang apabila mengalami proses lebih lanjut akan menghasilkan chitosan yang dijadikan sebagai bahan adsorben untuk penyerapan logam berat (Srijanto, 2003).
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3
1.3. Batasan Batasan Masala Masalah h
Dalam Dalam peneli penelitia tian n ini, ini, permas permasalah alahan an yang yang dibata dibatasi si adalah adalah pengar pengaruh uh pH adsorpsi dari kitosan terhadap penurunan jumlah ion merkuri (%).
1.4. Rumusan Rumusan Masala Masalah h
Berdas Berdasark arkan an batasa batasan n masala masalah h yang yang diketa diketahui hui,, maka maka penelit penelitian ian dapat dapat diperoleh rumusan masalahnya yaitu Apakah ada pengaruh pH adsorbsi kitosan dari kitin cangkang bekicot bekicot terhadap penurunan jumlah jumlah ion merkutri (%).
1.5.
Tujuan Penelitian
Adapun tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah menegetahui pengaruh pH adsorb adsorbsi si kitosa kitosan n dari dari kitin kitin cangka cangkang ng bekico bekicott terhada terhadap p penuru penurunan nan jumlah jumlah ion merkuri (%).
1.6. Manfaat Manfaat Penelitia Penelitian n 1.
Member Memberii kontri kontribus busii dalam dalam hal pengol pengolaha ahan n cangka cangkang ng bekico bekicott sebaga sebagaii adso adsorb rben en loga logam m merk merkur urii sehi sehing ngga ga berm berman anfa faat at untu untuk k indu indust stri ri yang yang membutuhkannya.
2.
Member Memberii ilmu ilmu penget pengetahu ahuan an bahwa bahwa cangk cangkang ang bekico bekicott dapat dapat diguna digunakan kan
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4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1. 2.1. Bekico Bekicott
Gambar 2.1. Bekicot
Klasifikasi Ilmiah Bekicot : Phylum
: Mollusca
Class
: Gastropoda
Ordo
: Pulmonata
Subordo
: Stylommotophora
Famili
: Achatinidae
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5
memiliki shell (atau hanya memiliki kecil yang sangat) disebut siput (Berthold, 1991). Bekicot ( Achatina fulica ) hewan ini memiliki ciri khas berkaki lebar dan pipih pada bagian ventral tubuhnya. Gastropoda bergerak lambat menggunakan kakinya. Gastropoda darat terdiri dari sepasang tentakel panjang dan sepasang tentak tentakel el pendek pendek.. Ujung Ujung tentak tentakel el panjan panjang g terdap terdapat at mata mata yang yang berfun berfungsi gsi untuk untuk mengetahui gelap dan terang. Sedangkan pada tentakel pendek berfungsi sebagai alat peraba dan pembau. Gastropoda akuatik bernapas dengan insang, sedangkan Gast Gastro ropo poda da darat darat bern bernap apas as
meng menggu guna naka kan n
rong rongga ga mant mantel el..
Bagi Bagian an-b -bag agia ian n
morfologi morfologi gastropoda gastropoda dapat meliputi tentakel dorsal, mata, kepala, tentakel, kaki per perut ut,, sutu sutura ra,, apex apex dan dan ada ada yang yang memp mempun unya yaii gari gariss pert pertum umbu buha han n pada pada cangkangnya (Berthold, 1991). Cangkang bekicot ( mengandun dung g zat kitin kitin sekita sekitarr 70% Achatina fulica) mengan 80% sedangkan dalam udang terdapat kitin sebanyak 15% - 20% dan rajungan 20% - 30% yang yang apabil apabilaa mengal mengalami ami proses proses lebih lebih lanjut lanjut akan akan mengha menghasil silkan kan khitosan yang dijadikan sebagai bahan adsorben logam-logam berat salah satunya logam merkuri (Srijanto, 2003). Khitin yang terkandung dalam cangkang bekicot terseb tersebut ut dapat dapat dipros diproses es lebih lebih lanjut lanjut mengha menghasil silkan kan khitos khitosan an yang yang mempun mempunyai yai banyak manfaat di bidang industri. Khitosan merupakan biopolimer yang banyak digunakan di berbagai industri kimia, antara lain dipakai sebagai koagulan dalam pengo pengolah lahan an limbah limbah air, air, bahan bahan pelemb pelembab, ab, pelapi pelapiss benih benih yang yang akan akan ditana ditanam, m, adsorben ion logam, anti kanker /anti tumor, anti kolesterol, komponen tambahan pakan pakan ternak ternak,, sebaga sebagaii lensa lensa kontak kontak,, pelaru pelarutt lemak, lemak, dan pengaw pengawet et makana makanan n
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6
kons konsti titu tuen en orga organi nik k yang yang sang sangat at pent pentin ing g pada pada hewa hewan n golo golong ngan an orth orthop opod oda, a, anneli annelida, da, molusc molusca, a, corlen corlengte gterfa, rfa, dan nemato nematoda. da. Kitin Kitin biasan biasanya ya berkon berkonyug yugasi asi dengan protein dan tidak hanya terdapat pada kulit dan kerangkanya saja, tetapi juga terdapat pada trachea, insang, dinding usus, dan pada bagian dalam kulit pad padaa cumi cumi-cu -cumi mi.. Adan Adanya ya khit khitin in dapa dapatt dide didetek teksi si deng dengan an reak reaksi si warn warnaa Van Van Wesslink. Pada cara ini khitin direaksikan dengan I2-KI yang memberikan warna coklat, kemudian jika ditambahkan asam sulfat berubah warnanya menjadi violet. Perubahan warna dari coklat hingga menjadi violet menunjukan reaksi positif adanya kitin (Windholz, 1983). Kitin (C8H13 NO NO5)n merupakan biopolimer dari unit N-asetil-D-glukosamin yang saling berikatan dengan ikatan β(1→4). Khitin adalah kristal amorphous berwarna putih, tidak berasa, tidak berbau, dan tidak dapat larut dalam air, pelarut organik umumnya, asam-asam anorganik dan basa encer. Sumber khitin yang sang sangat at pote potens nsial ial adal adalah ah kera kerang ngka ka luar luar crustacea (seper (seperti ti udang, udang, kepiti kepiting, ng, raju rajung ngan an,, dan dan lobs lobste ter), r), sera serang ngga ga,, dind dindin ing g yeas yeastt dan dan jamu jamur, r, serta serta mollusca (Mekawati dkk., 2000). Di alam, khitin merupakan senyawa yang tidak berdiri sendiri sendiri tetapi tetapi bergabung bergabung dengan senyawa lain. Pada crustacea , khitin bergabung dengan protein, garam anorganik (CaCO3), dan pigmen (Suhardi, 1992). Kitin Kitin termasu termasuk k golong golongan an polisa polisakar karida ida yang yang mempun mempunyai yai berat berat moleku molekull tinggi dan merupakan melekul polimer berantai lurus dengan nama lain β-(1-4)-2asetamida-2-d asetamida-2-dioksi ioksi-D-glu -D-glukosa kosa (N-asetil-D-Gl (N-asetil-D-Glukos ukosamin). amin). Struktur Struktur khitin khitin sama dengan selulosa dimana ikatan yang terjadi antara monomernya terangkai dengan ikatan glikosida pada posisi β-(1-4). Perbedaannya dengan selulosa adalah gugus
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7
terdeasetilasi sedikit. Lihat tabel 2.2 Untuk mengetahui kandungan kitin pada berbagai jenis hewan dan jamur. Tabel 2.2. Kandungan Kitin Pada Berbagai Jenis Hewan dan Jamur No Jenis Organisme Kandungan Khitin
1
2
3
4
Crustaceae: a. Kepiting
70%
b. Lobster
60,5%
Molusca : a. Kulit remi emis
70%
b. Kulit ti tiram
43%
Serangga: a. Kecoa
18,4%
b. Lebah
27%
c. Ulat sutra
44%
Jamur a. Aspe Asperg rgil illu luss nig niger er
42,0 %
b. Penici Penicilliu llium m Chryso Chrysogen genium ium
20,1 %
c. Sacc Saccha haro romy myce ceae ae Cere Cerevi vicia ciaee
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8
metasu metasulfo lfonat nat,, N,N-di N,N-dimet metilas ilaseta etamid midaa yang yang mengan mengandun dung g 5% litium litium klorid klorida, a, heksafluoroisopropil alkohol, heksafluoroaseton dan campuran 1,2-dikloroetanaasam trikloroasetat dengan nisbah 35:65 (%[v/v]). (Hiroaki, 1999). Sifat fisika dan kimia kitin diatas telah dijadikan bagian dalam spesifikasi kitin niaga (Tabel 2.2.1). Tabel 2.2.1. Spesifikasi Kitin Niaga
Parameter
Ciri-ciri
Kadar air (%)
≤ 10,0
Kadar abu (%)
≤ 2,0
N-deasetilasi (%)
≥ 15,0
Kelarutan dalam: a.
air
Tidak larut
b. asam en encer
Tidak larut
c.
Tidak larut
pela pelaru rutt org organ anik ik
d. LiCL2/dimetilasetamid
Sebagian larut
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9
1. Bida Bidang ng Kedo Kedokt kter eran an Kitin dan kitosan dapat mencegah pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan Selain in itu, itu, biop biopol olim imer er ters terseb ebut ut juga juga berg bergun unaa Staphylacoccus Staphylacoccus aureus. Sela sebagaiantikoagulan, antitumor, antivirus, pembuluh darah-kulit dan ginjal sintetik, bahan pembuat lensa kontak, aditif kosmetik, membran dialisis, bah bahan an sham shampo poo o dan dan kond kondis isio ione nerr rambu rambut, t, zat hemo hemost stati atik, k, pens pensta tabi bill liposom, bahan ortopedik, pembalut, luka dan benang bedah yang mudah diserap, serta mempertinggi daya kekebalan dan anti infeksi. 2. Bida Bidang ng Indu Indust stri ri Aplikasi Aplikasi kitin dan kitosan sangat banyak dan meluas. meluas. Di bidang industri, kitin, dan kitosan berperan antara lain sebagai koagulan poli elektrolit pengolahan
limba
hcair,
pengikat
dan
penyerap rap
ion
logam,
mikroorganisme, mikroalga, pewarna, residu pestisida, lemak, tanin, PCB (Poliklorin (Poliklorinasi asi Bifenil). Bifenil). Mineral Mineral dan asam organik, organik, mediakromato mediakromatografi grafi afinitas, gel dan pertukaran ion, penyalut berbagai serat alami dan sintetik, pembe pembentu ntuk k film film dan membra membran n mudah mudah terurai, terurai, mening meningkat katkan kan kualit kualitas as kertas, pulp ,dan produksi tekstil.
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10
Kitosan adalah suatu biopolimer dari D-glukosamin yang dihasilkan dari prose prosess deaset deasetilas ilasii khitin khitin dengan dengan menggu menggunak nakan an alkali alkali kuat. kuat. Kitosa Kitosan n bersif bersifat at sebagai polimer kationik yang tidak larut dalam air, dan larutan alkali dengan pH di atas 6,5. Kitosan mudah larut dalam asam organik seperti asam formiat, asam asetat, asetat, dan asam sitrat (Mekawati,dkk (Mekawati,dkk.. 2000). 2000). Secara umum proses pembuatan khitos khitosan an melipu meliputi ti 3 tahap, tahap, yaitu yaitu deprot deprotein einasi asi,, demine deminerali ralisas sasi, i, dan deaset deasetila ilasi. si. Proses Proses deproteinas deproteinasii bertujuan bertujuan mengurangi mengurangi kadar protein protein dengan dengan menggunaka menggunakan n laru laruta tan n alka alkali li ence encerr dan dan pema pemana nasa san n yang yang cuku cukup. p. Pros Proses es demi demine nera rali lisa sasi si dimaksudka dimaksudkan n untuk untuk mengurangi mengurangi kadar mineral mineral (CaCO3) dengan menggunakan asam konsentrasi rendah untuk mendapatkan khitin, sedangkan proses deasetilasi bertujuan menghilangkan gugus asetil dari kitin melalui pemanasan dalam larutan alkali kuat dengan konsentrasi tinggi (Yunizal, ( Yunizal, 2001). Proses Proses deaset deasetila ilasi si dengan dengan menggu menggunak nakan an alkali alkali pada pada suhu suhu tinggi tinggi akan akan menyebabk menyebabkan an terlepasnya terlepasnya gugus gugus asetil (CH 3CHO-) dari dari moleku molekull kitin. kitin. Gugus Gugus amida pada kitin akan berikatan dengan gugus hidrogen yang bermuatan positif sehingga membentuk gugus amina bebas -NH 2. Dengan adanya gugus ini khitosan dapat mengadsorpsi ion logam dengan membentuk senyawa kompleks (khelat) (Mekawati,dkk. 2000)
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11
Ukuran Partikel
Serpihan sampai bubuk
Kadar abu
< 10 %
Warna larutan
< 2%
Warna larutan
Jernih
Derajat deasetilasi
> 70 %
Viskositas (cps) a. Rendah
< 200
b. Medium
200 - 799
c. Tinggi
800 - 2000
d. Ekstra stra tin tinggi ggi
> 2000 (Windholz, 1983).
2.4. Penentuan Derajat Deasetilasi
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12
2.5. 2.5. Adsorb Adsorbsi si
Adsorbsi adalah proses pemisahan dimana komponen tertentu dari fasa fluida fluida berpin berpindah dah dari dari permuk permukaan aan zat padat padat yang yang menyer menyerap ap (adsor (adsorben ben). ). Pada Pada dasarnya dasarnya peristiwa peristiwa adsorbsi adsorbsi adalah peristiwa peristiwa netralisasi yaitu suatu suatu proses proses untuk memisa memisahka hkan n asam asam lemak lemak bebas bebas dengan dengan basa basa atau atau pereak pereaksi si lainny lainnyaa sehing sehingga ga membentuk sabun (Ketaren, 1986) Untuk mendapatkan adsorben yang baik dilakukan suatu perlakuan untuk memperbesar memperbesar luas permukaan permukaan yaitu yaitu dengan dengan cara memecah ikatan hidrokar hidrokarbon bon atau mengoksida mengoksidasi si molekul-mol molekul-molekul ekul permukaan permukaan sehingga sehingga adsorben adsorben mengalami mengalami perubahan sifat, baik sifat fisika maupun kimia dan berpengaruh terhadap daya
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13
dimana dimana semaki semakin n kecil kecil pori-po pori-pori ri arang arang aktif aktif akan akan mengak mengakiba ibatkan tkan luas luas permukaan semakin besar sehingga kecepatan a dsorbsi bertambah. 2. Perlak Perlakuan uan Serapa Serapan n Banya anyak k
sen senyawa yawa
yang ang
dap dapat
diad diadssorb orbsi
oleh leh
ads adsorb orben, en,
teta tetapi pi
kemamp kemampuan uannya nya untuk untuk mengad mengadsor sorbsi bsi berbed berbeda-be a-beda. da. Adsorb Adsorben en akan akan bertambah bertambah besar sesuai sesuai dengan dengan bertambahn bertambahnya ya ukuran ukuran molekul-mole molekul-molekul kul serapan dari struktur yang sama. 3. Suhu Selama suhu bertambah, penyerapan dari suatu larutan akan berkurang. Untuk Untuk senyaw senyawaa volatil volatil,, adsorb adsorbsi si dilaku dilakukan kan pada pada suhu suhu kamar kamar atau bila bila mungkin pada suhu yang lebih rendah.
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14
raksa raksa (Hg) (Hg) diperl diperluka ukan n untuk untuk pertum pertumbuh buhan an kehidu kehidupan pan biolog biologis, is, tetapi tetapi dalam dalam jumlah berlebihan akan bersifat racun. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan logam berat perlu mendapat pengawasan, terutama dari segi jumlah kandungannya di dalam air Air raksa raksa dalam dalam kondis kondisii temper temperatu aturr kamar kamar berben berbentuk tuk zat cair, cair, bila bila terjad terjadii kontak dengan logam emas akan membentuk larutan padat. Larutan padat biasa disebut amalgam , yaitu yaitu merupa merupakan kan paduan paduan antara antara air raksa raksa dengan dengan beberap beberapaa loga logam m (ema (emas, s, pera perak, k, temb tembag aga, a, tima timah, h, dan dan seng seng). ). Dala Dalam m rang rangka ka upay upayaa meminimumk meminimumkan an timbulnya timbulnya dampak dampak pencemaran pencemaran lingkungan lingkunganakiba akibatt pengolahan pengolahan bijih emas metode amalgamasi, telah dilakukan pemantauan pencemaran air raksa (Hg) (Hg)
pada ada
wila wilaya yah h
pert pertam amb bang angan
raky rakyat at
dan
pen pengola golaha han n
biji bijih h
emas emas
(Noviardi,dkk. 2007). Logam merkuri atau air raksa mempunyai nama kimia hydragyrum yang
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15
4.
Memp Mempun unya yaii sifat sifat yang yang meng mengik ikat at prot protei ein, n, sehi sehing ngga ga muda mudah h terja terjadi di biokonsentrasi pada tubuh organisme air melalui rantai makanan.
5.
Mudah Mudah mengua menguap p dan mudah mudah mengem mengemisi isi atau melepa melepaska skan n uap merkur merkurii beracun walaupun pada suhu ruang.
6.
Pada fase padat bewarna abu-abu dan pada fase cair berwarna putih perak.
7.
Uap merkuri diatmosfer dapat bertahan selama 3 bulan sampai 3 tahun, seda sedang ngka kan n bent bentuk uk yang yang mela melaru rutt dala dalam m air air hany hanyaa bert bertah ahan an bebe bebera rapa pa minggu (Nicodemus, 2003). Merkuri Merkuri (Hg) dilepaskan sebagai uap, yang kemudian mengalami
proses proses kondensas kondensasi, i, sedangkan sedangkan gas-gas lainnya lainnya mungkin mungkin terlepas terlepas di atmosfer. atmosfer. Adapun bentuk merkuri antara lain:
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16
3.1. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian
Penelitian ini akan direcanakan di Labortorium Kimia FMIPA UNIMED Meda Medan n, Jl. Jl. Will Willem em Iska Iskand ndar ar Pasa Pasarr V Med Medan Estat state, e, Suma Sumate tera ra Utar Utara. a. Pelaksanaannya direncanakan berlangsung selama bulan Maret-Mei 2011.
3.2. Alat dan Bahan 3.2.1. Alat
Alat Alat yang yang diguna digunakan kan dalam dalam penelit penelitian ian ini adalah adalah oven, oven, mortal mortal,, cawan cawan por porse seli lin, n, ayak ayakan an ukur ukuran an 100 100 mesh mesh,, beak beaker er glas glass, s, kaca kaca arlo arloji ji,, erlen erlenme meye yer, r, timbangan, AAS, FTIR, termometer, penangas, beaker gelas, pH meter, lumpang
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17
b. b. Laru Laruta tan n NaO NaOH H 50% 50% Sebanyak 5 gram NaOH padat dilarutkan dengan aquades dalam labu ukur 100 mL hingga tanda batas dan diaduk hingga homogen. c. Larut arutan an HCl HCl 1,5 1,5 N 123,4 mL (HCL 37%, bj 1,19 gr/ml) diencerkan diencerkan dengan aquades dalam labu ukur 1000 mL hingga tanda batas dan aduk hingga homogen.
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18
b.
Pada Padata tan n kemu kemudi dian an dipi dipisa sahk hkan an deng dengan an caira cairan, n, sela selanj njut utny nyaa dicu dicuci ci dengan aquadest hingga netral. Setelah itu padatan dikeringkan pada suhu 70-80 oC dalam oven selama 24 jam.
c.
Produk yang diperoleh dari proses ini dinamakan kitosan
3.4.3. Uji Derajat Deastilasi
Dalam penelitian ini, perhitungan derajat deasetilasi (DD) dilakukan untuk
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19
-
Dicu Dicuci ci,, dike dikerin ringk gkan an,, dige digerin rindi ding ng dan dan ditapis dengan ayakan ukuran 100 mesh.
Cangkang Bekicot Halus -
Dide Didepr prot otei eina nasi si
meng menggu guna naka kan n
laru laruta tan n
NaOH 2,0 N dengan perbandingan 1 : 6
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20
-
Direbus Direbus kitin dalam larutan larutan NaOH 50 % dengan perbandingan 1 : 20 (b/v) pada suhu suhu 100oC , dengan waktu perebusan 120 menit.
Padatan Basah Dipisahkan dengan cairan,
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21
HCl hingga hingga mencap mencapai ai pH= pH= 2. (Varia (Variasi si pH= 3, 4, 5, dan 6) -
Campuran diaduk dengan kecepatan 100 rpm selama 1 jam.
-
Disaring.
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22
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23