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LANGU LANGUAGE AS COMMUNIC COMMUNICA ATION: TION: ORAL AND WRITTEN WRITTEN LANGU LANGUAGE. FACTORS ACTORS DEFININ DEFINING G A COMMU COMMUNIC NICA ATIVE TIVE SITU SITUA ATION: TION: ADDRE ADDRES SSER, SER, ADDRESSEE, FUNCTIONALITY AND CONTEXT CO NTEXT..
1. INTR INTROD ODUC UCTI TION ON 2. LANGUAGE
AS
COMM OMMUNICATION: ON:
ORAL
AND
WRITT TTEN EN
LANGUAGE. 2.1.Defnition o communication 2.2.Similarities between oral and written language. 2.3.Dierences between oral and written language. 2.4.Non-verbal communication.
3. FACTORS
DEFINING
A
COMMUNICATIVE
SITUATION:
ADDRESSER, ADDRESSEE, FUNCTIONALITY AND CONTEXT. 3.1.Comonents o a communicative situation. 3.2.!unctionalit" and conte#t.
4. TEACHING
COMMUNICATION: ON:
ACTION-BASED SYLLABI. 5. CONC CONCL LUS USIO ION. N.
FROM
A
FUNCTIONAL
TO
1. INTRODUCTION. $ccording to Crown Decree 1%13&2''( t)e main aim o t)e !oreign *anguage area is to develo students+ communicative cometence bot) orall " and written. ,n order or our students to ac)ieve comlete communicative cometence we must )el t)em develo t)e our basic sills and teac) t)em )ow to use t)em aroriatel" in dierent communicative situations. ut/ w)at do we understand or communicative cometence0 ore imortant w)at do we understand or communication0 ,n t)is toic we are going to give answer to t)ose uestions. e will deal wit) t)e concet o communication in det) and we will resent some strategies in order to )el our students ace it in dierent conte#ts.
2. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION: ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE. 2.1.
D!"#$#%" %& '%(()"#'*$#%".
C*"*+ gives t)e ollowing defnition o communication “the exchange and negotiation of information between at least two individuals, through verbal and non-verbal symbols, oral and written/visual modes, and comprehension and production processes.” ,n t)is defnition o communication t)ere are t)ree undamental notions
1 T '*"/ %& #"&%0(*$#%" imlies a will to communicate and an inormation ga. 2 T ) %& * *0 '% imlies s)are nowledge o realit" and o t)e s"mbols used to reresent it. 3 T #$"' %& '%(0"#%" *" 0%)'$#%" 0%' reuires t)e command o comle# cognitive sills to codi" and decode t)e message. 2.2.
S#(#+*0#$# $" %0*+ *" 0#$$" +*"/)*/.
ot) oral and written comre)ension and roduction are di5cult cognitive rocesses w)ic) are divided into t)ree dierent stages. 6ere we anal"se t)em
S$*/ #" $ +#"/)#$#' '%(0"#%" 0%' 6%0*+ *" 0#$$" 1 70'$#%": t)e ocus is on t)e sounds 7oral8 and in gra)emes 7written8 in order to get meanings. 2 A"*+8#: t)e sense o t)e te#t is reconstructed. 3 U: inormation is drawn u/ and new sc)emes are created w)ic) incororate new inormation wit) revious structures. S$*/ #" $ 0%' %& %0*+ *" 0#$$" 0%)'$#%" 6%0*+ *" 0#$$" 1 C%"$0)'$#%": we select meanings or a communicative intention.
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2 T0*"&%0(*$#%": grammar rules are alied in order to transorm t)e intentions into a ormal message. 3 70&%0(*"': t)e message is )"sicall" e#ressed. 2.3.
D#90"' $" %0*+ *" 0#$$" +*"/)*/.
adrid and c*aren )ig)lig)t seven dierent c)aracteristics between oral and written language •
•
•
•
•
70(*""': t)e oral language vanis)es ater being uttered/ w)ereas t)e written is ermanent. 70%'#"/ $#(: in written language t)e receiver )as more time to rocess and decode t)e inormation. D#$*"': t)e conte#t in w)ic) t)e te#t is written is dierent rom t)at in w)ic) is read. O0$%/0*8: in written language t)ere are unctuation mars/ w)ic) are more di5cult to interret t)an surasegmental eatures rom oral language r)"t)m/ intonation/ stress/ volume/ voice/ etc/ w)ic) )el t)e comre)ension. C%(+#$8: written language tends to )ave longer and more comle# sentences. V%'*)+*08: written language usuall" resents a more varied and ormal le#ical register. F%0(*+#$8: t)e level o ormalit" in written language is )ig)er.
2.4.
N%"-0*+ '%(()"#'*$#%".
9)ere is a great variet" o (*" we can use in order to e#ress ourselves t)roug) "%"-0*+ '%(()"#'*$#%" . !or e#amle b" means o bod" language suc) as acial e#ression/ gestures/ bod" movements/ actions/ ostures/ t)roug) touc)/ etc. 9)us/ t)e introduction o non-verbal elements is a natural )enomenon in communication. !rom a didactic oint o view t)e use o non-verbal elements as an answer to a message grants t)e listener+s comre)ension o t)e messages at frst stages o t)e language learning rocess. ,n t)is sense we could mention T%$*+ 78#'*+ R%" met)od develoed b" t)e $merican s"c)iatrist ;*( A0. ,n )is met)od/ based on t)e coordination between language and movements/ is suggested t)at t)e oreign language learning s)ould be similar to t)e frst language acuisition. 9)is means t)at t)e c)ild frst listens and t)en resonds non-verball"/ t)at is/ t)roug) gestures or actions. 9)is wa" we eliminate an#iet" and t)e language learning rocess taes laces in a natural wa".
3. FACTORS DEFINING A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION: ADDRESSER, ADDRESSEE, FUNCTIONALITY AND CONTEXT. 3
,n an" communicative situation/ eit)er oral or written orm/ linguistic or nonlinguistic/ lanned or sontaneous/ t)ere are a series o elements t)at mae communication ossible.
3.1.
C%(%""$ %& * '%(()"#'*$# #$)*$#%".
R%(*" ;*'%%" roosed a comre)ensive t)eor" o communication w)ic) involved dierent +("$ #" $ 0%' %& '%(()"#'*$#%" . 9)ese elements are - A00: t)e erson w)o originates t)e message. - A0: t)e erson to w)om t)e message is addressed. - C*""+: t)e medium t)roug) w)ic) t)e message travels. - M*/: t)e content. - C%: language or dialect. - C%"$$: social or )"sical circumstances o communication. ,n all simle communication acts t)ere are our clearl" defned *
1 C%#!'*$#%": t)e addresser turns t)e message into a grou o linguistic signs according to t)e language )e&s)e s)ares wit) t)e addressee. 2 E(##%": it can be oral or written and it is t)e )ase in w)ic) t)e message is transmitted t)roug) t)e c)annel. 3 R'$#%": t)e message is received. 4 D'%#"/: is t)e last )ase and consists on t)e interretation o t)e message. 3.2.
F)"'$#%"*+#$8 *" '%"$$.
;*'%%" also made a classifcation o t)e dierent unctions o communication into si# dierent unctions (%$#, '%"*$#, *$#', 0&0"$#*+, %$#' *" ($*+#"/)*+. ,nstead o e#lain t)e classifcation made b" :acobson we would lie to ocus on t)e researc) made b" ;*" V*" E< in 1=>? called ;T T0%+ L+ %& M%0" L*"/)*/ L*0"#"/ *$ S'%%+@ in w)ic) )e also establis)es si# dierent unctions o or t)e urose o teac)ing oreign language.
1 I(%0$#"/ *" <#"/ &*'$)*+ #"&%0(*$#%". 2 E0#"/ *" !"#"/ %)$ #"$++'$)*+ *$$#$). 3 E0#"/ *" !"#"/ %)$ (%$#%"*+ *$$#$). 4 E0#"/ *" !"#"/ %)$ (%0*+ *$$#$). 5 G$$#"/ $#"/ %". ? S%'#*+##"/. 9)e main aim is or students to be able to carr" out dierent basic communicative unctions at a linguistic level. 9)ese unctions are
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S%'#*+##"/: orms o oening and closing conversations/ aologi/ ;6ow are "ou0> ;?oodb"e> ;Nice to meet "ou..> ;See "ou soon>/ ;, am sorr">/ ;9)an "ou>=
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I"&%0(*$#%": it allows seaers to as or and give inormation/ e#ress oinions/ agreements/ disagreements/ describe eole/ etc. !or e#amle/ ;)at+s "our name0>/ ;6ow old are "ou0>/ ;, am=>/ ;, agree&don+t agree wit) "ou>=
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E0#%" %& *$$#$): we reer to intellectual attitudes suc) as t)e degree o certaint" or uncertaint" about somet)ing/ asing or e#ressing abilit" or inabilit"/ moral attitudes=!or e#amle/ ;, don+t now>/ ;, don+t+ care>/ ;,+d love to=>/ ;, can+t do t)at>/ ;ell done>/ etc.
4.
COMMUNICATIVE COM7ETENCE AND DIFFERENT TY7ES OF COMMUNICATION.
C0%" D'0 15132? states “The axis of the Foreign anguage area is formed by procedures aimed at reaching an e!ective oral and written communicative competence.” ut w)at is communicative cometence0 $ccording to C%(<8 61=? communicative cometence is t)e nowledge o abstracts rules t)at govern language and nowing )ow/ w)en/ w)ere and w)o to use t)em wit). @n t)e ot)er )and/ in t)e "ommon #uropean Framewor$ of %eferences for anguages 7later seen as CEFRL8 t)e nowledge o communicative cometence consists on t)e sills and c)aracteristics t)at allow a erson to do somet)ing in a language. $ccording to t)e CEFRL/ communicative cometence includes linguistic/ sociocultural and ragmatic cometence. - L#"/)#$#' '%($"': includes le#ical/ )onological/ s"ntactical nowledge and sills and ot)er dimensions o language as a s"stem. - S%'#%-+#"/)#$#' '%($"': reers to t)e sociocultural conditions o a language use. - 70*/(*$#' '%($"': reers to t)e use o linguistic resources and dierent t"es o te#ts in an aroriate wa". 6ow can we develo t)ese cometences0 M*0# *" M'L*0" roose some communicative activities we can use in order to develo t)e dierent cometences - D#*+%/) *" 0%+-+*8 A c)ildren )ave to ;act> in dierent dail" lie situations. - G*( are owerul tools or creating co)erence and setting a conte#t. - I"&%0(*$#%" /* to obtain unnown inormation rom ot)er eole. %
- 70%+( %+#"/: in w)ic) t)e students )ave to ace roblems and fnd a solution. - T$ $0*"&%0(*$#%": stories are t)e best wa" to romote creation and&or transormation o oral and written te#ts.
- N $'"%+%/# are motivating resources or c)ildren.
5. CONCLUSION. 6aving develo t)e toic o communication and bearing in mind all t)at )as been stated in t)e we can conclude t)at communication/ bot) verbal and nonverbal one/ la"s a central role in our dail" teac)ing ractice. , we want our students to be able to communicate in t)e oreign language we will )ave to rovide t)em wit) t)e rig)t tools/ teac) t)em t)e necessar" sills and give t)em a reason to communicate. !inall"/ in order to acilitated learning and reduce an#iet" in our students we s)ould create a rela#ing and stress-ree environment in our classroom.
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