1
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. LAT LATAR BEL BELAKA AKANG NG
Demokrasi merupakan sebuah kata yang sering diungkapkan orang saat ini dalam dalam melihat melihat sebuah sebuah sistem negara. negara. Menurut Menurut Mahfud Mahfud MD, ada dua alasan alasan dipilihnya demokrasi menjadi dasar dalam bernegara. Pertama, hampir diseluruh negara di dunia ini telah menjadikan demokrasi sebagai asas yang fundamental; kedua, demokrasi sebagai asas kenegaraan yang esensial telah memberikan arah bagi bagi peranan peranan masyar masyarakat akat untuk untuk menyel menyeleng enggar garaka akan n negara negara sebaga sebagaii organi organisas sasii tertingginya1. Konse Konseps psii demokr demokrasi asi lahir lahir pada pada zaman zaman yunani yunani kuno kuno dan diprak dipraktik tikkan kan dala dalam m hidu hidup p bern bernega egara ra antar antaraa abad abad ke-4 ke-4 SM samp sampai ai abad abad ke 6 M. Seca Secara ra etimologis etimologis demokrasi demokrasi terdiri dari dua kata yang berasal dari bahasa yunani yaitu
demos yang berarti rakyat atau penduduk setempat dan cratein atau cratos yang berarti kekuasaan atau kedaulatan. Jadi demos-cratein atau demos-cratos adalah kekuasaan atau kedaulatan raky rakyat at..
Keku Kekuas asaa aan n
tert tertin ingg ggii
bera berada da
dita ditang ngan an
raky rakyat at,,
raky rakyat at
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pemerintahan rakyat, dan kekuasaan oleh rakyat 2. Perk Perkem emba bang ngan an demo demokr kras asii di erop eropaa kemb kembal alii ber bergeli geliat at pada pada masa masa renaissance, setelah terpuruk pada zaman pertengahan. Dua filsuf besar yakni, John John Locke Locke dan Montes Montesqu quieu ieu masing masing-mas -masing ing dari dari Inggri Inggriss dan Pranci Pranciss telah telah 1 Dalam A. Ubaidillah dkk, Pendidikan Kewargaan Demokrasi, HAM & Masyarakat Madani (Jakarta: IAIN Jakarta Press) 2000 hal 161. 2 Dalam A. Ubaidillah dkk, Ibid., hal 169.
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memberikan sumbangan yang besar bagi gagasan demokrasi. John Locke (16321704) mengemukakan bahwa hak-hak politik rakyat mencakup hak atas hidup, kebebasan, dan hak memilih (live, liberal, property) 3. Mont Montes esqu quie ieu u
(168 (16899-17 1744 44))
meng mengun ungk gkap apka kan n
sist sistem em
poko pokok k
yang yang
menurutny menurutnyaa dapat menjamin hak-hak politik politik tersebut tersebut melalui “trias politica”, politica”, yakni suatu sistem pemisahan kekuasaan dalam negara dengan membaginya ke dalam dalam kekuas kekuasaan aan legisl legislati atif, f, ekseku eksekutif, tif, yudik yudikatif atif yang yang masing masing-ma -masin sing g harus harus dipegang dipegang oleh organ organ sendiri sendiri yang merdeka, artinya secara prinsip prinsip kiranya kiranya semua kekuasaan itu tidak boleh dipegang hanya seorang saja 4. Konsepsi demokrasi menurut Abraham Lincoln pada pidatonya tahun 1863 adalah pemerintahan dari rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat . Robert A. Dahl mengatak atakaan
bahw ahwa
negar egaraa
yang ang
menerapkan
demo emokrasi
adalah
(1)
menyelengg menyelenggarakan arakan pemilihan yang terbuka terbuka dan bebas, bebas, (2) mengembangk mengembangkan an pola kehidu kehidupan pan yang yang kompet kompetitif itif,, (3) member memberika ikan n perlin perlindun dungan gan kebebas kebebasan an kepada kepada masyarakat5. Jose Joseph ph
Schu Schump mpet eter er
meng mengat atak akan an
bahw bahwaa
esen esensi si
demo demokr kras asii
adal adalah ah
mekanisme kompetitif memilih pemimpin melalui kontestasi mendapatkan suara rakyat6. Menurut Sidney Hook, demokrasi adalah bentuk pemerintahan dimana kepu keputu tusa sann-ke kepu putu tusa san n pemeri pemerint ntah ah yang yang pent pentin ing g seca secara ra langs langsun ung g atau atau tida tidak k langsung didasarkan pada kesepakatan mayoritas yang diberikan secara bebas dari rakyat dewasa7. 3 Dalam Noer, Deliar, Pemikiran Politik Di Negeri Barat (Bandung:Mizan) 1997,hal 117
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3
Perkembangan demokrasi di Indonesia dapat dibagi dalam dua tahapan yaitu yaitu pra kemerd kemerdeka ekaan an dan pasca pasca kemerd kemerdekaa ekaan. n. Seperti Seperti dikemu dikemukak kakan an Jimly Jimly Asshiddiqie, pada pra kemerdekaan telah tumbuh praktik yang dapat dikaitkan dengan gagasan demokrasi di wilayah nusantara terutama di daerah pedesaan 8. Seme Sement ntara ara itu itu perk perkemb emban anga gan n demo demokr kras asii pada pada pasc pascaa kemerd kemerdek ekaa aan n meng mengala alami mi pasa pasang ng suru surutt dari dari masa masa ke masa masa.. Perk Perkem emba bang ngan an demo demokr kras asii di Indonesia dapat dilihat dari empat periode yaitu, a. Periode 1945-1959, b. Periode 1959-1965, c. Periode 1965-1998, d. Periode 1998- sampai sekarang. Melihat rentang waktu perkembangan demokrasi di Indonesia yang cukup panjang, maka penulis penulis memfokuskan memfokuskan pada periode periode 1945-1959 1945-19599. Pada Pada period periodee 1945-1 1945-1959 959 ini disebut disebut juga dengan demokrasi demokrasi parlementer. parlementer. Periode Periode ini juga dapat dikatakan dikatakan sebagai demokrasi liberal di Indonesia. Momentum perkembangan demokrasi liberal, di tandai dengan keluarnya Maklumat No. X pada 3 November 1945 yang ditandatangani oleh Moh. Hatta. Dalam maklumat ini dinyatakan dinyatakan perlunya berdirinya partai-partai partai-partai politik politik sebagai sebagai bagian dari demokrasi, serta rencana pemerintah menyelenggarakan pemilu pada Januari 1946. Maklumat No. X berdampak sangat luas, melegitimasi partai-partai politik yang telah terbentuk sebelumnya dan mendorong terus lahirnya partai partai politik baru. Pada tahun 1953 Kabinet Wilopo berhasil menyelesaikan regulasi pemilu dengan ditetapkannya UU No. 7 tahun 1953 pemilu. Pemilu multipartai secara nasion nasional al disepa disepakat katii dilaks dilaksana anakan kan pada pada 29 Septem September ber 1955 1955 (untuk (untuk pemilh pemilhan an
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parlemen) dan 15 Desember 1955 (untuk pemilihan anggota konstituante). Pemilu pertama nasional di Indonesia ini dinilai berbagai kalangan sebagai proses politik yang mendekati kriteria demokratis, sebab selain jumlah parpol tidak dibatasi, berlangsung dengan langsung, umum, bebas, rahasia (luber), serta mencerminkan
pluralisme dan representativness 10. Pasca Pasca pemilu pemilu 1955 1955 terjadi terjadi sebuah sebuah fragmen fragmentas tasii politik politik yang yang kuat kuat oleh oleh karena itu berdampak kepada ketidak efektifan kinerja parlemen hasil pemilu 1955 1955 dan pemerin pemerintah tahan an yang yang dibent dibentukn uknya. ya. Parlem Parlemen en baru baru ini tidak tidak mampu mampu memberikan memberikan terobosan bagi pembentukan pembentukan pemerintahan pemerintahan yang kuat dan stabil, tetapi justru mengulangi kembali fenomena politik sebelumnya, yakni “gontaganti” pemerintahan dalam waktu yang relatif pendek. Ketidakefektifan kinerja parlemen memperkencang serangan-serangan yang mendelegitimasi parlemen dan parta partai-pa i-partai rtai politik politik pada pada umumny umumnya. a. Ditamb Ditambah ah lagi lagi dengan dengan tidak tidak mampuny mampunyaa anggota-anggota partai yang tergabung dalam badan konstituante untuk mencapai konsesus mengenai dasar negara. Terjadi pergulatan panjang antara kaum nasionalis, komunis, dan Islam dalam meletakan dasar negara Indonesia pada sidang konstituante, yang akhirnya beruj berujung ung kepada kepada dikelu dikeluarka arkanny nnyaa dekrit dekrit presid presiden en 5 Juli Juli 1959 1959 oleh oleh Presid Presiden en Sukarno. Pada faktanya fragmentasi dari multi partai pada demokrasi liberal ini menyebabkan ketidak efektifan parlemen serta pemerintahan. Namun hal yang sangat disayangkan ketika sistem demokrasi parlementer ini harus dikubur oleh dekrit presiden.
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5
kalangan Islam yang menawarkan sebuah dasar negara serta sistem demokrasinya, tokoh tersebut bernama Mohammad Natsir. Natsir mewakili partai Masyumi yang meng mengaju ajuka kan n Islam Islam menj menjad adii dasa dasarr nega negara ra.. Dalam Dalam angg anggar aran an dasa dasarr Masyu Masyumi mi dinyatakan sebagai partai Islam yang bertujuan untuk menegakkan kedaulatan rakyat rakyat Indonesia Indonesia dan melaksanakan melaksanakan cita-cita Islam dalam bidang bidang kenegaraan. kenegaraan. Hingga dapat mewujudkan suatu negara yang berdasarkan kedaulatan rakyat dan terciptanya masyarakat yang berkeadilan menurut ajaran Islam, serta memperkuat dan menyempurnakan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia oleh karena itu dapat mewujudkan masyarakat dan negara Islam 11. Pada sidang Konstituante 1956-1957, Natsir memegang sebuah peranan strate strategis gis dalam dalam mewaki mewakili li pandan pandangan gan umat umat Islam Islam dalam dalam memben membentuk tuk undang undang-undang undang dasar dasar negara. negara. Pidaton Pidatonya ya di Sidang Sidang Konsti Konstituan tuante te dalam dalam pembah pembahasa asan n pem pembe bent ntuk ukan an dasa dasarr nega negara ra inil inilah ah Nats Natsir ir meng mengem emuk ukak akan an sebu sebuah ah kons konsep epsi si demokrasi yang menurutnya sesuai dengan nilai rakyat Indonesia, yaitu theistik-
demokrasi . Menurut Natsir negara yang berlandaskan bukanlah suatu teokrasi , namun namun demokrasi, demokrasi, bukan pula sekuler. sekuler. Tetapi lebih jelasnya demokrasi demokrasi Islam adalah yang dinamakannya theistik-demokrasi 12. Hubungan demokrasi dengan Islam mempunyai perdebatan diantara para ilmuwan barat. Satu pihak ilmuwan barat menganggap bahwa demokrasi tidak dikenal dalam Islam. Larry Diamond, Juan Linz, dan Seymour Martin Lipset mengatakan bahwa kebanyakan negara-negara Islam tidak layak dimasukkan ke dala dalam m stud studii tenta tentang ng demok demokras rasi. i. Hal Hal ini ini dika dikaren renak akan an tida tidak k adany adanyaa prak praktek tek
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demokrasi di negara-negara Islam13. Sedangkan di sisi lain ilmuwan seperti Ernest Gellner menemukan bahwa dalam dalam Islam Islam mempun mempunyai yai kesamaa kesamaan n unsur unsur-un -unsur sur dasar dasar (family resemblences) resemblences) dengan dengan demokrasi demokrasi14. Robert Robert N. Bellah Bellah menya menyataka takan n bahwa bahwa penyel penyeleng enggara garaan an pemerintahan yang dikembangkan Nabi Muhammad SAW di Madinah bersifat egal egalite iterr dan dan part partis isip ipat atif, if, hing hingga ga dika dikatak takan an sang sangat at mode modern rn diba diband ndin ingk gkan an zamannya15. Gellner dan Robert N. Bellah membuat sebuah kesimpulan bahwa doktrin dan dan polit politik ik Islam Islam tent tentan ang g kead keadila ilan n (al-adl) , egaliterianis egaliterianisme me (al-mushawah), musyawarah (syura) terea terealis lisas asik ikan an dalam dalam prak prakti tik k kene kenega gara raan an awal awal Islam Islam.. Berdasarkan pendapat diatas, dapat dikatakan bahwa dalam memahami hubungan Islam dan demokrasi haruslah komprehensif. Kajian hubungan antara Islam dan demokrasi demokrasi tidak dapat dilihat secara monolitis, monolitis, yakni melihat dari radikalisme di Timur Tengah Tengah serta penafsiran yang salah tentang Islam. Pandangan ini yang mengakibatkan adanya sebuah kesalahan dalam melihat hubungan Islam dan demokrasi. Islam yang memiliki multi-penafsiran tidaklah dapat dilihat dalam satu penafsiran. Namun Islam sebagai agama dilihat sebagai instrumen instrumen ilahiah dalam melihat dunia. dunia. Oleh karena itu sudah jelas bahwa Islam sebagai agama, dilihat sebagai panduan nilai bagi manusia dalam menjalankan hidupnya. Islam sebagai agama merupakan sebuah jalan keselamatan bagi manusia. Islam membawa nilai ke-tauhidan yang menentang penghambaan manusia kepada
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7
dzat selain Allah SWT, agar manusia mempunyai orientasi jelas dalam hidupnya yaitu sebagai Abdullah dan Khalifatullah. Oleh karena itu ajaran Islam bersifat abadi dan universal. Ajaran Islam yang terkandung dalam Al-Quran dan Hadits bukanlah sebuah ideologi. Namun ajaran Islam yang terkandung dalam kedua sumber ajaran diatas dapat ditransformasikan dan diformulasikan untuk dijadikan sebuah sebuah rumusan rumusan landasan landasan gerakan. gerakan. Rumusan Rumusan tersebut tersebut bersifat bersifat eksplisit, eksplisit, tegas, tegas, serta serta mempun mempunya yaii cara-ca cara-cara ra untuk untuk mencap mencapainy ainya. a. Rumus Rumusan an tersebu tersebutlah tlah yang yang disebut dengan ideologi. Berdasarkan pandangan diatas, Natsir memiliki kesadaran dasar bahwa ajaran-ajaran ajaran-ajaran Islam yang ditransforma ditransformasikan sikan dan diformulasik diformulasikan an dalam bentuk ideologi ideologi dapat dijadikan sebuah konsepsi konsepsi dalam penerapan sistem demokrasi. demokrasi. Ajaran Ajaran Islam Islam yang yang abadi abadi dan univers universal al meland melandasi asi sebuah sebuah sistem sistem demokr demokrasi asi,, karena tidak ada sebuah sebuah perbedaan perbedaan tujuan antara ajaran Islam dengan tujuan dari sistem demokrasi. Oleh karena itu Natsir menyimpulkan serta menegaskan bahwa demokrasi yang harus dilaksanakan ialah “theistic democracy”, yakni demokrasi yang didasarkan kepada nilai-nilai ketuhanan. Dengan Dengan penget pengetahu ahuan an holist holistikn iknya ya tentan tentang g Islam, Islam, Natsir Natsir menamp menampilk ilkan an
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Bagi Natsir, Islam tidak dapat dipisahkan dari negara. Ia menganggap bahwa bahwa urusan urusan kenega kenegaraan raan pada pada pokokn pokoknya ya merupa merupakan kan bagian bagian integr integral al risalah risalah Islam. Dinyatakannya pula bahwa kaum muslimin mempunyai falsafah hidup atau idiologi seperti kalangan Kristen, fasis, atau Komunis. Natsir lalu mengutip nas Alquran yang dianggap sebagai dasar ideologi Islam (yang artinya), "Tidaklah
Aku jadikan jin dan manusia melainkan untuk mengabdi kepada-Ku." (51: 56). Bertitik tolak dari dasar ideologi ini, ia berkesimpulan bahwa cita-cita hidup seorang Muslim di dunia ini hanyalah ingin menjadi hamba Allah agar mencapai kejayaan dunia dan akhirat kelak 17. Oleh karena corak pemikiran Mohammad Natsir yang mempunyai warna dan ciri khas tersendiri sebagai seorang intelektual dan negarawan muslim yang cukup cukup ternama, ternama, serta serta sumban sumbangsi gsihny hnyaa terhada terhadap p dinami dinamika ka politik politik di Indon Indonesi esia. a. Maka dalam subjektifitas penulis, eksplorasi pemikiran politik Natsir adalah layak dan menarik untuk dikaji secara ilmiah dan akademik. B. PERUMUSAN MASALAH 1. Bagaimanakah Bagaimanakah konsep konsep Theisti Theistik k Demokrasi Demokrasi menurut menurut Natsir? Natsir? 2. Bagaimanakah Bagaimanakah landas landasan an teologis teologis dan ideologis ideologis Theist Theistik ik Demokrasi Demokrasi
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9
2. Untuk mengetahui mengetahui landasan landasan teolog teologis is dan ideolog ideologis is gagasan gagasan Theisti Theistik k Demokrasi 3. Untuk mengetahui mengetahui praksis praksis politik politik gagasan gagasan Natsir Natsir tentang tentang Theistik Theistik Demokrasi D. MENFAA ME NFAAT T PENELITIAN PENELI TIAN 1. Titik Titik fokus fokus dalam dalam penelitian penelitian ini ini adalah pemikiran pemikiran Natsir Natsir mengenai mengenai Theistik Demokrasi yaitu hubungan antara Islam dan demokrasi, oleh karena itu secara teoritik hasil atau manfaat yang didapat dari penel penelitia itian n ini dihara diharapka pkan n mampu mampu memberi memberikan kan kontrib kontribusi usi bagi bagi khasan khasanah ah keilmu keilmuan an Ilmu Ilmu Politi Politik k terutam terutamaa dalam dalam ranah ranah kajian kajian-kajian mengenai politik, Islam dan demokrasi. 2. Secara Secara praktis praktis,, hasil peneliti penelitian an ini diharapk diharapkan an dapat member memberikan ikan sumban sumbangan gan pemiki pemikiran ran mengen mengenai ai konsep konsepsi si Theist Theistik ik Demokr Demokrasi asi,, seba sebaga gaii alter alterna natif tif pene penera rapa pan n demok demokras rasii di Indo Indone nesi sia. a. Hal Hal ini ini dikarenakan mayoritas rakyat Indonesia adalah umat Islam oleh karena itu ini dapat dijadikan modal sosial dalam penerapannya.
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teori berguna untuk melihat fenomena secara sistematis te rmasuk dalam penelitian berb berbas asis is kuali kualitat tatif. if. Dalam Dalam pene penelit litian ian kuali kualitat tatif if statu statuss teori teori adal adalah ah bers bersifa ifatt sement sementara ara dan akan akan berkem berkemban bang g sesuai sesuai dengan dengan kontek kontekss sosial sosial yang yang ditelit ditelitii sebagaimana beberapa teori yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini. A. HUBUNGAN HUBUNGAN ANT ANTARA ARA AGAMA AGAMA DAN NEGARA NEGARA
Membicarakan hubungan agama dan negara merupakan sejarah panjang dalam perkembangan ilmu politik. Permulaan hubungan antara agama dan negara terjadi ketika abad pertengahan di eropa, ditandai oleh dominannya agama Kristen dalam kehidupan bernegara. Pada masa itu muncul negara teokrasi mutlak dari Agustinus. Dalam pemikirannya Agustinus berpendapat bahwa, negara di bumi seperti layaknya negara iblis yang hanya akan memberikan kesengsaraan bagi manu manusi sia. a. Untu Untuk k itu Agus Agustin tinus us mend mendam amba baka kan n nega negara ra ketu ketuha hana nan n yang yang akan akan membawa kedamaian dan ketentraman19. Dominasi gereja sebagai institusi agama ternya ternyata ta membel membeleng enggu gu kebeba kebebasan san berpik berpikir ir yang yang menyeb menyebabk abkan an eropa eropa masuk masuk kedalam kedalam abad abad kegela kegelapan pan (the (the dark dark age). age). Kemudi Kemudian an muncul muncul gugatan gugatan-gu -gugat gatan an kepada peran gereja, yang akhirnya mampu mengakhiri peran dominan gereja terhadap negara. Pada masa tersebut dinamakan masa pencerahan (renaissance).
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11
Dalam Dalam Islam Islam terdap terdapat at perdeb perdebatan atan tentang tentang hubung hubungan an antara antara agama agama dan negara. Hal ini terjadi karena perbedaan penafsiran terhadap teks Al-Quran dan Al-Hadits. Perbedaan penafsiran ini dimungkinkan karena sifat Islam yang multiinterpretatif. Islam memiliki prinsip-prinsip yang tetap dalam nilai serta ibadah namun namun dalam dalam hal muamal muamalah ah memilik memilikii kontes kontesktu ktualis alisasi asi yang yang memun memungki gkinka nkan n adan adany ya perb perbed edaa aan n pena penafs fsir iran an dala dalam m seti setiap ap zama zamann nny ya. Kare Karena na itu itu tida tidak k mengherank mengherankan an terdapat terdapat perdebatan perdebatan panjang panjang dalam hal menafsirkan menafsirkan hubungan hubungan antara agama dan negara. Meskipun terjadi perdebatan tersebut, kaum muslimin meyakin meyakinii bahwa bahwa Islam Islam merupa merupakan kan agama agama yang yang sempur sempurana ana.. Kaum Kaum muslimi muslimin n percaya akan sifat Islam yang holistik, bukan hanya mengurusi masalah ruhani namun juga duniawi. Oleh karena itu menurut Munawir Sjadzali
21
terdapat tiga paradigma
dala dalam m meli meliha hatt hubu hubung ngan an agam agamaa dan dan nega negara ra,, yait yaitu; u; pert pertam amaa para paradi digm gmaa integralistik, dapat diartikan sebagai hubungan totalitas, dimana agama dan negara merupakan suatu kesatuan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Keduanya merupakan dua lembaga yang menyatu. Ini juga memberikan pengertian bahwa negara merupakan lembaga politik sekaligus lembaga keagamaan.
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amoral dalam beragama. Ketiga paradigma sekuler, pandangan ini memisahkan dan membedakan antara antara agama agama dan negara negara.. Tidak idak ada hubung hubungan an antara antara sistem sistem kenegar kenegaraan aan dan agama. agama. Dalam Dalam pandan pandangan gan sekuler sekuler,, negara negara adalah adalah hubung hubungan an manusi manusiaa dengan dengan manu manusi siaa lain lain,, atau atau urus urusan an duni dunia. a. Sist Sistem em dan dan norm normaa-no norma rma huku hukum m posi positi tif f dibedakan dengan nilai-nilai ajaran agama. Tidak Tidak jauh berbeda berbeda dengan dengan yang diungkapkan diungkapkan oleh Munawir Sjadzali ,
Muhammad Hari Zamharir 22mengatakan bahwa ada tiga model dalam melihat hubungan antara agama dan negara, yaitu pertama model sekuler yaitu dilihat dari legitimasi kekuasaan yang tidak lagi sesuai dengan etika politik negara modern. Karena kelemahan kekuasaan agama yang hakikatnya bersumber kepada yang gaib gaib.. Bahw Bahwaa pola pola pemis pemisah ahan an agama agama dan dan nega negara ra atau atau seku sekule lerr meru merupa paka kan n penolakan terhadap negara agama. Negara tidak mungkin dikuasai oleh salah satu
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13
Dan yang ketiga ialah model integralistik, yaitu negara merupakan sebuah alat untuk mencapai sebuah tujuan dari agama. Agama bukan lagi hanya hanya sekedar sekedar ritus peribadatan namun agama diformulasikan ke dalam bentuk ideologi yang menjadi dasar bagi sebuah negara. B. HUBUNGAN HUBUNGAN ANT ANTARA ARA AGAMA AGAMA DAN DEMOKRA DEMOKRASI SI
Dalam Dalam kajian kajian hubung hubungan an buday budayaa politik politik dan demokr demokrasi asi,, diakui diakui bahwa bahwa agam agamaa memi memili liki ki pera peran n yang yang posi positi tiff
terh terhad adap ap kedu keduan any ya. Tocqu ocquev evil ille le23
meng mengun ungk gkap apka kan n bahw bahwaa agama agama (seb (sebag agai ai nilai nilai dan dan asos asosias iasi) i) secar secaraa posi positi tif f mempen mempengaru garuhi hi demokr demokrasi asi di Amerika Amerika Serikat Serikat.. Agama Agama berper berperan an mencip menciptak takan an kegairahan dan motivasi yang abadi karena ia merupakan sebuah sistem nilai. Inte Interak rakas asii agam agamaa dan dan polit politik ik ini ini yang yang akhi akhirny rnyaa memu memunc nculk ulkan an kega kegair irah ahan an,, motiva motivasi si dan kepenti kepentinga ngan n manusi manusiaa 24. Saiful Saiful Mujani Mujani mengun mengungka gkapka pkan n bahwa bahwa terdapat tiga kelompok ilmuwan sosial dalam melihat hubungan antara agama dan
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B.1 MODEL PARADOKSAL ATAU MODEL NEGATIF
Dalam model ini menyatakan bahwa antara agama dan demokrasi tidak bisa dipertemukan bahkan berlawanan. Dalam pandangan Karl Marx, ekspresi kehidu kehidupan pan beraga beragama ma pada pada dasarny dasarnyaa merupa merupakan kan ekspre ekspresi si pender penderitaa itaan n sosial. sosial. Agama adalah “candu masyarakat” yang hanya memberikan kemenangan semu, tetapi tidak dapat membongkar dan menghilangkan penderitaan. Nietzche dan Sastre berpandangan bahwa agama dan para penguasa gereja sebagai kekuatan konser konservati vatiff yang yang membele membelengg nggu u penalar penalaran an dan kemerd kemerdeka ekaan an manus manusia ia untuk untuk memban membangun gun duniany dunianyaa secara secara otonom otonom tanpa tanpa dikeka dikekang ng oleh oleh tangan tangan tuhan tuhan yang yang hadir melalui kekuasaan lembaga dan penguasa keagamaan. Demokrasi adalah sistem sistem dunia dunia (empirik-profan) yang yang dibuat dibuat oleh oleh rakyat rakyat berdas berdasarka arkan n kehend kehendak ak bebas mereka, sedangkan agama merupakan doktrin berasal dari tuhan. Paling tidak ada tiga argumentasi dari model ini yang menyatakan tidak
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15
konkrit, dan dinamis. B.2 MODEL MODE L SEKULAR ATAU ATAU MODEL MODE L NETRAL
Dala Dalam m mode modell ini ini diny dinyat atak akan an bahw bahwaa hubu hubung ngan an anta antara ra agam agamaa dan dan demokrasi bersifat netral, dimana urusan agama dan politik termasuk masalah demokrasi berjalan sendiri-sendiri. Karena itu peran agama bagi manusia hanya sebatas pada persoaln individu manusia dengan tuhannya dan pencarian makna hidup dan kehidupan 27. Sedangkan Sedangkan dalam interaksi interaksi sosialnya sosialnya demokrasi menjadi sistem sistem tata nilai yang mengatur tata karma dan etika sosial, dalam hal ini maka agama tidak berperan. Jadi dalam model ini antara agama dan demokrasi tidak terdapat titik singgung singgung,, dimana ajaran agama tidak masuk wilayah wilayah publik atau negara, begitu pula dengan negara tidak masuk masalah agama. B. 3 MODEL TEO-DEMOKRASI ATAU MODEL POSITIF
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Gellner dan Robert N. Bellah membuat sebuah kesimpulan bahwa doktrin dan pol polit itik ik
Isla Islam m
tent tentan ang g
kead keadil ilan an (al-adl) ,
eglit egliteri erian anis isme me
(al-mushawah),
musyawarah (syura) terealisasikan dalam praktik kenegaraan awal Islam. C. MUHAMMA MUHAMMAD D NATSIR NATSIR DAN THEISTIK THEISTIK DEMOKRAS DEMOKRASII
Sepak terjang Natsir dimulai ketika menjadi anggota Komite Nasional Indo Indone nesi siaa Pusa Pusatt (KNI (KNIP) P) yait yaitu u parl parlem emen en seme sement ntar araa pada pada masa masa revo revolu lusi si kemerd kemerdekaa ekaan. n. Kemudian Kemudian pada
tangga tanggall 7-8 Nopembe Nopemberr 1945, 1945, Natsir bersama bersama
tokoh-tokoh muslim lainnya melakukan Muktamar Islam Indonesia. Hasil dari muktamar tersebut menghasilkan kesepakatan bahwa perlunya mendirikan sebuah partai Islam sebagai satu-satunya wadah penyalur aspirasi dan perjuangan umat Islam30. Part Partai ai terse tersebu butt dina dinama maka kan n deng dengan an Parta Partaii Masyu Masyumi mi (Maje (Majeli liss Syur Syuraa Muslimin Indonesia). Indonesia). Dalam anggaran dasar dasar Masyumi dinyatakan sebagai partai
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17
jabatan menteri penerangan. Pada tahun 1949, Natsir diangkat menjadi Ketua Partai Masyumi, yang mengantarkan mengantarkannya nya menjadi menjadi anggota anggota parlemen parlemen Republik Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS)32. Dalam sidang parlemen RIS, Natsir mengemukakan Mosi Integral, 3 April 1950 di depan parlemen RIS. Dalam mosi integralnya di depan parlemen RIS, Mohammad Mohammad Natsir mengatakan, mengatakan,“ hanya hanya dengan dengan mengambi mengambill inisiati inisiatiff kembali, kembali,
yang yang telah telah dilepask dilepaskan an oleh pemerintah pemerintah selama selama ini, dapat diharapk diharapkan an bahwa bahwa pemerintah terlepas dari posisi defensifnya seperti sekarang.
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mosi mosi integra integrall ini dapat dapat mengub mengubah ah kembal kembalii bentuk bentuk negara negara Indone Indonesia sia menjad menjadii Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia 34. Atas jasanya memulihkan kembali Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, Natsir Natsir ditunjuk ditunjuk oleh Presiden Presiden Sukarno sebagai Perdana Perdana Menteri pada September September 1950. Pada kabinetnya, Natsir tak sungkan membentuk koalisi yang melibatkan unsur unsur-un -unsur sur non-mu non-musli slim m dan nasion nasionalis alis.. Pada Pada saat saat menjad menjadii perdan perdanaa menteri menteri tida tidakl klah ah muda mudah h dalam dalam kead keadaan aan nega negara ra keti ketika ka itu. itu. Hamp Hampir ir di semu semuaa daera daerah h terdapat perasaan bergalau akibat perang yang menimbulkan rasa ketidak-puasan
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19
Kartosuwiry Kartosuwiryo o yang berencana mendirikan mendirikan negara Islam dengan dengan cara kekerasaan. kekerasaan. Natsir berpendapat bahwa negara Islam didirikan bukan dengan cara kekerasan, namun melainkan dengan perjuangan politik dalam mekanisme demokrasi 37. Pemerin Pemerintah tahan an kabine kabinett Natsir Natsir mengha menghadap dapii tantan tantangan gan luar luar biasa biasa berat, berat, ketidak sukaan Presiden Sukarno terhadap kebijakan Natsir tentang Irian Barat membuat hubungan Sukarno dan Natsir renggang. Dengan bantuan pendukung Sukarno di parlemen (PNI dan PKI) menyebabkan kabinet Natsir harus jatuh pada 27 April 1951 38. Selepas menjadi perdana menteri, Natsir aktif dalam perjuangan
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unsur hubungan dengan sesama makhluk. Terdapat unsur ibadah dan muamalah. Unsu Unsurr yang yang kedu keduaa ini, ini, yaitu yaitu unsu unsurr muam muamala alah, h, melip meliputi uti kehi kehidu dupa pan n secar secaraa pero peroran ranga gan, n, kehi kehidu dupa pan n secar secaraa keke kekelu luar arga gaan an dan dan juga juga kene kenegar garaan aan.. Islam Islam mempunyai kaidah dalam beribadah, yakni hubungan manusia dengan tuhannya, semua dilarang kecuali yang diperintah. Dan muamalah, yakni hubungan sesama manusia, manusia, semua diperbolehkan diperbolehkan kecuali kecuali yang dilarang. dilarang. Menurut Menurut yurisprude yurisprudensi nsi Islam ini disebut; “al-bara-atul-ashliyah” 40. Disamping kaidah-kaidah yang sudah ditetapkan dan beberapa batas yang
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21
kehidupan dan kepentingan orang banyak. 3. Mencintai Mencintai tanah air, air, adalah fitrah manusi manusia. a. Sebagaiman Sebagaimanaa dikatakan dikatakan dalam dalam Al-Quran Al-Quran (Surat Al-Hujurat:1 Al-Hujurat:13) 3)” kami jadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa
dan dan bers bersuk ukuu-su suku ku,, agar agar kamu kamu me meng ngen enal al yang yang me meni nimb mbul ulka kan n har harga menghargai, menghargai, memberi dan menerima serta tolong-menolong.” tolong-menolong.” Ayat ini menegaskan
sika ikap
adanya nya
pengaku akuan
kebangsaan
dan
tid tidak
menghilangkan kesukuaan. Namun Islam juga melarang perasaan berlebih terhadap kebangsaan, yang akhirnya menyimpang akan cinta kebangsaan
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masyarakat dapat sama-sama merasakan kemakmuran hidup. Dan dimana bertemu dengan manusia yang dipengaruhi oleh nafsu tamak dan rakus serta hendak memperkaya diri dengan menumpuk harta. Atau bahasa lain disebut dengan kapitalisme. Harta harus memancarkan faedah dan manfaat
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23
sampai saat ini. Menuru Menurutt sepeng sepengetah etahuan uan penuli penulis, s, karya karya penelit penelitian ian terdahu terdahulu lu mengen mengenai ai pemik pemikiran iran Mohamm Mohammad ad Natsir Natsir lebih lebih banyak banyak mengup mengupas as biogra biography phy Natsir Natsir serta serta pem pemik ikira iran n serta serta perj perjua uang ngan anny nyaa seca secara ra umum umum Belu Belum m ada ada yang yang memb membah ahas as
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magnum (karya terbesar) Natsir yang membuat dirinya menjadi tokoh pembaharu Islam Islam pada pada zaman zaman terse tersebu but. t. Islam Islam ditem ditempa patk tkan an seba sebaga gaii ideo ideolo logi gi dan dan dapa dapatt dituru diturunka nkan n pada pada wilaya wilayah h praks praksisis-nya nya untuk untuk menjad menjadii dasar dasar negara. negara. Walaupun alaupun impian tersebut haruslah terhenti ketika terjadi dekrit presiden 5 Juli 1959 yang
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tokoh-tokoh lainnya dibebaskan pada 26 Juli 1966.
83
C. KONSEP THEISTIK DEMOKRASI C.1. LANDASAN TEOLOGI
Islam yang menjadi pijakan pijakan hidup hidup serta pemikiran dari Natsir Natsir merupakan merupakan sebuah sebuah agama yang memiliki memiliki kelengkapan kelengkapan dibandingkan dibandingkan dengan agama lainnya, hal ini diungkapkan oleh Prof. H.A.R. Gibb dalam bukunya “Whither Islam” dengan dengan mengatakan mengatakan bahwa “Isla “Islam m itu itu sesun sesunggu gguhny hnya a lebih lebih dari dari satu satu syst system em Konsep agama agama agama saja, saja, dia adalah adalah suatu suatu kebuda kebudaya yaan an yang yang lengk lengkap” ap” 84. Konsep dengan dengan kandun kandungan gan,, yaitu yaitu ajaran ajaran agama agama yang yang mengan mengandun dung g ajaran ajaran moralit moralitas, as, pranata sosial politik dan hukum. Hal ini terlihat dalam sejarah peradaban Islam. Islam Islam dipand dipandang ang memili memiliki ki tiga tiga sistem sistem yaitu, yaitu, keimana keimanan, n, ajaran ajaran moralit moralitas, as, dan huku hukum m atau atau syari syariat at.. Kons Konsep epsi si diata diatass akan akan berim berimpl plik ikas asii kepa kepada da perb perbeda edaan an paradigma dalam melihat hubungan agama dan negara serta demokrasi. Saya membagi landasan teologi Natsir atas a tas tiga pokok, yaitu Iman, Ilmu, Il mu, dan Amal C.1.1. Iman sebagai dasar
Land Landas asan an teol teolog ogii dalam dalam melih melihat at hubu hubung ngan an agam agamaa dan dan nega negara ra serta serta demokrasi menurut Natsir adalah; “ Apakah Apakah dan bagaim bagaimanak anakah ah ideolo ideology gy seoran seorang g Muslim Muslim itu? itu? Amat Amat luas luas dan lebar lebar keteran keterangan ganny nyaa kalau kalau hendak hendak dirent direntang ang panjang. Tetapi dapat disimpulkan dalam satu kalimah dalam Al-Qur Al-Quran an yang yang maksud maksudnya nya:: “ Tidaklah idaklah Aku jadikan jadikan jin dan Qs: manus manusia ia itu, itu, melain melainka kan n untuk untuk mengab mengabdi di kepada kepada Ku “.( Qs: Addzariat: 56) Jadi, seorang Islam hidup diatas dunia ini adalah dengan citacita cita hend hendak ak men menjadi jadi seor seoran ang g hamb hambaa Alla Allah h deng dengan an arti arti sepenu sepenuhny hnya, a, mencap mencapai ai kejayaa kejayaan n diduni diduniaa dan kemeng kemengan an di
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63
dipisahkan oleh seorang Muslim dari ideologinya. Ini sudah sama-sama dimaklumi.85” Tulisan Natsir diatas menggambarkan sebuah sistem keyakinan seorang muslim dalam menjalani kehidupan. kehidupan. Keyakinan Keyakinan merupakan merupakan dasar dari setiap gerak dan aktivitas hidup manusia. manusia. Karena itu manusia secara fitri membutuhkan membutuhkan keyakinan hidup yang dapat menjadi pegangan dan sandaran bagi dirinya. Ini berarti manusia meny menyad adar ari, i,
bahw bahwaa
diri diriny nyaa
adal adalah ah
makh makhlu luk k
lema lemah h
yang ang
memb membut utuh uhka kan n
pertolongan, bimbingan dan perlindungan dari sesuatu yang diyakini sebagai yang Maha. Seti Setiap ap keyak keyakin inan an tertu tertuan ang g dalam dalam suatu suatu ideo ideolo logi gi.. Tiap-ti iap-tiap ap sist sistem em keyakinan memiliki konsepsi tersendiri dalam mengantarkan pengikutnya pada pem pemah aham aman an dan dan kepe keperca rcaya yaan an terh terhad adap ap tuha tuhan. n. Islam Islam meng mengaja ajark rkan an sist sistem em keyakinan yang disebut Tauhid. Tauhi auhid d berb berbed edaa deng dengan an dua dua sist sistem em keyak keyakin inan an di atas atas karen karenaa cara cara pandangny pandangnyaa terhadap terhadap eksistensi eksistensi (wujud). (wujud). Tauhid merupakan merupakan konsepsi konsepsi sistem keyakin keyakinan an yang yang mengaj mengajark arkan an bahwa bahwa Allah SWT adalah adalah zat Yang Maha Maha Esa. Esa.
Abdul Rohman dalam tesisnya yang berjudul Islam dan Negara (Studi analisis mengungkapkan kan bahwa landasan landasan teologi teologi tentang pemikiran Mohammad Natsir) mengungkap dala dalam m Islam Islam bers bersum umbe berr kepa kepada da Tauhi auhid. d. Tauhi auhid d meru merupa paka kan n implem implemen entas tasii keimanan seorang hamba kepada Allah SWT. Tauhid mengandung hablum min Allah (hubungan manusia dan Allah) dan hablum min an-nas (hubungan manusia dengan manusia) yang hal tersebut tidak dapat terpisahkan 86.
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Tauhid merupakan hal paling esensial dalam ajaran Islam, sebagai titik berangkat utama utama dalam dalam setiap setiap kegiata kegiatan n manusi manusia; a; pikira pikiran, n, perasa perasaan an dan tindak tindakanny annya. a. Tauhid auhid merupakan revolusi ruhani yang membebaskan manusia dari perasaan terkungkung dan tekanan jiwa seluas-luasnya. Tauhid juga menjiwai gerakan manusia baik secara individu maupun sosial. Secara individu seseorang akan dibimbing untuk membawa proses dirinya mendekati kesempurnaan Tuhan. Tuhan. Sedangkan secara sosial, harga diri masyarakat ada pada kemajuan kemajuan masa depannya, depannya, terutama terutama dalam konteks eskatologis eskatologisnya. nya. Wawasan Wawasan kemasa kemasa depanan pada hakikatnya telah terkandung dalam ajaran tauhid secara sosial. Oleh sebab itu, ia akan selalu menginspirasi tujuan, usaha, gerakan dan kemajuan.
Pada Pada sistem sistem keyaki keyakinan nan lainnya lainnya,, “Yang “Yang Maha” Maha” atau yang yang dirum dirumusk uskan an sebagai sebagai Tuhan, Tuhan, hanya dijelaskan dijelaskan berdasarkan persepsi persepsi dan alam pikir manusia sendiri. Sedangkan dalam konsepsi konsepsi Tauhid, Tauhid, selain pencarian akal manusia sendiri sebagai alat mendekati kebenaran mutlak, juga melalui wahyu di mana Tuhan menyatakan menyatakan dan menjelaskan menjelaskan diri-Nya kepada kepada manusia. manusia. Jadi, Tauhid Tauhid memberi tuntunan berupa wahyu Allah melalui para nabi. Tauhid merupakan inti ajaran yang disampaikan pada seluruh manusia di setiap zaman. Ini berarti bahwa ajaran Tauhid adalah ajaran aja ran universal. C.1.2. Ilmu sebagai sebagai penunjuk kebenaran
Manusia Manusia merupakan merupakan makhluk ciptaan Allah SWT yang paling sempurna, sempurna, dibekali dengan hati, akal, dan panca indera. Seperti yang dituliskan diatas, bahwa dalam mengimplementasi mengimplementasikan kan tauhid maka diperlukan diperlukan akal dalam proses menuju menuju penghambaan total kepada Allah SWT. SWT. Dalam hal ini Natsir berpandangan bahwa;
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65
kepa kepada da kebe kebesa saran ran duni duniaa dan dan keme kemena nang ngan an akhi akhirat rat,, serta serta menja enjauh uhka kan n diri diri dari ari segal egalaa lara laran ngangan-la lara rang ngan an yang ang mengah mengahalan alangi gi tercapai tercapainy nyaa kemena kemenanga ngan n dunia dunia dan akhirat akhirat.. Akan tetapi sungguh tidak mudah mencapai pangkat hamba Allah itu. Tuhan terangkan dalam Al-Quran, antaranya apakah syarat-syarat dan sifatnya seseorang yang berhak menamakan diriny dirinyaa “hamba “hamba Allah” itu; ‘bahwa yang sebenar-benarnya sebenar-benarnya taku takutt kepa kepada da Alla Allah h itu, itu, iala ialah h hamb hambaa-ha hamb mbaa-Ny Nya a yang yang mempu me mpuny nyai ai Ilmu; Ilmu; Sesung Sesungguh guhnya nya Allah Allah itu berkua berkuasa sa lagi lagi 87 pengampun’(Qs Al-Fathir: 28) ” Akal dipergunakan untuk menjalankan perintah Allah SWT, seperti yang tertulis dala dalam m wahy wahyu u sert sertaa alam alam seme semest sta. a. Hamb Hambaa Alla Allah h adal adalah ah sese seseor oran ang g yang ang mengoptima mengoptimalisasi lisasikan kan akalnya, akalnya, bukan bukan seseorang seseorang yang hanya melakukan melakukan ritual ibadah. Menurut Natsir, Islam memberikan akal dalam tempat yang terhormat; “Orang “Orang Islam Islam diwaji diwajibk bkan an memaka memakaii akal akal untuk untuk memiki memikirka rkan n ayat-ayat Al-Quran supaya mengerti maksud dan tujuannya, lantara lantaran n ayat-ay ayat-ayat at Quran Quran itu dituru diturunka nkan n untuk untuk mereka mereka yang yang mau berfikir, mau mengambil ma’na, mau mengetahui dan mau beristimbat. “Ses “Sesun ungg gguh uhny nyaa kami kami tera terang ngka kan n ayat ayat-a -ay yat ini ini jel jelas asny nyab abag agii oran orangg-or oran ang g yang ang mau mau meng menger erti ti!! 88 An’am:98) ”
seje sejela lass(Qs (Qs Al
Kemudian Islam pun melarang untuk bertaklid buta, hal tersebut dituliskan Natsir; “Isla Islam m amat amat mence encela la land landas asan an oran rang-o g-oran rang yang ang tak tak mempergu mempergunakan nakan akalnya, akalnya, orang-orang orang-orang yang terikat fikirannya fikirannya dengan dengan keperca kepercayaa yaan n dan pahampaham-pah paham am yang yang tak berdas berdasar ar kepa kepada da land landas asan an yang yang bena benarr, yaitu yaitu merek merekaa yang yang tak tak mau mau memeriksa kepercayaan dan paham-paham yang disuruh orang terim terimaa atu dian dianut ut mere mereka ka itu, itu, bena benar; r; dan dan adak adakah ah berd berdas asar ar kepada kebenaran atau tidak. Tegasny egasnyaa Islam Islam melaran melarang g bertak bertaklid lid buta buta kepada kepada paham paham dan itikad yang tak berdasar kepada wahyu tuhan, yaitu yang hanya turut turut paham-p paham-paham aham lama lama yang yang turun turun temurun temurun saja, saja, dengan dengan tiada pemeriksaan tentang suci atau tidaknya. Dan janganlah engkau turut-turut saja apa yang engkau tidak
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pendengaran, penglihatan dan hati itu, semuanya akan ditanya tentang itu! (Qs Al-Israil: 36)89” Berdasarkan tulisan diatas, penghargaan Islam terhadap akal merupakan sebuah jawaban terhadap manusia atas kehidupannya sebelum Islam turun, dimana saat itu kehidupan manusia dilanda kebodohan. Islam diturunkan sebagai penunjuk jalan terhadap yang hak dan bathil. Oleh karena itu optimalisasi optimalisasi akal merupakan merupakan pembentukan ilmu sebagai penunjuk jalan menuju kebenaran tersebut. Ilmu menjadi senjata bagi keberhasilan seseorang di dalam mengelola alam raya. Ilmu Ilmu menjad menjadii sinar sinar bagi bagi kesuks kesuksesa esan n hidup hidup duniaw duniawi. i. Ilmu Ilmu menjad menjadii penerang bagi orang-orang yang ingin mencapai kebahagiaan rohani. Tanpa ilmu, manusia akan sulit mengamalkan perbuatan yang sesuai kebenaran, baik secara aqli (nalar) maupun naqli (wahyu). Sebab ilmu bagaikan sebuah kunci yang dapat dipergunakan untuk membuka macam kebenaran. kebenaran .90 Ilmu Ilmu merupa merupakan kan rangka rangkaian ian kegiata kegiatan n progres progresif if yang yang dilaku dilakukan kan dengan dengan sistem dan metode tertentu melalui usaha akal budi dalam memahami Tuhan, manusia manusia dan alam. Dilain pihak, tujuan ilmu adalah kebenaran, kebenaran, dimana sumber sumber nilai kebenaran asasi dan hakiki adalah Al Qur’an, Al-Hadits, dan pengamatan alam semesta sebagai hasil ciptaan Allah SWT. Maka pandangan tentang Tuhan, manusia dan alam harus bertitik tolak dari Dien al-Islam dalam prinsip-prinsip Tauhid91. Ilmu Ilmu hany hanyaa untu untuk k menc mencap apai ai keba kebaha hagi gian an duni duniaa akhe akherat rat,, sehi sehing ngga ga semakin tinggi ilmu manusia, meninggi pula tingkat ketaqwaannya. Merekalah yang derajat dan kemuliaannya ditinggikan di sisi Allah SWT. Akibatnya struktur
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67
ilmu dalam pandangan Islam secara epistemik berbeda dengan ilmu atau (sains) yang yang dibang dibangun un berdas berdasark arkan an ideolo ideologi gi non Islam. Islam. Pada Pada perspe perspekti ktiff Islam, Islam, ilmu dibangun atas dasar keyakinan tauhidi, kemudian diturunkan dan dikembangkan berba berbagai gai asumsi asumsi teori teori dasar dasar,, penalar penalaran an ilmiah ilmiah,, disipl disiplin in ilmu dan teknol teknologi ogi.. Sedangkan khasanah konvensional, ilmu tidak dibangun berdasarkan keyakinan agamawi, bahkan terpisah sama sekali. Perbedaan Perbedaan itu membawa membawa implikasi implikasi besar. besar. Pada khasanah khasanah konvensio konvensional, nal, ilmu biasanya diferivikasi hanya sebatas empirik dan logis saja. Akibatnya hal-hal yang tidak dapat diferivikasi secara empiris dan logis, dianggap di luar kategori ilmiah. Sedangkan dalam pandangan Islam untuk memferivikasi atau mentashih, tidak hanya bersifat empirik dan logis tetapi juga normatif, yakni berdasarkan AlQur’an Qur’an dan Al-Hadit Al-Hadits. s. Akhirnya Akhirnya banyak banyak hal-ha hal-hall keilmua keilmuan n yang yang tidak tidak dapat dapat dife diferiv rivik ikas asii secar secaraa empi empiri rik k dan dan logi logis, s, dapa dapatt difer diferiv ivik ikas asii secar secaraa lang langsu sung ng berdasarkan Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadits. Islam menyatakan bahwa ilmu merupakan kesatuan pengetahuan tentang Tuhan, alam dan manusia, sehingga melahirkan spektrum yang sangat luas yaitu Tauhid, kealaman, dan sosial yang kemudian melahirkan cabang-cabang ilmu lainnya. Sidi Gazalba menyatakan bahwa Tuhan
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Kategori ini secara filosofis sekuler, karena agama adalah urusan akherat atau pribadi pribadi saja, tidak merangkum merangkum seluruh ke-nyataan sosial. Sedangkan ilmu sosial sosial dan alam adalah urusan dunia yang terlepas dari kehidupan beragama. Padahal alam semesta ini sebuah kesatuan yang membentuk ilmu dalam satu kesatuan pula, dimana cabang-cabang ilmu harus dilihat sebagai hubungan yang saling ber berga gant ntun ung. g. Dalam Dalam Islam Islam semu semuaa hal hal itu itu menj menjad adii satu satu kesa kesatua tuan n yang yang tidak tidak terpisahkan. C.1.3. Amal Shalih sebagai implementasi ke-Tauhidan ke-Tauhidan
Implem Implement entasi asi ke-tau ke-tauhid hidan an adalah adalah dengan dengan menjala menjalanka nkan n perinta perintah h dan menjauhi larangan Allah SWT. Dalam prakteknya terdapat dua kategori yaitu ibadah dan muamalah, seperti yang dikatakan oleh Muhammad Abduh, Ibadah, adalah perintah dan larangan yang sudah terperinci terbahas dalam Al-Quran dan Al-Hadits. Sedangkan Mu’amalah, menurut Abduh tidak tegas dijelaskan dalam Al-Q Al-Qur uran an dan dan Al-H Al-Had adits its maka maka perlu perlu peran peran optim optimal al dari dari akal akal dalam dalam menmeninterpretatifkan sesuai dengan kontekstualisasi zaman93. Natsir menuliskan; “ Adapun perintah-perintah agama itu tidak sama sifatnya. Ada perin perintah tah yang yang maknany maknanyaa itu tidak tidak ma’qul ma’qul dengan dengan illatny illatnya, a, yakni yang maksud dan tujuan atau sebabnya tidak diterangkan oleh oleh yang yang memp mempuny unyai ai peri perint ntah ah (Syar (Syari) i).. Seda Sedang ngka kan n caracara-
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69
mengamalkannya bersifat dun yawy”.
94
Menjalankan perintah-perintah tersebut dinamakan dengan amal shalih. Amal shali shalih h meru merupak pakan an perb perbua uatan tan yang yang dipe diperi rint ntah ahka kan n Alla Allah h SW SWT T agar agar manu manusi siaa mendapatkan ganjaran disisinya. Allah berfirman, “ Sesungguhnya Sesungguhnya orang-orang
yan yang g
beri berima man, n, me meng nger erja jaka kan n
amal amal sale saleh, h, me mend ndir irik ikan an semb sembah ahya yang ng dan dan
menuna menunaik ikan an zakat, zakat, mereka mereka mendap mendapat at pahala pahala di sisi sisi Tuhann uhannya. ya. Tidak idak ada kekhawatiran terhadap mereka dan tidak (pula) mereka bersedih hati “ (Qs Al Baqarah- 277). Menurut Abdul Rohman, dalam menjalankan amal shalih dilatarbelakangi oleh pengetahuan atau Ilmu, sebab pembuat amal shalih mengetahui perbuatan yang dilakukannya dilakukannya adalah memiliki memiliki dampak dampak positif. positif. Namun ketika perbuatan itu dila dilaku kuka kan n berd berdamp ampak ak nega negatif tif,, mesk meskii ia meng mengeta etahu huii ini ini buka bukan n berar berarti ti bisa bisa dikatak dikatakan an sebaga sebagaii amal amal shalih shalih,, tetapi tetapi perbua perbuatan tan itu tetap tetap cermina cerminan n dari dari amal shalih. 95 Manusi Manusiaa diperin diperintah tahkan kan Allah Allah SWT untuk untuk mempel mempelajar ajarii alam semest semestaa dengan dengan segala segala petunj petunjukny uknyaa melalui melalui akal dan budi budi sehing sehingga ga menben menbentuk tuk ilmu ilmu penge pengetah tahuan uan.. Dengan Dengan kepemil kepemilika ikanny nnyaa akan akan ilmu ilmu penget pengetahu ahuan, an, maka maka potens potensii
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pada akhir abad ke-18 untuk mendefinisikan tentang ide. Ideologi dapat dianggap sebagai visi yang komprehensif, sebagai cara memandang segala sesuatu, sebagai akal sehat dan beberapa kecenderungan filosofis, atau sebagai serangkaian ide yang dikemukakan oleh kelas masyarakat yang dominan kepada seluruh anggota masyarakat (definisi ideologi Marxisme ). Ideologi juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai aqidah 'aqliyyah (akidah yang sampai melalui proses berpikir) yang melahirkan aturan-aturan dalam kehidupan. Di sini akidah ialah pemikiran menyeluruh tentang alam semesta, manusia, dan hidup; serta tentang apa yang ada sebelum dan setelah kehidupan, di samping hubungannya dengan sebelum dan sesudah alam kehidupan. Dari definisi di atas, sesuatu bisa disebut ideologi jika memiliki dua syarat, yakni: Ide yang meliputi penyelesa esaian ian masala masalah h hidup. hidup. Jadi, Jadi, ideolo ideologi gi harus harus unik unik aqidah 'aqliyyah dan penyel karena harus bisa memecahkan problematika kehidupan. Metode yang meliputi metode metode penerapan, penerapan, penjagaan, penjagaan, dan penyebarlua penyebarluasan san ideologi. ideologi. Jadi, ideologi harus khas karena harus disebarluaskan ke luar wilayah lahirnya ideologi itu. Jadi, suatu ideologi bukan semata berupa pemikiran teoretis seperti filsafat, melainkan dapat dijelmakan secara operasional dalam kehidupan. Menurut definisi kedua tersebut,
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71
ideologinya. Ini sudah sama-sama dimaklumi.” 97
Sebagai implementasi dari ke-tauhidan, sesungguhnya tidak ada sebuah perbedaan dunia dan akhirat bagi seorang muslim. Tujuan hidup yang tergambar jelas adalah pen pengh ghamb ambaa aan n total total kepa kepada da sang sang Khal Khalik ik Alla Allah h SW SWT T. Isla Islam m buka bukan n hany hanyaa mengajarkan ritual ibadah, namun juga menjadi cara pandang tentang kehidupan serta aturan-aturan didalamnya. Dalam Dalam menjala menjalanka nkan n aturan aturan-atu -aturan ran dunia, dunia, Islam Islam mengaj mengajark arkan an bahwa bahwa aturan aturan-atu -aturan ran itu dilaksa dilaksanak nakan an oleh oleh ahliny ahlinya. a. Natsir Natsir berpan berpandan dangan gan tentan tentang g hal diatas dengan menyodorkan sebuah hadits yang berbunyi; “Apabila satu urusan diserahkan kepada yang bukan ahlinya, tunggulah saat kerubuhannya” (H.R. Buchari) 98 Berdasarkan hadits diatas, Islam tidak menyepakati dalam menjalankan aturan dunia dunia berdasa berdasarka rkan n formali formalisti stik k belaka belaka.. Akan Akan tetapi tetapi Islam Islam memberi memberikan kan sebuah sebuah kewena kewenanga ngan n bagi bagi seseor seseorang ang yang yang memilik memilikii keahli keahlian an di suatu suatu bidang bidang untuk untuk menj menjala alank nkan an
tuga tugass
sesu sesuai ai
deng dengan an
kema kemamp mpua uann nnya ya..
Dalam Dalam perma permasa sala laha han n
kepemimpinan, Islam mewajibkan agar seorang pemimpin adalah seseorang yang taat dan tunduk atas perintah-perintah Allah. Natsir berpendapat bahwa penting
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Berdasarkan pandangan diatas, saya berpendapat bahwa pemikiran Natsir tentang Islam, Islam, merupakan merupakan pemaknaan dari kekuatan kekuatan keimanan keimanan seorang seorang hamba kepada Tuhannya. Bagian yang pokok dari pemikiran Natsir, adalah menyambungkan nilai yang bersifat bersifat transenden transenden dengan nilai humanisme humanisme dan menjadikanny menjadikannyaa tidak pernah lekang oleh zaman. Oleh karena itu Islam bukan hanya menjadi sekedar agama ritulitas, namun menjadi ideologi yang bersifat universal. E. RELASI ISLAM DAN NEGARA
Relasi antara agama dan negara telah menjadi perdebatan panjang dalam Ilmu Politik. Sejarah panjang telah membuktikan bahwa persinggungan agama dan negara berlangsung pasang surut. Untuk mengupas relasi agama dan negara, pertama kita akan melihat definisi tentang negara. Aristoteles berpendapat bahwa negara adalalah suatu persekutuan yang mempunyai tujuan tertentu 100. Negara
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73
Menu Menuru rutt Roge Rogerr H. Solt Soltau au,, nega negara ra adala adalah h alat alat atau atau wewe wewena nang ng yang yang meng mengat atur ur
atau atau
meng mengen enda dali lika kan n
pers persoa oala lann-pe pers rsoa oala lan n
bers bersam amaa
atas atas
nama nama
masyarakat103. Menurut Ibnu Khaldun negara diperlukan karena pada kenyataanya bahwa manusia makhluk yang hidup berkelompok dan saling membutuhkan. Hal ini dilakukan manusia untuk bisa bertahan hidup dan untuk mendapatkan rasa aman aman.. Oleh Oleh karen karenany anyaa dipe diperlu rluka kan n kerj kerjas asam amaa antar antar sesa sesama ma manu manusia sia untu untuk k membentuk organisasi kemasyarakatan atau yang disebut negara 104. Kedua adalah definisi agama. Terdapat dua konsepsi dalam memandang agama105, yaitu, konsep pertama agama sebagai ajaran moralitas. Dalam konsep ini agama dipandang tidak memiliki doktrin atau ajaran tentang penataan sosial, seperti melalui penataan hukum atau doktrin sosial politik. Konsepsi ini lahir di pera perada daba ban n Erop Eropaa yang yang diba dibang ngun un oleh oleh tiga tiga landa landasa san n yaitu yaitu,, filsa filsafat fat Yunan unani, i, pemikiran hukum Romawi, serta nilai-nilai moralitas dari Kristiani. Konsep kedua
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ketuhanan ketuhanan di ranah kehidupan duniawi. Islam mempunyai mempunyai aturan-aturan aturan-aturan yang bersifat menyeluruh dan tidak lekang oleh ruang dan waktu. Konsepsi diatas menjadi menjadi sebuah sebuah landasan bagi Natsir memandang memandang relasi antara Islam dan negara. Natsir mengungkapkan bahwa; “ jikalau membicarakan urusan agama dan negara ini ialah, bahwa dalam pengertian Islam yang dinamakan ‘agama’ itu, bukan bukanlah lah semata semata-ma -mata ta yang yang disebu disebutt dengan dengan ‘perib ‘peribada adatan tan’’ dalam istilah sehari-hari itu saja seperti salat dan puasa itu, akan tetapi yang dinamakan ‘agama’ menurut pengertian Islam adalah adalah melipu meliputi ti kaedah-k kaedah-kaed aedah, ah, hududhudud-hud hudud ud(bat (batasas-bat batas) as) dalam muamalah(pergaulan) dalam masyarakat, menurut garisgaris yang sudah ditetapkan dalam Islam“.106
Pendangan Natsir diatas, merupakan pemahaman Natsir tentang Islam sebagai cara pandang hidup. Berdasarkan cara pandang tersebut diaktualisasikan dalam bentuk aturan-aturan yang hendak dijalankan demi terwujudnya kemenangan di akhirat akhirat dan kejayaan di dunia. dunia. Aturan-aturan Aturan-aturan yang berlandaska berlandaskan n nilai-nilai nilai-nilai Islam
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75
bukan hanya dikarenakan mayoritas penduduk Indonesia beragama Islam, tetapi juga dikarenakan Islam sebagai agama Rahmatan lil alamin memiliki nilai-nilai yang bersifat universal dan sempurna. Dalam Dalam pemiki pemikiran ran Natsir Natsir,, bahwa bahwa penerap penerapan an nilai-n nilai-nilai ilai Islam Islam ke dalam dalam sebuah negara modern ialah sesuatu yang realistis. Nilai-nilai Islam harus dapat dikomp dikomprom romika ikan n dengan dengan kondis kondisii dunia dunia modern modern serta serta proble problem-p m-prob roblem lem yang yang dihadapi bangsa Indonesia. Natsir menuliskan; “ Persatuan agama dengan negara itu ringkasnya: bagi kita kaum muslimin, negara bukanlah suatu badan yang tersendiri menjadi tujuan. Dan dengan persatuan agama dengan negara kita ita maks maksud udka kan n, buk bukanla anlah h agam agamaa itu itu cuku cukup p seked ekedar ar dimasukkan saja disana sini kepada negara itu. Bukan begitu!” “ Negara bagi kita bukanlah bukanlah sebuah sebuah tujuan, tetapi alat. Urusan Urusan kenega kenegaraan raan pada pada pokokn pokoknya ya dan pada pada dasarny dasarnyaa adalah adalah suatu suatu bagian yang tak dapat dipisahkan, satu ‘intergreerend deel’ dari Islam. Yang menjadi tujuan ialah: Kesempurnaan berlakunya undang-un -undang ilah lahi, baik yang ang berk erkena enaan dengan
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perdebatan panjang dalam hal menafsirkan hubungan antara agama dan negara. Meskipun Meskipun terjadi perdebatan perdebatan tersebut, kaum muslimin muslimin meyakini meyakini bahwa Islam merupakan agama yang sempurna. Kaum muslimin percaya akan sifat Islam yang holistik, bukan hanya mengurusi masalah ruhani namun juga duniawi. Dalam perdebatan penafsiran hubungan antara agama dan negara, Natsir meno menolak lak jika jika ada ada pend pendap apat at yang yang meny menyata ataka kan n bahw bahwaa peme pemerin rinta taha han n yang yang berlandaskan Islam ialah negara Teokrasi. Natsir menuliskan; “ Apakah Apakah sekarang sekarang negara yang berlandaskan berlandaskan Islam seperti itu merupakan satu negara teokrasi? Teokrasi eokrasi adalah satu system system kenegaraan kenegaraan dimana dimana pemerintah pemerintah diku dikuas asai ai oleh oleh satu satu kepe kepend ndeta etaan an yang yang mempu mempuny nyai ai syst system em hirarkhi hirarkhi (tingkat (tingkat bertingkat), bertingkat), dan menjalankan menjalankan demikian itu seba sebaga gaii waki wakill tuha tuhan n di duni dunia. a. Dalam Dalam Islam Islam tida tidak k dike dikena nall 109 system semacam itu. “
Pemikiran Natsir tentang relasi agama dan negara masuk dalam kategori
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77
oleh karena itu dapat menentukan kebijakan-kebijakan serta hukum-hukum negara yang yang bers bersum umbe berr nila nilai-n i-nila ilaii agama agama.. Dalam Dalam pand pandan anga gan n ini ini agam agamaa tidak tidakla lah h menginginkan sebuah bentuk kelembagaan negara yang formal, namun yang perlu dipaha dipahami mi terdapa terdapatt nilai-n nilai-nilai ilai agama agama yang yang menjad menjadii dasar dasar semang semangat at kebija kebijakan kan maupun produk hukum negara 111. Mengenai hal ini Natsir menuliskan; “ Hanyalah yang dibawakan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW ialah beberapa patokan untuk mengatur negara, supaya negara itu menj menjad adii kuat kuat dan dan subu suburr, dan dan bole boleh h menj menjad adii wasi wasilah lah yang sebaik sebaik-ba -baikn iknya ya untuk untuk mencap mencapai ai tujuan tujuan hidup hidup manusi manusiaa yang yang berh berhimp impun un dalam dalam nega negara ra itu, itu, untu untuk k kese keselam lamata atan n diri diri dan dan masyarakat, untuk kesentosaan perseorangan dan kesentosaan
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merupakan pemikiran yang modernis pada saat itu. Pemikiran Natsir tidak bersifat formalistik dengan hanya melihat bentuk (form), tetapi lebih kepada substansi nilai-nilai yang dapat ditegakkan dalam bentuk negara modern. F. RELASI ISLAM DAN DEMOKRASI
Pemikiran Natsir tentang relasi Islam dan negara, menjadi dasar untuk melihat pandangan Natsir tentang relasi Islam dengan demokrasi. Menurut Natsir, nilai-nilai Islam dapat diformulasikan ke dalam bentuk ideologi sehingga dapat menjad menjadii aturan aturan-atu -aturan ran negara. negara. Nilai-n Nilai-nilai ilai yang yang terkand terkandung ung dalam dalam Islam Islam tidak tidak
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79
Sedangkan parlemen hanya mengatur, tata cara mengatur aturan-aturan dalam menjalankan nilai tersebut. Demokrasi Islam berbeda dengan demokrasi ala barat, Natsir menuliskan; “ Kita akui demokrasi, baik! Akan tetapi system kenegaraan Islam tidak menggantungkan semua urusan kepada kerahiman instelling-instelling demokrasi. Perjalanan demokrasi dari abad ke abad telah memperlihatkan beberapa sifat yang baik. Akan teta tetapi pi ia tida tidak k pula pula suny sunyii dari dari pelb pelbag agai ai sifa sifatt-si sifa fatt yang ang 114 berbahaya.”
Natsir melihat dalam kesejarahan penerapan demokrasi di barat terjadi
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berd berdas asark arkan an nilai nilai-n -nila ilaii Islam Islam yang yang memil memilik ikii kesam kesamaa aan n deng dengan an nilai nilai dari dari demokrasi. Nilai Nilai-nil -nilai ai tersebu tersebutt adalah adalah,, Tolong-menolong , sepe seperti rti yang yang dika dikata taka kan n dala dalam m Al-Q Al-Qur uran an (Sur (Surat at Al-M Al-Maa aaid idah ah:: 2), 2),“Bertolo “Bertolong-t ng-tolon olonglah glah kamu dalam dalam
kebajikan dan dalam berbakti kepada Tuhan”. Maka dalam hal ini Islam dengan sendir sendiriny inyaa tidak tidak berten bertentan tangan gan dengan dengan nilai nilai demokr demokrasi asi serta serta nilai nilai masyar masyaraka akatt Indonesia.
Musyawarah , adalah satu ketentuan dalam Islam yang mengatur urusan
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81
ban bangs gsaa yang ang kare karena na penj penjaj ajah ahan an mati mati jiwa jiwany nya, a, maka maka Isla Islam m hadi hadirr untu untuk k membangkit membangkitkan kan hal tersebut tersebut untuk melakukan melakukan perlawanan perlawanan dari segala bentuk penjajahan.
Membela yang lemah (mustadh’afin) , Nilai ini merupakan yang utama dalam Islam. Islam membangkitkan keinginan yang kuat untuk membela kaum lemah dalam segala bentuk, baik dalam bentuk material, fisik, maupun spiritual.
Tidak idak mem mement enting ingkan kan diri diri sendi sendiri ri dan kesed kesediaa iaan n hidup hidup dan mem member berii Nilai ini ini dipe dipelih lihara ara dan dan dihi dihidu dupp-su subu burk rkan an agar agar semu semuaa lapi lapisa san n kehidupan , Nilai
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Konsep theistic demokrasi yang ditawarkan Natsir termasuk dalam kategori model positif atau teo-demokrasi, jika kita melihat model-model relasi antara agama agama dan demokr demokrasi asi.. Model Model ini menyat menyataka akan n bahwa bahwa agama agama dan demokr demokrasi asi mempun mempunya yaii kesesu kesesuaian aian.. Menuru Menurutt pandan pandangan gan ini baik baik secara secara teolog teologis is maupun maupun
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Konsep theistik demokrasi merupakan hasil pemahaman dan pemikiran Natsir yang yang mend mendala alam m tentan tentang g Islam Islam serta serta realit realitas as zaman zaman,, ditam ditamba bah h lagi lagi deng dengan an pandangan luas yang akhirnya dapat menjembatani antara nilai-nilai Islam yang bersifat universal dengan demokrasi sebagai sistem pemerintahan negara.
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Hidupnya Hidupnya memberikan memberikan generasi penerusnya penerusnya pelajaran yang berharga. Sebagai orang besar, besar, pemikiranny pemikirannyaa sedalam sedalam lautan dan hatinya hatinya seluas seluas samudera. samudera. Banyak Banyak para tokoh politik baik yang pro dan kontra terhadap Natsir memberikan apresiasi yang yang positif positif terhada terhadapny pnya. a. Indone Indonesia sianis nistt asal asal Amerik Amerikaa Serika Serikatt Georg Georgee Kahin Kahin
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dari muda Natsir bergelut dalam Jong Islamic Bond (JIB), kemudian dilanjutkan di Islam yang militant dan berpandangan moderat. Sebaga Sebagaii tokoh tokoh politik politik di masa masa pasca pasca kemerd kemerdekaa ekaan, n, Natsir Natsir mengam mengambil bil peranan sebagai ketua umum partai Masyumi dan pernah juga menduduki jabatan
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presiden 5 Juli 1959, yang akhirnya merubah system demokrasi parelementer menjadi demokrasi terpimpin. Kecintaan Kecintaan Natsir akan Indonesia Indonesia tak pernah luntur, luntur, oleh karena itu untuk untuk mengim mengimban bangi gi kekuat kekuatan an politik politik Sukar Sukarno no serta serta menjag menjagaa keselam keselamata atanny nnyaa maka maka
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