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TINJAUAN UMUM PRODUK BTX

Ethylene

Propylene

Ethylene Oxide (EO)

Mono Ethylene Glicol (MEG)

High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) / Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE)

Packaging Plastics

Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)

Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)

Poly Propylene (PP)

Naptha / Natural Gas

 Xylene

Benzene

Polyester Stable Fiber (PSF) / Polyester Filament Yarn (PFY)

Fabrics

Pipes, films, Moulded goods

Fabrics, Films, Packaging

Ethylene Oxide (EO)

Phthalic Acid  Anhydride (PAN)

Paraxylene

Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT)

Polyester Filament Yarn (PFY)

Texturised Yarn

Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)

Purified Terephthalic  Acid (PTA)

Polyester Stable Fiber (PSF)

Spun Yarn

Caprolactum

Nylon Filament  Yarn (NFY)

Sarees

Caprolactum

Nylon Tyre Cord (NTC)

Tyres

Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB)

Detergent Soaps

Plasticisers, dyes/ chems, paints

Hulu Intermediate Hilir

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H CHO

"E.=M DM"M= "ETQ:,j =Q[!M.Of[MOH

HO

C

C

C

CHO

2<2E=M DM"M= %&(")*%&(")+ =f!':MOH

H

TRANS,TRANS-MUKONALDEHIDA [O]

GSH

?

[O] ? H

+ H2O

Cyto-P-450

H

EPOKSIDA HIDROLASE   [O]

OH H

?

OH

OH O

BENZENA OKSEPIN

BENZENA OKSIDA

H

[O]

OH

O

O

[O]

OH

C

H

ASAM SG PREMERKAPTURAT

BENZENA

H

DIHIRODIOL DEHIDROGENASE

DIOL EPOKSIDA

PENATAAN ULANG NON-ENZIMATIK

? OH

OH

OH

[O]

[O]

HIDROKUINON KATEKOL

FENOL

OH

[O]

O

[O] OH

O OH

O  p-BENZOKUINON

O

OH

1,2,4-TRIHIDROKSI BENZENA

o-BENZOKUINON

G0-'(%4";,0 /0)10)'

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•

!&?1? +&*+5( B&*) C5(*&; 7$25%1+&* C&7& C5+5(A& 25(C&C&( @5*N5*& \ j51+5%$&

Q?/X&)1?

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.&(1

:&?/X&($*)

C5(12

d$*A&0

J&I

!&*71*) +5%$; f?1? DF/0/*H

Sumber :  Acquavella (1991); Adelstein (1972); Berger & Manz (1992); Bond et al. (1985); Brown et al. (2002); Brownson et al. (1989); Creppi et al. (1997); Delahunt et al. (1995); Partenen et al. (1991); Goldberg MS et al. (2001); Greene et al. (1979); Hanis et al. (1979, 1982, 1985a,b); Lagorio et al. (1994); Lundberg & Milatou-Smith, 1998; Miller et al. (1986); Schnatter et al. (1993); Thomas et al. (1980); Yin et al. (1989).

3(4 (5(4 *&24 617$&8&* 9 :55(& !;&$(&*$< "4"$< =4"$

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!";-%$7 %D /0)10)0 3%I"J"-7 K +<4';-"J +)0,"' A ?05&0,"'  Year 

Cases of Aplastic Anemia and Leukemia

1897

Santeson - aplastic anemia; established benzene as powerful bone marrow poison

1903

LeNoir - leukemia in benzene workers

1911

Setting - benzene a bone marrow poison in rabbit bioassays National Safety Council on Benzene

1926

! Damages blood forming organs ! Marked individual variations in susceptibility

1928

Askey - 1st report of leukemia following benzene poisoning in humans

1931

National Safety Council on "Benzol"

! Great individual susceptibility

1938

API - Toxicity of Industrial Organic Solvents

1939

Greenberg - reported leukemia’s in several hundred benzene workers in the rotogravure printing industry

1939

Hunter* and Mallory found 89 cases of benzene poisoning with several leukemia deaths.

1940

U.S. Public Health Service. Toxicity and potential dangers of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

! Prolonged benzene poisoning may become acute poisoning 1941

 API. Occupations, Tumors, and Allied Disease. "Evidence shows causative interrelations between occupational exposure to benzol and leukemia."

*Hunter: "No level of benzene greater than zero is safe over a long period of time."

30,5') L';5; 30$&'"- /0)10)' #" E5)"' D'40(

D2:0'( !'=0= D2%*')1 S2(T2(' 5) B0()'

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JPVU,'(

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JPWX

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"':M2/ Y)(&*0(&'( "':M2/ 05'%'

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Z[K8" Z[KI+B
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Z[K8"

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="4'" +,(')@ /'-'; .3?Q;8 /0)10)' TLV (ACGIH) Senyawa

TWA STEL/C 3 (ppm/ mg/m ) (ppm/ mg/m3)

Benzena

0,5 ppm

2,5 ppm

Potensi Paparan/Efek

Leukemia

R)#0&; >'<'$') /"%4%@"& /0)10)' Waktu Sampling

BEI ACGIH (2007)

M?&% "EX5*$0%5(+&C21(&2 7&0&% 1($*

M+;$( ?;$o +5(A&

Ua p)9) +(5&I*$*

M?&% % <% E%1+/*&2 7&0&% 1($*

M+;$( ?;$o +5(A&

abb p)9) +(5&I*$*

Sampel

SSP : Sistem Saraf Pusat, TLV : Threshold Limit Value, TWA : Time Weighted Average STEL : Short Term Exposure Limit (max.15 menit), BEI : Biological Exposure Indices

Sumber : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hiygienists (ACGIH), 2007

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CH3

G0-'(%4";,0 3%450)' B5,(0$ K T!U .VWWX8

Toluena (metilbenzena)

Oksidasi Aromatik

(Oksidasi rantai samping)

CH2 OH

CH3

CH3

CH3 OH

OH

Benzil alkohol

o-,m-, p-Kresol

OH

Sulfatasi atau glukuronidasi

COOH

 Asam benzoat

Konjugat kresol dengan sulfat atau glukuronida

(Konjugasi Glisin)

CONH

CH2 COOH

 Asam Hippurat

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TWA STEL/C (ppm/ mg/m3) (ppm/ mg/m3)

Toluena

20 ppm

Potensi Paparan/Efek Gangguan penghlihatan, gangguan reproduksi wanita, keguguran

-

R)#0&; >'<'$') /"%4%@"& 3%450)' Sampel

Waktu Sampling

BEI ACGIH (2007)

'EL(5?/0 7&0&% 1($*

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b
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M+;$( ?;$o +5(A&

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Sebelum shift terakhir pada akhir minggu kerja

0,05 mg/L

Toluena dalam darah

TLV : Threshold Limit Value, TWA : Time Weighted Average STEL : Short Term Exposure Limit (max.15 menit), BEI : Biological Exposure Indices Sumber : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hiygienists (ACGIH), 2007

>0,')-'5') 3%450)' "M2=):2( S)./.&)=

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"':M2/ 05'%'

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"':M2/ C%)( >*.(]0&'1 :'0M0( :21'7./)1(3'R

['M)//'%3 Z[K I+B>-2(2(10'( 1./02('R <-Y[KC\ >9=': 4)M0%'1R <-Y[KC\ >.,*%2=./R <-Y[,IB >9=': 72(T)/:2%*'M10%'1R

"':M2/ 1'('4 5'( =25):2(

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CH3

CH3

CH3

G0-'(%4";,0 6"40)'

CH3 CH3

"0:72% N O<$ >JPPQR

CH3 XIlena (o,m,p-dimetilbenzena)

(Oksidasi rantai samping)

CH2 OH

CH2 OH

CH2 OH

Oksidasi Aromatik (jalur minor)

CH3 CH3 o,m,p-metilbenzil

COOH

CH3 alkohol

COOH

 

COOH

CH3 CH3 CH3  Asam o,m,p- metilbenzoat (Konjugasi Glisin)

CONH CH2 COOH

CONH CH2  COOH

CONH CH2  COOH

CH3 CH3 CH3  Asam metilhippurat

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_19/1 ><=/-: +/4/3 Vb#X3Y c19,-/ TLV (ACGIH) Senyawa

TWA STEL/C 3 (ppm/ mg/m ) (ppm/ mg/m3)

o,m, p-Xilena

100 ppm

150 ppm

Potensi Paparan/Efek Iritasi Saluran Pernafasan Atas, Iritasi Mata, Kerusakan SSP

Indeks Paparan Biologik Xilena Sampel M?&% %5I0;$CC1(&2 7&0&% 1($*

Waktu Sampling

BEI ACGIH (2007)

M+;$( ?;$o +5(A&

>
SSP : Sistem Saraf Pusat, TLV : Threshold Limit Value, TWA : Time Weighted Average STEL : Short Term Exposure Limit (max.15 menit), BEI : Biological Exposure Indices

Sumber : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hiygienists (ACGIH), 2007

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