Problemas Sociais Contemporâneos.pdf

Wlbljxm\M# mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

Hkwgkvckjm $8=685 ‗ Vrdbclomw Wdgkmkw Gdjxlovdrâjldw

8=685

Vrdbclomw Wdgkmkw Gdjxlovdrâj Gdjxlovdrâjldw ldw

M|xdr0 Wlbljxm\M# mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw L/omkc0 wlbljxm|mFeomkc*gdo Hmxm0 2665$266> Ckqrd0 Vrdbclomw Wdgkmkw Gdjxlovdrâjldw# lhkåçd \MB hd mjd hl 266=# hl Nlromjd hd Gmrod .gddrhljmhdr+ Gmhlrjd hl Mvdkd0 lalgx|mhdw vmrm d l~mol l~mol hm hkwgkvckjm hkwgkvckjm jd mjd clgxkqd 2665$266> Jdxm0 Mvdjxmoljxdw lalgx|mhdw

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Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm = hl 71



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víekjm 2 hl 71



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víekjm 7 hl 71



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víekjm 8 hl 71


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víekjm < hl 71



W|xnlrcmjh# omkw xmrhl lo vmrglrkm gdo Hdjmch Grlwwl{# W|xnlrcmjh# Grlwwl{ # mvrlwljxm lo jdql vdjxdw lwxl vrdglwwd hl grkokjdwd 0 Víekjm 7;* eëjlwl hd gdovdrxmoljxd grkokjdwd0 7;* hlckj}|ljxl # w|wxljxd| }|l dw Lo olmhdw hdw mjdw <6 Mcblrx Gdnlj# Gdnlj# jm w|m xldrkm hm w|bg|cx|rm hlckj}|ljxl# `dqljw hm gcmwwl gcmwwl xrmbmcnmhdrm xrmbmcnmhdrm ljarljxmqmo |om wkx|måçd wkx|måçd hl mjdokm mjdokm jd wkwxlom lwgdcmr# lwgdcmr# vljwmhd wle|jhd wle|jhd dw qmcdrlw hm gcmwwl oëhkm* D|xrm xldrkm hl wïjxlwl adk vrdvdwxm vdr Rkgnmrh Gcdumrh l Ccd{h Dnckj jdw mjdw 16# jm w|m xldrkm hm dvdrx|jkhmhl# dvdrx|jkhmhl# lwxlw m|xdrlw w|wxljxmo }|l jçd bmwxm gdjwkhlrmrodw m lwxr|x|rm hl dvdrx|jkhmhlw cleïxkomw jm eëjlwl hd gdovdrxmoljxd hlckj}|ljxl0 ë ke|mcoljxl lwwljgkmc xlr lo gdjxm m lwxr|x|rm hl dvdrx|jkhmhlw kcleïxkomw* M vlrwvlgxkqm hd gdovdrxmoljxd hlwqkmhd ljxljhl }|l dw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw rlaclgxlo# hl adrom omkw d| oljdw hkrlgxm# qkdcmåülw hmw l~vlgxmxkqmw jdromxkqmw hm wdgklhmhl# wljhd }|l xdhd d gdovdrxmoljxd }|l qkdcm lwwmw l~vlgxmxkqmw ë |o gdovdrxmoljxd hlwqkmhd*

=*2*2 ‗ Mw vlrwvlgxkqmw hm Wdgkdcdekm Rlcmxkqkwxm Rlcmxkqkwxm Jlwxl vdjxd krlodw mbdrhmr xràw vlrwvlgxkqmw }|l wle|lo |om qkwçd rlcmxkqkwxm hm gkàjgkm# hl bmwl kjxlrmggkdjkwxm .d cmblckje l d gdjwxr|gxkqkwod wdgkmc+ l lwxr|x|rmckwxm .m vlrwvlgxkqm grïxkgm+* Jlcmw wl hlaljhl# lo dvdwkåçd md vdwkxkqkwod# }|l d gdjnlgkoljxd ë wdgkmcoljxl gdjwxr|ïhd* ¹¹©© Cmblckje Xldrkm hd Cmblckje d| xldrkm hm rdx|cmelo# gdjwkhlrmodw kovdrxmjxl rlalrkr w|omrkmoljxl mw w|mw bmwlw akcdw÷akgmw mwwljxlw jd kjxlrmggkdjkwod kjxlrmggkdjkwod wkob÷ckgd* Olmh# gdjglbl| m adromåçd hd Led gdod d rlw|cxmhd hmw kjxlrmgåülw wdgkmkw# dw kjhkqïh|dw mvrljhlo m Olmh# qlr/wl gdod db`lgxdw wdgkmkw l gdovdrxmo/wl hl mgdrhd gdo lwwm vlrglvåçd* Nlrblrx Bc|olr hlwljqdcql| m khlkm hl }|l dw wkejkakgmhdw jçd wçd hmhdw# omw rl}|lrlo |om kjxlrvrlxmåçd mgxkqm vdr vmrxl hdw mgxdrlw wdgkmkw ljqdcqkhdw* wdgkmc# vmrm wl rlalrkr æw }|mckhmhlw vlwwdmkw }|l Lrqkje Edaaomj kjxrdh|pk| d gdjglkxd hl khljxkhmhl wdgkmc# vlromjlglo gdjwxmjxlw lo hkalrljxlw wkx|måülw* Wl mw rlmgåülw adrlo jlemxkqmw# mw vlwwdmw vdhlo wlr adråmhmw m mglkxmr |om –wvdkclh khljxkc{‟# khljxkc{‟# vrdglwwd }|l Edaaomj hlakjl gdod lwxkeomxkpmåçd* lwxkeomxkpmåçd* Vmrm m xldrkm hl Cmblckje# Cmblckje # dw jdolw vkdjlkrdw hm vlrwvlgxkqm vrdvrkmoljxl hkxm wçd kjhkwg|xkqlcoljxl dw hl Lhukj Clolrx l Ndumrh Blgilr * wlg|jhírkd* Lwxm Clolrx hlaljhl|# jd kjkgkd hdw mjdw <6# m xldrkm hl }|l d hlwqkd vrkoírkd l hlwqkd wlg|jhírkd* hkwxkjåçd hl gdjglkxdw bmwlkm/wl j|om d|xrm hkwxkjåçd }|l Clolrx lwxmblclgl| ljxrl gdovdrxmoljxd hlwqkmhd l vmvlc wdgkmc hlwqkmhd* M rlmgåçd md hlwqkd vrkoírkd lwxí mwwko jm drkelo hd hlwqkd wlg|jhírkd* Wle|jhd Clolrx Clolrx## m wl}|àjgkm hl kjxlrmgåçd }|l clqm md hlwqkd wlg|jhírkd vdhl wlr lw}|lomxkpmhd gdo m wle|kjxl lqdc|åçd0 Dgdrràjgkm hd hlwqkd vrkoírkd# Wmjåülw wdgkmkw# Rlgdrràjgkm hd hlwqkd vrkoírkd# Wmjåülw wdgkmkw omkw vlwmhmw l omkdr rl`lkåçd wdgkmc# Gdjxkj|måçd hd hlwqkd# D gdlakgkljxl hl xdclrâjgkm gnlem m |o vdjxd grkxkgd# Adrxmclgkoljxd hd gdovdrxmoljxd hlwqkmhd gdod rlmgåçd æ lwxkeomxkpmåçd l æw wmjåülw# Mglkxmåçd hd lwxmx|xd hl hlwqkmhd vdr vmrxl hd kjhkqkh|d lwxkeomxkpmhd l gdjwl}|ljxlw m`|wxmoljxdw gdo bmwl jd jdqd vmvlc wdgkmc* Lwxm vlrwvlgxkqm ë rladråmhm vdr Ndumrh Blgilr md Blgilr md kjxrdh|pkr d gdjglkxd hl Cmblckje* •

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víekjm 1 hl 71



Blgilr hlaljhl| }|l d gdovdrxmoljxd hlwqkmhd ë m}|lcl }|l m wdgklhmhl hlakjl gdod hlwqkmhd* Dw Blgilr hlaljhl| vrdbclomw wdgkmkw# xmc gdod dw gdovdrxmoljxdw hlwqkmhdw# wçd hlakjkhdw vlcmw rlmgåülw wdgkmkw m |om mclemhm qkdcmåçd hmw jdromw d| l~vlgxmxkqmw wdgkmkw# l vdhlo wlr movckmhdw vdr lwwmw olwomw rlmgåülw* Vmrm }|l mce|ëo wl`m rdx|cmhd hl hlwqkmhd ë jlglwwírkd vlrgdrrlr |om wërkl hl amwlw wl}|ljgkmkw# j|o hlwqkmjxl* vrdglwwd hl kjxlrmgåçd hkjâokgd# m }|l Blgilr Blgilr mvlckhd| mvlckhd| hl gmrrlkrm hlwqkmjxl* D }|l m vlrwvlgxkqm hd Cmblckje gdjwxmxd| ë }|l jlo xdhdw dw }|l qkdcmo mw jdromw wçd rdx|cmhdw hl hlwqkmhdw# d }|l jdw clqm m gdjwkhlrmr }|l# lo ðcxkom kjwxâjgkm# xdhd lwxl vrdglwwd xrmh|p |om glrxm l}|måçd hd vdhlr jm wdgklhmhl0 }|lo hlakjl mw rlermw# }|lo mvckgm dw r÷x|cdw# }|lo ë rdx|cmhd* ¹¹©© Vlrwvlgxkqm Grïxkgm M vlrwvlgxkqm grïxkgm# xmobëo hljdokjmhm hl vlrwvlgxkqm rmhkgmc# qlkd m gljxrmr/wl jm }|lwxçd hm kjac|àjgkm hd vdhlr jm hlakjkåçd hdw gdovdrxmoljxdw hlwqkmhdw l hdw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw# l j|om gdjglvåçd mcmremhm hm gdjxl~x|mckpmåçd wdgkmc hd hlwqkd* M a|jhmoljxmåçd hlwxm gdrrljxl ljgdjxrm/wl jd vljwmoljxd omr~kwxm* omr~kwxm* Mww|ol# vdrxmjxd# |om vdwx|rm omr~kwxm# dw odhdw hl vrdh|åçd hm hl gdjackxd jm eëjlwl hdw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw* Wle|jhd m xrmhkåçd omr~kwxm# kjarm/lwxr|x|rm lgdj÷okgm hlxlrokjmo rlcmåülw wdgkmkw hkwxkjxmw* Vmrm m vlrwvlgxkqm grïxkgm# dw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw mhqào hmw rlcmåülw wdgkmkw kovdwxmw vlcd odhd hl vrdh|åçd# l xrmh|plo m jlglwwkhmhl hl gdjxrdcl hm gcmwwl gmvkxmckwxm l m jlglwwkhmhl hl rlwkwxàjgkm l mgdodhmåçd hmw gcmwwlw l~vcdrmhmw* D xkvd l m ermqkhmhl hdw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw akgmo vmrxkg|cmroljxl hlvljhljxlw hmw gdjhkåülw lgdj÷okgmw gdj`|jx|rmkw l hm gdjwgkàjgkm hl gcmwwl }|l dw xrmbmcnmhdrlw vdwwmo xlr* M wdc|åçd vmrm dw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw rlwkhl# lo ðcxkom kjwxâjgkm# jm o|hmjåm .hl vrlalràjgkm rlqdc|gkdjmrkm+ hd wkwxlom wdgkmc hl gcmwwlw vmrm |om wdgklhmhl wlo gcmwwlw# kwxd ë# wlo l~vcdrmåçd n|omjm# wlo kj`|wxkåmw l wlo hlwke|mchmhlw* D w|rekoljxd hm gdrrljxl grïxkgm l m w|m kjac|àjgkm jd vljwmoljxd wdgkdc÷ekgd hmxmo hdw mjdw 56* Dw m|xdrlw omkw wkejkakgmxkqdw hlwxm mbdrhmelo adrmo dw wdgk÷cdedw brkxâjkgdw Kmj Xm{cdr# Vm|c Umcxdj l @dgi [d|je* [d|je* Wle|jhd Xm{cdr # Umcxdj l [d|je [d|je## d hlwqkd hlql wlr mjmckwmhd hl adrom omxlrkmckwxm omxlrkmckwxm l nkwx÷rkgm0 Omxlrkmckwxm ‗ vdr}|l hlql wlr mjmckwmhd d gdjxl~xd omxlrkmc jd }|mc w|rel d hlwqkd# Nkwx÷rkgm ‗ vdr}|l wl hlql rlcmgkdjmr d hlwqkd gdo m lqdc|åçd nkwx÷rkgm hdw odhdw hl vrdh|åçd* •

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víekjm 5 hl 71



\o vrdbclom wdgkmc w÷ wl gdjwxkx|k lo rmpçd hl xdhd |o vrdglwwd hl rlkqkjhkgmåçd l rlmgåçd wdgkmc*


víekjm > hl 71



2 ‗ Vlrwvlgxkqmw vdcïxkgd/hd|xrkjírkmw vdcïxkgd/hd|xrkjírkmw wdbrl dw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw 2*= ‗ Dw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw l m mcxlrmåçd hd vmvlc hd lwxmhd 2*=*= ‗ D lwxmhd vrdxlgxdr M vrderlwwkqm gljxrmckpmåçd hd vdhlr jmw oçdw hd wdblrmjd }|l wl rlekwxd| gdjgdokxmjxloljxl gdo m hlwmerlemåçd hm wdgklhmhl hd Dgkhljxl olhklqmc# hl| drkelo m |o odhlcd hl Lwxmhd m }|l mce|jw m|xdrlw gnmomrmo Lwxmhd Vrdxlgxdr * Vmrxkjhd hm khlkm hl }|l d vdhlr jçd ë |om wkovclw gmvmgkhmhl hl dbrkemr# omw }|l xrmh|p m rlw|cxmjxl hm xljwçd ljxrl xmc gmvmgkhmhl l m qdjxmhl hl dblhlglr* ]|mhrd hm víekjm <1* <1* Vmrm emrmjxkr m lakgkàjgkm hd lwxmhd Vrdxlgxdr# d vrïjgkvl rlgdrrl| m hdkw xkvdw hl vlwwdmw0 Vdr |o cmhd# mdw vdckxkgd vrdakwwkdjmkw l wlok/vrdakwwkdjmkw# wlok/vrdakwwkdjmkw# Vdr d|xrd# mdw a|jgkdjírkdw a|jgkdjírkdw vrdakwwkdjmkw }|l vd|gd m vd|gd adrmo m|oljxmjhd jm L|rdvm* • •

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víekjm ; hl 71



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W|pmjjl hl Br|jndaa ‗ Br|jndaa ‗ m gdj`|jx|rm ë qkwxm gdod |o gljírkd hl e|lrrm lgdj÷okgm d }|l kovckgm# vdr vmrxl hdw hlgkwdrlw vdcïxkgdw# |om mxkx|hl hl jmgkdjmckwod lgdj÷okgd* Jlwxl gdjxl~xd# mw a|jåülw lgdj÷okgmw l wdgkmkw hd lwxmhd vrdg|rmo mxkjekr hdkw db`lgxkqdw0 Rladråmr m arljxl hl gdobmxl lgdj÷okgm# M`|hmr m xrmxmr hdw alrkhdw hm e|lrrm lgdj÷okgm* • •

2*7 ‗ Mw vlrwvlgxkqmw omr~kwxmw 2*7*= ‗ Eëjlwl D vljwmoljxd omr~kwxm lj}|mhrm/wl nkwxdrkgmoljxl jm L|rdvm hd wëg|cd ^K^# lo vcljm rlqdc|åçd kjh|wxrkmc# jm xljxmxkqm hl mjmckwmr m wdgklhmhl gdlqm l hl vrdvdr wdc|åülw vmrm mw hkwa|jåülw wdgkmkw }|l ljxçd wl qkqkmo* ]|mhrd víekjm 18* 2*7*2 ‗ Mw xlwlw D vljwmoljxd hl Omr~ rlcmxkqmoljxl md vmvlc hd lwxmhd jçd ë khàjxkgd md cdjed hm w|m dbrm# jlcm wl ljgdjxrmjhd0 Hlwhl |om vdwkåçd khlmckwxm# Vmwwmjhd vlcm makromåçd hl }|l d lwxmhd lrm |om l~vrlwwçd hm mckljmåçd n|omjm wlolcnmjxl æ rlckekçd Md hkrlkxd l æ odrmckhmhl# Mxë æ makromåçd hl }|l vdhlrkm hlwlovljnmr# mvlwmr hl xdhmw mw grkxkgmw# mce|o vmvlc vdwkxkqd lo amqdr hmw gcmwwlw dvrkokhmw* dvrkokhmw* • •

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Wl lwxm gdjwxmxmåçd mgrlwgljxmrodw }|l# jm vlrwvlgxkqm omr~kwxm# omr~kwxm# dw vrdbclomw lgdj÷okgdw l wdgkmkw wçd rlw|cxmjxlw# lo ðcxkom mjíckwl# hm wkx|måçd hl l~vcdrmåçd hl |om gcmwwl lo bljlakgkd hl d|xrm j|o gljírkd hl vlromjljxl c|xm hl gcmwwlw# vdhlrlodw ljxljhlr mw h|mw lwxrmxëekmw hlaljhkhmw vdr lwxm gdrrljxl# gdjwdmjxl hlxljnm d| jçd d gdjxrdcd hd lwxmhd0 ]|mjhd d Lwxmhd jçd ë gdjxrdcmhd vlcm gcmwwl xrmbmcnmhdrm# æw dremjkpmåülw hlwxm gcmwwlw gmbl amplr vrlwwçd# ]|mjhd d lwxmhd ë gdjxrdcmhd vlcm gcmwwl xrmbmcnmhdrm# jlwxl wljxkhd# hlql/cnl gdovlxkr |o vmvlc hdokjmjxl jd vcmjlmoljxd l dremjkpmåçd hm lgdjdokm l hm vrdxlgåçd wdgkmc* •

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2*7*7 ‗ Mw ckokxmåülw Mw grïxkgmw# vdhlodw mer|ví/cmw lo hdkw0 Hd vdjxd hl qkwxm hd|xrkjírkd# vrdqdgd| hmjdw lclqmhdw jm gdlwçd wdgkmc# gdcdgmjhd mw gcmwwlw wdgkmkw |omw gdjxrm mw d|xrmw# Hd vdjxd hl qkwxm vdcïxkgd# amcxm hl lakgígkm l hl lakgkàjgkm* •

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2*8 ‗ Mw vlrwvlgxkqmw gdjgkckmx÷rkmw Vrdg|rmjhd gdjgkckmr mw hd|xrkjmw ckblrmc l omr~kwxm# lolrek| |om xlrglkrm xljhàjgkm jd wëg|cd ^K^ }|l qlkd hmr drkelo md }|l wl gdjqljgkdjd| hl Lwxmhd/Vrdqkhljgkm* Lwxmhd/Vrdqkhljgkm*


víekjm =6 hl 71



2*8*= ‗ Dw a|jhmoljxdw Dw a|jhmoljxdw hm kjxlrqljåçd hd lwxmhd rlcmxkqmoljxl mdw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw l lgdj÷okgdw vdhlo ljgdjxrmr/wl jm gdjwxmxmåçd hl lalkxdw kovrlqkwxdw .vdwkxkqdw d| jlemxkqdw+ hd a|jgkdjmoljxd a|jgkdjmoljxd hd olrgmhd l~xlrjmckhmhlw* m }|l Vked| Vked|## lo =;26# gnmod| l~xlrjmckhmhlw* M xldrkm hmw l~xlrjmckhmhlw wlrqkm# mwwko# hl w|vdrxl vmrm clekxkomr m kjxlrqljåçd hd lwxmhd jd vr÷vrkd kjxlrkdr hm c÷ekgm ckblrmc# grkmjhd vmrmhd~mcoljxl |om adjxl kjlwedxíqlc hl odxkqdw hl l~xljwçd hd lwxmhd/ rle|cmhdr* 2*8*2 ‗ Dw vkcmrlw hd lwxmhd Kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm M l~vrlwwçd Lwxmhd/Vrdqkhljgkm w|rel jm Armjåm hd wle|jhd kovërkd* Lo ermjhlw ckjnmw vdhl hkplr/wl }|l lwxl odhlcd hl Lwxmhd kjxlerd| xràw xkvdw hl gdjxrkb|kåülw vrkjgkvmkw0 vrkjgkvmkw0 D vrkolkrd vkcmr0 d wle|rd dbrkemx÷rkd hl Bkwomrgi D vrkolkrd vmwwd vmrm m gdjwxr|åçd hd odhlcd hl Lwxmhd kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm adk hmhd jm Mclomjnm# jmw hëgmhmw hl =>56 l=>>6# vdr kjkgkmxkqm hdw edqlrjdw hl gnmjglclr Bkwomrgi Bkwomrgi** J|o gdj`|jxd hl clkw }|l vrdg|rmrmo olcndrmr m vrdxlgåçd wdgkmc hdw xrmbmcnmhdrlw mxrmqëw hl olgmjkwodw hl wle|rd dbrkemx÷rkd# j|om mcx|rm lo }|l dw wkwxlomw hl vrdxlgåçd lrmo olrmoljxl o|x|mckwxmw* Mw clkw lwxr|x|rmjxlw hl xmc wkwxlom adrmo mw wle|kjxlw0  Clk hm rlwvdjwmbkckhmhl rlwvdjwmbkckhmhl ckokxmhm hdw kjh|wxrkmkw lo gmwd hl mgkhljxl hl xrmbmcnd .=>5=+#  Clk hd wle|rd dbrkemx÷rkd .=>>=+#  Clkw hd wle|rd/hdljåm .=>>7+# hdw mgkhljxlw hl xrmbmcnd .=>>8+# l hd wle|rd qlcnkgl/kjqmckhlp .=>>;+* D wle|jhd Vkcmr0 m xldrkm kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm hl Il{jlw Adk hmhm vlcd lgdjdokwxm @dnj Om{jmrh Il{jlw }|l odwxrd| m adrom gdod d gmvkxmckwod hl olrgmhd vdhkm wlr lwxmbkckpmhd mxrmqëw hm elwxçd hm vrdg|rm l hm mhdvåçd hl |o wkwxlom hl lgdjdokm okwxm* Dw vrkjgïvkdw hlaljhkhdw vdr lwxl m|xdr# mvckgmhdw vmrm gdobmxlr m grkwl hl =;2; vlcd Vrlwkhljxl molrkgmjd Armjicko Rddwlqlcx jm vdcïxkgm hd Jlu Hlmc # bmwlmrmo/wl j|om qkedrdwm kjxlrqljåçd lwxmxmc mxrmqëw hl kjqlwxkoljxd vðbckgdw }|l grkmrmo o|kxdw lovrledw* Md ampl/cd# m|oljxmrmo d vdhlr hl gdovrm hmw amoïckmw d }|l vrdqdgd| |o grlwgkoljxd hm vrdg|rm# vrdg|rm# rlqkxmckpd| m lgdjdokm l# vdr gdjwl}|àjgkm# rlh|pk| dw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw l lgdj÷okgdw* D xlrglkrd vkcmr0 d rlcmx÷rkd Blqlrkhel L# lo vcljm wle|jhm e|lrrm o|jhkmc .=;82+# gdo d Rlcmx÷rkd Blqlrkhel# }|l wl cmjåmo mw bmwlw rlgljxlw hdw wkwxlomw hl wle|rmjåm wdgkmc# hl mgdrhd gdo }|mxrd vrkjgïvkdw0  D vrkjgkvkd hm |jkqlrwmckhmhl# |jkqlrwmckhmhl#  D vrkjgkvkd hm |jkgkhmhl .hl kjv|xw hd wkwxlom+#  D vrkjgkvkd hm |jkadrokhmhl .hl d|xv|xw hd wkwxlom+#  D vrkjgkvkd hm gljxrmckpmåçd .dremjkpmgkdjmc+* •

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2*8*7 ‗ M wkx|måçd mgx|mc Dw kjerlhkljxlw bíwkgdw }|l vrdvdrgkdjmrmo gdjwkwxàjgkm vdckxkgm m lwxl odhlcd hl lwxmhd kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm# adrmo xràw0 D vcljd lovrled gdod db`lgxkqd lwxrmxëekgd# m dremjkpmåçd hm vrdxlgåçd wdgkmc lo xdrjd hl |o wkwxlom hl wlrqkådw |jkqlrwmkw d| }|mwl |jkqlrwmkw vmrm m wmxkwamåçd hmw jlglwwkhmhlw bíwkgmw l D lovljnmoljxd lo omjxlr |o jïqlc jmgkdjmc oïjkod hl gdjhkåülw hl qkhm* •

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Gdo mw h|mw grkwlw hl vlxr÷cld dgdrrkhmw jdw mjdw 56# kjkgkd| |o vlrïdhd hl rlglwwçd }|l xlql hdkw lalkxdw gdj`|emhdw0 Vdr |o cmhd# m|oljxd| m vrdg|rm hl Lwxmhd# hlqkhd md grlwgkoljxd hd hlwlovrled vrdqdgmhd vlcm rlglwwçd lgdj÷okgm# Vdr d|xrd cmhd# m hkokj|kåçd hkokj|kåçd hmw gdjxrkb|kåülw# gdjhkgkdjd| m rlh|åçd hm dalrxm hl Lwxmhd* •

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2*< ‗ Lo Vdrx|emc 2*<*= ‗ M vlrwvlgxkqm kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm jm lqdc|åçd gdjwxkx|gkdjmc Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm == hl 71



Vrdg|rm rlekwxmr mce|omw gmrmgxlrïwxkgmw hmw gdjwxkx|kåülw gdjwxkx|kåülw vdrx|e|lwmw hlwhl =>220 Mw gdjwxkx|kåülw hd vlrïdhd odjír}|kgd# M vrkolkrm gdjwxkx|kåçd rlv|bckgmjm# hl=;== ‗ mww|jåçd hm lh|gmåçd gdod hlqlr hl lwxmhd# M gdjwxkx|kåçd hl =;77 ë kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm# kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm# j|o }|mhrd hd|xrkjírkd gdrvdrmxkqkwxm* ]|mhrd víekjm 57* 57* M gdjwxkx|kåçd hl =;51 adk xmobëo kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm# kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm# omw adrxloljxl kjac|ljgkmhm vlcm vlrwvlgxkqm omr~kwxm# jdolmhmoljxl jdolmhmoljxl jd }|l rlwvlkxm md gdjxrdcd hm mgxkqkhmhl lgdj÷okgm lgdj÷okgm wdgkmc l vdckxkgm* • • •

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2*<*2 ‗ M vlrwvlgxkqm kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm kjxlrqljgkdjkwxm jm lqdc|åçd hd vcmjlmoljxd D|xrd kjhkgmhdr kjxlrlwwmjxl# rlqlcmhdr hd odhd gdod lqdc|k| d kjxlrlwwl vdcïxkgd vlcdw vrdbclomw wdgkmkw l lgdj÷okgdw ë m w|m vrlwljåm jd vcmjlmoljxd* Lo Vdrx|emc# m vrkolkrm l~vlrkàjgkm hl vcmjlmoljxd# jd wljxkhd }|l nd`l cnl hmodw# vmrlgl xlr w|rekhd mvljmw lo =;7<# gdo m Clk =;=8 hl 28 hl Omkd# }|l akgd| gdjnlgkhm vdr clk hm Rlgdjwxkx|kåçd Lgdj÷okgm* Lgdj÷okgm* D vrkolkrd Vcmjd hl Adoljxd .=;<7/<>+* ]|mhrd víekjm 5<* 5<* D wle|jhd Vcmjd hl Adoljxd .=;<;/18+ ‗ adk ljxçd grkmhd d Bmjgd hl Adoljxd Jmgkdjmc* Gdo d Vcmjd Kjxlrgmcmr .=;1/57+# djhl wçd l~vckgkxmhmw olhkhmw hl Vcmjlmoljxd Rlekdjmc* Jd }|mrxd Vcmjd hl Adoljxd .=;57/5;+* D vrkolkrd lwadråd hl vcmjlmoljxd mv÷w rlqdc|åçd rlekwxm/wl rlekwxm/wl jd Vcmjd Lgdj÷okgd l Wdgkmc .=;5<+* M Gdjwxkx|kåçd hl=;51*


víekjm =2 hl 71



7 ‗ Ermjhlw vrdbclomw mobkljxmkw ¹¹©© Elwxçd hl íe|m Hkwvdjkbkckhmhl hl íe|m ]|mckhmhl hl íe|m • •

¹¹©© Lalkxd hl lwx|am l mcxlrmåülw gckoíxkgmw Kjxrdh|åçd Mcxlrmåülw gckoíxkgmw Vrdxdgdcd hl ]|kdxd ‗ d ljgdjxrd o|jhkmc djhl vlcm vrkolkrm qlp wl rle|cmoljxmrmo mw lokwwülw hd emwlw gdo lalkxd hl lwx|am adk m KKK Gdjalrljgkm hmw Vmrxlw hm Gdjqljåçd ‗ }|mhrd hmw Mcxlrmåülw Gckoíxkgmw dgdrrkhmw lo ]|kdxd lo =;;5# djhl qírkdw vmïwlw mwwkjmrmo |o vrdxdgdcd jd wljxkhd hm rlh|åçd ecdbmc* D vrdxdgdcd hl ]|kdxd adk |o vd|gd omkw mcëo l vlrokxk| mkjhm m kovcloljxmåçd hl olgmjkwodw hl olrgmhd hljdokjmhd –olgmjkwodw hl ]|kxd‟* Lwxlw olgmjkwodw vlrokxlo d gdoërgkd hl lokwwülw ljxrl vmïwlw kjh|wxrkmckpmhdw# m kovcloljxmåçd gdj`|jxm ljxrl vmïwlw kjh|wxrkmckpmhdw# m gddvlrmåçd ljxrl vmïwlw kjh|wxrkmckpmhdw l lo hlwljqdcqkoljxd vmrm kovcloljxmåçd hl olgmjkwodw hl xlgjdcdekmw ckovmw* D ljgdjxrd lo B|ljdw Mkrlw ‗ jm KQ Gdjalrljgkm hmw Vmrxlw hm Gdjqljåçd ‗ ]|mhrd hmw Mcxlrmåülw Gckoíxkgmw dgdrrkhm lo B|ljdw Mkrlw lo =;;># omkw mce|jw vmwwdw adrmo hmhdw# xljhd wkhd mgdrhmhd |o vcmjd hl mgåçd akjmckpmhm jd mjd 2666 l hd }|mc wl hlwxmgmo0  Dw olgmjkwodw hl akjmjgkmoljxd vmrm mvdkmr dw vmïwlw lo hlwljqdcqkoljxd rlcmxkqmoljxl mdw lalkxdw mhqlrwdw hmw mcxlrmåülw gckoíxkgmw# jdolmhmoljxl mxrmqëw hl olhkhmw hl mhmvxmåçd#  D hlwljqdcqkoljxd l xrmjwalràjgkm hl xlgjdcdekmw vmrm dw vmïwlw lo hlwljqdcqkoljxd#  Mw mgxkqkhmhlw kovcloljxmhmw gdj`|jxmoljxl#  D vrdermom hl xrmbmcnd hdw Olgmjkwodw hl ]|kdxd# gdo vrkdrkhmhl jd hlwljqdcqkoljxd hl olgmjkwodw hl xlgjdcdekmw ckovmw* • • •

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¹¹©© rmrlamgåçd hm gmomhm hl dpdjd Kjxrdh|åçd Gmomhm hl dpdjd ‗ lwxm gmomhm a|jgkdjm gdod akcxrd æw rmhkmåülw wdcmrlw |cxrm/qkdclxmw B# }|l wçd vrl`|hkgkmkw æ am|jm# acdrm l wmðhl n|omjm# wljhd rlwvdjwíqlkw vlcd hlwljqdcqkoljxd vrlgdgl hd gmjgrd hl vlcl# mvmrlgkoljxd hl gmxmrmxmw l hkokj|kåçd hm gmvmgkhmhl hd wkwxlom ko|jkxírkd* D vrdxdgdcd hl Odjxrlmc Lo =;>># mglrgm hl 86 vmïwlw mwwkjmrmo d vrdxdgdcd hl Odjxrlmc }|l vrlxljhl| mwwkjmcmr m vrldg|vmåçd hm gdo|jkhmhl kjxlrjmgkdjmc rlcmxkqmoljxl mdw vrdbclomw hd dpdjd l }|l qkwm# ljxrl d|xrmw olhkhmw# mcgmjåmr |om rlh|åçd hl <6, jm |xkckpmåçd hl GAGw =;;;* •

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¹¹©© Bkdhkqlrwkhmhlw Kjxrdh|åçd Bkdhkqlrwkhmhl vmrm hlwkejmr m hkqlrwkhmhl hl nmbkxmxw l lwvëgklw l~kwxljxlw jdw hkalrljxlw lgdwwkwxlomw* Hkokj|kåçd hm bkdhkqlrwkhmhl Bkdhkqlrwkhmhl mvckgmhm M hkqlrwkhmhl eljëxkgm hdw wlrlw qkqdw# hlql wlr e|mrhmhm# gdjwxkx|kjhd/wl bmjgdw hl eljlw vmrm m |xkckpmåçd a|x|rm* M bkdxlgjdcdekm l m ljeljnmrkm eljëxkgm vdhlo gdjxrkb|kr vmrm m grkmåçd hl jdqdw dremjkwodw xrmjweëjkgdw# gdo gmvmgkhmhlw mxë ljxçd kjl~kwxljxlw* Vrdxlgåçd hm bkdhkqlrwkhmhl M vrlwlrqmåçd hm bkdhkqlrwkhmhl xlo |o ermjhl kovmgxl wdgkmc* Lwxl amgxd adk mbdrhmhd jm Gdjalrljgkm hl Rkd lo =;;2* •

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víekjm =7 hl 71



¹¹©© Hlwlrxkakgmåçd l hlwacdrlwxmåçd Kjxrdh|åçd L m lwxl vrdglwwd# jmx|rmc d| mrxkakgkmc# }|l clqm æ rlh|åçd hm írlm gdblrxm gdo |o wkwxlom acdrlwxmc }|l wl hí d jdol hl hlwacdrlwxmåçd* hlwacdrlwxmåçd* Md vrdglwwd rlerlwwkqd lo }|l dw lgdwwkwxlomw xljhlo vmrm wkx|måülw hl hlwlrxd# hí/wl d jdol hl hlwlrxkakgmåçd* hlwlrxkakgmåçd* Acdrlwxm l bkdhkqlrwkhmhl Wmlckpmåmd ‗ vrdglwwd rlerlwwkqd lo }|l dw lgdwwkwxlomw lgdwwkwxlomw xljhlo vmrm wkx|måülw hl vrë/hlwlrxd* Olhkhmw a|x|rmw Dw kovmgxlw mjxrdvdeëjkgdw wdbrl m acdrlwxm wçd hlomwkmhd mcmromjxlw vmrm }|l jçd wl xdol }|mc}|lr mxkx|hl* O|kxmw wdc|åülw }|l wl vrdvülo wçd vdcïxkgd/lgdj÷okgmw# omw d vrdbclom xlo kovdrxâjgkm wdgkmc l ëxkgm* •

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¹¹©© Rlwïh|dw Kjxrdh|åçd Rlwïh|d ‗ }|mc}|lr w|bwxmjgkm d| db`lgxd hl }|l d hlxljxdr wl hlwamp d| xlo kjxljåçd d| dbrkemåçd hl wl hlwamplr* Rlwïh|dw w÷ckhdw |rbmjdw .RW\+ Rlwïh|dw kjh|wxrkmkw Olhkhmw a|x|rmw* •

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¹¹©© Kjwxr|oljxdw hl Vdckxkgm hl Mobkljxl Lj}|mhrmoljxd Lo =;>8 adk gdjwxkx|ïhm vlcm mwwlobclkm/elrmc hmw Jmåülw \jkhmw# m Gdokwwçd O|jhkmc vmrm d Mobkljxl l d hlwljqdcqkoljxd .GOMH+# gdod |o ÷reçd kjhlvljhljxl l kjxlermhd vdr 2= vmïwlw Hlwljqdcqkoljxd w|wxljxíqlc ‗ xmc gdod lj|jgkmhd jd rlcmx÷rkd Br|jhxcmjh Br|jhxcmjh## hlakjl/wl hlwljqdcqkoljxd w|wxljxíqlc gdod d hlwljqdcqkoljxd }|l wmxkwamp mw jlglwwkhmhlw hmw elrmåülw mgx|mkw# wlo gdo kwwd gdovrdolxlr m vdwwkbkckhmhl hmw elrmåülw a|x|rmw wmxkwamplrlo mw w|mw vr÷vrkmw jlglwwkhmhlw* D hlwljqdcqkoljxd w|wxljxíqlc ljqdcql# mwwko# m kjxlermåçd hmw vdcïxkgmw wdgkd/lgdj÷okgmw l mobkljxl* Meljhm 2=# gdo d db`lgxkqd hl vrlvmrmr d o|jhd vmrm dw hlwmakdw hd wëg|cd ^^K amgl mdw mgx|mkw vrdbclomw hl mobkljxl l hlwljqdcqkoljxd# gdjxljhd vrdermomw hl mgåçd hlxmcnmhdw l blo a|jhmoljxmhdw a|jhmoljxmhdw j|om qmrklhmhl hl omxërkmw# hlwhl m elwxçd hm íe|m æ vdbrlpm* Lwxrmxëekmw vmrm m kovcloljxmåçd hm Meljhm 2= •

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víekjm =8 hl 71



8 ‗ Vrdbclomw hloderíakgdw 8*= ‗ L~vcdwçd hloderíakgm 8*=*= ‗ Lqdc|åçd hm vdv|cmåçd o|jhkmc ¹¹©© Lqdc|åçd hm vdv|cmåçd o|jhkmc Mxë md wëg|cd ^QKKK ‗ mxë md wëg|cd ^QKKK# d grlwgkoljxd grlwgkoljxd hm vdv|cmåçd adk cljxd# mkjhm }|l m xm~m hm jmxmckhmhl adwwl mcxm m xm~m hm odrxmckhmhl lrm xmobëo o|kxd mcxm* Xm~m hl jmxmckhmhl ‗ j|olrd hl hmhdw qkqdw dgdrrkhdw h|rmjxl |o glrxd vlrïdhd hl xlovd# jdromcoljxl d mjd# rlalrkhd æ vdv|cmåçd oëhkm hlwwl vlrïdhd* Xm~m hl odrxmckhmhl ‗ j|olrd hl ÷bkxdw dgdrrkhdw h|rmjxl |o glrxd vlrïdhd hl xlovd# jdromcoljxl d mjd# rlalrkhd æ vdv|cmåçd oëhkm hlwwl vlrïdhd* Hl =5<6 mxë =;<6 Olcndrlw gdjhkåülw wmjkxírkmw# vlrokxkrmo |om bmk~m hm xm~m hm odrxmckhmhl l |o m|oljxd hm lwvlrmjåm oëhkm hl qkhm* Gdjwl}|ljxloljxl |o ermjhl m|oljxd vdv|cmgkdjmc }|l kjgkhk|# wdbrlx|hd# jm L|rdvm m Moërkgm hd Jdrxl* Hl =;<6 mxë =;;; M vmrxkr hm KK Ermjhl E|lrrm O|jhkmc# jdw vmïwlw oljdw hlwljqdcqkhdw qlrkakgd|/wl |om mgljx|mhm olcndrkm hmw gdjhkåülw hl qkhm# jd mglwwd m g|khmhdw oëhkgdw l m íe|m vdxíqlc vlrokxkjhd |o hlgrëwgkod hm odrxmckhmhl* =;;; ‗ D mjd hdw wlkw bkckülw M =2 hl D|x|brd hl =;;; d vcmjlxm mxkjek| 1 okc okcnülw hl nmbkxmjxlw* L# vlcm vrkolkrm qlp jm nkwxdrkm hm n|omjkhmhl# gdo |o }|mjxkxmxkqd vdv|cmgkdjmc o|kxd `dqlo* HL =;;; mxë 26<6 Vrlqà/wl }|l m vdv|cmåçd o|jhkmc gdjxkj|l m grlwglr jdw vr÷~kodw <6 mjdw* ¹¹©© Gm|wmw vrkjgkvmkw hd grlwgkoljxd hloderíakgd Vdhlodw mvdjxmr gdod vrkjgkvmkw gm|wmw hd grlwgkoljxd grlwgkoljxd hm vdv|cmåçd# }|l wl qlrkakgm jdw vmïwlw oljdw hlwljqdcqkoljxd# m bmk~m hm xm~m hm odrxmckhmhl l m vlrwkwxàjgkm hl |om lclqmhm xm~m hm alg|jhkhmhl* Mkjhm }|l wl xljnmo qlrkakgmhd mcxlrmåülw# jd wljxkhd hl bmk~mr m jmxmckhmhl# lwxm gdjxkj|m m wlr lclqmhm# vdhljhd mvdjxmr/wl gdod gm|wmw0 Lwxmx|xd l vmvlc hm O|cnlr gljxrmhdw jm omxlrjkhmhl# Qmcdr hm grkmjåm# Odrxmckhmhl kjamjxkc lclqmhm# Bmk~d jïqlc lh|gmgkdjmc hm o|cnlr# Vcmjlmoljxd amokckmr rlh|pkhd l bmk~d |wd hl gdjxrmglvxkqdw* •

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¹¹©© Gdjwl}|àjgkmw vrkjgkvmkw hd mglclrmhd grlwgkoljxd hloderíakgd Víekjm =2;* =2;* ]|mhrd víekjm =7;* =7;* 8*2 ‗ Ljqlcnlgkoljxd hloderíakgd d| vdv|cmgkdjmc 8*2*= ‗ Ljqlcnlgkoljxd hm vdv|cmåçd Mwwkwxl/wl nd`l# jm eljlrmckhmhl hmw wdgklhmhlw omkw hlwljqdcqkhmw# md alj÷oljd hd ljqlcnlgkoljxd hloderíakgd d| vdv|cmgkdjmc# d| wl`m# md m|oljxd hm vlrgljxmelo rlcmxkqm hl kjhkqïh|dw gdo 1< l omkw mjdw hl khmhl jd gdj`|jxd hm vdv|cmåçd xdxmc*

8*2*2 ‗ Lqdc|åçd hm vdv|cmåçd vdr er|vdw lxírkdw jmw ermjhlw Rlekülw* 8*2*7 Gm|wmw hd ljqlcnlgkoljxd hloderíakgd D ljqlcnlgkoljxd hloderíakgd d| vdv|cmgkdjmc hlrkqm hl |om hl xràw vrkjgkvmkw rmpdlw0 xdvd # rlw|cxmjxl hd mgrëwgkod hm M vrkolkrm gdjwkwxl jd ljqlcnlgkoljxd jmx|rmc hd xdvd# vlrgljxmelo hm vdv|cmåçd khdwm# lo gdjwl}|àjgkm gdjwl}|àjgkm hl xljhàjgkmw hloderíakgmw ljh÷eljmw jdromkw* jdromkw* D mgrëwgkod hd j|olrd hl kjhkqïh|dw gdo 1< l omkw mjdw rlw|cxm# hm bmk~m hm xm~m hl odrxmckhmhl l •


víekjm =< hl 71



hm odrxmckhmhl kjamjxkc# gdo gdjwl}|ljxl m|oljxd hm lwvlrmjåm oëhkm hl qkhm* xdvd # }|l mgrlwgljxm æ vrkolkrm# \om wle|jhm rmpçd# rlalrl/wl md ljqlcnlgkoljxd mrxkakgkmc hd xdvd# m gdjgljxrmåçd hl khdwdw lo rlekülw vmrxkg|cmroljxl mxrmljxlw# hlqkhd# ljxrl d|xrmw gm|wmw# æw bdmw gdjhkåülw gckoíxkgmw l l~kwxàjgkm hl wlrqkådw lwvlgkmckpmhdw* bmwl # rlw|cxmjxl hm }|lbrm hm jmxmckhmhl# Vdr ako# ní m gdjwkhlrmr d ljqlcnlgkoljxd jmx|rmc jm bmwl# gmrmgxlrïwxkgm hl wdgklhmhlw |rbmjmw l kjh|wxrkmkw# gdo m gdjwl}|ljxl rlh|åçd vrderlwwkqm hm gmomhm omkw `dqlo# jd xdxmc hm vdv|cmåçd*

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8*2*8 ‗ Gdjwl}|àjgkmw hd ljqlcnlgkoljxd vdv|cmgkdjmc vdv|cmgkdjmc d| hloderíakgd ¹¹©© Gdjwl}|àjgkmw Lgdj÷okgmw l Wdgkmkw M jïqlc lgdj÷okgd# d m|oljxd hm vdv|cmåçd khdwm mgmrrlxm omkdrlw g|wxdw gdo m wle|rmjåm wdgkmc .gdo vljwülw l rladromw+# gdo m wmðhl .ndwvkxmkw l olhkgmoljxdw+# gdo m grkmåçd hl kjarm/lwxr|x|rmw .cmrlw# gljxrdw hl hkm+* ¹¹©© Gdjwl}|àjgkmw vdckxkgmw Vdckxkgmoljxl dw omkw khdwdw xlrçd omkdr vlwd lclkxdrmc# vdhljhd# hl adrom kjhkrlgxm# mcxlrmr d a|jgkdjmoljxd hm wdgklhmhl l hm lgdjdokm* ¹¹ ©© Gdjwl}|àjgkmw Gdjwl}|àjgkmw kjhkqkh|mkw hd ljqlcnlgkoljxd ]|lr m jïqlc aïwkgd }|lr m jïqlc kjhkqkh|mc l wdgkmc dw omkw khdwdw xào omkdr xljhàjgkm vmrm wl wljxkrlo omkw kwdcmhdw l l~gc|ïhdw hm wdgklhmhl* Gdjwl}|àjgkmw Gdjwl}|àjgkmw aïwkgmw Gdjwl}|àjgkmw lgdj÷okgmw l wdgkmkw* • •

8*2*< ‗ Xljhàjgkmw hd ljqlcnlgkoljxd vdv|cmgkdjmc M omkdrkm hm vdv|cmåçd gdo 16 l omkw mjdw qkqlrí lo vmïwlw omkw hlwljqdcqkhdw# D omkdr mgrëwgkod hm vdv|cmåçd gdo 16 l omkw mjdw hmr/wl/í jdw vmïwlw oljdw hlwljqdcqkhdw# Alokjkpmåmd hm vdv|cmåçd ljqlcnlgkhm# Lwxkom/wl }|l m|oljxl d j|olrd hl vlwwdmw gdo >6# ;6 l =66 mjdw# Rlh|åçd hd j|olrd hl mgxkqdw vdr gmhm khdwd* 8*2*1 ‗ Vdwwïqlkw lwxrmxëekmw hl kjxlrqljåçd ]|mhrd víekjm =87* • • • • •

8*7 ‗ Okermåülw Okermåülw ‗ ljxljhl/wl d odqkoljxd hl |om vdv|cmåçd# xlovdrírkd d| vlromjljxl# hl |o cdgmc aïwkgd vmrm d|xrd* M okermåçd ljqdcql jlglwwmrkmoljxl |om xrmjwkåçd wdgkmc blo hlakjkhm# kovckgmjhd vdr rlerm |om o|hmjåm hl lwxmx|xd d| |om mcxlrmåçd jd rlcmgkdjmoljxd gdo d olkd ljqdcqljxl# }|lr aïwkgd }|lr wdgkmc* 8*7*= ‗ Gcmwwkakgmåçd hmw okermåülw Mw okermåülw vdhlo wlr gcmwwkakgmhmw gcmwwkakgmhmw lo0 Okermåülw kjxlrjmw Okermåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw • •

¹¹©© Okermåülw Kjxlrjmw kjxlrjmw# ljxljhlo/wl dw odqkoljxdw hlakjkxkqdw d| wmpdjmkw hmw vdv|cmåülw hljxrd hl Vdr okermåülw Vdr okermåülw kjxlrjmw# |o vmïw# xlrrkx÷rkd d| írlm rlwxrkxm0 Gcmwwkakgmåçd hmw okermåülw kjxlrjmw0 kjxlrjmw 0  Hlakjkxkqmw#  Wmpdjmkw* Gm|wmw hmw okermåülw kjxlrjmw# l~lovcdw0  Drhlo lgdj÷okgm# •

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víekjm =1 hl 71



 Drhlo jçd lgdj÷okgm0 lgdc÷ekgmw# Wdgkmkw* Gdjwl}|àjgkmw hmw okermåülw kjxlrjmw0 M vrkjgkvmc gdjwl}|àjgkm hmw okermåülw kjxlrjmw ë m grlwgljxl |rbmjkpmåçd }|l xrmrí vrdbclomw wërkdw m qírkdw jïqlkw0  Md jïqlc hloderíakgd ‗ hlwlrxkakgmåçd hd kjxlrkdr l pdjmw r|rmkw }|l gdjxrkb|k vmrm d ljqlcnlgkoljxd hlwxmw rlekülw l md m|oljxd hm hljwkhmhl vdv|cmgkdjmc jmw írlmw |rbmjmw hmjhd drkelo m olem gkhmhlw*  Md jïqlc amokckmr ‗ d mbmjhdjd hl o|cnlrlw# grkmjåmw# l khdwd# lj}|mjxd dw ndoljw qçd vmrm mw gkhmhlw#  Md jïqlc wdgkmc ‗ hlwlovrled d| w|blovrled# bmk~dw wmcírkdw# bmkrrdw gdo vrlgírkmw gdjhkåülw hl qkhm# xljwülw wdgkmkw l vrlwwçd wdbrl dw wkwxlomw hl vrlwxmåülw hl wlrqkådw* •

¹¹©© Okermåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw Vdr okermåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw ljxljhlo/wl dw odqkoljxdw vdv|cmgkdjmkw }|l dgdrrlo ljxrl vmïwlw* Gdjwkhlrm/wl lokermjxl lokermjxl d kjhkqïh|d }|l wmk hd wl| vmkw vmrm kr xrmbmcnmr vmrm d|xrd vmïw* Okermåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw* Mce|jw amgxdrlw Jd lwx|hd hmw okermåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw hlql/wl xlr lo gdjxm hkqlrwdw amgxdrlw# vdr l~lovcd0  Jmx|rlpm hmw odxkqmåülw ‗ hl hlwcdgmåçd# lo }|l wl lj}|mhrmo mw okermåülw vdckxkgmw .e|lrrmw# rlqdc|åülw# vlrwle|kåülw ëxjkgmw d| rlckekdwmw+ l mw okermåülw lgdj÷okgmw .hlwlovrled# bmk~dw wmcírkdw# oíw gdjhkåülw hl qkhm+#  Hkwxmjgkm vlrgdrrkhm ‗ }|l vdhlrí ljqdcqlr ermjhlw hkwxmjgkmw# d| g|rxmw hkwxmjgkmw#  H|rmåçd hl vlromjàjgkm ‗ }|l vdhlrí wlr hlakjkxkqm .elrmcoljxl ë d gmwd hmw okermåülw xrmjwdglâjkgmw# gdod# jd vmwwmhd# mw hl Vdrx|emc vmrm d Brmwkc+ d| xlovdrírkm .okermåülw wmpdjmkw# mj|mkw d| vc|rkmj|mkw# gdjxrmxdw vdr xlovdrmhm# l~0 jm gdjwxr|åçd gkqkc d| jm írlm hm merkg|cx|rm+*  H|rmåçd hd ac|~d#  M lwxr|x|rm amokckmr hdw er|vdw okermjxlw#  Mw }|mckakgmåülw hdw okermjxlw#  Vrd~kokhmhl g|cx|rmc ljxrl dw okermjxlw l m vdv|cmåçd mjakxrkç Gm|wmw hmw okermåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw Vdhlodw hkwxkje|kr gdod vrkjgkvmkw gm|wmw hdw ac|~dw okermx÷rkdw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw*  Mw hl drhlo lgdj÷okgm ‗ mw }|l wl rlalrlo a|jhmoljxmcoljxl# a|jhmoljxmcoljxl# m }|lwxülw hl jmx|rlpm cmbdrmc#  Mw hl drhlo jçd lgdj÷okgm ‗ }|l vdhlo wlr hl qírkm jmx|rlpm# jdolmhmoljxl0 =* Vdckxkgmw ‗ e|lrrmw# rlqdc|åülw# vlrwle|kåülw# vlrwle|kåülw# 2* Hloderíakgmw ‗ omkdr hljwkhmhl vdv|cmgkdjmc# vdv|cmgkdjmc# 7* Wdgkmkw ‗ amcxm hl kjarm/lwxr|x|rmw wdgkmkw# lwgdcmw# ndwvkxmkw# ndwvkxmkw# lxg# 8* Rlckekdwmw$G|cx|rmkw Rlckekdwmw$G|cx|rmkw ‗ <* Amokckmr 1* Vlwwdmc •

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Gdjwl}|àjgkmw hm Okermåülw Kjxlrjmgkdjmkw Mw hlwke|mchmhlw lgdj÷okgmw# gmhm qlp omkdrlw# ljxrl dw vmïwlw omkw hlwljqdcqkhdw l dw vmïwlw oljdw hlwljqdcqkhdw# l mw vrlwwülw vdckxkgmw# lgdc÷ekgmw l hloderíakgmw# clqmrçd m }|l |o jðolrd gmhm qlp omkdr hl kjhkqïh|dw vrdg|rl d|xrdw vmïwlw* Gdjwl}|àjgkmw vmrm d Vmïw hl hlwxkjd Mw gdjwl}|àjgkmw wçd a|jhmoljxmcoljxl hl xràw drhljw# lgdj÷okgmw# hloderíakgmw l wdgkd/vdcïxkgmw0  Drhlo lgdj÷okgm  Drhlo hloderíakgm  Drhlo wdgkd/vdcïxkgm Gdjwl}|àjgkmw vmrm dw vmïwlw hl drkelo  Drhlo lgdj÷okgm ‗ vdr l~lovcd0 gdjxrkb|kåçd akjmjglkrm hdw wl|w lokermjxlw mxrmqëw hd ljqkd hl rlolwwmw# rlh|åçd hm vdv|cmåçd mgxkqm }|mckakgmhm#  Drhlo hloderíakgm ‗ vdr l~lovcd0 ljqlcnlgkoljxd hmw w|mw vdv|cmåülw# •

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víekjm =5 hl 71



 Drhlo wdgkmc ‗ vdr l~lovcd0 mbmjhdjd hl o|cnlrlw l grkmjåmw# gdjxmgxd gdo d|xrmw g|cx|rmw l xrmhkåülw }|l vdhlrçd clqmr æ l~xkjåçd hl hlxlrokjmhmw vrmxkgmw xrmhkgkdjmkw xrmhkgkdjmkw d| æ mhdvåçd hl vrmxkgmw jdqmw gdod# vdr l~lovcd0 omkdr rlg|rwd æw xëgjkgmw hl vcmjlmoljxd amokckmr* Xljhàjgkmw hmw okermåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw vmrm dw vr÷~kodw 26 mjdw0  Ecdbmckpmåçd hmw okermåülw ‗ xljhàjgkm vmrm }|l |o omkdr j|olrd hl vmïwlw wl`m malgxmhd md olwod xlovd vdr odqkoljxdw okermx÷rkdw# drk|jhdw hl |om omkdr hkqlrwkhmhl hl írlmw#  Grlwgkoljxd hmw Okermåülw ‗ xljhàjgkmw vmrm }|l d qdc|ol hdw odqkoljxdw okermx÷rkdw wl xdrjl gmhm qlp omkdr# kjkgkmcoljxl dw odqkoljxdw okermx÷rkdw lrmo hl |o w÷ xkvd9 vdr  Kjhkalrljgkmåmd hmw Okermåülw ‗ kjkgkmcoljxl l~lovcd# d| w÷ hl xrmbmcnmhdrlw d| w÷ hl rla|ekmhdw* Nd`l# mwwkwxl/wl m odqkoljxdw okermx÷rkdw wko|cxâjldw# hm qírkdw xkvdw#  Alokjkpmåmd hmw Okermåülw ‗ Vrdglwwd okermx÷rkd kjxlrjmgkdjmc0 kjxlrjmgkdjmc0 d odhlcd hmw 8 amwlw0 ]|mhrd víekjm =<>* =<>* •

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8*8 ‗ Vdckxkgmw hloderíakgmw d| vdckxkgmw hm vdv|cmåçd 8*8*= ‗ Lqdc|åçd hm vdv|cmåçd o|jhkmc

8*8*2 ‗ Vdckxkgmw hloderíakgmw* D }|l wçd4 Vdckxkgmw hloderíakgmw ‗ d gdj`|jxd hl olhkhmw xdomhmw vlcmw ljxkhmhlw edqlrjmoljxmkw# edqlrjmoljxmkw# }|l hl adrom hkrlgxm d| kjhkrlgxm# qkwmo mcxlrmr m lqdc|åçd hm vdv|cmåçd* Lwxmw mcxlrmåülw hd odqkoljxd hm vdv|cmåçd vdhlo wlr alkxmw gdo bmwl jmw írlmw hd vrdglwwd vdv|cmgkdjmc# vdv|cmgkdjmc# d| wl`m0 Hm jmxmckhmhl# Hm odrxmckhmhl# Hmw okermåülw .kjxlrjmw d| kjxlrjmgkdjmkw+* kjxlrjmgkdjmkw+* • • •

¹¹©© Vdckxkgmw hloderíakgmw d| hm vdv|cmåçd jm írlm hm jmxmckhmhl jmxmckhmhl Mw vdcïxkgmw jm írlm hm jmxmckhmhl xlo gdod vrkjgkvmc db`lgxkqd mcxlrmr d qdc|ol hdw jmwgkoljxdw# vmrm d m|oljxmr# omjxlr d| bmk~mr* Xlodw mwwko# xràw xkvdw hl vdckxkgmw0 Vdckxkgmw Jmxmckwxmw ‗ }|l qkwmo d m|oljxd hm xm~m hm jmxmckhmhl# Vdckxkgmw Mjxk/jmxmckwxmw ‗ }|l qkwmo m hkokj|kåçd hm xm~m hm jmxmckhmhl# Vdckxkgmw hl Jl|xrmckhmhl ‗ g|`dw rlw|cxmhdw qmrkmrçd hl mgdrhd gdo mw gkrg|jwxâjgkmw hl gmhm vmïw* Hm mjmckwl elrmc hdw hmhdw# gdjwxmxm/wl }|l # m jïqlc o|jhkmc# vrlhdokjmo mw vdckxkgmw mjxk/mjmxmckwxmw# mjxk/mjmxmckwxmw# hl omjlkrm elrmc lobdrm jmw rlekülw omkw hlwljqdcqkhmw .gdo hlwxm}|l vmrm m L|rdvdm; wl vrkqkcleklo mw vdckxkgmw vmrm m|oljxmr m alg|jhkhmhl# hmhd d wl| hd ïjhkgl wkjxëxkgd hl alg|jhkhmhl# wlr bmk~d jçd vlrokxkjhd m rljdqmåçd hmw elrmåülw l mkjhm# vrdqdgmjhd d ljqlcnlgkoljxd hmw vdv|cmåülw* vdv|cmåülw* • • •

Olhkhmw jmxmckwxmw l hm amoïckm ‗ L~lovcdw0 Mw olhkhmw mhdvxmhmw vmrm d m|oljxd hm jmxmckhmhl# vdhlo wlr hkrlgxmw d| vdhlo wlr kjhkrlgxmw .gdod wçd mw vdckxkgmw hm amoïckm }|l kjgkhlo jmw írlmw hdw mbdjdw+* Ql`modw írlmw hl vdwwïqlc kjxlrqljåçd0 Írlm hdw bljlaïgkdw akwgmkw Írlm hmw kjarm/lwxr|x|rmw kjarm/lwxr|x|rmw wdgkmkw# Írlm hd mvdkd æ omxlrjkhmhl omxlrjkhmhl Írlm hm clekwcmåçd# Írlm cmbdrmc* • • • • •

¹¹©© Vdckxkgmw mjxk/jmxmckwxmw d| jldomcxn|wkmjmw Mw olhkhmw mhdvxmhmw vmrm m hkokj|kåçd hm jmxmckhmhl# vdhlo gdod mw mjxlrkdrlw# wlr hkrlgxmw d| kjhkrlgxmw0 Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm => hl 71



]|mhrd víekjm =57* =57* ¹¹©© Vdckxkgmw wlo kjxlrqljåçd lwvlgkakgm jm írlm hm jmxmckhmhl* Vdckxkgmw hl kokermåçd Amgl æ bmk~m hm xm~m hm jmxmckhmhl l md gdjwl}|ljxl ljqlcnlgkoljxd vdv|cmgkdjmc# mce|jw vmïwlw mhdvxmo olhkhmw vdv|cmgkdjmkw* vdv|cmgkdjmkw* M mhdvåçd hlwxmw olhkhmw vlrokxl d m|oljxd hd wl| lalgxkqd vdv|cmgkdjmc gdo d m|oljxd hm jmxmckhmhl# mgrëwgkod hm vdv|cmåçd mgxkqm l rl`|qljlwgkoljxd hloderíakgd# |om qlp }|l }|lo kokerm# omkdrkxmrkmoljxl omkdrkxmrkmoljxl wçd dw `dqljw* Vdckxkgmw }|l vdhlo kjac|ljgkmr mw okermåülw* Mw olhkhmw vdhlrçd wlr mhdvxmhmw# vdr l~lovcd# gdo bmwl lo0  Amgxdrlw vrdakwwkdjmkw ‗ ckokxmjhd m ljxrmhm hl kjhkqïh|dw lwxrmjelkrdw gdjwdmjxl m }|mckakgmåçd }|l vdww|mo#  Amgxdrlw wmjkxírkdw ‗ rlg|wmjhd m ljxrmhm hl kjhkqïh|dw gdo bmwl jd wl| gmhmwxrd grkokjmc d| mkjhm# gdo bmwl lo gdjxrdcdw wmjkxírkdw hlwxkjmhdw m kovlhkr m ljxrmhm hl kjhkqïh|dw vdrxmhdrlw d| vdxljgkmkw vdrxmhdrlw hl hlxlrokjmhmw hdljåmw#  Amgxdrlw ëxjkgdw l rmgkmkw ‗ mhdvxmjhd olhkhmw xljhljxlw m bljlakgkmr hlxlrokjmhmw lxjkmw lo hlxrkoljxd hl d|xrmw* ]|mhrd víekjm =5<* =5<* •

8*8*7 ‗ Gdjalrljgkmw o|jhkmkw wdbrl m vdv|cmåçd Gdo hkalrljxlw wkx|måülw hloderíakgmw m jïqlc o|jhkmc# w|rek| m vrldg|vmåçd hl wl hkwg|xkrlo mw }|lwxülw rlcmgkdjmhmw gdo d grlwgkoljxd hloderíakgd# m odrxmckhmhl l okermåülw l m xdomhm hl olhkhmw jd wljxkhd hl olcndr wl wdc|gkdjmrlo dw qírkdw vrdbclomw* Jlwxl âobkxd# adrom dremjkpmhmw# vlcm Dremjkpmåçd hmw Jmåülw \jkhmw mxë nd`l# xràw gdjalrljgkmw o|jhkmkw wdbrl m vdv|cmåçd0 Gdjalrljgkm O|jhkmc hl B|gmrlwxl .=;58+# Gdjalrljgkm Kjxlrjmgkdjmc hd Oë~kgd wdbrl m Vdv|cmåçd .=;>8+# Gdjalrljgkm Kjxlrjmgkdjmc Kjxlrjmgkdjmc hd Gmkrd wdbrl m Vdv|cmåçd l hlwljqdcqkoljxd .=;;8+* Mw xràw gdjalrljgkmw o|jhkmkw vmrxlo hm vrlokwwm hl }|l d grlwgkoljxd hm vdv|cmåçd ë |o vdxljgkmc dbwxíg|cd md hlwljqdcqkoljxd lgdj÷okgd lgdj÷okgd l }|l d blo lwxmr hmw vdv|cmåülw vmwwm vdr |om lwxrmxëekm hl ckokxmåçd hd grlwgkoljxd vdv|cmgkdjmc* • • •

gmkrd# kjxrdh|pk| |om jdqm àjamwl jd Lo rlcmåçd æw d|xrmw h|mw gdjalràjgkmw# m gdjalràjgkm hd gmkrd# vrdermom hl mgåçd o|jhkmc0 m kovdrxâjgkm wdgkmc mxrkb|ïhm æw o|cnlrlw l mdw hkrlkxdw hm wmðhl rlvrdh|xkqm* ]|mhrd víekjm =55* =55*


víekjm =; hl 71



< ‗ Ecdbmckpmåçd lgdj÷okgm <*= ‗ Kjxrdh|åçd Lwxl gmvïx|cd mvrlwljxm dw vrkjgkvmkw gdjglkxdw |wmhdw jm mjíckwl hdw hlxlrokjmjxlw hm ecdbmckpmåçd# mwwko gdod m odch|rm mjmcïxkgm bíwkgm jlglwwírkm vmrm m gdovrlljwçd hmw rlcmåülw ljxrl ecdbmckpmåçd# hlwjmgkdjmckpmåçd l q|cjlrmbkckhmhl l~xlrjm* D mre|oljxd gljxrmc ë }|l d vrdglwwd hl ecdbmckpmåçd lgdj÷okgm vrdqdgm rlcmåülw omkw gdovcl~mw l vrda|jhmw hl kjxlrhlvljhàjgkm ljxrl lgdjdokmw jmgkdjmkw l# jd gmwd hl mce|jw vmïwlw .Brmwkc l# bmwkgmoljxl# xdhm m Moërkgm Cmxkjm+ lwwmw rlcmåülw clqmo æ gdjwdckhmåçd d| md mermqmoljxd hl |om wkx|måçd hl q|cjlrmbkckhmhl l~xlrjm* D kjqlwxkoljxd l~xlrjd hkrlgxd rlalrl/wl m xdhd d ac|~d hl gmvkxmc lwxrmjelkrd hlwxkjmhd m |om lovrlwm .rlwkhljxl+ wdbrl m }|mc d lwxrmjelkrd .jçd/rlwkhljxl+ l~lrgl gdjxrdcd wdbrl m xdomhm hl hlgkwçd* –Lovrlwm hl gmvkxmc lwxrmjelkrd‟ .LGL+ xrmxm/wl# lo mce|jw odoljxdw# hm lovrlwm/omxrkp .jçd/ rlwkhljxl+ l# jd|xrdw# hm akckmc d| w|bwkhkírkm .rlwkhljxl+ jd vmïw* M LGL ë xmobëo rlalrkhm# æw qlplw# gdod lovrlwm kjxlrjmgkdjmc# o|cxkjmgkdjmc# xrmjwjmgkdjmc d|# omkw wkovclwoljxl# gdod lovrlwm lwxrmjelkrm* <*2 ‗ Hm kjxlrjmgkdjmckpmåçd æ ecdbmckpmåçd M ecdbmckpmåçd vdhl wlr hlakjkhm gdod m kjxlrmgåçd hl xràw vrdglwwdw hkwxkjxdw }|l xào dgdrrkhd md cdjed hdw ðcxkodw qkjxl mjdw l malgxmo mw hkoljwülw akjmjglkrmw# vrdh|xkqm# gdolrgkmc l xlgjdc÷ekgm hmw rlcmåülw lgdj÷okgmw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw* Lwwlw vrdglwwdw wçd0 M l~vmjwçd l~xrmdrhkjírkm hdw ac|~dw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw hl bljw# wlrqkådw l gmvkxmkw# m dgdrràjgkm hlwljarlmhm jdw olrgmhdw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw# m omkdr kjxlermåçd ljxrl dw wkwxlomw lgdj÷okgdw jmgkdjmkw* jmgkdjmkw* m+ D vrkolkrd vrdglwwd rlalrl/wl æ l~vmjwçd l~xrmdrhkjírkm hdw ac|~dw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw hl bljw# wlrqkådw l gmvkxmkw* Hl amgxd# nd|ql |om l~xrmdrhkjírkm l~vmjwçd hdw ac|~dw hl gmvkxmkw lo xdhdw dw olrgmhdw }|l gdovülo d wkwxlom akjmjglkrd kjxlrjmgkdjmc .xïx|cdw# mgåülw# lovrëwxkodw# akjmjgkmoljxdw# odlhmw l hlrkqmhdw+* •

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vrdh|xkqm # hlql/wl rlwwmcxmr }|l m Jd }|l wl rlalrl md vrdglwwd hl ecdbmckpmåçd jm lwalrm vrdh|xkqm# kjxlrjmgkdjmckpmåçd hm vrdh|åçd dgdrrl wlovrl }|l rlwkhljxlw hl |o vmïw xào mglwwd m bljw l wlrqkådw gdo drkelo jd|xrdw vmïwlw* Lwwl mglwwd vdhl dgdrrlr vdr olkd hd gdoërgkd kjxlrjmgkdjmc# kjqlwxkoljxd l~xlrjd hkrlgxd l rlcmåülw gdjxrmx|mkw* gdjxrmx|mkw* D kjqlwxkoljxd l~xlrjd hkrlgxd wkejkakgm }|l |o meljxl lgdj÷okgd lwxrmjelkrd mgx|m jm lgdjdokm jmgkdjmc vdr olkd hl w|bwkhkírkmw l akckmkw# lj}|mjxd mw rlcmåülw gdjxrmx|mkw vlrokxlo }|l meljxlw lgdj÷okgdw jmgkdjmkw vrdh|pmo vrdh|pmo bljw d| wlrqkådw }|l xào drkelo jd rlwxd hd o|jhd* M vmrxkr hl olmhdw hdw mjdw >6 nd|ql |o m|oljxd l~xrmdrhkjírkd hdw ac|~dw hl kjqlwxkoljxd l~xlrjd hkrlgxd l hmw rlcmåülw gdjxrmx|mkw# mwwko gdod hm mgx|måçd hmw lovrlwmw xrmjwjmgkdjmkw* b+ D wle|jhd vrdglwwd gmrmgxlrïwxkgd hm ecdbmckpmåçd ë d mgkrrmoljxd$mekxmåçd hm gdjgdrràjgkm kjxlrjmgkdjmc* Ní |om rkqmckhmhl gmhm qlp omkdr jd wkwxlom lgdj÷okgd o|jhkmc* Hlql/wl jdxmr# mkjhm# }|l er|vdw xrmjwjmgkdjmkw xmobëo vmwwmrmo m mgx|mr omkw hkrlgxmoljxl jd wkwxlom akjmjglkrd kjxlrjmgkdjmc vdr kjxlroëhkd hl kjwxkx|kåülw akjmjglkrmw akjmjglkrmw vr÷vrkmw* g+ D xlrglkrd vrdglwwd rlalrl/wl æ grlwgljxl kjxlermåçd hdw wkwxlomw lgdj÷okgdw jmgkdjmkw* Lwwl vrdglwwd omjkalwxm/wl }|mjhd# jd gmwd hm ecdbmckpmåçd akjmjglkrm lokxkhdw vdr rlwkhljxlw lwxí jmw oçdw hl jçd/rlwkhljxlw l qkgl/qlrwm*


víekjm 26 hl 71



M lwvlgkakgkhmhl hm ecdbmckpmåçd lgdj÷okgm jd akjmc hd wëg|cd ^^ gdjwkwxk| jm wko|cxmjlkhmhl hdw vrdglwwdw hl grlwgkoljxd l~xrmdrhkjírkd hdw ac|~dw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw# –mgkrrmoljxd‟ hm gdjgdrràjgkm jd wkwxlom kjxlrjmgkdjmc l kjxlermåçd grlwgljxl ljxrl dw wkwxlomw lgdj÷okgdw jmgkdjmkw* <*7 ‗ Hlxlrokjmjxlw hm ecdbmckpmåçd Dw hlxlrokjmjxlw hm ecdbmckpmåçd vdhlo wlr mer|vmhdw lo xràw gdj`|jxdw hl amgxdrlw0 Xlgjdc÷ekgdw Kjwxkx|gkdjmkw# Wkwxëokgdw* m+ D vrkolkrd gdj`|jxd hl hlxlrokjmjxlw hm ecdbmckpmåçd lgdj÷okgm rlalrl/wl mdw hlwljqdcqkoljxdw xlgjdc÷ekgdw mwwdgkmhdw æ rlqdc|åçd hm kjadroíxkgm l hmw xlclgdo|jkgmåülw* D rlw|cxmhd adk |om l~xrmdrhkjírkm rlh|åçd hdw g|wxdw dvlrmgkdjmkw l hdw g|wxdw hl xrmjwmgåçd j|om lwgmcm ecdbmc* • •

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b+ D wle|jhd gdj`|jxd hl hlxlrokjmjxlw ljqdcql dw amgxdrlw hl drhlo vdckxkgm l kjwxkx|gkdjmkw qkjg|cmhdw æ mwgljwçd hmw khlkmw ckblrmkw md cdjed hdw mjdw >6# xljhd gdod omrgd hl rlalràjgkm dw edqlrjdw Xnmxgnlr jm Erç/Brlxmjnm l Rlmemj jdw Lwxmhdw \jkhdw* D rlw|cxmhd hlwwm mwgljwçd adk |om djhm hl hlwrle|cmoljxmåçd hd wkwxlom lgdj÷okgd æ lwgmcm ecdbmc* g+ D xlrglkrd l ðcxkod gdj`|jxd hl hlxlrokjmjxlw hm ecdbmckpmåçd rlalrl/wl m amgxdrlw hl drhlo wkwxëokgm l lwxr|x|rmc* D vdjxd gljxrmc rlwkhl m}|k lo qlr m ecdbmckpmåçd lgdj÷okgm gdod vmrxl kjxlermjxl hl |o odqkoljxd hl mg|o|cmåçd æ lwgmcm ecdbmc# gmrmgxlrkpmhd vlcmw hkakg|chmhlw hl l~vmjwçd hm lwalrm vrdh|xkqm hmw lgdjdokmw gmvkxmckwxmw w÷ckhmw$omh|rmw* Jm rlmckhmhl# jlwwl vdjxd# m }|lwxçd gljxrmc rlalrl/wl md oljdr vdxljgkmc hl grlwgkoljxd hdw olrgmhdw hdoëwxkgdw hdw vmïwlw hlwljqdcqkhdw# rkgdw lo gmvkxmc# kwxd ë# xrmxm/wl hd vrdbclom gcíwwkgd hl rlmckpmåçd hd gmvkxmc* Gdod rlw|cxmhd# ní |o hlwcdgmoljxd hl rlg|rwd hm lwalrm vrdh|xkqm vmrm m lwalrm akjmjglkrm l# vdrxmjxd# |o lalkxd hl l~vmjwçd hdw olrgmhdw hl gmvkxmkw hdoëwxkgdw l kjxlrjmgkdjmc* Jd kjïgkd hdw mjdw >6# mv÷w d vlrïdhd hl grkwl .lwxmejmåçd l kjacmåçd+ hdw mjdw 56# m wkx|måçd hmw lgdjdokmw gmvkxmckwxmw –omh|rmw‟ lrm vmrxkg|cmroljxl vmrxkg|cmroljxl hkaïgkc* Mw lgdjdokmw gmvkxmckwxmw hlwljqdcqkhmw hlardjxmqmo/wl gdo }|mxrd rlwvdwxmw bíwkgmw vmrm wmkr hm grkwl hl mg|o|cmåçd0 mg|o|cmåçd0 M vrkolkrm ë m gdjnlgkhm –wmïhm Il{jlwkmjm‟# gdo vdcïxkgmw akwgmkw l~vmjwkdjkwxmw l hëakglw vðbckgdw* M l~vmjwçd hdw kjqlwxkoljxdw vðbckgdw ë |om hmw vrkjgkvmkw adromw hl rlmckpmr lwwm wmïhm hm grkwl* M wle|jhm rlwvdwxm gdjwkwxl jm –wmïhm Wn|ovlxlrkmjm‟ hl kjh|åçd hd vrdglwwd hl hlwxr|kåçd grkmhdrm# vdr olkd hd }|mc wl vrdodql |om jdqm djhm hl kjdqmåülw xlgjdc÷ekgmw l dremjkpmgkdjmkw dremjkpmgkdjmkw gmvmp hl m|oljxmr dw emwxdw .gdjw|od l kjqlwxkoljxd+* M xlrglkrm wmïhm gljxrm/wl jm hkwxrkb|kåçd hd vrdh|xd l rk}|lpm M }|mrxm l ðcxkom wmïhm ljgdjxrm/wl jd olrgmhd l~xlrjd l vrdg|rm xrmjwadromr mw l~vdrxmåülw jm –cdgdodxkqm‟ hm lgdjdokm jmgkdjmc* Jlwwl wljxkhd# mw lgdjdokmw mqmjåmhmw hlqlo mcgmjåmr |om xrm`lgx÷rkm hl grlwgljxl gdovlxkxkqkhmhl gdovlxkxkqkhmhl kjxlrjmgkdjmc* •

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D vrdglwwd hl ecdbmckpmåçd vdr olkd hm mblrx|rm l l~vcdrmåçd hdw olrgmhdw l~xlrjdw ‗ xlo vlrokxkhd |om rlg|vlrmåçd hmw xm~mw hl c|grd* Hlql/wl jdxmr mkjhm }|l d vlrïdhd }|l vrlglhl| d vrdglwwd rlgljxl hl ecdbmckpmåçd adk omrgmhd vdr |om rlh|åçd l~xrmdrhkjírkm hm xm~m hl grlwgkoljxd hm vrdh|xkqkhmhl* Lo wlrqkådw .jdj/xrmhlmbclw+# jçd hkrlgxmoljxl ljqdcqkhdw jd vrdglwwd hl ecdbmckpmåçd+ d }|l wl dbwlrqm ë m omj|xljåçd hm xljhàjgkm hm }|lhm hm vrdh|xkqkhmhl md cdjed hmw ðcxkomw }|mxrd hëgmhmw* Ljxrlxmjxd# rlgljxloljxl# nd|ql |om adrxl rlg|vlrmåçd hmw xm~mw oëhkmw hl grlwgkoljxd hm vrdh|xkqkhmhl# ckhlrmhm vlcd wlgxdr vrdh|xdr hl bljw* Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm 2= hl 71



Mwwko# jd vlrïdhd rlgljxl omrgmhd vlcd vrdglwwd hl ecdbmckpmåçd# xlo/wl qlrkakgmhd |om rlg|vlrmåçd hmw xm~mw hl grlwgkoljxd hm vrdh|xkqkhmhl# vrkjgkvmcoljxl jd wlgxdr vrdh|xdr hl bljw / wlgxdr hl xrmhlmbclw* Jm rlmckhmhl# m wmïhm vrlalrljgkmc |wmhm vlcmw lgdjdokmw gmvkxmckwxmw hlwljqdcqkhmw hlwhl d kjïgkd hdw mjdw >6 xlo wkhd m}|lcm }|l vrdg|rm omkdr mglwwd mdw olrgmhdw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw hl bljw# wlrqkåd l gmvkxmkw* Lwwm lwxrmxëekm w|rel gdod rlmgåçd æ kjw|akgkàjgkm hl vrdg|rm kjxlrjm jdw vmïwlw gmvkxmckwxmw hlwljqdcqkhdw# wljhd mgxkqmoljxl vrdodqkhm vdr edqlrjdw l lovrlwmw xrmjwjmgkdjmkw* Vdrxmjxd# m kjw|akgkàjgkm hm vrdg|rm gdclgxkqm jdw vmïwlw hlwljqdcqkhdw gdjwxkx|k/wl jd omkw kovdrxmjxl l hlxlrokjmjxl alj÷oljd hm ecdbmckpmåçd lgdj÷okgm hlwxl akjmc hl wëg|cd* <*8 ‗ Gmvkxmc lwxrmjelkrd l vdhlr D lwx|hd hmw rlcmåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw l~kel m mjíckwl hmw adjxlw hl vdhlr hdw meljxlw ljqdcqkhdw jd vrdglwwd vdcïxkgd |om qlp }|l m gdjh|xm hl gmhm meljxl mvdkm/wl wdbrl |om bmwl lwvlgïakgm# kwxd ë# wdbrl |om bmwl hl vdhlr* D vdhlr ë ljxljhkhd gdod –m vrdbmbkckhmhl }|l |o mgxdr# hljxrd hl |om rlcmåçd wdgkmc# lwxmrí lo vdwkåçd hl rlmckpmr m w|m vr÷vrkm qdjxmhl# mvlwmr hm rlwkwxàjgkm hl d|xrd mgxdr wdgkmc l kjhlvljhljxloljxl kjhlvljhljxloljxl hm bmwl wdbrl m }|mc lwwm vrdbmbkckhmhl wl mvdkm‟ . Ulblr +*+* Ní xràw hkalrljxlw adromw hl l~lrgïgkd hl vdhlr0 Gdmåçd / –l~kwxl }|mjhd d gdjwljxkoljxd ë bmwlmhd jm vrkqmåçd aïwkgm d| m molmåm hl vrkqmåçd aïwkgm‟ M|xdrkhmhl ‗ rlalrl/wl m gdjwljxkoljxd clekxkomhd* Kjac|ljgkm ‗ ë |o xlrod rlwkh|mc# rlalrkjhd/wl m |o gdjwljxkoljxd jçd/clekxkomhd jçd/clekxkomhd l jçd gdlrgkqd‟ Omrxkj** Omrxkj •

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D db`lgxkqd ë mvdjxmr mw vrkjgkvmkw adjxlw hl vdhlr d| dw lcloljxdw jm bmwl hd vdhlr hmw LGL* Lwwmw lovrlwmw xào vdhlr vmrm kjkgkmr# hlgkhkr l qlxmr }|lwxülw jm xdomhm hl hlgkwülw* D gdjglkxd hl hlgkwçd rlalrl/wl m –|om lwgdcnm ljxrl mcxlrjmxkqdw hl mgåçd‟* Ljxrlxmjxd# xlo/wl lo gdjwkhlrmåçd d vmvlc hmw LGL gdod meljxl hl –odbkckpmåçd hl qkëw‟# kwxd ë# jçd wl hlk~m hl cmhd dw lalkxdw hmw LGL wdbrl m –xdomhm hl jçd/hlgkwçd‟ .Edjåmcqlw+* M jçd/hlgkwçd ë 2|om hlgkwçd }|l rlw|cxm jm w|vrlwwçd d| kovlhkoljxd hl |o hlwmakd cmxljxl d| omjkalwxd vmrm dw qmcdrlw d| kjxlrlwwlw hd xdomhdr hl hlgkwülw‟* Jlwwl wljxkhd# |om xdomhm hl jçd/hlgkwçd ë –|om omjlkrm vlcm }|mc hlomjhmw vdr o|hmjåmw jm mcdgmåçd l~kwxljxl hl bljlaïgkdw l vrkqkcëekdw jm gdo|jkhmhl vdhlo wlr w|adgmhdw mjxlw olwod }|l wl`mo mj|jgkmhmw9 d| omjxkhmw ljgdblrxmw9 d| lckokjmhmw mjxlw }|l emjnlo mglwwd æ mrljm rlclqmjxl hm xdomhm hl hlgkwçd9 d| amcxmjhd xdhdw lwwlw vrdglhkoljxdw# o|xkcmhdw d| hlwxr|ïhdw jd lwxíekd hl kovcloljxmåçd kovcloljxmåçd hl hlgkwçd hd vrdglwwd vdcïxkgd‟ .Edjåmcqlw+* Jd }|l wl rlalrl æw LG# lwwl vdhlr wdbrl m xdomhm hm jçd/hlgkwçd vmrlgl wlr wkejkakgmxkqd }|mjhd wl gdjwkhlrm m gmvmgkhmhl hlwwmw lovrlwmw hl kjac|ljgkmr d| odchmr vlrglvåülw l vrlalràjgkmw vdr olkd# mxë# hdw xkvdw hl bljw l wlrqkådw adrjlgkhdw# adrjlgkhdw# mwwko gdod vlcd |wd hdw olkdw hl gdo|jkgmåçd gdo|jkgmåçd hl omwwm* Hmhd d gdj`|jxd mvrlwljxmhd hdw gdjglkxd bíwkgdw d db`lgxkqd ë l~mokjmr mw vrkjgkvmkw adjxlw d| lcloljxdw hm bmwl hl vdhlr hl LGL* Lwwmw adjxlw wçd hkqkhkhmw lo hdkw xkvdw0 Mw adjxlw l~xlrjmw wçd hlrkqmhmw hl lcloljxdw adrm hd gdjxrdcd hdw vmïwlw rlglvxdrlw hl KHL .kjqlwxkoljxd l~xlrjd hkrlgxd+# hl odhd }|l d edqlrjd xlo vd|gm# wl mce|om# vrdbmbkckhmhl hl o|hmr lwwlw lcloljxdw* Mwwko# lwxlw vdhlo wlr qkwxdw gdod –vmrâolxrdw‟ jm mjíckwl hd vmvlc hmw LGL* Mw adjxlw kjxlrjmw hl vdhlr vdhlo# mxë glrxd vdjxd l wdb glrxmw gkrg|jwxâjgkmw# wlr gdcdgmhmw •

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víekjm 22 hl 71



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víekjm 27 hl 71



Mw LGL gmrmgxlrkpmo/wl vdr glrxd hkjmokwod xlgjdc÷ekgd* Mwwko }|mjxd omkw rmvkhmoljxl wl vrdglwwmr m kjdqmåçd xlgjdc÷ekgm xlgjdc÷ekgm j|o wlgxdr lwvlgkakgd# omkdr xljhl m wlr d vdhlr hl kjxlrqljåçd lgdj÷okgm hmw LGL j|o vmïw kwdcmhmoljxl* k+ Gdjgljxrmåçd hd hlwljqdcqkoljxd xlgjdc÷ekgd D vdhlr hl kjxlrqljåçd hl vrdvrklxírkdw hl xlgjdcdekm xlgjdcdekm ë |om adjxl lqkhljxl hl vrlwwçd* `+ D Edqlrjd hd vmïw hl drkelo Mw LGL xljhlo m kjac|ljgkmr m vdckxkgm l~xlrjm hdw edqlrjdw hdw wl|w vmïwlw hl drkelo# m ako hl dbxlr mce|omw qmjxmeljw jdw vmïwlw rlglvxdrlw* c+ Lcloljxdw kjwxkx|gkdjmkw J|o vrdglwwd hl rlwdc|åçd hl wkx|måülw hl gdjackxd ljxrl mw LGL l dw vmïwlw rlglvxdrlw# lwwmw lovrlwmw vdhlo mvlcmr hl adrom hkrlgxm d| kjhkrlgxm vmrm lcloljxdw l~xlrjdw hl jmx|rlpm kjwxkx|gkdjmc# }|l vdhlo movckmr m w|m bml hl vdhlr* D db`lgxkqd gljxrmc hm MOK ë hlakjkr |o gdj`|jxd hl hkrlkxdw vmrm mw LGL l# vdr d|xrd cmhd# rlwxrkjekr d erm| hl omjdbrm hl edqlrjdw jm hkrlgåçd hm rle|cmoljxmåçd hlwwmw lovrlwmw* <*1 ‗ Dw gdjw|okhdrlw l m ecdbmckpmåçd Dw vr÷~kodw vmríermadw wçd |om xljxmxkqm hl hlwgrlqlr$ljxljhlr m adrom gdod mw o|hmjåmw jm omjlkrm hl gdjw|okr mcxlrmrmo mw vdwwkbkckhmhlw l mw adromw hl l~lrglr m gkhmhmjkm j|om ëvdgm hl ecdbmckpmåçd* J|o xlovd lo }|l mw gmovmjnmw lclkxdrmkw wl o|hmo hdw gdoïgkdw vmrm m xlclqkwçd# hmw vdcëokgmw hd|xrkjírkmw vmrm d gdjardjxd hl komeljw l hm vlrw|mwçd khldc÷ekgm vmrm mw vlw}|kwmw hl Omrilxkje# lobdrm mkjhm jdw kjxlrvlclo gdod gkhmhçdw ë omkw aígkc l gdlrljxl wljxkrod/jdw gdjqdgmhdw gdod gdjw|okhdrlw*

<*1*= ‗ Hd jmgkdjmc md ecdbmc Mw c|xmw hl elrmåülw m rlwvlkxd hd jlglwwírkd l hd hlwl`íqlc odwxrmo d|xrd odhd hl lwxmblclglr mw khljxkhmhlw l gdjwxr|kr m jdwwm hkalrljåm* Qmod/jdw mamwxmjhd hm ëvdgm lo }|l mw khljxkhmhlw wl hlakjkmo vdr lwwàjgkmw m/nkwxdrkgmw0 mgx|mcoljxl gdjake|rmo/wl jd gdjw|od# hlvljhlo hm}|kcd }|l wl vdww|k# d| hm}|kcd }|l wl vdhl gnlemr m vdww|kr* Dw db`lgxkqdw vlrhlo m rlcmåçd hl akhlckhmhl gdo dw xlrrkx÷rkdw hl drkelo* M g|cx|rm ë |o vrdglwwd hl odjxmelo o|cxkjmgkdjmc# |om mrxkg|cmåçd acl~ïqlc hl vmrxlw# |om gdcmelo hl xrmådw }|l }|mc}|lr gkhmhçd hl }|mc}|lr vmïw# rlckekçd l khldcdekm vdhl clr l |xkckpmr* ecdbmckpmåçd ë }|l jd xlovd hm kjxlrjmgkdjmckpmåçd hmw D }|l hkalrljgkm m kjxlrjmgkdjmckpmåçd hm ecdbmckpmåçd g|cx|rmw jmgkdjmkw lrm vdwwïqlc jçd wl lwxmr wmxkwalkxd gdo d }|l wl vdww|ïm l kr vrdg|rí/cd jd|xrd c|emr* Omw m omkdrkm hmw oljwmeljw l hdw bljw }|l gdjw|oïmodw lrm elrmhm jm vr÷vrkm wdgklhmhl# l nmqkm mcaâjhlemw lwxrkxmw# clkw }|l vrdxlekmo d }|l wl vrdh|pkm lo gmhm vmïw* Medrm d }|l wl vrdh|p lo xdhd d o|jhd lwxí m}|k l ë hkaïgkc wmblr d }|l ë vr÷vrkd* M kjxlrjmgkdjmckpmåçd adk |om mblrx|rm hmw ardjxlkrmw elderíakgmw hl gmhm wdgklhmhl vmrm kjgdrvdrmr bljw omxlrkmkw l wkob÷ckgdw hmw d|xrmw* M ecdbmckpmåçd w|vül |om kjxlrmgåçd a|jgkdjmc hl mgxkqkhmhlw lgdj÷okgmw l g|cx|rmkw hkwvlrwmw# bljw l wlrqkådw elrmhdw vdr |o wkwxlom gdo o|kxdw gljxrdw# jd }|mc ë omkw kovdrxmjxl m qlcdgkhmhl gdo }|l wl vlrgdrrl d o|jhd hd }|l mw vdwkåülw elderíakgmw m vmrxkr hmw }|mkw wl lwxí mekr* M omjlkrm jldckblrmc hl amplr m ecdbmckpmåçd gdjwkwxl lo rlh|pkr lovrledw vmrm rlh|pkr g|wxdw# gdovlxkjhd ljxrl lovrlwmw xrmjwjmgkdjmkw# g|`m hkrlgåçd xlo drkelo m vmrxkr hl |o vdjxd hlwgdjnlgkhd# hl odhd }|l dw kjxlrlwwlw wkjhkgmkw l jmgkdjmkw }|mwl jçd vdhlo wlr l~lrgkhdw* Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm 28 hl 71



<*1*2 ‗ M gkhmhmjkm j|om ëvdgm hl gdjw|od ]|mjhd mhokxkodw m ecdbmckpmåçd gdod |om xljhàjgkm krrlqlrwïqlc# xmobëo ë jlglwwírkd xlr lo mxljåçd }|l vmrxkcnmodw mce|omw w|wvlkxmw }|mjxd md odhlcd0 Vrkolkrd# l~kwxlo o|kxmw h|qkhmw a|jhmoljxmhmw }|l d ecdbmc wl mvrlwljxl gdod w|bwxkx|xd hd cdgmc# Wle|jhd# dw ðcxkodw mgdjxlgkoljxdw o|jhkmkw# jdolmhmoljxl m rl|jkçd hd DOG# armekckpd| gdovclxmoljxl gdovclxmoljxl m khlkm }|l d odhd jldckblrmc hl jdw ecdbmckpmrodw wl`m d ðjkgd vdwwïqlc* •

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<*5 ‗ D jdqd gljírkd wdgkdg|cx|rmc vlrmjxl m ecdbmckpmåçd Mw o|hmjåmw wdgkdg|cx|rmkw }|l lwxçd m dgdrrlr lo xdhdw lwxlw gmovdw vdhlo wlr wkjxlxkpmhmw lo gkjgd0 Víekjm 2=2 l2=7* l2=7*


víekjm 2< hl 71



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5*=*2 ‗ Lalkxdw hm o|hmjåm jm lh|gmåçd D wkwxlom lh|gmxkqd gdjxlovdrâjld ljgdjxrm/wl wdb d aded gr|pmhd hl qmrkmhdw grïxkgdw# }|l d gdjwkhlrmo gdovclxmoljxl hlwm`|wxmhd æ mgx|mc wkx|måçd hl o|hmjåm* Ljxrl dw hkqlrwdw wkjmkw }|l xrmh|plo lwwl hlwm`|wxmoljxd# ql`modw mce|jw kjhkgmhdrlw0 Jd rlcmx÷rkd hm Gdokwwçd Jmgkdjmc .L\M+ m ]|mckhmhl hd Ljwkjd .=;>7+# wkejkakgmxkqmoljxl kjxkx|cmhd \om Jmåçd lo Rkwgd # rlalrl/wl }|l m –vrlwljxl elrmåçd hl akjmckwxmw hd ckgl| ë m vrkolkrm jm nkwxdrkm hm Moërkgm m gdjgc|kr d g|rwd gdo oljdw gdjnlgkoljxdw hd }|l dw wl|w vmkw‟ Mw lwxkomxkqmw hd j|olrd hl mjmcamblxdw a|jgkdjmkw jd Lwxmhd \jkhdw qmrkmqm ljxrl => m 18 •

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víekjm 21 hl 71


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Mvrljhlr m elrkr m o|hmjåm Jlwxl wljxkhd vül/wl# gdo vmrxkg|cmr |reàjgkm# m jlglwwkhmhl hl mvrljhlr m0 Xkrmr vmrxkhd hdw rlg|rwdw l wkwxlom ljlreëxkgdw# \xkckpmr hm olcndr adrom mw jdqmw xlgjdcdekmw gdod kjwxr|oljxdw l jçd gdod akjw lo wk# gdjxrmvdjhd æ hdokjmjxl g|cx|rm hd kjhkqkh|mckwod |om g|cx|rm hm wdckhmrklhmhl# wdckhmrklhmhl# Vrdh|pkr# hkwxrkb|kr l gdjw|okr bljw l wlrqkådw# æ lwgmcm o|jhkmc# xljhd lo qkwxm m olcndrkm hm }|mckhmhl hl qkhm# Ckhmr gdo m hkqlrwkhmhl hl odhlcdw hl dremjkpmåçd wdgkmc .amoïckm# lwgdcm l lovrlwm+# Drkljxmr l gdjxrdcmr m w|m qkhm hl adr m|x÷jdom# \xkckpmr hl omjlkrm ëxkgm l grkxkgm dw olhkm .xlcloíxkgm# wlca/olhkm l o|cxkolhkm+# Mvrljhlr jdqmw adromw hl wl rlcmgkdjmr gdo d xlovd l gdo mw g|cx|rmw qkeljxlw lo vrlwljåm* •

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5*=*7 ‗ M lh|gmåçd l mw mwwkolxrkmw wdgkmkw Hlwxm wle|jhm gmrmgxlrïwxkgm hd o|jhd gdjxlovdrâjld# xrmh|pkhm jm omj|xljåçd d|# glrxdw mwvlgxdw# jd mermqmoljxd hmw hlwke|mchmhlw hm }|mckhmhl hl qkhm hmw vdv|cmåülw# lolrel |o gdj`|jxd hl jlglwwkhmhlw lh|gmxkqmw l hl adromåçd vmrm m vdv|cmåçd .l jçd w÷ vmrm mw w|mw gmomhmw omkw `dqljw gdod xrmhkgkdjmcoljxl xlo wkhd gdjwkhlrmhd+ }|l vdhlrïmodw ljecdbmr jm l~vrlwwçd lh|gmåçd vmrm d hlwljqdcqkoljxd l vmrm m wdckhmrklhmhl* wdckhmrklhmhl * Lwxm l~vrlwwçd# l~vrlwwçd# kjxlerm h|mw qlrxljxlw kjhkwwdgkíqlkw0 Vdr |o cmhd# m jlglwwkhmhl hl lh|gmr mw elrmåülw gdjxlovdrâjlmw vmrm d hlwljqdcqkoljxd# d| wl`m# ljwkjí/cmw m0 Xkrmr vmrxkhd# hl adrom w|wxljxmhm# hd olkd mobkljxl l hdw rlg|rwdw }|l hkwvül# Lqkxmr odrxlw hlwjlglwwírkdw l vrdcdjemr m qkhm gdo }|mckhmhl# Vør m rljhlr mw vdxljgkmckhmhlw n|omjmw hl vrdh|åçd# hkwxrkb|kåçd hkwxrkb|kåçd l gdjw|od hl bljw lwgmwwdw jd }|mhrd hl |om lalgxkqm gkhmhmjkm lgdj÷okgm* Vdr d|xrd cmhd# m jlglwwkhmhl hl d lh|gmr vmrm m wdckhmrklhmhl# jdqd jdol hm armxlrjkhmhl# d qmcdr gljxrmc hm rlqdc|åçd armjglwm omkw lw}|lgkhd h|rmjxl m ëvdgm kjh|wxrkmc* •

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5*=*8 ‗ M ‗ M lh|gmåçd l m mcxlrmåçd hdw wkwxlomw wkwxlomw hl Vdhlr Vdhlr Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm 25 hl 71



\om xlrglkrm xljhàjgkm }|l wl dbwlrqm jm wdgklhmhl gdjxlovdrâjlm ë vmrm |om w|bwxmjgkmc mcxlrmåçd hdw wkwxlomw hl vdhlr hlqkhd# ljxrl d|xrmw# m h|mw gkrg|jwxâjgkmw0 gkrg|jwxâjgkmw0 Lo vrkolkrd c|emr# d mqmjåd hmw jdqmw xlgjdcdekmw hl kjadromåçd l gdo|jkgmåçd .JXKGw+ l d hlwljqdcqkoljxd hm wdgklhmhl hl kjadromåçd akplrmo gdo }|l m vrkjgkvmc adjxl hl vdhlr hlk~mwwl hl wlr m rk}|lpm l vmwwmwwl m wlr d gdjnlgkoljxd# Lo wle|jhd c|emr# gdod l~vrlwwçd vdckxkgm hd h|vcd vrdglwwd hl vcmjmxmrkpmåçd l hl cdgmckpmåçd rlekwxmhd jm wle|jhm olxmhl hd wëg|cd ^^# dbwlrqd|/wl |o m|oljxd hdw vrdxmedjkwxmw vdcïxkgdw l |om hkqlrwkakgmåçd hmw w|mw rlcmåülw# hl mgdrhd gdo |om xljhàjgkm vmrm gdovcl~khmhl grlwgljxl* •

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Xmkw mcxlrmåülw xrmh|plo/wl# lo xlrodw o|jhkmkw# lo xràw omgrdxljhàjgkmw vdckxkgmw0 m vmrxkgkvmåçd grlwgljxl hdw gkhmhçdw# d ako hd wdgkmckwod hl lgdjdokm gljxrmckpmhm l m vrkqmxkpmåçd hd Lwxmhd Vrdqkhàjgkm*

5*=*< ‗ Xràw jïqlkw hl mjíckwl D gdjxl~xd }|l wl mgmbm hl hlwgrlqlr gdjake|rm m }|lwxçd hm lh|gmåçd# lo }|mc}|lr wdgklhmhl# gdod |o vrdbclom wdgkmc gdovcl~d# gdo lalkxdw kolhkmxdw jm w|m gdlwçd kjxlrjm l jm w|m cdgdodåçd lo hkrlgåçd m db`lgxkqdw ecdbmkw gdod d Hlwljqdcqkoljxd Hlwljqdcqkoljxd l m Hlodgrmgkm* Hlodgrmgkm* D|xrdw xmjxdw jïqlkw hl gdovcl~khmhl0 gdovcl~khmhl0 J|om vlrwvlgxkqm omgrd/wdgkdcdekgm# m }|lwxçd hm lh|gmåçd hlql wlr gdjglbkhm gdod |o vrdbclom lgdj÷okgd l vdckxkgd# xmjxd vlcm movckx|hl hmw jlglwwkhmhlw l hdw rlg|rwdw ljqdcqkhdw gdod vlcdw lalkxdw ecdbmkw hd wl| a|jgkdjmoljxd# J|om ÷vxkgm olwd/wdgkdcdekgm ë kjhkwvljwíqlc ljxljhà/cm gdod |o vrdbclom dremjkpmgkdjmc# |om qlp }|l m dremjkpmåçd hdw rlg|rwdw xlo lalkxdw kolhkmxdw jm lakgígkm l jmw lakgkàjgkm hd vrdglwwd lh|gmxkqd# J|om mvrd~komåçd okgrd/wdgkdcdekgm kjxlrlwwm l}|mgkdjí/cm gdod |o vrdbclom vwkgd/wdgkmc# hmhd d vrdglwwd lh|gmxkqd rlw|cxmr a|jhmoljxmcoljxl hl rlcmåülw kjxlr/vlwwdmkw# lwxmblclgkhmw ljxrl dw hkqlrwdw vrdxmedjkwxmw ljqdcqkhdw ljqdcqkhdw jd vrdglwwd* •

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5*2 ‗ M lh|gmåçd gdod vrdbclom lgdj÷okgd l vdckxkgd M brlql mjíckwl }|l wl wle|l# wlrí alkxm m vmrxkr hm vlrwvlgxkqm hd ljwkjd gdod kjhðwxrkm* Kwxd vdr}|l gdod `í rlalrkm Inøk lo =;56* Lhemr Am|rl# Am|rl# jd wl| `í gcíwwkgd gcíwwkgd Mvrljhlr m Wlr .=;55+# `í vmrxkcnmqm hm olwom dvkjkçd# makromjhd* makromjhd*

5*2*= ‗ Dw amgxdrlw hl vrdh|åçd Dw vrkjgkvmkw amgxdrlw hl vrdh|åçd lo vrlwljåm wçd dw rlg|rwdw n|omjdw# ljxrl dw }|mkw wl ljgdjxrmo dw mvrljhljxlw .mc|jdw l adromjhdw+# dw ljwkjmjxlw .vrdalwwdrlw l adromhdrlw+ l dw d|xrdw vrdxmedjkwxmw hd vrdglwwd lh|gmxkqd# dw rlg|rwdw omxlrkmkw* ]|mjxd mdw mvrljhljxlw# dbwlrqm/wl }|l jdw ðcxkodw mjdw d wl| jðolrd l hkqlrwkhmhl m|oljxmrmo wkejkakgmxkqmoljxl# wkejkakgmxkqmoljxl# hlqkhd m hkqlrwdw amgxdrlw0 Grlwgljxl gdjwgkàjgkm hm kovdrxâjgkm }|l xlo m olcndrkm hd jïqlc hl lh|gmåçd hl |o vdqd vmrm d wl| hlwljqdcqkoljxd lgdj÷okgd l wdgkmc# M|oljxd hm vdv|cmåçd kjamjxkc l `|qljkc# lo xlrodw mbwdc|xdw# jdw vmïwlw oljdw hlwljqdcqkhdw# M|oljxd hmw jlglwwkhmhlw hl adromåçd gdjxïj|m hm vdv|cmåçd mh|cxm# grkmjhd |o ljdrol gdjxkjeljxl mhkgkdjmc hl mvrljhljxlw* •

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Vmrm amplr amgl æ vrlwwçd hm vrdg|rm lh|gmxkqm o|kxdw wkwxlomw lh|gmxkqdw xào/wl gdjardjxmhd gdo |o h|vcd vrdbclom vdcïxkgd0 dw rlg|rwdw wçd lwgmwwdw l arl}|ljxloljxl wçd hlwqkmhdw vmrm akjw okckxmrlw* Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm 2> hl 71



Vmrlgl vdrxmjxd }|l d kjqlwxkoljxd lo lh|gmåçd xlo wkhd ecdbmcoljxl mwwkoëxrkgd# lo hlxrkoljxd hdw vmïwlw omkw vdbrlw* Wl# m lwxm mwwkolxrkm# `|jxmrodw mw gmràjgkmw hl d|xrdw rlg|rwdw omxlrkmkw# gdod kjwxmcmåülw# l}|kvmoljxdw# omxlrkmkw hl ljwkjd# mbmwxlgkoljxd hl íe|m# lclgxrkgkhmhl l d|xrdw bljw l wlrqkådw# vdhlrlodw gdjgc|kr }|l m kjhðwxrkm hd ljwkjd lwxí gcmrmoljxl amcnm hl rlg|rwdw omxlrkmkw l }|l xmc gmràjgkm ë omkw ermql jdw vmïwlw }|l mvrlwljxmo bmk~dw ïjhkglw hl hlwljqdcqkoljxd hlwljqdcqkoljxd n|omjd* Ckemhd m lwxl vrdbclom lwxí d hm gmràjgkm hl ljwkjmjxlw l d hd wl| g|wxd grlwgljxl*

5*2*2 ‗ Dw vrdh|xdw Hkalrljxl wkx|måçd lo }|l dw hkqlrwdw wkwxlomw hl ljwkjd wl ljgdjxrmo rlcmxkqmoljxl mdw rlg|rwdw hkwvdjïqlkw l æw l~keàjgkmw m }|l xào hl amplr amgl# jmx|rmcoljxl malgxm dw wl|w vrdh|xdw# }|l wl xrmh|plo jm }|mckhmhl hmw }|mckakgmåülw vrdh|pkhmw vlcd wkwxlom l jd j|olrd hl vlwwdmw }|mckakgmhmw jdw qírkdw jïqlkw hl ljwkjd* M }|mckhmhl hmw }|mckakgmåülw# wljhd hkaïgkc hl olhkr# vdhl jd ljxmjxd wlr rlqlcmhm vdr mce|jw kjhkgmhdrlw gdod d jðolrd oëhkd hl mjdw hl lwgdcmrkhmhl hm vdv|cmåçd mh|cxm l d jðolrd hl hkvcdomhdw# hl gkljxkwxmw l xëgjkgdw vdr okc nmbkxmjxlw* M vmrxkr hdw hmhdw mvrlwljxmhdw# vdhlo l~xrmkr/wl xràw gdjgc|wülw0 M }|mckhmhl hmw }|mckakgmåülw vrdh|pkhmw vlcdw wkwxlomw hl ljwkjd gdjxlovdrâjld ë mkjhm kjw|akgkljxl# D adwwd hl }|mckhmhl ljxrl dw wkwxlom hl ljwkjd hdw vmïwlw lo hlwljqdcqkoljxd l hdw vmïwlw kjh|wxrkmkw ë mkjhm o|kxd mcxd# D wleoljxd alokjkjd mkjhm ë vmrxkg|cmroljxl vmrxkg|cmroljxl hkwgrkokjmhd jd mglwwd md gdjnlgkoljxd* gdjnlgkoljxd* •

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Rlekwxd| jdw ðcxkodw hlgëjkdw |om olcndrkm ecdbmc hm mcamblxkpmåçd omw m |o rkxod hlomwkmhd cljxd vmrm mw jlglwwkhmhlw }|l d adwwd ljxrl vmïwlw rkgdw l vdbrlw# jlwxl hdoïjkd# lwxí m rlh|pkr/wl9 }|l m xm~m hl mcamblxkpmåçd lwxí gcmrmoljxl rlcmgkdjmhm gdo d lwxíhkd hl hlwljqdcqkoljxd# }|l# lo a|jåçd hkwwd# wçd dw vmïwlw omkw gmrlgkhdw }|l mvrlwljxmo ïjhkglw vkdrlw9 }|l# akjmcoljxl# d wleoljxd alokjkjd wl ljgdjxrm gcmrmoljxl lo vkdrlw gdjhkåülw l }|l lwxmw wçd mermqmhmw gdo d lwxíhkd hl hlwljqdcqkoljxd* Lo wïjxlwl# dbwlrqmjhd dw wkwxlomw hl ljwkjd gdjxlovdrâjldw gdod kjh|wxrkmkw# rlekwxm/wl |om grkwl ecdbmc# ecdbmc# rlw|cxmjxl hl |om kjw|akgkljxl dalrxm hl ljwkjd vlrmjxl |om grlwgljxl vrlwwçd hm vrdg|rm0 Mw jlglwwkhmhlw hd olrgmhd m|oljxmrmo qlrxkekjdwmoljxl xmjxd vlcd m|oljxd j|oërkgd hdw mvrljhljxlw# gdod vlcm hkqlrwkhmhl hmw l~keàjgkmw alkxmw# Dw rlg|rwdw omxlrkmkw# n|omjdw l mobkljxmkw# kjhkwvljwíqlkw vmrm amplr amgl md mgrëwgkod hl jlglwwkhmhlw# wçd gcmrmoljxl kjw|akgkljxlw# wljhd o|kxmw qlplw hlwqkmhdw vmrm d|xrdw akjw# M amcxm hl rlg|rwdw ë omkw ermql jdw vmïwlw oljdw hlwljqdcqkhdw# wko|cxmjlmoljxl dw omkw gmrlgkhdw hl kjqlwxkoljxdw lo lh|gmåçd* Mw mwwkolxrkmw dbwlrqmhmw rlaclgxlo/wl jdw vrdh|xdw hdw wkwxlomw lh|gmxkqdw# }|lr jd }|l rlwvlkxm æ w|m }|mckhmhl }|lr jd }|l gdjglrjl æ }|mjxkhmhl# l wçd mermqmhmw hkrlgxmoljxl vlcm gdjhkåçd alokjkjm l vlcd jïqlc hl hlwljqdcqkoljxd* •

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5*7 ‗ M lh|gmåçd gdod vrdbclom dremjkpmgkdjmc Rlh|pkjhd m lwgmcm hd jdwwd dcnmr# vdhlodw makromr }|l m lh|gmåçd xmobëo wl vdhl ljgmrmr gdod |o vrdbclom dremjkpmgkdjmc |om qlp }|l kjhlvljhljxloljxl hm `|wxlpm hmw vdckxkgmw mvrdqmhmw# m w|m l~lg|åçd hlvljhl hd odhd gdod dw rlg|rwdw wçd elrkhdw jd xlrrljd# xdrjmjhd d vrdglwwd lh|gmxkqd omkw d| oljdw lakgkljxl* Lwxlw hdkw gdjglkxdw wçd l~xrlomoljxl kovdrxmjxlw omw o|kxmw qlplw gdja|jhkhdw0 M lakgígkm ‗ hd vrdglwwd lh|gmxkqd xlo m qlr gdo m gdjqlreàjgkm ljxrl db`lgxkqdw .rlw|cxmhdw+ vrlqkwxdw l mcgmjåmhdw# •


víekjm 2; hl 71

Wlbljxm\M# mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw •


lakgkàjgkm ‗ rlcmgkdjm dw db`lgxkqdw mcgmjåmw M lakgkàjgkm ‗ mcgmjåmw gdo dw rlg|rwdw malgxmhdw malgxmhdw mrm dw mxkjekr*

5*7*= ‗ Elwxçd hm hkjâokgm l~xlrjm ]|mjxd æw rlcmåülw hm lwgdcm gdo d l~xlrkdr# ë kjhkwvljwíqlc emrmjxkr |o hlwlovljnd mhl}|mhd hm dremjkpmåçd lo h|mw vrkjgkvmkw qlrxljxlw0 Jm rlcmåçd hm lwgdcm gdo m lwxr|x|rm hl x|xlcm ë a|jhmoljxmc khljxkakgmr dw vmvëkw lwvlgïakgdw }|l gmblo æw qírkmw meàjgkmw lo vrlwljåm# hl odhd m vrdvkgkmr |o lalgxkqd lwvmåd hl omjdbrm æ dremjkpmåçd lwgdcm# lwgdcm# jd }|mhrd hm vdcïxkgm lh|gmxkqm* Hlakjkhdw dw vmvlkw# m grkmåçd hl rlermw hl gdo|jkgmåçd .vmhrülw# gmjmkw l w|vdrxlw+ ë gdjhkåçd kjhkwvljwíqlc vmrm }|l d rlcmgkdjmoljxd wl vrdglwwl gdo }|mckhmhl l gdo rmvkhlp# Jm rlcmåçd hm lwgdcm gdo m gdo|jkhmhl ljqdcqljxl ë kjhkwvljwíqlc d olwod xkvd hl g|khmhdw# xmjxd jm hlakjkåçd hdw vmvëkw }|l gmblo mdw vrdxmedjkwxmw gdod jm omj|xljåçd hl |om rlhl hl gdo|jkgmåülw gdo|jkgmåülw mhl}|mhm* •

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5*7*2 ‗ Elwxçd hm hkjâokgm kjxlrjm M hkjâokgm kjxlrjm hm dremjkpmåçd lwgdcm hlql wlr vdwxm md wlrqkåd hl |o vrd`lgxd lh|gmxkqd gdo|o# }|l merle|l mw gdjxrkb|kåülw hdw qírkdw vrdxmedjkwxmw .lwx|hmjxlw# l vlwwdmc hdgljxl l jçd hdgljxl+* Vmrm }|l xmc mgdjxlåm# m elwxçd hm dremjkpmåçd hlql vrdg|rmr gddrhljmr hkqlrwmw írlmw gnmql# hmw }|mkw vdhlodw wmckljxmr mw wle|kjxlw0 Gkrg|kxdw# Lwxr|x|rm adromc# Lwxr|x|rm kjadromc# Rlhl gdo|jkgmgkdjmc# gdo|jkgmgkdjmc# G|cx|rm* Vlcd }|l wl mgmbm hl rlalrkr# vmrm }|l m dremjkpmåçd lwgdcm a|jgkdjl gdo lakgígkm l lakgkàjgkm ë l~kekhd }|l dw wl|w hlgkwdrlw xljnmo |om adromåçd lwvlgïakgm vmrm d hlwlovljnd gdod elwxdrlw lh|gmxkqdw* Xmc adromåçd hlql wlr jçd w÷ hdxí/cdw hmw gdovlxàjgkmw xëgjkgmw jlglwwírkmw jlglwwírkmw md hlwlovljnd hm a|jåçd hl elwxçd ‗ wmblr vcmjlmr# dremjkpmr l gdjxrdcmr ‗ omw xmobëo xrlkjmr m w|m kjxlckeàjgkm lodgkdjmc hl odhd m vdhlrlo hlwlovljnmr mw a|jåülw hl ckhlrmjåm dremjkpmgkdjmc ‗ odxkqmåçd# gdo|jkgmåçd l hlwljqdcqkoljxd hdw rlg|rwdw n|omjdw lo vrlwljåm* •

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5*8 ‗ M lh|gmåçd gdod vrdbclom vwkgdwwdgkmc Vrdglhljhd m |om xlrglkrm mvrd~komåçd# hl jmx|rlpm okgrd/wdgkdc÷ekgm# vdhlodw l}|mgkdjmr m lh|gmåçd gdod |o vrdbclom vwkgd/wdgkmc# hmhd d vrdglwwd lh|gmxkqd dgdrrlr wdbrlx|hd j|om odch|rm hl rlcmåülw kjxlrvlwwdmkw* Lo }|mc}|lr mgxd lh|gmxkqd adromc lwxçd vrlwljxlw xràw w|bwkwxlomw }|l d gdjhkgkdjmo0 |o mvrljhljxl# |o lwx|hmjxl l |o wkwxlom hl gdo|jkgmåçd lh|gmgkdjmc*

5*8*2 ‗ Gdjhkgkdjmhdrlw hd ljwkjmjxl Dw amgxdrlw }|l gdjhkgkdjmo d hlwlovljnd hd ljwkjmjxl vdhlo mer|vmr/wl xmobëo lo qmrkíqlkw l~÷eljmw l ljh÷eljmw* l~÷eljmw# m gdlràjgkm g|rrkg|cmr# dw rlg|rwdw hkwvdjïqlkw jm lwgdcm l jm gdo|jkhmhl Wçd qmrkíqlkw l~÷eljmw# ljqdcqljxl* Wçd qmrkíqlkw ljh÷eljmw hd ljwkjmjxl# m gdovlxàjgkm gkljxïakgm l vlhme÷ekgm mh}|krkhm mxrmqëw hm adromåçd kjkgkmc l gdjxïj|m# l m kjxlckeàjgkm lodgkdjmc*

5*8*7 ‗ Gdjhkgkdjmhdrlw hm gdo|jkgmåçd lh|gmgkdjmc lh|gmgkdjmc Mkjhm }|l odxkqmhdw ë jlglwwírkd }|l d wkwxlom hl gdo|jkgmåçd gdo|jkgmåçd lh|gmgkdjmc wl`m mhl}|mhd* Kwxd kovckgm# ljxrl d|xrdw mwvlgxdw0 Omxlrkmkw lh|gmxkqdw hl }|mckhmhl lo w|vdrxl lwgrkxd# m|hkdqkw|mc l kjadroíxkgd# •


víekjm 76 hl 71

Wlbljxm\M# mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw •

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Lwvmådw lwvlgïakgdw gdod cmbdrmx÷rkdw# bkbckdxlgmw# ekjíwkdw l wmcmw vmrm mgxkqkhmhlw l~vrlwwkqmw l~vrlwwkqmw blo gdod lwvmådw vdckqmcljxlw# djhl lwx|hmjxlw l vrdalwwdrlw vdwwmo xrmbmcnmr l gdjqkqlr lo rlekol hl gddvlrmåçd lh|gmxkqm# Lwxrmxëekmw mgxkqmw vmrm olcndrmr m gdo|jkgmåçd lh|gmgkdjmc*

5*< ‗ Mce|omw vdckxkgmw rlclqmjxlw ]|mhrd víekjm 21<* 21<* 5*<*= ‗ Æ lwgmcm –omgrd‟ Æ lwgmcm omgrd/wdkmc# dw wkwxlomw lh|gmxkqdw hlqlo vrdg|rmr rlwvdjhlr æ wdbrlgmrem hm vrdg|rm gdo |om vdckxkgm }|l vrkqkclekl m }|mckakgmåçd l m hkqlrwkakgmåçd hm dalrxm* Víekjm 211* 211*

5*<*2 ‗ Æ lwgmcm –olwd‟ M |om lwgmcm dremjkpmgkdjmc# mw vdckxkgmw lh|gmxkqmw xào qkjhd m hkrlggkdjmr/wl arl}|ljxloljxl lo xràw hkalrljxlw wljxkhdw0 Jm gcmrkakgmåçd hdw vmvlkw l hmw rlermw hl gdo|jkgmåçd gdo|jkgmåçd ljxrl m lwgdcm l dw dremjkwodw hl x|xlcm# Jd lwxmblclgkoljxd hl vmrglrkmw ljxrl m dremjkpmåçd lwgdcm l m gdo|jkhmhl l dw dremjkwodw hl x|xlcm# Jm }|mckakgmåçd hm elwxçd kjxlrjm hm lwgdcm* •

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5*<*7 ‗ Æ lwgmcm –okgrd‟ M |om lwgmcm vwkgdwwdgkmc# xào qkjhd m hlaljhlr/wl m kovcloljxmåçd hl |om emom o|kxd hkqlrwkakgmhm hl vdckxkgmw hl kjxlrqljåçd# hm }|mc wlclggkdjmodw mvljmw mce|omw vlcm w|m rlclqâjgkm0 Rlcmxkqmoljxl mdw mvrljhljxlw# xào qkjhd m o|cxkvckgmr/wl vrdermomw gdovljwmx÷rkdw# gdovljwmx÷rkdw# Jd }|l rlwvlkxm mdw ljwkjmjxlw# m adromåçd gdjxïj|m xlo qkjhd m mww|okr/wl wko|cxmjlmoljxl gdod |o hkrlkxd l |o hlqlr# Akjmcoljxl xào qkjhd m hlwljnmr/wl vdckxkgmw }|l qkwmo hdxmr mobdw dw vrkjgkvmkw vrdxmedjkwxmw hd vrdglwwd lh|gmxkqd# hl lovdulroljx vmrm qljglr mw hkakg|chmhlw }|dxkhkmjmw hd vrdglwwd gdovcl~d }|l ë ljwkjmr l mvrljhlr lo gkrg|jwxâjgkmw vdr qlplw o|kxd hkaïglkw* 5*1 ‗ Lo wïjxlwl Víekjm 21>* 21>* • •

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víekjm 7= hl 71



> ‗ Vrdbclomw hl drkelo khldc÷ekgm Kjxrdh|åçd Jlwxm |jkhmhl krlodw mvrlwljxmr mw }|lwxülw hd rmgkwod# hm ~ljdadbkm# hdw a|jhmoljxmckwodw# hd wl~kwod l hdw mxljxmhdw mdw Hkrlkxdw N|omjdw gdod vrdbclomw rlw|cxmjxlw hl hkalrljhdw khldc÷ekgdw* >*= ‗ Rmgkwod M ermjhl vmrxl hm nkwx÷rkm }|l wl xào hlbr|åmhd wdbrl d rmgkwod khljxkakgm d wëg|cd ^K^ gdod d vlrïdhd hl kov|cwd hlwxl alj÷oljd# hlqkhd vrlgkwmoljxl md hlwljqdcqkoljxd hl qírkmw –xldrkmw hm rmåm‟* Lwxm hkalrljgkmåçd ljxrl –rmåmw w|vlrkdrlw‟ l –rmåmw kjalrkdrlw‟ l m clekxkomåçd hm w|vrlomgkm hmw vrkolkrmw amgl m lwxmw hlwkejm/wl vdr rmgkmckwod* D rmgkmckwod hlwkejm# vdrxmjxd# m qlrxljxl khldc÷ekgm hd rmgkwod*

>*=*= ‗ D hlxlrokjkwod bkdc÷ekgd bkdc÷ekgd M L|rdvm hd wëg|cd ^K^ mwwkwxkm md lwxmblclglr hl cmådw lwxrlkxdw ljxrl m gkàjgkm l mw hd|xrkjmw xl÷rkgmw# lwxmw mckglråmhmw jmw kjxlrvrlxmåülw }|l mw gkàjgkmw mqmjåmqmo wdbrl N|omjkhmhlw* D vljwmoljxd wdgkmc lrm# ljxçd# hdokjmhd vlcd hlxlrokjkwod bkdc÷ekgd# a|jhmoljxmkw bkdc÷ekgd # lo }|l wl hlwxmgmo xràw xldrkmw a|jhmoljxmkw vmrm m clekxkomåçd gkljxïakgm gkljxïakgm hd rmgkwod0 M dbrm hl Edbkjlm| Edbkjlm|## –Lwwmk w|r c%kjëemckxë hlw rmglw n|omkjlw ‟ .=><2+# }|l mclrxmqm vmrm m hleljlrlwgàjgkm hleljlrlwgàjgkm hmw –rmåmw‟ gdod rlw|cxmhd hm okwx|rm ljxrl wk# wdgkmc# hl Wvljglr D hmrukjkwod wdgkmc# Wvljglr .=>12+ .=>12+ l|eljkwod# hl Armjgkw Emcxdj .=>>7+ D l|eljkwod# •

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>*=*2 ‗ M lqdc|åçd hd rmgkwod jd wëg|cd ^^ M vmwwmelo vmrm d wëg|cd ^^ ë alkxm gdo m nlrmjåm hd hlxlrokjkwod bkdc÷ekgd* Omw ë mvljmw jdw akjmkw hm hëgmhm hl 26 }|l jmwgl d gdjglkxd hl rmgkwod# hlakjkhd gdod |om khldcdekm }|l hlaljhl m w|vlrkdrkhmhl hl hlxlrokjmhmw –rmåmw‟ l clekxkom m w|m w|vrlomgkm lo rlcmåçd æw –rmåmw‟ khljxkakgmhmw gdod –kjalrkdrlw‟* –kjalrkdrlw‟* M lolreàjgkm hd –jdqd rmgkwod‟ Jd ljxmjxd# d hkwg|rwd wdbrl mw hkalrljåmw vlrwkwxk|* M gcmwwkakgmåçd hmw vdv|cmåülw lo –rmåmw‟ adk w|bwxkx|ïhm vlcm hlakjkåçd hl er|vdw ëxjkgdw d| g|cx|rmkw# g|cx|rmkw# w|bwxkx|kjhd/wl m àjamwl jm –rmåm‟ vlcm àjamwl jm g|cx|rm* Lwxm qkrmelo ë m gmrmgxlrïwxkgm gljxrmc hd gdjglkxd hl –jdqd rmgkwod‟# rmgkwod‟# gdjwxr|ïhd vdr dvdwkåçd md –qlcnd‟ rmgkwod bkdc÷ekgd* •

D rmgkwod kjwxkx|gkdjmc M wle|jhm olxmhl hd wëg|cd ^^ qk| xmobëo jmwglr om jdqm kjxlrvrlxmåçd hd rmgkwod }|l jçd mvlcm m |om gdovdjljxl khldc÷ekgm0 rmxm/wl hm gdjwxr|åçd hd gdjglkxd hl –rmgkwod kjwxkx|gkdjmc‟* Drkekjmcoljxl hlaljhkhd vlcd odqkoljxd –Bcmgi Vdulr‟ jdw L\M# jdw mjdw 16# m khlkm hl –rmgkwod kjwxkx|gkdjmc‟ mwwljxm jd vrlww|vdwxd hl }|l m wdgklhmhl lwxí lwxr|x|rmhm hl omjlkrm m omjxlr m l~gc|wçd hl |o er|vd lwvlgkakgd .jm}|lcl gmwd dw jlerdw Mard/Molrkgmjdw+ l m lqkxmr m w|m vrderlwwçd jm wdgklhmhl* •

>*=*7 ‗ Mw amglxmw hm hlwke|mchmhl l hm hkalrljåm D rmgkwod ljglrrm lo wk xràw gdovdjljxlw . Uklqkdrim Uklqkdrim## =;;<+0 M –jmx|rmckpmåçd‟ hl |o er|vd# }|l gdjwkwxl jm khljxkakgmåçd hlwwl er|vd gdo bmwl lo gmrmgxlrïwxkgmw aïwkgmw jmx|rmkw# M vlrglvåçd hd –d|xrd‟ gdod molmåm# D mvlcd m olhkhmw hl vrdxlgåçd# hkwgrkokjmåçd d| wlerlemåçd* Jlo wlovrl m hkwgrkokjmåçd hl d|xrlo ë |om l~vrlwwçd hl rmgkwod# omw xçd w÷ wl kjgdrvdrmr lwxmw xràw gdovdjljxlw* Vdr d|xrd cmhd# d rmgkwod gdobkjm hdkw vrkjgïvkdw hl l~gc|wçd0 m hlwke|mchmhl l m hkalrljåm* hkalrljåm* •

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víekjm 72 hl 71



M rlcmåçd ljxrl mw hkoljwülw hm hkalrljåm l hm hlwke|mchmhl jçd ë gdjwljw|mc ljxrl dw m|xdrlw }|l wl hlhkgmo æ mjíckwl hd rmgkwod* Mwwko# Xme|klaa .=;>>+ hlaljhl }|l lwxlw h|mw hkoljwülw lwxçd wlvmrmw# rlw|cxmhd lo hdkw xkvdw hl rmgkwod0 m hlwke|mchmhl lwxí rlcmgkdjmhm gdo m jmx|rmckpmåçd hd –d|xrd‟ .wdbrlx|hd d –d|xrd‟ lj}|mjxd gdcdjkpmhd d| w|`lkxd æ hdokjmåçd vdr vmrxl hl d|xrlo+ l gdo m w|m kjalrkdrkpmåçd9 m hkalrljåm lwxí ckemhm æ khlkm hl vrlwlrqmåçd hm lwvlgkakgkhmhl hl gmhm g|cx|rm* Lo gdjxrmvmrxkhm# Uklqkdrim hlakjl d rmgkwod vlcm gdovcloljxmrkhmhl ljxrl lwxmw h|mw hkoljwülw# makromjhd }|l wl d xlom hm hlwke|mchmhl lwxí adrxloljxl ckemhd æ hdokjmåçd gdcdjkmc# d rmgkwod w÷ l~kwxl wl m gdjwgkàjgkm hm kjalrkdrkhmhl hdw vdqdw gdcdjkpmhdw adr mgdovmjnmhm vlcd olhd hl kjqmwçd d| hl vlrhm hl khljxkhmhl hd gdcdjkpmhdr* Vdr d|xrd cmhd# m vlrglvåçd hm hkalrljåm g|cx|rmc w÷ vrdh|p rmgkwod wl m g|cx|rm d| g|cx|rmw okjdrkxírkmw adrlo ljxljhkhmw gdod molmåmhdrmw vlcm g|cx|rm hdokjmjxl* Gdod makrom Uklqkdrim# vmrm }|l d rmgkwod wl omjkalwxl ë jlglwwírkd }|l ©.***+ nm`m d wljxkoljxd hl }|l d w|vlrkdr lwxí w|vlrkdr lwxí molmåmhd vlcd kjalrkdr# m }|mckhmhl vlcm }|mjxkhmhl# m rk}|lpm vlcm vdbrlpm .***+¹*

>*=*8 ‗ D rmgkwod gdod |om hdljåm hm Odhlrjkhmhl J|om gdjxrmhkåçd jdx÷rkm hm Odhlrjkhmhl# d lwbmxlr hmw hkalrljåmw vlcd gdjxmgxd ljxrl g|cx|rmw# md kjqëw hl rladråmr |om gdjwgkàjgkm |jkqlrwmc l xljhlr æ ecdbmckpmåçd g|cx|rmc# rladråm d rlglkd hm vlrhm hmw lwvlgkakgkhmhlw lwvlgkakgkhmhlw l amp jmwglr d rmgkwod d| d|xrmw omjkalwxmåülw hl rl`lkåçd l hkwgrkokjmåçd hkwgrkokjmåçd hdw d|xrdw* Ë vdr lwxl odxkqd }|l Xdhddq hlakjl d rmgkwod gdod |om hdljåm hl vmwwmelo vmrm m Odhlrjkhmhl* Xmobëo Uklqkdrim memrrm lwxm khlkm hd rmgkwod lj}|mjxd hdljåm wdgkmc hm Odhlrjkhmhl# makromjhd }|l lwxm jçd mglkxm amgkcoljxl m hkalrljåm# xrmjwadromjhd vmrxl hlcm lo hlwke|mchmhl l d|xrm vmrxl lo l~gc|wçd* Xmobëo d olhd hm hlwgmrmgxlrkpmåçd hm g|cx|rm l khljxkhmhl jmgkdjmkw# mckmhd md m|oljxd hd hlwlovrled# hl| lwvmåd md w|rekoljxd hl vmrxkhdw hl l~xrlom/hkrlkxm l~xrlom/hkrlkxm lo Armjåm# gdod d Ardjx Jmxkdjmc# l md w|rxd hl qkdcàjgkm rmgkwxm lo Vdrx|emc jd kjïgkd hdw mjdw ;6 hd wëg|cd ^^* Jmw wdgklhmhlw gdjxlovdrâjlmw# gdjxlovdrâjlmw# d hkwg|rwd hm hkalrljåm w|rel mwwko olwgcmhd vdr mre|oljxdw hl gmrkp bkdc÷ekgd# g|cx|rmc# lgdj÷okgd d| vdcïxkgd# hmjhd drkelo m |om vc|rmckhmhl hl omjkalwxmåülw hl rmgkwod# md gdjxrmrkd hm |jkhmhl khldc÷ekgm m }|l mwwkwxkodw jdw wëg|cdw mjxlrkdrlw* >*2 ‗ ^ljdadbkm l a|jhmoljxmckwodw M ~ljdadbkm l d rmgkwod lwxçd kjxlrrlcmgkdjmhdw# vdkw mobdw dw gdjglkxdw wl rlalrlo m |om hkalrljgkmåçd ljxrl er|vdw }|l rlw|cxm jm l~gc|wçd hl |jw amgl m d|xrdw* Jd ljxmjxd# m ~ljdadbkm hkp rlwvlkxd m |o cl}|l o|kxd omkw mbrmjeljxl hl hkalrljgkmåülw# jm olhkhm lo }|l xrmh|p xdhm m rl`lkåçd hl d|xrlo# khljxkakgmhd gdod hkwwlolcnmjxl hd –l|‟ d| hd –j÷w‟# }|lr lwwm hkalrljåm wl`m bmwlmhm lo xrmådw aïwkgdw# jm g|cx|rm# jm vlrxljåm jmgkdjmc d| lo d|xrdw mwvlgxdw# d| rlw|cxl xçd w÷ hm w|b`lgxkqkhmhl kovcïgkxm æ mxrkb|kåçd hl |om khljxkhmhl hkalrljxl m lwwl –d|xrd‟* Lo xlrodw lxkodc÷ekgdw# ~ljdadbkm wkejkakgm olhd hd lwxrmjelkrd* Drm# ë m gdj`|emåçd hlwxmw h|mw gmrmgxlrkwxkgmw ‗ rl`lkåçd hm}|lcl }|l khljxkakgmodw gdod hkalrljxl l olhd amgl m lcl ‗ }|l amplo mwwdgkmr arl}|ljxloljxl d alj÷oljd hm ~ljdadbkm æ }|lwxçd hdw a|jhmoljxmckwodw* a|jhmoljxmckwodw* D a|jhmoljxmckwod rlvdrxm/wl æ grljåm l æ hlalwm hl |o gdj`|jxd hl vrkjgïvkdw rlckekdwdw .d| a|jhmoljxdw+# }|l wçd ljxljhkhdw gdod qlrhmhlw a|jhmoljxmkw* Jmw kjxlrvrlxmåülw a|jhmoljxmckwxmw# hlaljhl/wl }|l lwwlw vrkjgïvkdw rlckekdwdw hlqlrçd mckglråmr m dremjkpmåçd wdgkmc hl xdhm |om wdgklhmhl*

>*2*= ‗ M drkelo hdw a|jhmoljxmckwodw a|jhmoljxmckwodw odhlrjdw


víekjm 77 hl 71



M lolreàjgkm hdw a|jhmoljxmckwodw a|jhmoljxmckwodw odhlrjdw rlodjxm m olmhdw hm hëgmhm hl 56 hd wëg|cd ^^# mxrmqëw hd hlwljqdcqkoljxd hl odqkoljxdw rlckekdwdw# xmjxd jd Grkwxkmjkwod gdod jd @|hmïwod l jd Kwcmokwod# }|l vrdglhlo æ rl/kjxlrvrlxmåçd rl/kjxlrvrlxmåçd hdw xl~xdw wmermhdw gdo d db`lgxkqd hl o|hmr m drhlo wdgkmc l~kwxljxl* Æ vrdg|rm hl jdqdw lwvmådw hl wdckhmrklhmhl djhl dw kjhkqïh|dw wl wljxkwwlo vrdxlekhdw# wljhd m rlckekçd l m vlrxljåm ëxjkgm lwvmådw vrkqkclekmhdw vmrm xmc# l# vdr d|xrd cmhd# æ gdjwxr|åçd hl jdqdw vrd`lgxdw hl wdgklhmhl# adrxloljxl omrgmhdw vlcd rlxdrjd md rlckekdwd* Qlodw mwwko w|rekr odqkoljxdw a|jhmoljxmckwxmw jmw xràw rlckekülw odjdxlïwxmw# djhl wl kjgc|lo xmjxd dw odqkoljxdw xlcl/lqmjelckwxmw jdw Lwxmhdw \jkhdw hm Moërkgm gdod dw odqkoljxdw kwcâokgdw jd krçd d| jm Mreëckm* Jd ljxmjxd# jd o|jhd kwcâokgd l~kwxl |om omkw adrxl bmwl wdgkmc hl mvdkd hd a|jhmoljxmckwod a|jhmoljxmckwod rlckekdwd hd }|l jd o|jhd `|hl| d| grkwxçd# grkwxçd# amgxd }|l hlxlrokjm m w|m w|m omkdr l~xljwçd l~xljwçd l m kjxljwkhmhl kjxljwkhmhl gdo }|l ë hlakjkhd* M L|rdvm Dgkhljxmc hl akjmkw hd wëg|cd ^^ qà vrlgkwmoljxl jd a|jhmoljxmckwod kwcâokgd m ermjhl molmåm hd a|x|rd# wljhd lwwl olhd d odxdr hl o|kxdw wljxkoljxdw ~lj÷adcdw gdjxrm mw gdo|jkhmhlw kokermjxlw o|å|comjmw mï kjwxmcmhmw*

>*2*2 ‗ M kjxlrckemåçd ljxrl ~ljdadbkm# a|jhmoljxmckwodw l jmgkdjmckwodw M mjíckwl hdw xlomw hm ~ljdadbkm l hd a|jhmoljxmckwodw hlql# vdrëo# xmobëo xlr lo gdjxm m w|m lwxrlkxm ckemåçd gdo d jmgkdjmckwod# |om qlp }|l m khljxkakgmåçd m |om jmåçd kjxlerm# o|kxmw hmw qlplw# |om }|dxm vmrxl hl l~gc|wçd ~lj÷adbm l# vdr |o cmhd# m khljxkakgmåçd jmgkdjmckwxm jmgkdjmckwxm clqmhm md l~xrlod vdhl rlw|cxmr lo omjkalwxmåülw hl a|jhmoljxmckwod# djhl d odxdr vdckxkgd wl gdja|jhl gdo d rlckekdwd* >*2*7 ‗ M kjxlrckemåçd ljxrl ~ljdadbkm# a|jhmoljxmckwodw l gdjackxdw ëxjkgdw Vmrm mce|jw m|xdrlw# d ljarm}|lgkoljxd hl vdhlr hdw Lwxmhdw l m w|m kjgmvmgkhmhl lo mwwle|rmr wle|rmjåm l blo/lwxmr vmrm xdhdw dw er|vdw ë |om gdjhkåçd hkrlgxm vmrm m lolreàjgkm hl gdjackxdw hl gmrkp ëxjkgdw# vdkw amp gdo }|l dw er|vdw wl dremjkplo gdo bmwl j|om khljxkhmhl gdo|o .l~gc|kjhd vdrxmjxd dw lwxrmjelkrdw# dw d|xrdw# m}|lclw m }|lo d –j÷w‟ mxrkb|ï |om khljxkhmhl hkalrljxl+ vmrm plcmrlo vlcdw wl|w kjxlrlwwlw* Dw gdjackxdw }|l xào qkjhd m lgcdhkr jd ako hmhd wëg|cd ^^ rlqlwxlo/wl# mwwko hl |o gmrígxlr o|cxkamglxmhd# djhl mw omjkalwxmåülw hl rmgkwod l ~ljdadbkm# m kjxdclrâjgkm ëxjkgm l dw a|jhmoljxmckwodw rlckekdwdw wl mvrlwljxmo gdj`|emhdw gdo jmgkdjmckwodw vdckxkgd# d| adrxloljxl kjxrkjgmhdw jmw vr÷vrkmw o|hmjåmw hl drhlo lgdj÷okgm l wdgkmc }|l mxrmqlwwmo mw wdgklhmhlw hl xdhd d o|jhd* >*7 ‗ Wl~kwod D wl~kwod hlakjl/wl vdr vrlgdjglkxdw# lwxlrl÷xkvdw l hkwgrkokjmåülw bmwlmhmw jd wl~d hm vlwwdm* D xlrod wl~kwod ë# mwwko# |xkckpmhd omkw arl}|ljxloljxl }|mjhd jdw rlvdrxmodw æw hlwke|mchmhlw wdarkhmw vlcmw o|cnlrlw* D vljwmoljxd alokjkwxm gdjxlovdrâjld hlakjl# mckíw# wl~kwod gdod |om rlcmåçd wdgkmc lo }|l dw ndoljw hlxào m m|xdrkhmhl wdbrl mw o|cnlrlw*

>*7*= ‗ M }|lwxçd hm –jmx|rlpm alokjkjm‟ Vmrm mce|jw m|xdrlw# m hkwgrkokjmåçd hmw o|cnlrlw rlwkhl a|jhmoljxmcoljxl jmw hkalrljåmw aïwkgmw l hl vlrwdjmckhmhl }|l hkwxkje|lo dvülo m alokjkckhmhl hm omwg|ckjkhmhl# lwxmjhd mwwdgkmhmw æ vrkolkrm xrmådw gdod m lodxkqkhmhl# m kjx|kåçd l m w|bokwwçd# lj}|mjxd }|l æ omwg|ckjkhmhl wl mwwdgkm m rmgkdjmckhmhl# m c÷ekgm l m hdokjmåçd* >*7*2 ‗ M amoïckm gdod adjxl hl hlwke|mchmhlw D|xrdw m|xdrlw mre|oljxmo }|l m kjxlrvrlxmåçd hm hlwke|mchmhl ljxrl dw wl~dw hmhm vlcm hkalrljgkmåçd bkdc÷ekgm ë o|kxd kjgdovclxm# mre|oljxmjhd }|l m drkelo hm hkwgrkokjmåçd hm o|cnlr rlwkhl jm dremjkpmåçd hmw wdgklhmhlw vmxrkmrgmkw# mwwljxlw jm clk vmxlrjmc l wljhd m amoïckm m w|m glc|cm/bmwl* Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm 78 hl 71



Jlwxl xkvd hl wdgklhmhl# m clk gdjglhl md ndolo# lj}|mjxd vmk l omrkhd# d hkrlkxd æ vrdvrklhmhl vrkqmhm# wljhd d l~lrgïgkd hd vdhlr wdbrl m o|cnlr l dw akcndw qkwxd gdod |om l~xljwçd hd hkrlkxd æ vrdvrklhmhl*

>*7*7 ‗ Mw hlwke|mchmhlw jm lwalrm hd xrmbmcnd D amgxd hm rlqdc|åçd kjh|wxrkmc xlr vlrokxkhd grkmr vdwxdw hl xrmbmcnd alokjkjdw# }|l jçd l~kwxkmo mjxlrkdroljxl# rlxkrmjhd m l~gc|wkqkhmhl hm o|cnlr md lwvmåd hd cmr# qlkd gdcdgmr m }|lwxçd hm gdovmxkbkckhmhl gdovmxkbkckhmhl d| kjgdovmxkbkckhmhl kjgdovmxkbkckhmhl hm alokjkckhmhl gdo d xrmbmcnd mwwmcmrkmhd* \om qlp }|l wdgkmcoljxl m a|jåçd hdokjmjxl hm o|cnlr ë m omxlrjkhmhl# amgxd }|l m dbrkem m kjxlrrdovlr m w|m mgxkqkhmhl vrdh|xkqm# dw vdwxdw hl xrmbmcnd }|l lcm qkrkm m dg|vmr jçd wçd lwvlgkmckpmhdw l m lclw gdrrlwvdjhlo oljdrlw wmcírkdw*

>*7*8 ‗ D jdqd rdwxd hmw hlwke|mchmhlw jd wëg|cd ^^ D wëg|cd ^^ nlrhm dw vrlww|vdwxdw hm Lgdjdokm Vdckxkgm hd wëg|cd mjxlrkdr l# mvlwmr hl wl mwwkwxkr æ ljxrmhm omgkåm hmw o|cnlrlw jd o|jhd hm lh|gmåçd l hd xrmbmcnd# mw hlwke|mchmhlw ljxrl dw wl~dw qçd vlrwkwxkr* M = E|lrrm O|jhkmc vlrokxk| m lomjgkvmåçd hmw o|cnlrlw |om qlp }|l m odbkckpmåçd hdw ndoljw l~kekm m w|m vmrxkgkvmåçd# wlo gdjgdrràjgkm# jm lwalrm hm vrdh|åçd lgdj÷okgm* Jd ljxmjxd# d v÷w/e|lrrm rmvkhmoljxl l~kek| d rlxdrjd hmw o|cnlrlw md cmr l æ a|jåçd hm omxlrjkhmhl# hmhm m |reàjgkm hl rlwxmblclglr mw xm~mw hl jmxmckhmhl l hl mwwle|rmr d lovrled mdw ndoljw ljxçd hlwodbkckpmhdw* M komelo hm o|cnlr hdjm/hl/gmwm qdcxd| m vlwmr jmw lcmåülw wdgkmkw* Hdkw l~lovcdw hl wkwxlomw vdckxkgd/khldcdekgdw wl~kwxmw Ljgdjxrmodw# jlwxl wëg|cd# hdkw l~lovcdw l~xrlodw hm hkwgrkokjmåçd hmw o|cnlrlw# a|jhmoljxmhm vdr wkwxlomw vdckxkgd/khldcdekgmw0 vdckxkgd/khldcdekgmw0 m vdckxkgm jmxmckwxm hd rlekol amwgkwxm kxmckmjd# gdomjhmhd vdr O|wwdckjk9 l m vdckxkgm wl~|mc jmgkdjmc/wdgkmckwxm hm Mclomjnm hl Nkxclr* Dw lalkxdw hm hlodgrmxkpmåçd hlodgrmxkpmåçd Ë gdo m rlg|vlrmåçd lgdj÷okgm qlrkakgmhm mv÷w m 2 E|lrrm O|jhkmc# gdjgrlxmoljxl ljxrl =;8< l=;5<# }|l wl mwwkwxl m |om gmhm qlp omkdr hlodgrmxkpmåçd hlodgrmxkpmåçd hd olrgmhd hl xrmbmcnd# hd mglwwd æ lh|gmåçd .jçd w÷ vmrm mw o|cnlrlw gdod xmobëo vmrm mw gcmwwlw wdgkmkw omkw vdbrlw+ l# gdjwl}|ljxloljxl# m |om hlodgrmxkpmåçd hlodgrmxkpmåçd hmw lcmåülw wdgmkw* •

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Jd gmovd hm lh|gmåçd# lh|gmåçd# mvlwmr hd mglwwd omgkåd hmw rmvmrkemw æ lwgdcm# rmvmplw l rmvmrkemw gdjxkj|mo m wlr drkljxmhdw vmrm gmrrlkrmw lwvlgïakgmw# rlvrdh|pkjhd m hkqkwçd wl~|mc hd xrmbmcnd* Jd gmovd hd xrmbmcnd# xào w|rekhd jmw ðcxkomw hëgmhmw jdqmw adromw hl xrmbmcnd }|l xào qkjhd m mgljx|mr mw hlwke|mchmhlw ljxrl dw wl~dw* D xrmbmcnd m xlovd vmrgkmc# m l~vmjwçd hd xrmbmcnd hdokgkckírkd* Vdr ako# d xrmbmcnd xlovdrírkd l dw gdjxrmxdw m vrmpd wçd d rlw|cxmhd hm omkw rlgljxl rl/lwxr|x|rmåçd lgdj÷okgm# malgxmjhd omkw h|rmoljxl mw o|cnlrlw l dw `dqljw* D wl~kwod gdjxlovdrâjld# æ wlolcnmjåm hd jdqd rmgkwod# rlqlcm/wl gdo |o rdwxd o|cxkamglxmhd# djhl mre|oljxdw jmx|rmckwxmw l g|cx|rmckwxmw wl kjxlrvljlxrmo vmrm `|wxkakgmr m omj|xljåçd hl |om drhlo wdgkmc mckglråmhm jd vdhlr omwg|ckjd ‗ md jïqlc lgdj÷okgd# gkljxkakgd# vdckxkgd# `|rïhkgd*

>*7*< ‗ Mw mjmckwlw alokjkwxmw l d gdjglkxd hl eëjlrd Hm}|k rlw|cxm m gdjwxr|åçd hd gdjglkxd hl eëjlrd* Lj}|mjxd }|l d gdjglkxd hl wl~d mvljmw kc|wxrm mw hkalrljåmw aïwkgmw ljxrl ndoljw l o|cnlrlw# d gdjglkxd hl eëjlrd mjmckwm mw rmpdlw nkwx÷rkgmw# g|cx|rmkw# lgdj÷okgmw l wdgkmkw }|l j|o hlxlrokjmhd odoljxd l j|o hlxlrokjmhd lwvmåd odchmo mw rlcmåülw ljxrl mw vlwwdmw* M mjmckwl hmw rlcmåülw hl eëjlrd kjwkwxl jd gmrígxlr a|jhmoljxmcoljxl wdgkmc l jçd wl~|mc hmw hkalrljåmw ljxrl ndoljw l o|cnlrlw# rl`lkxmjhd d hlxlrokjkwod bkdc÷ekgd l hlwxmgmjhd# lo wko|cxâjld# d gmrígxlr rlcmgkdjmc l mwwkoëxrkgd ljxrl dw hdkw wl~dw* >*8 ‗ Mxljxmhdw mdw Hkrlkxdw N|omjdw Wlbljxl\M ‗ mvdjxmoljxdw vlwwdmkw

víekjm 7< hl 71



M Hlgcmrmåçd \jkqlrwmc hdw Hkrlkxdw N|omjdw .mwwkjmhm m =6 hl Hlplobrd hl =;8>+ jmwgl jd rlwgmchd hm 2 E|lrrm O|jhkmc# wkobdckpmjhd m qdjxmhl hdw Lwxmhdw gdo mwwljxd jmw Jmåülw \jkhmw hl kjxrdh|pkrlo |o jdqd }|mhrd clemc }|l rle|cmwwl mw rlcmåülw kjxlrjmgkdjmkw*

>*8*= ‗ M DJ\ l m jdqm drhlo o|jhkmc M Hlgcmrmåçd \jkqlrwmc w|rel gdod |o vrkolkrd vmwwd xdomhd vlcm Dremjkpmåçd hmw Jmåülw \jkhmw .DJ\+# gdjwxkx|ïhm lo Omkd hl =;8<# jm gdjwxr|åçd hlwwm jdqm drhlo o|jhkmc* Lj}|mjxd m DJ\ xlo gdod vrkjgkvkd a|jhmhdr m b|wgm l m omj|xljåçd hm vmp o|jhkmc# m Hlgcmrmåçd xdrjm gcmrd }|l lwxl db`lgxkqd w÷ ë mcgmjåmhd olhkmjxl d rlwvlkxd hdw hkrlkxdw n|omjdw* >*8*2 ‗ M lqdc|åçd hdw Hkrlkxdw N|omjdw M Hlgcmrmåçd hl Kjhlvljhàjgkm hdw \jkhdw hm Moërkgm .=551+ l m hlgcmrmåçd hdw Hkrlkxdw hd Ndolo l hd Gkhmhçd .=5>;+ wmïhm hm Rlqdc|åçd Armjglwm# omrgmo m – vrkolkrm elrmåçd‟ elrmåçd‟ hdw Hkrlkxdw N|omjdw# gmrmgxlrkpmhm vlcm amwl hm ©vrdgcmomåçd `|rïhkgm¹# }|l vrlxljhkm emrmjxkr jd vcmjd adromc m hkejkhmhl hdw gkhmhçdw vlrmjxl |o Lwxmhd hl hkrlkxd l hdjhl rlw|cxd| m kjwxkx|kåçd hdw hkrlkxdw gkqkw l vdcïxkgdw* elrmåçd¹ jmwgl olmhdw hd wëg|cd ^K^# gdjwxkx|kjhd m amwl hm ©wdgkmckpmåçd¹# gmrmgxlrkpmhm M –wle|jhm –wle|jhm elrmåçd¹ vlcd rlgdjnlgkoljxd hl }|l mw ckblrhmhlw jçd lwxmqmo emrmjxkhmw mvljmw vlcm w|m kjgc|wçd jm clk l hl }|l lrm jlglwwírkd jlglwwírkd kjwxkx|kr jdqdw hkrlkxdw# xmkw gdod dw hkrlkxdw lgdj÷okgdw# wdgkmkw l g|cx|rmkw* M Hlgcmrmåçd \jkqlrwmc hl =;8> jmwgl jm –xlrglkrm elrmåçd‟ hdw hkrlkxdw n|omjdw# m }|mc gdrrlwvdjhl æ amwl hm ©kjxlrjmgkdjmckpmåçd¹* >*8*7 ‗ D hlwrlwvlkxd vlcdw Hkrlkxdw N|omjdw D vr÷vrkd xl~xd hm Hlgcmrmåçd rlalrl# jd mrxked 2>°# }|l dw lwxmhdw w|bwgrkxdrlw hlqlrçd mwwle|rmr d g|ovrkoljxd l d rlgdjnlgkoljxd lalgxkqd hlwwlw hkrlkxdw olhkmjxl –olhkhmw vrderlwwkqmw‟# jmgkdjmkw l kjxlrjmgkdjmkw* Drm# d jçd hlwljqdcqkoljxd hl olhkhmw gdjgrlxmw jd vcmjd jmgkdjmc lo o|kxdw hdw vmïwlw jçd xlo vlrokxkhd gdjwdckhmr dw hkrlkxdw n|omjdw jm clekwcmåçd jmgkdjmc l amgkcoljxl gdjh|p æ w|m qkdcmåçd* Dw alj÷oljdw hl rmgkwod# ~ljdadbkm# a|jhmoljxmckwodw l wl~kwod# }|l xrmxíodw mjxlrkdroljxl# wçd omjkalwxmåülw mgx|mkw hm kjgmvmgkhmhl hdw Lwxmhdw w|bwgrkxdrlw mwwle|rmrlo d g|ovrkoljxd hdw vrkjgïvkdw }|l mvrdqmrmo*


víekjm 71 hl 71

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