PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM KETOASIDOSIS DIABETIK 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
E10-E14
2.
Diagnosis
Ketoasidosis Diabetik
3.
Pengertian
Merupakan dekompensasi metabolik yang akut ditandai dengan trias hiperglikemia, asidosis metabolik dan hiperketonemia terutama disebabkan oleh defisiensi insulin absolut atau relatif.
4.
Anamnesis
Poliuri, polidipsi, penurunan berat badan, riwayat berhenti menyuntik insulin, demam, mual, muntah, nyeri perut (gastropati diabetikum).
5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Penurunan kesadaran; mulai delirium, depresi sampai koma, pernafasan cepat dan dalam (Kussmaul), dehidrasi (turgor kulit menurun, lidah dan bibir kering), bau aseton dari hawa nafas tidak terlalu mudah tercium, takikardi, hipotensi.
6.
Kriteria Diagnosis
1. Kadar glukosa glukosa darah yang tinggi > 250 mg/dL 2. pH darah < 7,3 7 ,3 3. Peningkatan kadar keton serum > 5 mEq/L (asam hidroksibutirat > 0,6 mEq/L), diserat dengan keton urine positif 4. Kadar serum bikarbonat ! 18 mEq/L dan peningkatan anion gap.
7.
Diagnosis Banding
Ketosis diabetik, status hyperosmolar hiperglikemi (HHS)
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Glucose sticks, urine strip, kadar HCO 3, anion gap, pH darah dan juga idealnya pemeriksaan kadar keton dalam darah.
9.
Konsultasi
Neurologi, nefrologi, sesuai dengan diagnosis faktor pencetus dan penyulit
10. Perawatan Rumah Sakit
Tipe A, B
11. Terapi / tindakan
1. Cairan: digunakan larutan fisiologis berdasarkan perkiraan hilangnya cairan pada KAD mencapai 100 cc/kgBB atau sebesar 5-8 liter ! jam pertama: 1 liter, li ter, jam kedua: 1 liter lit er dan d an selanjutnya selan jutnya 1 liter lite r setiap setia p 4 jam sampai pasien terehidrasi.
(ICD 9-CM)
2. Insulin: insulin intravena paling umum digunakan. Insulin intramuskuler atau subkutan adalah alternatif bila pompa infus tidak tersedia atau bila akses vena mengalami kesulitan, misal: pada anak kecil. Jika tidak terdapat hipokalemia (K < 3,3 mEq/l), dapat diberikan insulin regular 0,15 u/kgBB, diikuti dengan infus kontinu 0,1 u/kgBB/jam (5 -7 u/jam). Jika kadar kalium < 3,3 mEq/l, maka harus dikoreksi dahulu untuk mencegah perburukan hipokalemia yang akan dapat mengakibatkan aritmia jantung, dengan target penurunan gula darah 50-75 mg/dL. Jika gula darah tidak menurun sebesar 50 mg/dl dari nilai awal pada jam pertama, periksa status hidrasi pasien. Jika status hidrasi mencukupi, infus insulin dapat dinaikkan 2 kali lipat setiap jam sampai tercapai penurunan gula darah konstan antara 50 - 75 mg/dl/jam. Ketika kadar gula darah mencapai 250 mg/dl, turunkan infus insulin menjadi 0,05 - 0,1 1
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u/kgBB/jam (3 - 6 u/jam), dan tambahkan infus dextrose 5 - 10%. Pada kondisi klinik pemberian insulin intravena tidak dapat diberikan, maka insulin diberikan dengan dosis 0,3 iu (0,4 - 0,6 iu)/kgBB yang terbagi menjadi setengah dosis secara intravena dan setengahnya lagi secara subkutan atau intramuskular, selanjutnya diberikan insulin secara intramuskular atau subkutan 0,1 iu/kgBB/jam, selanjutnya protokol penatalaksanaannya sama seperti pemberian drip dr ip intravena. 3. Kalium: Total deficit K yang terjadi selama KAD diperkirakan mencapai 3-5 mEq/kgBB. Terapi kalium dimulai saat terapi cairan sudah dimulai, dan tidak dilakukan jika tidak ada produksi urine, terdapat kelainan ginjal, atau kadar kalium > 6 mEq/L 4. Glukosa: Bila kadar glukosa mencapai < 200 mg% maka dapat dimulai infus mengandung glukosa 5. Bikarbonat: masih kontroversial, hanya dianjurkan pada KAD yang berat (pH<7,1) (pH< 7,1) 6. Pengobatan lain: a.
Antibiotik yang adekuat
b.
Oksigen bila pO 2 < 80 mmHg
c.
Heparin bila ada DIC atau bila hiperosmolar (>380 mOsm/L)
12. Tempat Pelayanan
Ruang intensive care, care , semi intensif RSUD Kabupaten Klungkung
13. Penyulit
Edema otak, Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Syndrome (ARDS), thrombo emboli
14. Informed Consent
Diperlukan
15. Tenaga Standar
Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam, Konsultan Endokrinologi, Metabolik Diabetes
16. Lama Perawatan
7 hari
17. Masa Pemulihan
3 hari
18. Hasil
Baik dengan pengobatan yang tepat
19. Patologi
Tidak diperlukan
20. Otopsi
Tidak diperlukan
21. Prognosis
Dubius ad bonam
22. Tindak Lanjut
Pemantauan: Kontrol rutin dan mengikuti saran yang diberikan.
23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
IA
24. Indikator Medis
1. 2. 3. 4.
25. Edukasi
Edukasi DM (pemberian dosis insulin / OAD yang tepat dan kepatuhan), komunikasi efektif terutama saat penyandang DM mengalami sakit akut (misalnya batuk, pilek, diare, demam, luka)
Kesadaran membaik Sesak berkurang Analisa gas darah normal Gula darah normal
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2. Gotera W, Budiyasa DGA. Penatalaksanaan Ketoasidosis Diabetic (KAD). Jurnal Penyakit Dalam; 2010. Vol 11.
PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM KOMA HIPOGLIKEMIA 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
E 16.2
2.
Diagnosis
Koma Hipoglikemia
3.
Pengertian
Hipoglikemia merupakan keadaan dimana kadar Glukosa Darah Sewaktu (GDS) < 60mg/dL dengan gejala klinis.
4.
Anamnesis
Bila terdapat penurunan kesadaran pada penderita diabetes dengan obat hipoglikemik seperti sulfoniluria, meglitinid, insulin atau kombinasi dari obat-obat ini harus selalu dipikirkan kemungkinan terjadinya hipoglikemi.
5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Gejala hipoglikemi terdiri dari adrenergik (berdebar-debar, banyak berkeringat, gemetar, dan rasa lapar) dan gejala neuro-glikopenik neuro-gliko penik (pusing, gelisah, kesadaran menurun sampai koma dan kejang-kejang).
6.
Kriteria Diagnosis
Trias dari Whipple untuk hipoglikemi: 1. Gejala yang sesuai dengan hipoglikemia 2. Kadar glukosa darah rendah pada saat timbulnya gejala < 60 mg/dl 3. Gejala membaik setelah kadar glukosa darah normal.
7.
Diagnosis Banding
1. Obat-obatan (insulin, insulin sekretagogus, alkohol, pentamidin, kinine, indometasin, glukagon, artesunate) 2. Penyakit kritis (gagal hati, gagal ginjal, gagal jantung, sepsis dan inanisi. 3. Defisiensi hormonal (kortisol, glukagon dan epinefrin) 4. Insulinoma, non-islet cell tumor . 5. Gangguan fungsi sel beta. 6. Hipoglikemi autoimun (antibodi insulin, antibodi reseptor insulin)
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Kadar Glukosa Darah, fungsi ginjal, fungsi hati, C-Peptide, Hb A1C
9.
Konsultasi
Neurologi (kalau ( kalau diperlukan)
10. Perawatan Rumah Sakit
Tipe A, B
11. Terapi / tindakan
Bagi pasien dengan kesadaran yang baik dan kooperatif diberikan makanan yang mengandung glukosa secara oral (jus buah, gula, tablet glukosa atau larutan yang setara dengan 15-20 gram karbohidrat). Panderita dengan penurunan kesadaran diberikan glukosa intravena (50 ml 50% dektrose atau glukosa dilanjutkan dengan infus dektrose 5%
(ICD 9-CM)
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12. Tempat Pelayanan
Ruang Intensif, semi intensif care RSUD Kabupaten Klungkung
13. Penyulit
Stroke dan transient ischaemic attack , kehilangan memori, gangguan kognitif, infark miokard, injury, injury, kematian.
14. Informed Consent
Komunikasi Informasi Edukasi (KIE) penyebab hipoglikemia, penatalaksanaan dan upaya u paya mencegah terjad inya hipoglikemia hipoglik emia
15. Tenaga Standar
Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam, Konsultan Endokrin Metabolik Diabetes
16. Lama Perawatan
1-3 hari
17. Masa Pemulihan
1-3 hari
18. Hasil
Umumnya baik. Bila terlambat bisa terjadi sekuele otak atau kematian
19. Patologi
Tidak diperlukan
20. Otopsi
Tidak diperlukan
21. Prognosis
Dubia ab bonam
22. Tindak Lanjut
Monitor GDS secara berkala, atur dosis insulin / obat diabetes oral dan pola makan
23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
IA
24. Indikator Medis
1. Kesadaran compos mentis 2. Kadar gula darah normal
25. Edukasi
Edukasi DM (pemberian dosis insulin dan obat hipoglikemik oral, pola makan)
26. Kepustakaan
1. PERKENI. Petunjuk Praktis Pengelolaan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2. 2002. Waspadji S. 2. Kegawatan pada Diabetes Melitus. Dalam prosiding simposium Penatalaksanaan Kedaruratan di bidang Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Jakarta, 15-16 April 2000;83-8 3. Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology Editor Melmed S, Polonsky Polonsky KS, Larsen Larsen PR, KronenbergHM, 12th Edition Philadelphia, Philadelphia, ELSEVIER., Saunders 2011 p 1552-1577.
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM LIMFOMA MALIGNA NON-HODGKIN 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
C82-C85
2.
Diagnosis
Limfoma Maligna Non-Hodgkin
3.
Pengertian
Penyakit keganasan primer dari jaringan limfoid yang bersifat padat (solid), dapat menyebar secara sistemik ditandai oleh kumpulan limfosit abnormal, kadang-kadang histiosit yang bersifat nodular atau difus.
4.
Anamnesis
Pembesaran kelenjar, single / multiple, multiple , tidak nyeri, asimetri, kenyal, terdapat gejala demam, penurunan BB >10%, dan keringat malam.
5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Pembesaran kelenjar getah bening tidak nyeri, single / multiple , asimetri, padat kenyal seperti karet, bisa terdapat di leher, aksila, inguinal, mediastinal, hilus paru, kelenjar para-aorta, dan retroperitoneal. Kadangkadang lesi muncul pada jaringan ekstranodal seperti kulit, paru, otak, dan sumsum tulang belakang.
6.
Kriteria Diagnosis
Klinis, pemeriksaan histopatologis jaringan
7.
Diagnosis Banding
Lymphoma Hodgkin, limfadenitis TB
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
1. DL, GOT, GPT, Bun, Sc, Gula darah, AU, elektrolit, Foto thorax, USG abdomen
penunjang
(labratorium,
pencitraan),
dan
2. BMP, CT scan, MRI, PET Scan (jika diperlukan) diperlukan) 9.
Konsultasi
Bedah dan THT untuk biopsi kelenjar
10. Perawatan Rumah Sakit
Ya
11. Terapi / tindakan
1. Terapi simptomatis dan suportif 2. Sesuai staging; stadium I-II radioterapi dengan atau tanpa kemoterapi, stadium III-IV kemoterapi 3. Kemoterapi standar standar dengan CHOP & R-CHOP a. Premedikasi: ondansentron 8 mg i.v ( high moderate emetogenecity), emetogenecity ), deksametason 10 mg i.v, Acetaminophen 1000 mg i.o, Dipenhidramin 25-50 mg i.v (risiko reaksi alergi)
(ICD 9-CM)
b.
Kemoterapi: a) CHOP ! Cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m 2 + Doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 + Vincristine 1,4 mg/m 2 (maks dosis 2 mg/siklus) + prednisone 40 4 0 mg/m 2 hari 1-5. Setiap 21 hari, 6-8 siklus. b) R-CHOP ! Rituximab 375 mg/m 2 + cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide 750 2 2 mg/m + Doxorubicin 50 mg/m + Vincristine 1,4 mg/m 2 (maks dosis 2 mg/siklus) + prednisone 40 mg/m 2 hari 1-5. Setiap 21 hari, 6-8 siklus.
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14. Informed Consent
Tertulis
15. Tenaga Standar
Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam, Konsultan Hematologi dan Onkologi Medik
16. Lama Perawatan
1. Mulai dari biopsi dan kemoterapi ! 2 minggu 2. Kemoterapi !5 hari
17. Masa Pemulihan
1 minggu
18. Hasil
Respon kemoterapi dinilai berdasarkan kriteria RECIST, 2009
19. Patologi
Sesuai dengan hasil histopatologi
20. Otopsi
Tidak diperlukan
21. Prognosis
Dubius ad bonam
22. Tindak Lanjut
Kemoterapi setiap 21 hari
23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
IA
24. Indikator Medis
Pembesaran kelenjar berkurang
25. Edukasi
Pentalaksanaan terapi sesuai sesuai staging staging , efek samping kemoterapi
26. Kepustakaan
NCCN guideline guid eline 2013, Amerian Amer ian Cancer Society 20 13
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM FEBRIL NEUTROPENIA 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
D70
2.
Diagnosis
Febril Neutropenia
3.
Pengertian
Demam, dengan suhu aksila kiri / kanan " 380C dua kali pengukuran dalam waktu 1 jam atau lebih (untuk tumor solid) dan " 37,50C (untuk keganasan hematologi) atau " 38,30C dalam 1 kali pengukuran dan tidak didapatkan tanda-tanda non infeksi, jumlah neutrofil (batang segmen) kurang dari 500 sel/mm 3 atau kurang dari 1000 sel/mm 3 dengan kecenderungan kecenderungan turun menuju 500 sel/mm3 dalam 2 hari berikutnya.
4.
Anamnesis
Demam, kadang terdapat keluhan infeksi sesuai dengan fokus infeksi seperti batuk, sesak, nyeri BAK, diare.
5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Tanda infeksi pada saluran pernafasan atas dan bawah, traktus urogenitalis, abdomen dan region perianal, monitoring tekanan darah, nadi, frekuensi pernafasan dan suhu serta kesadaran.
6.
Kriteria Diagnosis
1. Suhu aksila kiri / kanan " 38 0C dua kali pengukuran dalam waktu 1 jam atau lebih (untuk tumor solid) dan " 37,50C (untuk keganasan hematologi) atau " 38,30C dalam 1 kali pengukuran dan tidak didapatkan tanda-tanda non infeksi dan disertai, 2. ANC < 500 sel/mm 3 atau ANC ysng diperkirakan akan menurun s/d < 500 sel/mm 3 dalam 48 jam kedepan.
7.
Diagnosis Banding
-
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Darah lengkap (absolute ( absolute neutrophil count ), ), kultur mikrobiologi
9.
Konsultasi
Sesuai dengan lokasi fokus infeksi
10. Perawatan Rumah Sakit
Ruang isolasi semi steril
11. Terapi / tindakan
Antibiotik empirik (monoterapi atau kombinasi terapi) dengan property anti pseudomonas, anti jamur (bila demam masih berlangsung dalam 72
(ICD 9-CM)
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20. Otopsi
Tidak dilakukan
21. Prognosis
Dubius ad bonam
22. Tindak Lanjut
Kontrol rutin dan mengikuti saran yang diberikan
23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
1. Penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis untuk ANC ! 100 sel/mm 3 (evidence A-II) 2. Penggunaan antibiotik empirik (evidence A-I) 3. Penggunaan anti jamur empirik atau preemptif (evidence A-I) 4. Penggunaan Growth Factor (GCSF) profilaksis (GCSF) profilaksis diindikasikan untuk pasien dengan risiko febris dan neutropenia " 20% (evidence A-II), dan umumnya tidak direkomendasikan sebagai terapi pada kasus febris dan neutropenia (evidence B-II).
24. Indikator Medis
Suhu tubuh ! 37,50C, tidak ada tanda infeksi, ANC " 2000 sel/mm 3
25. Edukasi
Menjaga higienis diri sendiri serta sanitasi, mengkonsumsi makanan matang, menghindari kontak dengan orang sakit.
26. Kepustakaan
Panduan Tata Laksana Febril Neutropenia Pada Pasien Kanker, Perhompedin 2006, IDSA Guidelines 2011.
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM TUBERKULOSIS PARU 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
A.15.0
2.
Diagnosis
Tuberkulosis Paru (TB Paru)
3.
Pengertian
Penyakit infeksi menular mikobakterium tuberkulosis
4.
Anamnesis
Batuk 2-3 minggu, berdahak, kadang batuk darah, sesak, nyeri dada
pada
jaringan
paru
akibat
infeksi
Demam, nafsu makan menurun, berat badan menurun, berkeringat malam 5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Lesi minimal pemeriksaan fisik dalam batas normal. Pada lesi yang berat dapat dijumpai tanda konsolidasi (perkusi redup, fremitus mengeras, suara napas bronkial, ronki )
6.
Kriteria Diagnosis
1. Anamnesis: ada batuk 2-3 minggu, berdahak, kadang batuk darah, kadang nyeri dada. Demam, nafsu makan menurun, berat badan menurun, berkeringat malam. 2. Pemeriksaan fisik: dapat dijumpai tanda-tanda konsolidasi 3. Pemeriksaan penunjang: Sputum BTA Positif, Rontgen toraks sesuai gambaran TB
7.
Diagnosis Banding
Pneumonia, Bronkiektasis, abses paru
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
1. BTA sputum SPS 2. Rontgen toraks 3. Gen Expert sputum bila pada pasien ODHA dan pada suspek TB MDR 4. Kultur BTA dan DST bila suspek TB MDR 5. DL, Bun/Sc, GOT/GPT
9.
Konsultasi
10. Perawatan Rumah Sakit
Bedah torak, intensivist Diperlukan bila ada komplikasi seperti: batuk darah, panas tinggi, sesak nafas berat
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15. Tenaga Standar
Residen Penyakit Dalam, DPJP
16. Lama Perawatan
5-7 hari
17. Masa Pemulihan
2 minggu
18. Hasil
Batuk menghilang, panas turun, berat badan meningkat, BTA sputum menjadi negatif, negatif, Kultur BTA negatif pada TB MD R
19. Patologi
Tidak diperlukan
20. Otopsi
Tidak diperlukan
21. Prognosis
Dubius ad bonam
22. Tindak Lanjut
1. Kontrol teratur sesuai jadwal yang telah ditentukan 2. Pantau dan timbang berat badan 3. Cek ulang BTA sputum 4. Cek ulang kultur BTA untuk kasus TB MDR 5. Evaluasi kemungkinan efek samping obat TB
23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
1. Tingkat eviden 1a/1b 2. Rekomendasi A / B
24. Indikator Medis
1. Hilangnya gejala batuk 2. Hilangnya demam 3. Berat badan naik 4. BTA Sputum negatif 5. Kultur BTA Negatif untuk TB MDR
25. Edukasi
1. Minum obat teratur tidak boleh memutus obat tanpa sepengetahuan Dokter / petugas medis 2. Menggunakan masker sehingga tidak menulari orang sekitarnya 3. Tidak berdahak sembarangan 4. Pentingnya ventilasi sehingga sinar dapat tembus ke kamar tidur 5. Penyakit TB dapat sembuh
26. Kepustakaan
Kementrian Kesehatan RI, Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tatalaksana Tuberkulosis, 2013.
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM ASMA EKSASERBASI AKUT BERAT 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
J45-J46
2.
Diagnosis
Asma Eksaserbasi Akut Berat
3.
Pengertian
Eksaserbasi pada asma atau disebut juga serangan asma akut adalah suatu keadaan yang ditandai dengan episode sesak / napas pendek, batuk, mengi dan r asa berat di dada yang bertambah secara progresif. pr ogresif.
4.
Anamnesis
Sesak napas saat istirahat, batuk, napas mengi, dada terasa berat.
5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Posisi: duduk membungkuk, cara bicara: kata demi kata. Kesadaran: tampak gelisah. Frekuensi napas > 30 x/menit. Tampak kontraksi otot bantu napas dan retraksi suprasternal paradoksal. Kadang sianosis. Nadi >120 x/menit. Pulsus paradoksus sering ada (>25 mmHg). Pada auskultasi paru mengi terdengar keras.
6.
Kriteria Diagnosis
1. Keluhan dan gejala sesuai anamnesis dan pemeriksan fisik. 2. Dari analisa gas darah: PaO 2 < 60 mmHg dengan atau PaCO 2 > 45 mmHg, Saturasi oksigen < 90% 3. Arus puncak ekspirasi < 60% prediksi
7.
Diagnosis Banding
PPOK eksaserbasi akut, gagal jantung
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
DL, foto toraks, analisa gas darah
9.
Konsultasi
Sesuai komplikasi dan adanya penyakit penyerta
10. Perawatan Rumah Sakit
IGD-MS, ruang intensif
11. Terapi / tindakan
Oksigen, Inhalasi agonis #2 kerja singkat (salbutamol, terbutalin), Antikolinergik, glukokortikosteroid sistemik, bila perlu magnesium intravena. Dapat pertimbangkan aminophilin intravena, epinefrin.
(ICD 9-CM)
12. Tempat Pelayanan
IGD-MS, ruang intensif RSUD Kabupaten Klungkung.
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23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
1. Pengunaan Inhalasi agonis #2 kerja singkat (evidence A) 2. Kombinasi Inhalasi agonis #2 kerja singkat dan itratropium bromid lebih baik daripada digunakan sendiri (evidence B) 3. Pemberian glukokortokosteroid sistemik pada asma eksaserbasi mempercepat perbaikan eksaserbasi (evidence A) 4. Nebuliser salbutamol dengan isotonik magnesium sulfat memberi keuntungan lebih besar dibanding diberikan dengan normal saline (evidence A)
24. Indikator Medis
Kesadaran baik (GCS E4V5E6), frekuensi nafas normal (18-20x/menit), nadi normal, analisa gas darah normal
25. Edukasi
Minum obat sesuai aturan, setelah pulang mohon kontrol secara teratur, hindari faktor pencetus yang ada, edukasi tentang penyakit asma.
26. Kepustakaan
1. GINA. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention updated 2012. 2. Panduan Pelayanan Medik Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam Indonesia(PAPDI), 2006 3. PDPI. Program penatalaksanaan asma In. Mangunnegoro H, Amin M, Yunus F, dkk. Editor. Asma. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit UI; 2004. P28-27
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM LUPUS ERITEMATOSUS SISTEMIK 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
M.32
2.
Diagnosis
Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik
3.
Pengertian
Penyakit sistemik yang bersifat kronik-progresif dan merupakan penyakit autoimun autoimu n ditandai dengan adanya antibodi terh adap inti sel
4.
Anamnesis
1. Gejala Konstitusional: lemah, demam, anoreksia, penurunan berat badan. 2. Gejala Khas : tergantung manifestasi SLE yang muncul
5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Sesuai manifestasi SLE yang muncul
6.
Kriteria Diagnosis
Memenuhi 4 dari 11 kriteria ARA ( American ( American Rheumatism Association) Association ) tahun 1997: 1. Ruam malar: eritema menetap, datar atau menonjol, pada malar eminence dan eminence dan lipatan nasolabial 2. Ruam diskoid: bercak eritama menonjol dengan gambaran SLE keratotik dan sumbatan folikular. Pada SLE lanjut dapat ditemukan parut atropik. atropik . 3. Fotosensitivitas: ruam kulit yang diakibatkan reaksi abnormal terhadap sinar matahari, baik dari anamnesis pasien atau yang didapatkan pada pemeriksaan fisik. 4. Ulkus mulut: ulkus mulut atau orofaring, umumnya tidak nyeri
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obatan. 10. Gangguan Imunologik: a.
Anti-DNA: dengan titer yang abnormal, atau
b. Adanya Anti-Sm, atau c.
Temuan positif terhadap antibodi antifosfolipid yang didasarkan atas: a) Kadar serum antibodi antikardiolipin abnormal baik IgG atau IgM, atau b) Tes lupus antikoagulan standar, atau
positif
menggunakan
metode
c) Hasil tes positif palsu paling tidak selama 6 bulan dan dikonfirmasi dengan tes imobilisasi Treponema pallidum atau tes fluoresensi absorpsi antibodi treponemal. 11. Antibodi antinuclear positif (ANA): titer abnormal dari antibodi antinuklear berdasarkan pemeriksaan imunofluoresensi atau pemeriksaan yang setara, setiap saat pada perjalanan penyakit dan tanpa akibat pengaruh obat. 7.
Diagnosis Banding
-
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
1. Pemeriksaan laboratorium rutin: DL, UL, LED, CRP 2. Pemeriksaan imunologis: imunologis : a. Pemeriksaan autoantibody: ANA ( Antinuclear Antibody), Antibody ), AntiDsDNA, Antibodi Anti-Sm b. Pemeriksaan sel LE c. Pemeriksaan C3,C4 komplemen, d. Pemeriksaan antibodi antifosfolipid (kadar serum antibodi antikardiolipin baik IgG atau IgM, dan pemeriksaan lupus antikoagulan positif menggunakan metode standar.
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dan dilanjutkan setiap 3 bulan, sementara hidroksiklorokuin dosis 5- 6,5 mg/kg BB/ hari (200-400 mg/hari) dan periksa mata setiap 6-12 bulan. e) Kortikosteroid Kortikosteroid dosis rendah seperti prednison < 10 mg / hari atau yang setara. f) Tabir surya: Gunakan tabir surya topikal dengan sun protection facto r sekurang-kurangnya sekurang-kurangnya 15 (SPF 15) b. SLE derajat sedang (nefritis ringan sampai sedang), trombositopenia trombositopenia (trombosit 20-50 x 103/mm3, serositis mayor): a) Terapi induksi: Metyl prednisolon i.v (0,5-1gr/hari selama 3 hari diikuti oleh AZA (2 mg/kgBB/hr) atau MMF (2-3 gr/hari) + Kortikosteroid 0,5-0,6 mg/kg/hr selama 4-6 minggu Dilanjutkan dengan: b) Terapi pemeliharaan: AZA (1-2 mg/kg BB/hr) atau MMF (1-2 gr/hr) + KS(diturunkan sampai dosis 0,125 mg/kg/hr c. SLE derajat berat (nefritis berat kls IV, III+V, IV+V atau III-V dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal), trombositopenia refrakter berat < 20 x 10 3, anemia hemolitik refrakter berat, keterlibatan paru paru (hemoragik), (hemoragik) , NPSLE (serebritis,mielitis), (serebritis,mieli tis), vaskulitis abdomen: a) Terapi Induksi : Metylprednisolon 0,5-1 gr/hr selama 3 hari + cyclophospamide i.v (0,5-0,7 gr/m 2/bln x 7 dosis), bila respon penuh dilanjutkan dengan terapi pemeliharaan dengan Azathioprin (1-2 mg/kgBB/hari) atau MMF (2-3 gr/hari) ditambah KS dosis diturunkan sampai 0,125 mg/kgBB/hr selang sehari. Bila respon sebagian dilanjutkan dengan terapi pemeliharaan dengan Cyclophospamid i.v 0,50,75 gr/m2/3 bln selama satu tahun, bila tidak respon maka dilanjutkan dengan terapi Rituximab atau Inhibitor calcineurin (cyclosporine) atau Ig i.v.
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hindari infeksi 26. Kepustakaan
Rekomendasi Perhimpunan Reumatologi Indonesia untuk Diagnosis dan Pengelolaan Lupus Eritematosis Sistemik tahun 2011
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM ANAFILAKSIS / SYOK ANAFILAKSIS 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
T782
2.
Diagnosis
Anafilaksis / Syok Anafilaksis
3.
Pengertian
Anafilaksis merupakan reaksi hipersensitivitas sistemik, akut dan mengancam nyawa yang dimediasi oleh IgE (IgE-mediated) akibat pelepasan mediator oleh sel mast, basofi l. Syok anafilaksis keadaan anafilaksis yang ditandai dengan (hipotensi) penurunan tekanan darah sistolik <90 mmHg akibat respons hipersensitivitas tipe I (adanya reaksi antigen dengan antibodi Ig E).
4.
Anamnesis
1. Reaksi sistemik ringan: Rasa geli / gatal serta hangat, rasa penuh di mulut tenggorokan, hidung tersumbat dan terjadi edema di sekitar mata, kulit gatal, mata
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hipoksemia). c.
Penurunan tekanan darah, kolaps, sinkope, inkontinensia.
d.
Gejala gastrointestinal (mual, muntah, kram perut).
3. Penurunan tekanan darah segera paska paparan: tekanan darah sistolik < 90 mmHg atau penurunan lebih dari 30% dari tekanan darah sebelumnya. 7.
Diagnosis Banding
Syok Kardiogenik, Syok hipovolemik
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Darah rutin, ureum, kreatinin, elektrolit, analisis gas darah, EKG, IgE total
9.
Konsultasi
Intensivist, Kardiologi
10. Perawatan Rumah Sakit
Ruang intensif / semi intensif
11. Terapi / tindakan
1. Oksigen
(ICD 9-CM)
2. Adrenalin (epinephrine) lar 1 : 1000 dosis 0,3 – 0,5 ml i.m. Ulangi 10-15 menit (bila tidak ada perbaikan) 3. Antihistamin 10-20 mg i.m / i.v pelan 4. Tambahan: a.
Cairan kristaloid untuk replacement
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22. Tindak Lanjut
Kontrol dan mengikuti saran yang diberikan, menghindari alergen
23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
1. Penggunaan adrenalin (epinephrine) segera diberikan setelah ada paparan alergen yang dicurigai, maksimal dosis pemberian 3x, penyesuaian dosis dilakukan pada usia tua dan terdapat kelainan kardiovaskular. 2. Inhalasi agonis !-2 kerja pendek bila ada bronkospasme dan bila pemberian adrenalin adr enalin tidak membaik . 3. Vasopressor (dopamine, dobutamine,nor epinephrine) dengan dosis titrasi apabila dengan pemberian adrenalin 3x tidak membaik, atau bila terjadi syok berkepanjangan. berkepanjangan .
24. Indikator Medis
Gejala hilang, perbaikan hemodinamik
25. Edukasi
Hindari allergen
26. Kepustakaan
1. Lieberman PL. Anaphylaxis. In: Allergy principles and practice. 7 th ed. Mosby 2009; 1027-1049. 2. Dreskin SC. Anaphylaxis. Last update October 7, 2005. Available on: http//www.emedicine.com 3. Krause SC. Anaphylaxis. Last update March 18, 2004. Available on: http//www.emedicine.com
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM ARTRITIS GOUT 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
M.10
2.
Diagnosis
Artritis Gout
3.
Pengertian
Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh deposisi kristal Monosodium urat (MSU) di sendi
4.
Anamnesis
Gejala klinis Artritis Gout dapat dibagi 3 stadium: 1. Stadium Akut: Terjadi artritis akut dengan keluhan nyeri sendi akut, yang didahului adanya faktor pencetus. Faktor pencetus serangan akut antara lain trauma lokal, diet tinggi purin, kelelahan fisik, stres, tindakan operasi, obat diuretik, atau penurunan dan peningkatan asam urat. Gejala akut ini dapat hilang sendiri dalam beberapa hari.
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9. Hiperurikemia 10. Foto sendi terlihat pembengkakan asimetris 11. Foto sendi terlihat kista subkortikal tanpa erosi 12. Kultur cairan sendi tanpa pertumbuhan kuman. 7.
Diagnosis Banding
Rematoid atritis
8.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
1. Laboratorium: a.
Darah lengkap, LED, leukosit biasanya tidak lebih dari 15.000/mm.
b.
Asam urat darah
c.
Pemeriksaan lain, seperti fungsi ginjal, gula darah, atau kadar lipid darah.
d. Pemeriksaan urin rutin, asam urat dalam urin 24 jam dan kreatinin urin 24 e.
Pemeriksaan cairan sendi Dengan pemeriksaan mikroskop lapangan gelap atau mikroskop dengan teknik polarisasi terlihat kristal MSU yang runcing. Terjadi peningkatan jumlah leukosit cairan sendi. Leukosit cairan sendi biasanya antara 5000 – 50.000/mm 3, dominan neutrofil.
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19. Patologi
Tidak diperlukan
20. Otopsi
Tidak diperlukan
21. Prognosis
Baik
22. Tindak Lanjut
Kontrol poliklinik
23. Tingkat Evidens & Rekomendasi
1A
24. Indikator Medis
Pasien dapat melakukan aktifitas sehari-hari dengan baik (fungsi sendi baik)
25. Edukasi
Hindari makanan tinggi purin
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PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS SMF ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM DEMAM DENGUE / DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE 2016 RSUD KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG
1.
No. ICD 10
A90 / A91
2.
Diagnosis
Demam Dengue (DB) / Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah
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g. 5.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Laboratorium: platelet
peningkatan
hematokrit
disertai
penurunan
1. Terdapat satu atau lebih manifestasi perdarahan, seperti uji tourniquet (tes Rumple Leed ) posisi Petekie, purpura, ekimosis, perdarahan mukosa seperti: epistaksis, perdarahan gusi, hematesis melana, hematuria, pendarahan per vagina. 2. Dapat ditemukan tanda kebocoran plasma seperti: efusi pleura, asites. 3. Pembesaran hati (hepatomegali) 4. Tanda warning sign seperti: sign seperti:
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4. Derajat IV: sudah terjadi syok ( profound shock ) dimana nadi tidak teraba dan tekanan darah tidak terukur. Klasifikasi derajat penyakit DBD (WHO 2009):
1. Dengue tanpa tanda bahaya ( Dengue without witho ut Warning Sign Sig n) 2. Dengue dengan tanda bahaya ( Dengue with Warning Wa rning Sign): Sign ): a. Nyeri perut b.
Muntah berkepanjangan
c.
Terdapat akumulasi cairan
d. Perdarahan mukosa e.
Letargi, lemah
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4. Tanda-tanda penyulit seperti gagal ginjal, gagal nafas, kejang dan keadaan yang memerlukan terapi dengan titrasi. 11. Terapi / tindakan
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18. Hasil
Baik
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sekresi intestinal berupa muntahan atau aspirasi duodenum (minggu I), kultur aspirasi sumsum tulang (minggu I & II), kultur tinja
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b.
Cephalosporin generasi III (5-7 hari ): Ceftriaxone (2 – 4 gram/hari i.v)
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16. Lama Perawatan
5 hari (bila perawatan menggunakan antibiotik golongan Fluoroquinolon, cephalosporin atau macrolide) dan tanpa penyulit serta
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Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.