BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Latar Belakang Belakang
Potensi sebuah daerah dapat berkembang dengan maksimal jika didukung dengan adanya akses yang baik. Akses yang baik membuat pergerakan dari dan menuju suatu daera daerah h lebi lebih h mudah mudah dan dan terj terjan angk gkau. au. Salah Salah satu satu outl outlet et yang yang dapat dapat memf memfas asil ilit itas asii aksesibilitas yang baik tersebut adalah bandar udara.Pertumbuhan ekonomi sangat erat hubungannya hubungannya dengan perkembangan perkembangan transporta transportasi. si. Peningkatan Peningkatan pendapatan pendapatan konsumen konsumen mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap perkembangan transportasi udara. Bandara Bandara Udara adalah adalah lapang lapangan an yang diguna digunakan kan untuk untuk mendar mendarat at dan lepas lepas landas landas pesawat udara. Tujuan pembangunan bandara udara antara lain sebagai transportasi manu manusi siaa dari dari suat suatu u temp tempat at ke temp tempat at lain lainny nya, a, sala salah h satu satu sara sarana na perd perdag agan anga gan, n, perindustrian. Maka kebutuhan akan sarana bandara udara diprediksi akan terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun.
Pembangunan bandara udara pada hakekatnya ditujukan untuk melayani serta mendor mendorong ong pertum pertumbuha buhan n suatu suatu daerah daerah,, namun namun dalam dalam merena merenanak nakan an bandara bandara udara udara memerlukan penyediaan lahan yang ukup luas. Maka perlu diperhitungkan masalah terseb tersebut ut dari dari awal awal sebelu sebelum m merena merenanaka nakan n bandara bandara udara udara dengan dengan perena perenanaan naan yang yang matang. Perenanaan bandara udara merupakan sebuah proses yang kompleks dan saling tergantung satu sama lain karena sebuah lapangan terbang melingkupi kegiatan yang sangat luas, maka untuk mendapatkan mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan memuaskan harus mempertimban mempertimbangkan gkan beberapa faktor. !alam pelaksanaannya bandara udara bukan hanya memperhitungkan kendaraan udara saja, tapi harus diperhitungkan kendaraan di darat termasuk penumpang.
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!alam merenanakan dan meranang bandara udara harus mempertimbangkan beberapa hal seperti teknis operasi penerbangan, ekonomis, keuangan, politis dan kesejahteraan lingkungan.!alam penentuan lokasi lapangan terbang terdpat beberapa hal yang perlu dijadikan bahan pertimbangan, yaitu " #.
$enana Pengembangan %ilayah Regional & Regional Plan' Plan' Misa Misaln lnya ya suat suatu u daer daerah ah yang yang suda sudah h di ren renan anak akan an seba sebaga gaii temp tempat at pemukiman, maka tidak tepat untuk membangun lapangan terbang di
(.
daerah tersebut. )egunaan *a *apangan Terbang Airport &Airport Use' Use' )egunaan lapangan terbang untuk keperluan sipil akan berbeda dengan
+.
keperluan militer. arak te terhadap la lapangan te terdekat Agar operasi penerbangan dilapangan terbang tidak saling mengganggu, jarak antara satu lapangan terbang dengan lapangan terbang lain harus
-.
ukup jauh. Pen Penap apai aian an &ak &akse sesb sbil ilit itas as'' dar darii dan dan ke ke tra trans nspo port rtas asii dar darat at arus dipertimbangkan kemudahan penapaiannya dari pusat pemukiman
/.
dan pusat kegiatan ekonomi. )ondisi site &topografi, geologi, iklim dan sebagainya' sebagainya' arus dihindari pemilihan lokasi lapangan terbang di daerah berbukit atau
0.
di daerah yang terlalu rendah. alangan &obstacle' obstacle' *okasi lapangan terbang harus bebas dari halangan dan perlu di buat
1. 2.
peraturan yamg ketat untuk membatasi munulnya bangunan disekitarnya. !aya Pandangan &visibility' visibility' !aerah yang berkabut atau berasap akan mengurangi jarak pandangan. Pertimbangan *i *ingkungan Sebelum pembangunan lapangan terbang harus dilakukan penelitian untuk menguk mengukur ur pengar pengaruh uh pembang pembanguna unan n dan operasi operasi penerba penerbanga ngan n terhada terhadap p tingkat kualitas udara, air, kebisingan, siklus ekologi dan tata guna lahan.
1.2 1.2
Maks Maksud ud dan dan Tujuan juan Pere Perenc ncan anaa aan n
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menggunakan moda udara telah menjadi pilihan yang menarik bagi mereka yang sangat membutuhkan pergerakan dalam waktu singkat. 3leh sebab itu, diperlukan bandar udara yang dapat melayani kebutuhan masyarakat tersebut.
Untuk Untuk member memberika ikan n pelaya pelayanan nan yang yang sebaik sebaik4ba 4baikny iknyaa terhad terhadap ap pihak pihak penggun penggunaa Bandar Bandar udara udara baik baik penumpa penumpang, ng, pengir pengirim im argo, argo, perusa perusahaan haan penerba penerbangan ngan maupun maupun operator operator penerbangan penerbangan maka perlu diadakan perenanaan yang benar4bena benar4benarr matang yang meliputi " •
)ebijakan perenanaan
•
Perenanaan fisik
•
Perenanaan lingkungan
)eberhasilan atau baik buruknya kinerja bandara sangat bergantung dari master plan4nya. Perenanaan yang efisien adalah perenanaan dengan biaya operasi terendah dan sesuai dengan kapasitas kebutuhannya.
1.3
Bata atasan san Ma Masala alah Pe Perencana anaan
Dalam Pembahasan ini kami Hanya membahas tentang bandara untuk B 707 – 300 .
BAB II
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2.1 Data Perencanaan Perencanaan Des#gn A#rcra A#rcra$t $t
!alam Tugas ini akan direnanakan runway untuk melayani pesawat jenis B 1514 +55, data 6 data yang diketahui dan menjadi auan untuk pembuatan lapangan terbang adalah " •
7le8asi $unway
" +0/ m
•
Temperature *okasi
" +9: ;
•
Slope $unway
" 5.+ <
•
!esign Airraft
" B 41514 +55
•
3perasi $unway
" =on preission approah $unway
•
)onf )onfiigur gurasi asi Par Parki kirr Pes Pesaawat wat
" =os =osee in> in> Angle ngle =ose =ose in
•
Sistem Parkir Pesawat
" ? 4 Shape
•
Tata *etak Terminal
" Sentralisasi4!esentralisais
!ata ini di gunakan untuk perenanaan lebar landasan pau, lebar apron, dan ta@iway dariair-side dariair-side suatu suatu bandar udara. 2.2 %arakter#st#k %arakter#st#k Des#gn A#rcra A#rcra$t $t
Pembangunan suatu lapangan terbang untuk memberikan pelayanan baik dan optim optimal al memer memerlu lukan kan pere peren nan anaan aan dan dan pera perana nang ngan an yang yang mata matang ng.. 3leh 3leh seba sebab b itu itu dibutuhkan pengetahuan umum mengenai karakteristik pesawat terbang yang penting dalam merenanakan fasilitas4fasilitas untuk digunakan oleh pesawat terbang. Beberapa karakteristik pesawat yang penting dalam peranangan fisik bandara"
Aeredrome Reference Field ength ! ARF " ARF adalah #an$ang lintaan minimum yang di #erlukan untuk #esa%at le#as landas atau !take o&" di mana #esa%at tersebut dalam keadaan standar' stadar yang di maksud yaitu mengankut beban maksimum' tan#a angin' tekanan atmosfer standar landasan yang digunakan standar !kemiringannya sama dengan nol" dan ketinggian landasanya sama dengan ketinggian #ermukaan air lautserta #ada
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*ings#an *ings#an adalah #an$ang bentangan saya# utama dari u$ung kanan ke u$ung kiri' gunanya untuk menentukan daerah bebas kanan dan kiri lintasan' $uga da#at membatu #erncanaan ta+i%ay( ta+i%ay( Pantang %ings#an tia# #esa%at berbeda – beda( *ings#anB 707 , 300 yaitu --'- m
.uther /ain ear *heel 1#an ./*1 yaitu $arak antara roda utama sebalah kanan ke sebelah kiri roda utama( Data ini di gunakan untuk lebar landasan #acu( Data ini men$adi #erencanaan landasan #acu' lebar a#ron' dan ta+i%ay dari air-side suatu bandara( B 707 – 300 mem#unyai $arak antar roda yaitu 7'2 m( Da#at di masukan ke dalam #ersamaan
ambar 4( Perencanaan Perencanaan lebar andasan #acu *r 5 6m 89 :
;et *r *r 6m 9 utama #aling
5 ebar landasan Pacu 5 .uter /ain ear 5 leb lebar ar daer daerah ah beba bebas s hal halan anga gan n !!cl cle earen arence ce"" ant antar ara a rod roda a luar dengan u$ung #inggir landasan(
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AR9 Atau kode kode Refere feren nsi adal adalah ah meto metode de sede sederh rhan ana a untu untuk k menghubungkan bebera#a s#esi= si=kasi yang mengacu acu #ada karakteri karakteristik stik dari aerodro aerodrome' me' sehingga sehingga menda#atk menda#atkan an fasilitas fasilitas yang cocok untuk #esa%at' #esa%at' yang di maksud fasilitas fasilitas #esa%at yaitu #an$ang lintasan' lebar lintasan' ukuran ta+i%ay' dan fasilitas yang di #erlukan( ;ode ini di bentuk dari dua buah elemen yang berhubungan dengan karakt karakteri eristi stik k #erfor #erformas masii Dan dimens dimensii #esa% #esa%at at terbang terbang(( >lemen >lemen 4 adalah kode yang berbasis #ada Aeroplane Reference Field Lengt !ARF" !ARF" dan elemen 8 adalah kode huruf yang berbasis #ada Wing Span!*1"dan Span!*1"dan Outher Main Gear WheelSpan !./"( WheelSpan !./"( Tabel Tabel #4( &;A3, Anne@ Anne@ #-4Aerodrome $eferene ;ode 7lement ( ' Aerodrome $eferensi ;ode )3!7 7*7M7= # )ode Aero plane
)3!7 7*7M7= ( ield )ode %ing Span
3uter
Main
Angka #
*ength D E+55 m
Angka A
D G #/m
Cear%heel Span D G -./m
(
255 m F D G #(55 m
B
#/ m F D G (- m
-./ m F DG 0 m
+
#(55 m F D G #255 m
;
(- m F D G +0 m
0mFDG9m
-
H #255 m
!
+0 m F D G/( m
9 m F D G#- m
7
/( m F D G0/ m
9 m F D G #- m
0/ m
#- m
D G 25 m
D G #0 m
?ntuk B 707 – 300 yang mem#unyai ARF 30)) m' $adi kode elemen 4 yaitu @- karena 4)00 m( Dan $uga mem#unyai *ings#an se#an$ang --'-'- dan dan ./* ./*1 1 se#a se#an$ n$an ang g 7'2 7'2 m' $adi $adi kode ode elem elemen en 8 yait yaitu u @9 karena karena mem#u mem#uny nyai ai *ings *ings#an #an 3C m --'- m E8 m' dan untuk untuk ./*1 C m 7'2 m 2 m(
uselage length adalah geometri dari pesawat yang menunjukkan panjang pesawat sampai ekor pesawat atau sebaliknya. Ceometri ini mempunyai pengaruh dalam pelebaran ta@iway pada bagian belokan, ukuran apron dan
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Heigth
eight adalah bentuk geometri lain dari pesawat yang menunjukkan tinggi pesawat dan diukur dari dasar roda ke titik tertinggi pada pesawat atau sebali sebalikny knya. a. eight eight ini mempuny mempunyai ai pengaru pengaruh h pada pada penent penentuan uan tinggi tinggi pintu pintu hangar dan segala maam instalasi yang ada didalam hangar. Distance Between Between Main Gears Gears
!istane between main gears adalah geometri dari bagian pergerakan pesawat yang menunjukkan jarak bentang antara roda 6 roda belakang. Ceometri ini menentukan jari 6 jari minimum dari pesawat. Wheel Base
%hee %heell base base adal adalah ah geom geomet etri ri dari dari bagi bagian an perg perger erak akan an pesa pesawa watt yang yang menunjukkan menunjukkan jarak antara roda depan dengan roda belakang belakang atau sebaliknya. sebaliknya. %hee %heell base base memp mempuny unyai ai penga pengaru ruh h dalam dalam penen penentu tuan an jari jari 6 jari jari belo beloka kan n ta@iway. Tail Width
Tail %idth ini merupakan geometri dari badan pesawat yang menunjukkan jarak bentang sayap belakang diukur dari ujung sayap belakang sebelah kiri ke ujun ujung g say sayap bela belaka kang ng sebe sebela lah h kana kanan n atau atau seba sebali likn kny ya. Ceom Ceomet etri ri ini ini menentukan ukuran parking dan apron.
2.3 Maca&'&aca& Maca&'&aca& Ist#lah Ist#lah Berat Pesa(at Pesa(at
Berat Berat
t dan kom
en4k
berat berat
t adalah adalah
paling paling
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c. "er! Fuel We Weight ight adalah batasan berat spesifik pada tiap jenis pesawat, di atas
batasan berat itu tambahan berat harus berupa bahan bakar, sehingga ketika pesawat sedang terbang, tidak terjadi momen lentur yang berlebihan pada sambungan. d . Ma#imum $amp We Weight ight % Ma#imum Design Ta#i Ta#i We Weight ight & adalah berat ma@imum pesawat diiIinkan untuk ta@i. Pada saat pesawat ta@iing dari apron menuju ujung landasan dia berjalan dengan kekuatannya sendiri, membakar bahan bakar sehingga kehilangan berat. e. Ma#imum 'tructural Landing Weigth Weigth % Ma# Design Landing Weight Weight & adalah
kemampuan strutural pesawat pada saat mendarat. (. Ma#imum 'tructural 'tructural Ta)e Ta)e O(( Wei Weight ght % Ma# Design Design Ta)e Ta)e !(( We Weight ight &
adalah Berat ma@imum pesawat termasuk rew, berat pesawat kosong, bahan bakar, pay load yang diiIinkan oleh pabrik, sehingga momen tekuk yang terjadi pada bagian badan pesawat, rata4rata masih dalam batas kemampuan material pembentuk pesawat.
%A"A%TE"ITI% PEA)AT DEI*N AI"+"A,T B--'3
Boeing series 151 & B1514+55 ' Produksi Boeing.
A$*
" +522 m
*anding ield *ength
" +5 +522 m
A$;
" -!
%ingspan
" -- - m
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Ma@. *anding %eight
" 91/(( kg > /1-555 lbs
Jero uel %eight
" (-(01( kg > /+/555 lbs
;rosswind Ma@imum
" (+ mph
%ing area
" (2+ m(
Power Plant
" PK% T+!41 &2-,-k=' turbofans
Passengers
" #19
& www.boeing.om www.boeing.om ' '
2./
L#ng #ngkun ung gan La La0ang angan Te Terang ang
*ingkungan sekitar pesawat terbang sangat berpengaruh terhadap perenanaan panjang landasan. Perhitungan panjang landasan mengunakan suatu standar yang disebut LAeroplane $eferene ield *enght &A$*'.
A$* merupak merupakan an panjang panjang lintas lintasan an minimu minimum m yang di perluk perlukan an oleh oleh pesawat pesawat untuk lepas landas &take off' dimana pesawat tersebut berada pada keadaan standart, mengangkut beban ma@imum yang dimungkinkan, tanpa angin, pada tekanan atmosfer standart, landasan yang di gunakan datar &kemiringanya sama dengan nol' dan ketinggian landasannya sama dengan ketinggian permukaan air laut serta pada tekanan atmosfir standart, seperti yang tertera pada data setiap pesawat yang di keluarkan oleh masing4 masing pabrik pembuatnya.
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seti setiap ap kena kenaik ikan an # #. Seba Sebagai gai stand standar ar temp temper erat atur ur adal adalah ah /9 /9 N #/; #/; &temperatur diatas muka laut'. . %e %et# t#ng ngg# g#an an alt# alt#tu tude de
Untuk setiap kenaikan +55m ȫ ft', maka angka koreksinya sebesar 1<.
c. %e %e r# r#ng ngan an lan landa dasa san n
)emiri )emiringan ngan keatas keatas memerl memerluka ukan n landas landasan an yang yang lebih lebih panjang panjang diband dibanding ing landasan yang dasar atau menurun. aktor kemiringan sebesar #5< setiap kemiringan #<, berlaku untuk nomer kode (,+,- pesawat bermesin turbo jet, sedangkan pesawat bemesin piston koreksinya (5<.
d. Ang# Ang#n n Per& Per&uk ukaa aan n
Bila angin yang bertiup angin haluan &head wind' landasan yang diperlukan lebih pendek di banding bila angin yang bertiup angin buritan &tail wind'.
e. %nd %nd#s# #s# Per Per&uk &ukaan aan Lan Landa dasa san n 0acu 0acu
)ondisi permukaan landasan pau harus bebas dari genangan aor karena akan menyebabkan menyebabkan permukaan permukaan liin liin membahayakan membahayakan operasi pesawat. pesawat. 3leh karena itu itu sist sistem em drai draina nase se lapan lapangan gan terb terbang ang haru haruss baik baik.. Selai Selain n itu itu perk perker eras asan an landasan pau diberikan groo8e arah trans8ersal, bagian bawahnya digunakan
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BAB III PENENTUAN !"IENTAI A"AH "UN)A
3.1
Pengert#an )#ndrse
%indrose adalah grafik yang menunjukkan distribusi keepatan dan prosentase arah angin pada suatu daerah yang digunakan untuk membantu perenanaan perenanaan atau design lapangan terbang dalam menentukan jumlah dan orientasi runway. Seara umum, jumlah landasan pau & runway ' tergantung pada 8olume lalulintas dan orientasi tergantung pada arah angin dan kadang4kadang pada luas daerah yang tersedia untuk pengembangan Bandar Bandar udara. udara. Cedung4 Cedung4ged gedung ung termin terminal al untuk untuk melayan melayanii penumpa penumpang ng harus harus terlet terletak ak sedemikian rupa sehingga penumpang dengan mudah dan epat dapat menapai landasan pau.nTerdapat banyak konfigurasi runway. )ebanyakan merupakan kombinasi dari beberapa konfiguraswi dasar. )onfigurasi )onfigurasi dasar tersebut adalah " #. $unw $unway ay Tu Tungga nggall (. $unw $unway ay Seja Sejaja jar r +. $unw $unway ay bers bersil ilan ang g -. $unw $unway ay O terb terbuk ukaa
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AA AA menentu menentukan kan bahwa bahwa runway runway harus harus diorie diorienta ntasi, si, sehing sehingga ga pesawa pesawatt dapat dapat mendarat paling sedikit 9/< dari waktu dengan angin sisi tidak melebihi #/ Mph. ;A3 juga menentukan bahwa runway harus di orientasi sehingga sedikit 9/< dari waktu dengan keepatan komponen angin sisi (+ Mph untuk landasan pau sepanjang #/55 m atau lebih, #/ Mph untuk landasan pau antara #(55 dan #/55 m dan ##,/ Mph untuk landasan pau yang panjangnya kurang dari #(55m.
Setelah Setelah komponen angin sisi maksimum maksimum yang diperbolehkan diperbolehkan dipilih, dipilih, arah paling baik dari runway bagi liputan angin dapat ditentukan dengan penelitian karakteristik angin untuk kondisi berikut " #. Seluru Seluruh h liputa liputan n angin angin tanpa memperha memperhatik tikan an jarak pengliha penglihatan tan atau tinggi tinggi angin. (. )ondis )ondisii angin ketika ketika tinggi tinggi angin angin berada berada dianta diantara ra (55 dan #555 kaki kaki dan jarak peglihatan di antara 5,/ dan + mile.
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3./
+ara Penetuan !r#entas# Arah "un(a4
*angkah4langkah penetuan orientasi runway " #. ;ari ;ari data data persen persentas tasee arah arah angin. angin. Pada tugas ini diperoleh data keepatan angin " *ind Directio n > > >> > >1> 1> 11> 1 11*
Persentase of *ind - – 4E 7'2 40'-'E 8'4 4'2 8'8'7 3') 40'4 22
4E , 3 4 4'2 4 '8 4 0'7 0') 4'4'4 4'3 4 '7 4E
34 – -7 0'8 0'8 0'8 0'4 0'4 0'4 0'8 0'4 0'3 08
6otal 40 44'E E'7 8'2 8') 3'2 E'8 48'4 44 C
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•
Masukan data persentase arah angin sesuai dengan arah dan keepatan anginya.
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Tabel *.+ ,r!ss wind
)3!7 U$U A B ; ! 7
MADMUM PA=A=C $U=%A?
;$3SS%=
D H (#55 m & 1555 ft ' #/55 m & /555 ft ' F D G (#55 m & 1555 ft ' 955 m & +555 ft ' F D G #/55 m & /555 ft ' 055 m & (/55 ft ' F D G 955 m & +555 ft ' 055 m & (/55 ft ' F D G 955 m & +555 ft '
! (+ mph (+ mph #/ mph ##,/ mph ##,/ mph
Pembagi Pembagian an jenis jenis kelas kelas pesawa pesawatt berdas berdasark arkan an panjan panjang g runway runway,, dalam dalam hal ini pesawat B1514+5+ masuk dalam kelas A karena panjang runway N ++2+ m. *etakk *etakkan an ros rossw swin ind d diat diatas as sumb sumbu u mela melalu luii pusat pusat ling lingkar karan. an. !aer !aerah ah yang yang
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3.5 Tael Tael Has#l Perh#tungan 6u&lah Prsentase Arah Arah Ang#n Ang#n
0,4)0 40,420 80,800 30,840 -0,880 E0,830 C0,8-0 70,8E0 )0,8C0 20,870 400,8)0 440,820 480,300 430,340 4-0 380
0,3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 3'7 37
usability Factor !G" 6otal !G" -,4E 4E,34 34,-7 7-'3 4C'C8 4'47 2C'8)7 7-'3 4C'EE 4'80 2C'8E3 7-'3 4C'-4 4'83 2C'4-7 7-'3 4C'4) 4'47 2E')E3 7-'3 4E'23 4'0E 2E'-)0 7-'3 4E'C0'2C 2E'40E 7-'3 4E'3) 0'24 2-'7)C 7-'3 4E'4) 0')C 2-'E3E 7-'3 4E'08 0')0 2-'342 7-'3 4-'22 0'7) 2-'8C7-'3 4E'08 0')0 2-'342 7-'3 4E'42 0')2-'E82 7-'3 4E'-0')8 2-'7CC 7-'3 4E'72 0')0 2E'0)7 7- 3 4C 4 3 0 )E 2E -)8
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BAB I7 %A"A%TE"ITI% ,II% AE"!D"!ME
)arakteristik fisik aerodrome terbagi atas beberapa bagian, yaitu "
$unways
$unway shoulders
$unway Strip
$unway end safety area
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;ua ;uaa, a,
fakto aktorr
ini ini
term ermasuk asuk
dida didallamny amnyaa
dis distribu ribusi si
angi angin n
dan dan
kabu kabutt
& mempengaruhi jarak pandang pilot '.
Topografi Topografi dari aerodrome.
enis pesawat terbang yang akan menggunakan aerodrome tersebut
*ingkungan, hal ini berkaitan dengan polusi suara yang akan ditimbulkan oleh pesawat terbang yang akan mendarat maupun yang akan lepas landas.
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a. "un(a "un(a4 4 act actual ual take take 8 $$ $$
Untuk menghitung panjang landasan yang diperlukan untuk lepas landas, data yang diperlukan adalah data A$* yaitu sebesar +522 m, yang dikoreksi terhadap ketinggian aerodrome, suhu referensi aerodrome, dan kelandaian landasan. #. aktor aktor korek koreksi si terhada terhadap p ketinggi ketinggian an aerodr aerodrome ome ;A3 mensyaratkan A$* bertambah bertambah 1< setiap kenaikan +55 m,dihitung dari ketinggian muka air laut & Aerodrome Manual Part , hal # 4#0'. $umus fator koreksi terhadap ketinggian ini dapat ditulis sebagai berikut " e N & A$* @ 5.51 >+55 ' A$*
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s N -+0#,110 m
)eterangan " 4
" 7le8asi $unway
4T
" Temperature Temperature *okasi
4s
" )elandaian *andas Pau
!ari !ari perhit perhitunga ungan n diatas diatas setela setelah h mengal mengalami ami berbaga berbagaii koreks koreksi, i, maka maka panjan panjang g runway yang diperoleh adalah dari panjang take 6 off yang sudah dikoreksi.
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;emiringan ;emiringan longitudinal dida#at dengan membagi selisih antara ketinggian maksimum dan ketinggian miimum dari #usat run%ay yang tidak boleh lebih dari 4'EG untuk #esa%at berkode angka 3 atau ;emiringan 6ransersal berguna untuk men$aga agar run%ay tidak tergenang air' idealnya kemiringan transersal adalah 4'EG untuk #esa%at dengan kode kode huruf 9'D atau >( kecuali #ada #ersim#angan run%ay atau ta+i%ay yang memerlukan memerlukan #erukaan datar( ?ntuk men$aga run%ay agar tidak tergenang air' maka di#erlukan drainase yang baik( ?ntuk lebar bahu run%ay dida#at 7'E m di sisi kanan dan sisi kiri run%ay(?ntuk run%ay(?ntuk meda#atkan lebar bahu run%ay bisa dilihat di table di ba%ah( Dan kemiringan maksimum bahu run%ay 8'EG
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•
•
Pan$ang run%ay stri# J9A. mensyaratkan #an$ang run%ay stri# yang digunakan sebagai desain adalah C0 m ebar run%ay stri# ebar run%ay stri# s tri# dengan #recission a##roach run%ay mau#un dengan non,#rescission a##roach
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Pan$ang maksimum clear%ay clear%ay adalah setengah dari #an$ang take,o& Run Aailable Aailable !6.RA"( !6.RA"( Dalam disain run%ay ini #an$ang take,o& run%ay aailable adalah -3C8 meter' maka diambil #an$ang clear%ay 84)4 m( ebar clear%ay masing,masing diukur dari center line run%ay' #aling kecil 7E meter untuk masing,masing sam#ing(Dalam disain run%ay ini
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Adalah $arak #an$ang run%ay ditambah #an$ang clear%ay( Accelerate 1to# Distance A Aailable ailable !A1DA" Adalah $arak horiNontal yang di#erlukan di#erlukan #esa%at untuk berhenti setela$ gagal melakukan take,o&( Pan$ang Pan$ang A1Da adalah #ana$ang 6.RA#an$ang 1to#%ay
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-(8 •
6ake .& .& Di Distance 9ritical >ngine Failure 9ritical >ngine Failureino#eratie Failureino#eratie adalah $arak yang dibutuhkan untuk take o& dimana keadaan mesin menca#ai keadaan kritis
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Berfungsi mencegah ter$adinya akumulasi air #ada #ermukaan #ermukaan ta+i%ay' teta#i tidak boleh lebih dari 4'EG $ika kode huruf #esa%at yang akan menggunakannya 9'D atau > 7 ?kur ?kuran an ta+ ta+i%ay
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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