PEMBUATAN DAN ANALISIS SALEP OBAT LUKA DARI EKSTRAK PEGAGAN (Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban) Proposal Praktik Kimia Terpadu Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013
oleh: Ayu Wulandari Suyoto Suyoto
XIII-4/NIS 09.55.06395
Arrovi Septian
XIII-4/NIS 09.55.06389
Tamara Dayu Oktaviani
XIII-4/NIS 09.55.06591
KEMENTERIAN PERINDUSTRIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Industri Sekolah Menengah kejuruan – kejuruan – SMAK Bogor 2012
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LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN DAN PENGESAHAN
Disetujui dan disahkan oleh: Disetujui oleh,
Dra. Rini Kusmawati, M.Pd NIP. 19671221 199303 2 003 Pembimbing
Disahkan oleh,
Hj. Sulistiowati, S.Si., M.Pd. NIP. 19590506 198403 2 001 Wakil Bidang Sarana Prasarana dan Pendidikan Keterampilan
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Tidak kurang dari 7.000 dari 30.000 spesies tanaman di Indonesia berpotensi sebagai tanaman obat dan masyarakat telah mengenal secara luas dan turun – temurun penggunaan obat – obat tradisional. Salah satunya adalah Pegagan ( Centella Asiatica (L.) (L.) Urban). Pegagan ini dimanfaatkan dalam bentuk bahan segar, kering maupun dalam bentuk ramuan atau jamu. Efek pengobatan dari pegagan secarara tradisional dan secara ilmiah sudah lama berkembang. Pegagan telah dikenal sebagai obat untuk revitalisasi tubuh dan pembuluh darah serta mampu memperkuat struktur jaringan tubuh. Pegagan dapat diberikan sebagai obat kepada penderita insomnia, penderita stress, dan penderita kelainan mental.
Pegagan ( Centella Asiatica ) dapat dikatakan sebagai tanaman liar karena banyak sekali tumbuh di pekarangan, ladang, pinggir jalan, perkebunan, atau di pematang sawah. Tanaman Pegagan menyukai tanah yang banyak mengandung air dan cukup mendapat sinar matahari atau teduh.
Tanaman ini berasal dari daerah Asia tropik, tersebar di Asia Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia dan negara-negara seperti India, China, Jepang, dan Australia kemudian menyebar ke berbagai negara-negara lain. Tanaman Pegagan ini memiliki nama unik di setiap daerah di Indonesia misalnya daun kaki kuda (Melayu), antanan (Sunda/Jawa Barat), Pegaga (Aceh), ampagaga (Batak), gagan-gagan/rendeng (Jawa), taidah (Bali), paiduh (Nusa Tenggara), wisu-wisu, kisu-kisu (Sulawesi), sandanan (Irian). Selain di Indonesia tanaman Pegagan ini juga memiliki sebutan disalah satu Negara seperti : broken copper coin, buabok (Inggris), paardevoet (Belanda), gotu kola (India), ji xue cao(Hanzi). cao(Hanzi).
Pegagan merupakan tumbuhan kosmopolit atau memiliki daerah penyebaran yang sangat luas, terutama di daerah tropis dan sub tropis. Tanaman ini menyebar liar dan dapat tumbuh subur di atas tanah dengan ketinggian 1-1250 m dari permukaan laut. Tumbuhan ini berasal dari Asia tropis dan sering ditemui tumbuh melimpah di tempat-tempat terbuka,
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Ciri fisik tanaman ini, tumbuh merayap menutupi tanah, tidak berbatang, tinggi tanaman antara 10 – 10 – 15 cm, memiliki daun satu helaian yang tersusun dalam roset akar dan terdiri dari 2 – 10 daun. Umumnya daun berwarna hijau, berbentuk seperti kipas, buah pinggang atau ginjal, permukaan dan punggungnya licin, bagian tepinya agak melengkung ke atas, bergerigi dan kadang-kadang berambut, tulangnya berpusat di pangkal dan tersebar ke ujung, berdiameter 2 – 7 cm.Tangkai daun berbentuk seperti pelepah, agak panjang berukuran 5 – 15 cm. Sepanjang tangkai daun beralur dan di pangkalnya terdapat daun sisik yang sangat pendek, licin, tidak berbulu dan berpadu dengan pangkal tangkai daun. Pegagan yang simplisianya dikenal dengan sebutan Centella Herba memiliki kandungan asiaticoside,
thankuniside,
isothankuniside,
madecassoside,
brahmoside,
brahmic acid, brahminoside, madasiatic acid, meso-inositol, centelloside, carotenoids, hydrocotylin, vellarine , tanin serta garam mineral seperti kalium, natrium, magnesium, kalsium dan besi. Diduga
glikosida triterpenoida glikosida triterpenoida yang disebut asiaticoside merupakan
antilepra dan penyembuh luka yang sangat luar biasa. Zat vellarine yang ada memberikan rasa pahit.
B. Pentingnya Masalah Dalam pengertian modern, salep adalah krim yang digunakan untuk menyembuhkan luka pada kulit yang luka atau terinfeksi. Seiring dengan kemajuan zaman beberapa salep tidak hanya berfungsi menyembuhkan luka tetapi juga menjadi katalis dalam proses penghilangan bekas luka. Selama ini, tidak banyak manusia yang mengetahui manfaat lain dari pegagan sebagai tumbuhan yang dapat menyembuhkan luka sekaligus menghilangkan bekas luka yang efektif. Hanya saja pemanfaatan dari tumbuhan pegagan ini kurang bila dibandingkan dengan tanaman herbal lainnya. Salep obat luka yang beredar dipasaran sangat banyak, tetapi yang menggunakan bahan aktif dari ekstrak pegagan sangat jarang. Sehingga, analisis terhadap kandungan suatu produk salep obat luka perlu dilakukan terlebih dahulu agar masyarakat dapat menggunakannya dengan aman dan nyaman.
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C. Tujuan Praktikum kimia terpadu dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menambah pengetahuan siswa-siswi Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan – SMAK Bogor dalam mengetahui kandungan komoditi yang biasa digunakan oleh masyarakat yang keberadaannya beredar bebas. Analisis yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas salep yang kami buat. Analisis yang dilakukan mencakup keseluruhan parameter yang dicantumkan dalam keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia nomor: 661/menkes/sk/VII/1994 661/menkes/sk/VII/1994 untuk sediaan salep obat luka.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
A. Salep Salep atau krim adalah sediaan setengah padat yang mudah dioleskan. Bahan bakunya berupa sediaan galenik yang larut atau terdispersi homogen dalam dasar salep/ krim yang cocok dan digunakan sebagai obat luar.
a. Dasar Salep Dasar salep yang digunakan sebagai pembawa dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu dasar salep senyawa hidrokarbon, dasar salep serap, dasar salep yang dapat dicuci dengan air, dasar salep larut dalam air. Setiap salep obat menggunakan salah satu dasar salep tersebut.
1). Dasar Salep Hidrokarbon Dasar salep ini dikenal sebagai dasar salep berlemak, antara lain vaselin putih dan salep putih. Hanya sejumlah kecil komponen berair yang dapat dicampurkan kedalamnya. Salep ini dimaksudkan untuk memperpanjang kontak bahan obat dengan kulit dan bertindak sebagai pembalut penutup. Dasar salep hidrokarbon digunakan terutama sebagai emolien, sukar dicuci, tidak mengering dan tidak tampak berubah dalam waktu lama.
2). Dasar Salep Serap Dasar salep serap ini dibagi dalam 2 kelompok. Kelompok pertama terdiri atas dasar salep yang dapat bercampur dengan air membentuk emulsi air dalam minyak (parafin hidrofilik dan lanolin anhidrat), dan kelompok kedua terdiri atas emulsi air dalam minyak yang dapat bercampur dengan sejumlah larutan air tambahan (lanolin). Dasar salep ini juga berfungsi sebagai emolien.
3). Dasar Salep yang dapat dicuci dengan air. Dasar salep ini adalah emulsi minyak dalam air, antara lain salep hidrofilik (krim).
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adalah dapat diencerkan dengan air dan mudah menyerap cairan yang terjadi pada kelainan dermatologik.
4). Dasar Salep Larut Dalam Air Kelompok ini disebut juga dasar salep tak berlemak dan t erdiri dari konstituen larut air. Dasar salep jenis ini memberikan banyak keuntungannya seperti dasar salep yang dapat dicuci dengan air dan tidak mengandung bahan tak larut dalam air, seperti parafin, lanolin anhidrat atau malam. Dasar salep ini lebih tepat disebut gel.
Beberapa contoh – contoh – contoh dasar salep :
1
Dasar salephidrokarbon salephidrokar bon
Vaselin putih ( white petrolatum : white soft parafin), vaselin kuning (yellow petrolatum : yellow soft parafin), campuran vaselin dengan cera, parafin cair, parafin padat, minyak nabati.
2
Dasar salep serap
Adeps lanae, unguentum unguentum simpleks (cera flava : oleum
(dasar salep absorbsi)
sesami = 30 : 70), hydrophilic petrolatum ( vaselin alba : cera alba : stearyl alkohol : kolesterol kolesterol = 86 : 8 : 3 : 3 ) .
3
Dasar salep dapat
Dasar salep emulsi tipe m/a (seperti vanishing cream),
dicuci dengan air
emulsifying ointment B.P., emulsifying wax, hydrophilic ointment.
4
Dasar salep larut air
Poly Ethylen Glycol (PEG), campuran PEG, tragacanth, gummi arabicum.
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b. Ketentuan Umum Cara Pembuatan Salep
(1) Peraturan Salep Pertama Zat-zat yang dapat larut dalam campuran lemak dilarutkan kedalamnya, jika perlu dengan pemanasan.
(2) Peraturan Salep Kedua Bahan-bahan yang dapat larut dalam air, jika tidak ada peraturan-peraturan lain dilarutkan lebih dahulu dalam air, asalkan air yang digunakan dapat diserap seluruhnya oleh basis salep. Jumlah air yang dipakai dikurangi dari basis.
(3) Peraturan Salep Salep Ketiga Bahan-bahan yang sukar atau hanya sebagian dapat larut dalam lemak dan air, harus diserbuk lebih dahulu kemudian diayak dengan pengayak B40.
(4) Peraturan Salep Keempat Salep-salep yang dibuat dengan jalan mencairkan, campurannya harus digerus sampai dingin.
B. Pegagan (Centella Asiatica )
Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) merupakan tanaman liar yang banyak tumbuh di perkebunan, ladang, tepi jalan, pematang sawah ataupun di ladang agak basah (Besung, 2009). Pegagan tumbuh merayap menutupi tanah, tidak memiliki batang, tinggi tanaman antara 10 – 10 – 50 cm. Pegagan memiliki daun satu helaian yang tersusun dalam roset akar dan terdiri dari 2 – 10 helai daun. Daun berwarna hijau dan berbentuk seperti kipas,buah
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2,5 mm. Buah pegagan berdinding agak tebal, kulitnya keras, berlekuk dua, berusuk jelas,dan berwarna berwarna kuning.
Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) merupakan tumbuhan berbiji tertutup dan berkeping dua. Merupakan tanaman herbal yang berpotensi dalam hal farmakologi. Pegagan memiliki akar rimpang yang pendek serta mempunyai geragih, akar keluar dari buku dan berupa akar tunggang berwarna putih. Stolon tumbuh dari system perakaran, memilki ukuran yang panjang dan tumbuh menjalar . Pada setiap buku dari stolon akan tumbuh tunas yang akan menjadi cikal bakal tumbuhan pegagan baru.
a. Klasifikasi Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban)
Berdasarkan pemaparan tentang pegagan diatas maka klasifikasi dari pegagan ( Centella
asiatica (L.) Urban) adalah sebagai berikut:
Kingdom
: Plantae
Divisio
: Spermatophyta Spermatophyta
Sub divisio
: Angiospermae
Class
: Dicotyledone
Ordo
: Umbilales
Family
: Umbilaferae Umbilaferae (Apiaceae)
Genus
: Centella
Gambar 1. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
b. Kandungan Bahan Aktif Pegagan
Pegagan ( Centella
asiatica (L.) Urban) mengandung berbagai bahan aktif
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Kandungan bahan aktif yang terpenting dari beberapa bahan aktif lainnya adalah triterpenoid saponin. Bahan aktif triterpenoid saponin meliputi: 1) Asiatikosida 2) Centellosida 3) Madekossida 4) Asamasiatik
Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urban) yang banyak digunakan sebagai obat alami mengandung berbagai bahan aktif, kandungan bahan aktif itu adalah triterpenoid saponin. Bahan aktif triterpenoid saponin itu meliputi asiatikosida, centellosida, madekossida,
asamasiatik dan komponen yang lain adalah minyak volatile, flavonoid, tanin, fitosterol , asam amino dan karbohidrat.
Triterpenoid saponin pada pegagan ( Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) berfungsi untuk meningkatkan aktivasi makrofag. Bahan triterpenoid saponin mampu memacu produksi kolagen I, yaitu protein pemacu proses penyembuhan luka.
Asiatikosida diketahui dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka dengan jalan meningkatkan kandungan hidroksiprolin dan mukopolosakarida, meningkatkan sintesa kolagen, angiogenesis, epitelisasi dan meningkatkan sintesa matriks ekstra seluler.
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BAB III METODE PEMBUATAN DAN ANALISIS A. Metode Pembuatan a. Proses ektraksi Asiaticosida
Daun pegagan
Keringkan (Oven 40 °C)
Maserasi dengan Etanol 70%
Dalam 24 jam sesekali diaduk
Saring dengan corong Buchner
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b. Proses Pembuatan
Fase Minyak
Fase Air
Vaselin putih, asam stearat
Gliserin, metil paraben, propil paraben, TEA mentol
Lebur 70 °C
Lebur 70 °C
Homogenkan (Mixing)
Setelah stabil
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B. Metode Analisis a. Analisis Kimia
1. Penetapan pH
Dasar Suatu contoh dapat diketahui sifat asam/basa melalui derajat keasaman (pH) yang dimilikinya. Dengan mengukur pH salep maka sifat salep tersebut dapat diketahui.
Cara Kerja 1) Ditimbang salep ekstrak Pegagan sebanyak 5 gram. 2) Dilarutkan Dilarutk an dengan menggunakan pelarut netral. 3) Dipanaskan hingga meleleh pada suhu 70 °C. °C. 4) Diukur pHnya dengan menggunakan pH meter.
2. Identifikasi Zat Aktif Saponin
Dasar Saponin yang tidak larut dalam eter akan memberikan reaksi yang
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3. Penetapan Kadar Sitronellal
Dasar Dengan hidroksilamin ditambah HCl (NH 2OH.HCl), sitronellal akan bereaksi membentuk suatu senyawa oksima (N-OH) yang melepaskan air dan HCl yang jumlahnya setara dengan sitronellal. Kemudian HCl dinetralkan oleh KOH-alkohol berlebih terukur, sisa KOH-alkohol dititar dengan HCl menggunakan indikator BTB sebagai penunjuk dengan titik akhir hijau kekuningan.
Cara Kerja 1) Ditimbang ± 0,7 gram ekstrak Pegagan . 2) Ditambahkan Ditambahka n 15 ml NH2OH.HCl netral. 3) Ditambahkan 10,00 ml KOH-alkohol KOH-alkohol berlebih berlebih terukur. terukur. 4) Ditambahkan batu didih. 5) Direfluks hingga mendidih selama 5 menit. menit. 6) Didinginkan cepat, lalu dititar dengan HCl 0,5 N hingga titik akhir hijau kekuningan. 7) Dikerjakan blanko (tidak perlu direfluks).
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6) Larutan sampel, standar dan blanko ditambahkan 5 ml HNO3 4N lalu diencerkan dengan air suling. Himpitkan dan homogenkan. 7) Diukur dengan AAS.
5. Uji Tanin/Polyphenol
Dasar Tanin yang larut dalam air diambil filtratnya kemudian dibagi menjadi 2 bagian lalu diuji dengan menambahkan larutan FeCl 3 yang apabila positif mengandung tanin/polyphenol akan menghasilkan warna biru hitam.
Cara Kerja 1) Siapkan daun pegagan yang sudah digerus dengan air. 2) Dididihkan selama 5 menit, kemudian didinginkan. 3) Disaring dan diambil filtratnya. filtrat nya. 4) Di uji adanya dengan penambahan FeCl 3 1%.
6. Uji Glikosida Triterpenoid
Dasar
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b. Analisis Mikrobiologi
1. Penetapan Jumlah Kapang dan Khamir
Dasar Pertumbuhan kapang dan khamir dalam media yang cocok, setelah diinkubasikan pada suhu 25 °C atau pada suhu kamar selama 5 hari. Koloni kapang buram dan berbulu, sedangkan koloni khamir berwarna putih dan licin.
Cara Kerja 1) Ditimbang 5 gram salep pegagan ditambahkan 50 ml BPW (pengenceran 10 -1) 2) Dibuat
pengenceran
contoh
salep
Pegagan
10-2-10-3
atau
secukupnya. 3) Dipipet 0,1 ml dari masing-masing masing-ma sing pengenceran ke dalam cawan petri steril secara simplo dan duplo. 4) Dituangkan Dituangka n media PDA yang bersuhu 45 °C sebanyak 15-20 ml ke cawan petri. 5) Dihomogenkan, Dihomogenka n, dan dibiarkan membeku. 6) Diinkubasi dalam keadaan terbalik dengan suhu 25 °C selama 5 hari.
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Agar dan Salmonella sp. Dengan Brilliant Green Agar yang bersuhu 45 °C kedalam cawan petri. 3) Cawan petri digoyangkan hingga media dan contoh homogen, lalu dibiarkan media membeku. 4) Diinkubasikan Diinkubasik an dalam keadaan terbalik pada suhu 37 °C selama 24 jam. 5) Diamati dan dicatat perubahan yang terjadi, hasil dicocokkan dicocokka n dengan tabel dibawah ini:
Koloni Koloni kecil transparan tidak berwarna atau pink sampai putih kadang di keliling zona pink sampai merah.
Mikroorganisme Salmonella sp.
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6) Dari tabung 10 -1 dipipet 1 ml kemudian dimasukan ke dalam tabung reaksi 10-2 dikocok dihomogenkan. 7) Diulang pekerjaan no. 4 sampai tabung reaksi 10 -3. 8) Dipipet 1 ml dari masing-masing masing-ma sing pengenceran contoh ke dalam cawan petri steril secara simplo dan duplo. 9) Dituangkan sebanyak 12-15 ml media PCA yang telah dicairkan ke dalam cawan petri. 10) Digoyangkan atau dihomogenkan cawan petri dengan hati-hati sampai contoh tercampur rata dengan media. 11) Dikerjakan pemeriksaan blanko dengan deng an cara dipipet d ipipet 1 ml larutan la rutan fisiologis ke dalam cawan petri, kemudian dituangkan 12-15 ml media PCA ke dalam cawan petri tersebut. t ersebut. 12) Didiamkan hingga campuran didalam cawan petri membeku. 13) Dimasukkan semua cawan petri ke dalam inkubator dengan keadaan
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7) Lalu buatlah lubang (sumur) sebanyak 3 buah menggunakan cock
borrer (pipa kaca), beri label (low, medium, high). 8) Teteskan contoh pada setiap lubang sebanyak 0,1 ml dengan konsentrasi 4 mcg, 8 mcg, 16 mcg. 9) Diamkan 15 menit agar contoh berdifusi. 10) Ukur zona hambat (bening) pada setiap lubang (konsentrasi).
c.
Analisis Fisika
1. Penetapan Homogenitas
Dasar
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BAB IV PELAKSANAAN
A. Pelaksanaan PKT Praktik kimia terpadu yang berjudul “Pembuatan “ Pembuatan dan Analisis Salep dengan Bahan Aktif Ekstrak Pegagan” dilaksanakan oleh kelompok PKT 46 kelas XIII -4 yang terdiri dari: Ketua
: Ayu Wulandari Suyoto
Anggota
: 1. Arrovi Septian 2. Tamara Dayu Oktaviani
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Rencana Kegiatan PKT 46 Kelas XIII-4 Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013 No.
Juli
Kegiatan II
1. 2. 3. 4.
Pembagian kelompok, materi, pembimbing, materi, laboratorium PKT, serta penyelesaian SK PKT Rapat pembimbing PKT Konsultasi dengan pembimbing dalam hal pemilihan judul dan studi literatur Libur awal puasa
5.
Qiyamu ramadhan
6.
Pengumpulan proposal
7.
Pelaksanaan PKT/Project work
8.
Libur hari raya Idul Fitri
9.
Lanjutan pelaksanaan PKT
10.
Kunjungan industri
11.
Lanjutan pelaksanaan PKT
12.
Wisudan lulusan angkatan 54
13.
Pembuatan makalah, konsultasi laporan, dan latihan seminar Seminar PKT Pelaksanaan UAS dan ujian mid semester
14. 15.
III
IV
Agustus V
I
II
III
IV
September V
I
II
III
IV
V
Oktober I
II
III
IV
Paraf V
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BAB V ALAT DAN BAHAN
A. Bahan Berikut ini adalah daftar dari bahan-bahan yang kami perlukan selama sintesis: Tabel 1. Bahan-Bahan Untuk Pembuatan
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Tabel 3. Bahan-bahan Analisis Kimia No. Metode 1. pH metri
pH
2.
Saponin
3.
-
Parameter Uji
Tanin/Polyphenol Tanin/Polyphenol
Bahan Contoh salep Air suling Buffer pH 4 Buffer pH 7 Ekstrak Pegagan HCl 1 N Air suling ekstrak Pegagan
Jumlah 1 gram 100 ml 50 ml 50 ml 2 ml 5 ml 20 ml 2 ml
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Berikut ini adalah daftar dari alat-alat yang kami perlukan selama analisis:
Tabel 6. Alat-alat Analisis No. Metode 1. Penetapan Jumlah
Parameter Uji Kapang dan Khamir
Jenis Tabung reaksi Cawan petri Koran Kapas
Ukuran -
Jumlah 5 8 3 1
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Cawan petri Koran Kapas Kertas roti Tali kasur Pembakar spiritus Oven Rak tabung Sprayer Labu ukur Labu semprot
100 ml
8 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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9.
Intrumen Intrume n
Cemaran Pb, Cu, Zn
Neraca elektrik Cawan Porselain Segitiga Porsellain Labu semprot Labu ukur Piala gelas Teklu Kaki tiga Segitiga Porselain Gelas ukur Buret
100 ml 400 ml 50 ml 50 ml
1 1 1 1 8 4 1 1 1 1 1
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BAB VI
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27
ZnSO . 7H O
1000 ppm
0,5 gram
Rp 500
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BAB VII