Monografía de Poblacion y Muestra

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“AÑO DEL BUEN SERVICIO AL CIUDADANO”

METODOS METODOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN, POBLACION Y MUESTRA

Alumnos: Aranda Mar!n"#, L!#$"% G"rald!n" Esrada Gu!smond!, V!sla$!a El!#a$"% Tol"n!no Rom"ro, Na!r Ya&an!

Curso: Pro'"(o ' d!s")o d" "s!s *s!(ol+!(os

Do("n":: Do("n" M- V!lma V!lma Gon#al"s Esrada

Barran(a./012

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Índice 1.

MET METOD ODOS OS DE INVE INVEST STIG IGAC ACIO ION N............................................................................................5 1.1.

Características......................................................................................................................6

1.2. 1.2.

Ti! Ti!ss "e #$t! #$t!"! "!ss "e i%&e i%&est sti' i'ac aci( i(%) %).....................................................................................6

1.2.1.

Método Método deducvo... deducvo.......... ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ..............................6 .......................6

1.2.2.

Método Método inducvo... inducvo.......... ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ...............................7 ........................7

1.2.3.

Método Método Hipotéco-D Hipotéco-Deducv educvo....... o.............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... ..............................8 .......................8

3Bun", Tama'o, Tama'o, /00/4 5No o$san", no "6!s" un (ons"nso "norno a los m7odos (!"n89!(os, s" r"(ono(" una am*l!a ama d" "sra"!as m"odol+!(as, d!"rsos auor"s *ro*on"n alunos d" los s!u!"n"s m7odos a*l!(ados "n la !n"s!a(!+n; 3R"*!so, /00<4-.........................................10

2.

1.2.4.

Método Método analógico. analógico......... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ..................... ...............10 .10

1.2.5.

Método Método anal!co... anal!co........... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ........10 .10

1.2.6.

Método Método "intéco... "intéco.......... ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ....................................10 .............................10

1.2.7.

Método Método anal!co... anal!co........... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ........10 .10

1.2.8.

Método Método dialécco.. dialécco.......... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .....................11 ..............11

1.2.#.

Método Método $i"tó%ico. $i"tó%ico........ ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ...............................11 ........................11

*OBL *OBLA ACION + MUE MUESTRA TRA......................................................................................................12 2.1.

U%i&ers!...............................................................................................................................12

2.2.

*OBLACI,N......................................................................................................................12

2.-.

Mestra...............................................................................................................................13

2.3.1.

&a'a(o 'ue"t%al 'ue"t%al........ ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............................. ........................13 ...13

2.3.2.

)tapa" )tapa" del p%oce"o p%oce"o de 'ue"t%eo... 'ue"t%eo........... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .....................14 ..............14

2./.

Ti!s "e Mestere!.............................................................................................................14

2.4.1.

Mue"t%eo Mue"t%eo p%o*a*il!" p%o*a*il!"co..... co............ .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ..................15 ...........15

2.4.2.

&ipo" de 'ue"t%eo 'ue"t%eo no p%o*a*il!" p%o*a*il!"co...... co............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ....................24 .............24

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DEDICATORIA

A (ada uno d" m!s (om*a)"ros d"l *r"s"n" (urso, *ara (ono("r m=s d"l *r"s"n" (ursoAs!m!smo a la L!(- V!lma Gon#al"s Esrada *or  9or&arnos ' oorarnos "mas a !n"s!ar so$r" "l  *r"s"n" (urso *ara s"r $u"nos *ro9"s!onal"s3LI>BET?4

A m!s @u"r!dos *adr"s @u!"n"s d"sd" la !n9an(!a m" 9or&aron una *"rsonal!dad ' 9uuro (on ran (ar!)o *or s"r "llos m! a*o'o (onsan" "n la r"al!#a(!+n

d"

m!s

m"as

'

*ro'"(os-

3VISLABIA4

A D!os ' a m!s *adr"s ra(!as *or odo su (ar!)o, (om*r"ns!+n ' (on9!an#a @u" m" dan d8a a d8a  *ara sal!r ad"lan"3NAIR4

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INTRODUCCIÓN La !n"s!a(!+n (!"n89!(a *r""nd" "n(onrar r"s*u"sa a los *ro$l"mas ras("nd"n"s @u" "l %om$r" s" *lan"a ' lorar %alla#os s!n!9!(a!os @u" aum"n"n sus (ono(!m!"nos ' l" d"n s"n!do a a@u"llos *ro$l"mas- S!n "m$aro, *ara @u" los %alla#os s"an (ons!s"n"s ' (on9!a$l"s d"$"n o$"n"rs" m"d!an" un *ro("so @u" !m*l!(a la (on(a"na(!+n l+!(a d" una s"r!" d" "a*as- n!(am"n" los "sud!os @u" s" ll""n a (a$o s"n "l m7odo (!"n89!(o  *odr=n (ons!d"rar sus %alla#os (omo s!n!9!(a!os *ara la (!"n(!a " !n"rars" al (on&uno d" (ono(!m!"nos (om*ro$adosEl %om$r", a lo laro d" su %!sor!a, !n"s!+ !n!(!alm"n" "l or!"n d" a@u"llos su("sos @u" l" !n@u!"a$an o !n9und8an "mor- Al *r!n(!*!o s" au6!l!+ s+lo d" la o$s"ra(!+n n!(o !nsrum"no d!s*on!$l" *ara raar d" !ndaar las (ausas ' (ons"(u"n(!as d" los 9"n+m"nos ' r"al!#ar rud!m"nar!as *r"d!((!on"s, a("*a$l"s s+lo *ara su mar(o so(!o(uluralS!"ndo a (!"n(!a un !*o d" (ono(!m!"nos @u" s" (ara("r!#a *or $us(ar la o$&"!!dad ' la  *r"(!s!+n, "s*"(89!(am"n" d"nro d"l mod"lo *os!!!sa, "s !m*oran" "r (u=l "s "l modo d" al(an#ar "s" !*o d" (ono(!m!"no, ' d" @u7 man"ra o*"ra "l m7odo "n oras (!"n(!a no  *os!!!sas -D" man"ra "n7r!(a, "s" (am!no "s d"nom!nado (omo m7odo (!"n89!(o ' su uso (ons!u'" la m"&or man"ra d"9!n!r ' "6*l!(ar la (!"n(!a m!sma, d!s!nu!7ndola d" la  *s"udo(!"n(!a ' la (%arlaan"r8a Nu"sro *a8s man!9!"sa nu"os r"os ' *ro$l"mas, *or "llo r"sula !nd!s*"nsa$l" (ono("r los 9"n+m"nos @u" o(urr"n a nu"sro alr"d"dor- La 9a(ulad d" *s!(olo8a !"n" (omo m!s!+n d"s(r!$!r, "6*l!(ar, mod!9!(ar la (ondu(a %umana, d" a%8 r"sula @u" la !n"s!a(!+n s"

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(on!"r" "n una "sra"!a !nd!s*"nsa$l" *ara "n"rar ' a*orar !n9orma(!+n *r!or!ar!a @u" a'ud" "n "l (ono(!m!"no d" nu"sra r"al!dad-

1. METODOS DE INVESTIGACION Con("*o: M7odo: D"l r!"o m"= ' od+s, 8a, (am!no *ara ll"ar a un r"suladoS" "n!"nd" (omo un mod"lo d" a("r(am!"no a la r"al!dad d"nro d"l (ual (a$"n los  *ro("d!m!"nos ' 7(n!(as @u" s" "m*l"an "n las !n"s!a(!on"s- 5La 9!loso98a d" la (!"n(!a (r"a "l m7odo (!"n89!(o *ara s"*arar o d!s(r!m!nar odo a@u"llo @u" !"n" naural"#a su$&"!a ' ,*or lo ano, no "s sus("*!$l" d" omar *ar" d" lo @u" d"nom!na (ono(!m!"no (!"n89!(o; 3Mol!na ,/00,*-1/4-Enon("s m7odo "s "l (am!no, ra#ado *or  m"d!o d" r"las ' *ro("d!m!"nos, @u" (ondu(" a un 9!n- Un ord"n l+!(o d" *asos *ara ll"ar

(orr"(am"n"

a

la

m"a .

El "n9o@u" (ual!a!o d" la !n"s!a(!+n (!"n89!(a (ons!d"ra a$!"ram"n" "l *a*"l su$&"!o d"l !n"s!ador ' la (onsru((!+n d" !n"rsu$&"!!dad"s (omo *ar" d" una r"al!dad so(!al- Para los 9"n+m"nos (u'a naural"#a "s su$&"!a (ual@u!"r a*ro6!ma(!+n (!"n89!(a "s (om*l"&a ' normalm"n" s" "9"(a a ra7s d" ar!a(!on"s d"l m7odo (!"n89!(oD" !ual man"ra, s" d"9!n" "l m7odo (omo "l 5(on&uno d" *osulados, r"las ' normas  *ara "l "sud!o ' la solu(!+n d" los *ro$l"mas d" !n"s!a(!+n @u" son !ns!u(!onal!#ados  *or la d"nom!nada (omun!dad (!"n89!(a r"(ono(!da; 3Bon!lla ' Rodr8u"# ,/0004u!"r" d"(!r @u" son los *ro("d!m!"nos @u" !n"s!an ' solu(!onan uno o ar!os  *ro$l"mas d" !n"s!a(!+n a ra7s d"l uso d" d!9"r"n"s 7(n!(as " !nsrum"nosEl m7odo "s; T"na!o, "r!9!(a$l", d" ra#onam!"no r!uroso ' o$s"ra(!+n "m*8r!(a,  *"ro no "s !n9al!$l" n! auosu9!(!"n"; ' (orr"s*ond" al *ro("d!m!"no @u" s" usa *ara d"s(u$r!r los %"(%os, (ond!(!on"s o (am$!os "n un 9"n+m"no 3Tama'o, /00F4-

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1.1.Características Por su *ar", G!$son 31H/4 d"9!n" "l m7odo d" !n"s!a(!+n (omo (!"n89!(o s! *os"" las s!u!"n"s (ara("r8s!(as:

1. A0stracci(%)  El m7odo (!"n89!(o !m*l!(a una a$sra((!+n, n"("sar!a *ara "n"nd"r "l 9un(!onam!"no d" la r"al!dad- En "l *ro("so d" a$sra((!+n om!!mos d"all"s ' "sa$l"("mos %!*+"s!s ' "s@u"mas l+!(os @u" *"rm!"n r"la(!onar los %"(%os-

2. Ge%erai"a": S" raa d" un m7odo @u", ad"m=s d" $us(ar la d"s(r!*(!+n d" las (osas "n  *ar!(ular, "la$ora a9!rma(!on"s d" !*o "n"ral-

-. E&i"e%cia Eeri#e%ta) Es un m7odo @u" u!l!#a la o$s"ra(!+n "6*"r!m"nal *ar a*o'ar  las a9!rma(!on"s "la$oradas-

/. Netrais#! $tic!) S" a&usa a los %"(%os, om!!"ndo &u!(!os d" alor3. O04eti&i"a")  Es un m7odo o$&"!o, nad!" *u"d" "sar !n9lu!do *or las (!r(unsan(!as "n"ral"s "n @u" s" d"s"nu"l" la !n"s!a(!+n (uando s" "la$oran a9!rma(!on"s @u" s" d"du("n d" la "6*"r!"n(!a- 3*- 1F4

A (on!nua(!+n s" *r"s"nan !n!(!alm"n" los r"s m7odos *r!n(!*al"s *os"r!orm"n" s" !lusran oros m7odos @u", (omo s" m"n(!on+ an"r!orm"n" sur"n "n d!s!nas d!s(!*l!nas (!"n89!(as-

1.2.Ti!s "e #$t!"!s "e i%&esti'aci(%) 1.2.1. M$t!"! "e"cti&! 5El m7odo d"du(!o a d" lo "n"ral a lo *ar!(ular d" la "or8a a los daos- S" *ar" d" una l"' "n"ral (onsru!da a *ar!r d" la ra#+n ' d" "sa s" o$!"n"n (ons"(u"n(!as a*l!(adas a una r"al!dad los (asos s" su$ord!nan a 9"n+m"nos "n"ral"s -Es" m7odo

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"s *ro*!o d"l *os!!!smo ' "n"ralm"n" su an=l!s!s "s (uan!a!o "s= $asado "n la "6*"r!m"na(!+n ' u!l!#a m7odos "sad8s!(os- 3And"r, 1<4-

Como "mos "n "s" (on("*o "s" m7odo "m*l"a los llamados s!lo!smos 5son una 9orma d" ra#onam!"no l+!(o, (on9ormados *or dos *r"*os!(!on"s a  *r"m!sas ' una (on(lus!+n o !n9"r"n(!a, n"("sar!am"n" d"du(!da d" las oras dos; 3Cardona, 11, *-F4Por lo ano "l m7odo d"du(!o (ons!s" "n omar (on(lus!on"s "n"ral"s *ara "6*l!(a(!on"s *ar!(ular"s- El m7odo s" !n!(!a (on "l an=l!s!s d" los "or"mas, l"'"s, *osulados ' *r!n(!*!os d" a*l!(a(!+n un!"rsal ' d" (om*ro$ada al!d"#,  *ara a*l!(arlos a solu(!on"s o %"(%os *ar!(ular"s-

*!r e4e#!) Pr"m!sa 1:

Los ""al"s son sanos

Pr"m!sa /:

>ana%or!a "s un ""al

Pr"m!sa :

3*osulado "n"ral4

Enon("s, la #ana%or!a "s sana

3"nun(!ado

 *ar!(ular4

1.2.2. M$t!"! i%"cti&! Con "s" m7odo s" anal!#an (asos *ar!(ular"s a *ar!r d" los (ual"s s" "6ra"n (on(lus!on"s d" (ar=("r "n"ral- 5El o$&"!o "s "l d"s(u$r!m!"no d" "n"ral!#a(!on"s ' "or8as a *ar!r d" o$s"ra(!on"s s!s"m=!(as d" la r"al!dad; 3Ba(on, ?oum, 1H, *-24- u!"r" d"(!r @u" s" $asa "n la o$s"ra(!+n ' la "6*"r!m"na(!+n-

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Enr" las *r!n(!*al"s modal!dad"s d"l m7odo !ndu(!o "s=n los "sud!os d"s(r!*!os, (orr"la(!+nal"s, la or!"na(!+n "nor=9!(a ' la !n"s!a(!+n a((!+nPor "&"m*lo: Pr"m!sa1: Jo%n $"$" un l!ro d" K%!s"' ' s" "m$r!aa 3"nun(!ado *ar!(ular4 Pr"m!sa/: Jo%n $"$" un l!ro d" ron ' s" "m$r!aa Pr"m!sa: Enon("s "l "6("so d" al(o%ol *roo(a "m$r!au"# 3Posulado "n"ral4

1.2.-. M$t!"! 5i!t$tic!6De"cti&! El m7odo %!*o7!(o d"du(!o "s una d"s(r!*(!+n d"l m7odo (!"n89!(oS" (ons!d"ran ar!os *asos "s"n(!al"s "n "l m7odo %!*o7!(o d"du(!o: o$s"ra(!+n d"l m7odo a "sud!ar, (r"a(!+n d" una %!*+"s!s *ara "6*l!(ar d!(%o 9"n+m"no, d"du((!+n d" (ons"(u"n(!as o *ro*os!(!on"s m=s "l"m"nal"s @u" la  *ro*!a %!*+"s!s ' "r!9!(a(!+n o (om*ro$a(!+n d" la "rdad d" los "nun(!ados d"du(!dos (om*ar=ndolos (on la "6*"r!"n(!a d"sarrollada- Es" m7odo o$l!a al !n"s!ador a (om$!nar la r"9l"6!+n ra(!onal o mom"no ra(!onal 39orma(!+n d" %!*+"s!s ' d"du((!+n4 (on la o$s"ra(!+n d" la r"al!dad o mom"no "m*8r!(o 3o$s"ra(!+n ' "r!9!(a(!+n4Trad!(!onalm"n", a *ar!r d" los aan("s d" Ro"r Ba(on, s" (ons!d"r+ @u" la (!"n(!a *ar8a d" la o$s"ra(!+n d" %"(%os ' @u" d" "sa o$s"ra(!+n r"*"!da d" 9"n+m"nos (om*ara$l"s, s" "6ra8an *or !ndu((!+n las l"'"s "n"ral"s @u" o$!"rnan "sos 9"n+m"nos-

#

Pos"r!orm"n" arl Po**"r r"(%a#a la *os!$!l!dad d" "la$orar l"'"s "n"ral"s a  *ar!r d" la !ndu((!+n ' sosuo @u" "n r"al!dad "sas l"'"s "n"ral"s son %!*+"s!s @u" 9ormula "l (!"n89!(o, ' @u" s" u!l!#a "l m7odo !ndu(!o d" !n"r*ola(!+n  *ara, a *ar!r d" "sas %!*+"s!s, d" (ar=("r "n"ral *ara "la$orar *r"d!((!on"s d" 9"n+m"nos !nd!!dual"sEs ("nral "n "sa (on("*(!+n d"l m7odo (!"n89!(o, la 9alsa$!l!dad d" las "or8as (!"n89!(as, "so "s, la *os!$!l!dad d" s"r r"9uadas *or la "6*"r!m"na(!+n- En "l m7odo %!*o7!(o d"du(!o, las "or8as (!"n89!(as no *u"d"n nun(a r"*uars" "rdad"ras, s!no a lo sumo no r"9uadasE&"m*lo d" m7odo %!*o7!(o.d"du(!oD""(ar un *ro$l"ma: los asr+nomos Adams ' L" V"rr!"r d"s(u$r!"ron "n "l s!lo I @u" "l *lan"a Urano no s"u8a la +r$!a *r"!sa *or las l"'"s d"  N"Kon1- ormula(!+n d" una %!*+"s!s: su*us!"ron @u" s" "6*l!(ar8a *or@u" %a$r8a oro *lan"a "n una +r$!a m=s "6"r!or @u" (on su ara((!+n *rodu&"ra al"s !rr"ular!dad"s/- D"du((!+n d" (ons"(u"n(!as o$s"ra$l"s: s! "6!s!"ra al *lan"a d"$8a "n"r al masa ' d"$8a "n(onrars" "n al *uno "n "l (!"lo ' *or ano (on un "l"s(o*!o s" d"$"r8a o$s"rar- E6*"r!m"no: "l asr+nomo Gall" @u" d!s*on8a d" un "l"s(o*!o *o"n" %all+ "9"(!am"n" "l *lan"a su*u"so al @u" llamaron N"*uno, la %!*+"s!s r"sul+ (on9!rmada *or la "6*"r!"n(!a 3Bun", Tama'o, /00/4 5No o$san", no "6!s" un (ons"nso "norno a los m7odos (!"n89!(os, s" r"(ono(" una am*l!a ama d" "sra"!as

10

m"odol+!(as, d!"rsos auor"s *ro*on"n alunos d" los s!u!"n"s m7odos a*l!(ados "n la !n"s!a(!+n; 3R"*!so, /00<4-

1.2./. M$t!"! a%a('ic!) Cons!s" "n !n9"r!r d" la s"m"&an#a d" alunas (ara("r8s!(as "nr" dos o$&"os, la  *ro$a$!l!dad d" @u" las (ara("r8s!(as r"san"s s"an am$!7n s"m"&an"s- Los ra#onam!"nos anal+!(os no son s!"m*r" =l!dos-

1.2.3. M$t!"! a%aític!) Como *ro("so (on!!o "n "l @u" s" d"s(om*on" un o$&"o "n sus *ar"s *ara "sud!arlo d" modo *ar!(ular-

1.2.7. M$t!"! si%t$tic!) Es un *ro("so m"d!an" "l (ual s" r"la(!onan %"(%os a*ar"n"m"n" a!slados ' s" 9ormula una "or8a @u" un!9!(a los d!"rsos "l"m"nos- Cons!s" "n la r"un!+n ra(!onal d" ar!os "l"m"nos d!s*"rsos "n una nu"a oal!dad, "s" s" *r"s"na m=s "n "l *lan"am!"no d" la %!*+"s!s- El !n"s!ador s!n"!#a las su*"ra(!on"s "n la !ma!na(!+n *ara "sa$l"("r una "6*l!(a(!+n "na!a @u" som""r= a  *ru"$a-

1.2.8. M$t!"! a%aític!) S" d!s!nu"n los "l"m"nos d" un 9"n+m"no ' s" *ro("d" a r"!sar  ord"nadam"n" (ada uno d" "llos *or s"*arado- La 98s!(a, la @u8m!(a ' la $!olo8a u!l!#an "s" m7odo a *ar!r d" la "6*"r!m"na(!+n ' "l an=l!s!s d" ran nm"ro d" (asos s" "sa$l"("n l"'"s un!"rsal"s- Cons!s" "n la "6ra((!+n d" las *ar"s d" un odo, (on "l o$&"o d" "sud!arlas ' "6am!narlas *or s"*arado, *ara "r, *or  "&"m*lo las r"la(!on"s "nr" las m!smas-

11

1.2.9. M$t!"! "ia$ctic!) La (ara("r8s!(a "s"n(!al d"l m7odo d!al7(!(o "s @u" (ons!d"ra los 9"n+m"nos %!s+r!(os ' so(!al"s "n (on!nuo mo!m!"no- A*l!(ado a la !n"s!a(!+n, a9!rma @u" odos los 9"n+m"nos s" r!"n *or las l"'"s d" la d!al7(!(a, "s d"(!r @u" la r"al!dad no "s alo !nmua$l", s!no @u" "s= su&"a a (onrad!((!on"s ' a una "olu(!+n ' d"sarrollo *"r*"uo- Por lo ano *ro*on" @u" odos los 9"n+m"nos s"an "sud!ados "n sus r"la(!on"s (on oros ' "n su "sado d" (on!nuo (am$!o, 'a @u" nada "6!s" (omo un o$&"o a!sladoEs" m7odo d"s(r!$" la %!sor!a d" lo @u" nos rod"a, d" la so(!"dad ' d"l  *"nsam!"no, a ra7s d" una (on("*(!+n d" lu(%a d" (onrar!os ' no *uram"n" (on"m*la!a, m=s $!"n d" rans9orma(!+n- Esas (on("*(!on"s *or su (ar=("r  d!n=m!(o "6*on"n no solam"n" los (am$!os (uan!a!os, s!no los rad!(al"s o (ual!a!os-

1.2.:. M$t!"! ;ist(ric!) D"s(r!$" 9"n+m"nos @u" a(on"(!"ron "n "l *asado, r"la(!onado (on la su("s!+n (ronol+!(a d" un 9"n+m"no dado-s" usa %a$!ualm"n" *ara (ono("r su "olu(!+n ' d"sarrollo, *ara r""lar su %!sor!a, las "a*as *r!n(!*al"s d" su d"sarrollo ' los *r!n(!*al"s %!s+r!(os- 5La 9u"n" $=s!(a d" !n9orma(!+n son los do(um"nos- Es un !*o "s*"(!al d" !n"s!a(!+n d"s(r!*!a- U!l!#a 9undam"nalm"n" m"odolo8a (ual!a!a- Es" "ma s" d"sarrolla "n In"s!a(!+n %!s+r!(a 3B!s@u"rra, 1H, *-1<<4- S" !n(lu'"n los "sud!os d" d"sarrollo, d" (asos, (orr"la(!+nal"s, "(- Por ora *ar", s"n la "m*oral!#a(!+n, *u"d"n s"r lon!ud!nal"s o rans"rsal"s- S"n la naural"#a d" los daos r"(o!dos s" *u"d"n a*l!(ar an=l!s!s (ual!a!os o (uan!a!os-

12

2. *OBLACION + MUESTRA 2.1.U%i&ers!  La *o$la(!+n (omo am$!7n llamado un!"rso " un (on&uno d" !nd!!duos d" la m!sma (las", l!m!ada *or "l "sud!o: 5La *o$la(!+n d" d"9!n" (omo la oal!dad d"l 9"n+m"no a "sud!ar dond" la un!dad"s d" *o$la(!+n *os"" una (ara("r8s!(a (omn la (ual s" "sud!a ' da or!"n a los daos d" la !n"s!a(!+n; 3Tama'o ' Tama'o, 12, *-11<4Enon("s, una *o$la(!+n "s "l (on&uno d" odas las (osas @u" (on(u"rdan (on una s"r!" d" d""rm!nada d" "s*"(!9!(a(!on"sCuando s"l"((!onamos alunos "l"m"nos (on la !n"ns!+n d" a"r!uar alo so$r" una  *o$la(!+n d""rm!nada, nos r"9"r!mos a "s" ru*o d" "l"m"nos (omo mu"sra- Por  su*u"so, "s*"ramos lo @u" a"r!uamos "n la mu"sra s"a (!"ro *ara la *o$la(!+n "n su (on&uno -La "6a(!ud d" la !n9orma(!+n r"(ol"(ada d"*"nd" "n ran man"ra d" la 9orma "n @u" s" 9u" s"l"((!onada la mu"sra-

2.2.*OBLACI,N La *o$la(!+n "s la @u" *u"d" d""rm!nar la *ro$l"m=!(a 'a @u" l" "s (a*a# d" "n"rar los daos (on los (ual"s s" !d"n!9!(an las 9allas d"nro d"l *ro("so- 5"s "l ru*o d" !nd!!duos @u" s" oma d" la *o$la(!+n, *ara "sud!ar un 9"n+m"no "sad8s!(o; 3Tama'o ' Tama'o, 12, *, H4Enon("s la mu"sra "s un su$(on&uno o *ar" d"l un!"rso o *o$la(!+n "n @u" s" ll"ar= a (a$o la !n"s!a(!+n- ?a' *ro("d!m!"nos *ara o$"n"r la (an!dad d" los

13

(om*on"n"s d" la mu"sra (omo 9+rmulas, l+!(a ' oros @u" s" "r= m=s ad"lan"- La mu"sra "s una *ar" r"*r"s"na!a d" la *o$la(!+n-

2.-.Mestra El muestreo es “un proceso en el cual los elementos son escogidos con base en criterios o juicios preestablecidos por el investigador” (Arias, 2006, p.85. !na ve" #ue se $a decidido escoger una muestra, se deben tener presente dos aspectos% & 'a determinacin del m)nimo tama*o muestral re#uerido. 2 El procedimiento de seleccin de la muestra (tambi+n conocido como dise*o muestral.

2.-.1. Ta#a


ara la ma-or)a de estudios, el m)nimo tama*o muestral re#uerido se estima a trav+s dela aplicacin de rmulas #ue nos orece la teor)a del



muestreo. E/iste una rmula para cada tipo de estudio en particular.

rupo de estudio%

14

Esta terminolog)a se utili"a en los estudios del tipo e/perimental%

 

rupo e/perimental rupo de control

2.-.2. Etaas "e r!ces! "e #estre!. o6 31H14 s")ala (!n(o "a*as "n "l *ro("so d" mu"sr"o: 14 /4 4 <4 F4

D"9!n!(!+n o s"l"((!+n d"l un!"rso o "s*"(!9!(a(!+n d" los  *os!$l"s su&"os o "l"m"nos d" un d""rm!nado !*o D""rm!na(!+n d" la *o$la(!+n o *ar" d" "lla a la @u" "l !n"s!ador !"n" a(("so S"l"((!+n d" la mu"sra !n!ada o (on&uno d" "l"m"nos d" la  *o$la(!+n a los @u" s" *!d" @u" *ar!(!*"n "n la !n"s!a(!+n Mu"sra a("*an" o *ar" d" la mu"sra !n!ada @u" a("*a  *ar!(!*ar Mu"sra *rodu(ora d" daos la *ar" @u" a("*+ ' @u" r"alm"n" *rodu(" daos *-2.4

2./.Ti!s "e Mestere! a4 El mu"sr"o *ro$a$!l8s!(o ' $4 "l mu"sr"o no *ro$a$!l8s!(oEn las mu"sras *ro$a$!l8s!(as, odo !n"ran" d" la *o$la(!+n !"n" una *ro$a$!l!dad d""rm!nada ' (ono(!da d" (on9ormar la mu"sra, ' "sa *ro$a$!l!dad *u"d" s"r  (al(ulada (on *r"(!s!+n "sad8s!(a- Los mu"sr"os *ro$a$!l8s!(os son los mu"sr"os m=s (on9!a$l"s *"ro los m=s (om*l!(adosEn las mu"sras no r!0a0iísticas o(urr" lo (onrar!o, odo !n"ran" d" la  *o$la(!+n no !"n" una *ro$a$!l!dad d""rm!nada, am*o(o "s (ono(!da, d" (on9ormar 

15

la mu"sra- Los (r!"r!os *ara s"l"((!onar la mu"sra no son "sad8s!(os, son ra(!onal"s, *or "so "l !n"s!ador no !"n" !d"a d"l "rror @u" *u"d" "sar  !nrodu(!"ndo "n su mu"sra- Las mu"sras no *ro$a$!l8s!(as son las m"nos (on9!a$l"s, *"ro las m=s 9r"(u"n"s, *or s"r m=s "(on+m!(as ', alunas "("s, m=s (on"n!"n"s-

2./.1. Mestre! r!0a0iístic! Cono(!do am$!7n (omo 5mu"sr"o al"aor!o;, u!l!#a "l a#ar ' las "sad8s!(as (omo !nsrum"nos d" s"l"((!+n, *ud!7ndos" (al(ular d" an"mano la  *ro$a$!l!dad d" @u" (ada "l"m"no d" la *o$la(!+n s"a !n(lu!do "n la mu"sraEs" !*o d" mu"sr"o "s "l @u" al(an#a ma'or r!or (!"n89!(o, ' s" (ara("r!#a  *or@u" s" (um*l" "l *r!n(!*!o d" la "@u! ‐ *ro$a$!l!dad, s"n "l (ual odos los "l"m"nos d" la *o$la(!+n !"n"n la m!sma *ro$a$!l!dad d" s"r "l"!dos "n una mu"sra- Las mu"sras *ro$a$!l8s!(as s!"m*r" son r"*r"s"na!as d" la  *o$la(!+n- Y (omo son r"*r"s"na!as, (on "s" mu"sr"o s" *u"d" "n"ral!#ar  (on *r"(!s!+n los r"sulados a la *o$la(!+n- La mu"sra *ro$a$!l8s!(a "s la m=s ad"(uada *ara !d"n!9!(ar 8nd!("s ' d"s(r!$!r *o$la(!on"s m"d!an" mu"srasPor "so, "s" !*o d" mu"sr"o "s 8*!(o ' n"("sar!o (uando "s=s r"al!#ando !n"s!a(!on"s (uan!a!as, d"s(r!*!as ' (orr"la(!onal"sLos mu"sr"os *ro$a$!l8s!(os son los m=s (ososos- R"@u!"r"n m=s !"m*o ' r"(ursos- Es m=s l"no ' (om*l!(ado- S!n "m$aro, su (oso al" la *"na  *or@u" los r"sulados s" *u"d"n "n"ral!#ar a oda la *o$la(!+n-

2./.1.1.

Ti!s "e #estre! r!0a0iístic! 5mu"sr"o *or a#ar; o mu"sr"o *ro$a$!l8s!(o *r"s"na ar!os !*os:

16

a4 Mu"sr"o al"aor!o s!m*l" $4 (4 d4 "4

Mu"sr"o s!s"m=!(omu"sr"o "sra!9!(adoMu"sr"o *or (onlom"rados Mu"sr"o *ol!"=*!(o-

2./.1.2.  Muestreo Aleatorio Simple. Es la modal!dad d" mu"sr"o m=s (ono(!da ' @u" al(an#a ma'or r!or  (!"n89!(o- Garan!#a la "@u!‐ *ro$a$!l!dad d" "l"((!+n d" (ual@u!"r "l"m"no ' la !nd"*"nd"n(!a d" s"l"((!+n d" (ual@u!"r oro- En "s" *ro("d!m!"no s" "6ra"n al a#ar un nm"ro d""rm!nado d" "l"m"nos 3(ono(!do (omo Qn4, d" la *o$la(!+n 3(ono(!do (omo QN4- La s"(u"n(!a "s: a4 D"9!n!r la *o$la(!+n $4 Ela$orar una l!sa d" oda la *o$la(!+n, as!n=ndol"s nm"ros (ons"(u!os d"sd" 1 %asa Qn(4 Cal(ular "l ama)o d" la mu"sra-

d4 E6ra"r al a#ar los "l"m"nos %asa (om*l"ar "l nm"ro (al(ulado 3u!l!#ando a$las d" nm"ros al"aor!os o *roramas d" (om*uadora (omo "l SPSS4-

2./.1.-.

Mestre! Aeat!ri! Siste#=tic! Es una ar!an" d"l mu"sr"o s!m*l"- Es" mu"sr"o "s m=s r=*!do @u" "l an"r!or, so$r" odo s! la *o$la(!+n "s num"rosa ' "s= *r"!am"n" ord"nadaLa 9orma d" s"l"((!+n u!l!#a un s!s"ma s"n(!lloO$s"ra la "l"((!+n s!s"m=!(a *ar!"ndo d" l!sas "s =l!da s! "l ord"n no %a s!do "sa$l"(!do "n!"ndo "n (u"na la (ara("r8s!(a @u" "sud!amos- No  *u"d"n s"r!r, *or "&"m*lo, l!sas "n ord"n d" !nr"sos, s! 7sa "s una d" las ar!a$l"s d" !n"s!a(!+n-

17

2./.1./.

Mestre! Estrati>ica"! Es" mu"sr"o s" u!l!#a (uando la *o$la(!+n "s= (ons!u!da "n "sraos o su$ru*os 3(on&unos %omo7n"os (on r"s*"(o a la (ara("r8s!(a @u" s" "sud!a4- D"nro d" (ada "srao s" *u"d" a*l!(ar "l mu"sr"o al"aor!o s!m*l" o s!s"m=!(o-

2./.1.3.

E #estre! estrati>ica"! Cons!s" "n su$‐d!!d!r la *o$la(!+n "n su$ru*os o "sraos s"n las (ara("r8s!(as @u" s" (ons!d"r"n ' "n "l"!r la mu"sra d" modo @u" "s7n r"*r"s"nados los d!9"r"n"s "sraos- Para o$"n"r la mu"sra "sra!9!(ada, s" s!u"n los s!u!"n"s *asos:  a4 S" d!!d" la *o$la(!+n "n "sraos $4 D" (ada "srao s" "6ra" una mu"sra *or mu"sr"o al"aor!o s!m*l"(4 S" as!na a (ada !nd!!duo s"n (!"ras r"las d" a9!&a(!+n 3s!m*l",  *ro*or(!onal, +*!ma4 d4 La suma d" las mu"sras d" (ada "srao 9orman la mu"sra oal Qn-

2./.1.7.

Mestre! !r C!%'!#era"!s   Es" !*o d" mu"sr"o s" u!l!#a (uando los !nd!!duos d" la *o$la(!+n (ons!u'"n ru*os naural"s mu' rand"s o (onlom"rados @u" (on!"n"n oros ru*os m=s *"@u")os d" 9orma su("s!a  3E&- Pa8s, r"!+n, d!sr!o, oran!smos, o9!(!nas, "(-4Esa 7(n!(a "s !l *or@u" no "s n"("sar!o !d"n!9!(ar n! "n"r un l!sado d" odos los "l"m"nos d" la *o$la(!+n *ara s"l"((!onarlos al"aor!am"n", s!no

18

@u" d"s*u7s d" s"l"((!onar los (onlom"rados, s" *ro("d" a "la$orar d!(%o l!sado s+lo *ara los "l"m"nos @u" (om*on"n los (onlom"rados "l"!dos- En "l mu"sr"o *or ru*os "l *ro("so s!u" "sos *asos: 1- La *o$la(!+n s" d!!d" *r"!am"n" "n ru*os o (onlom"rados @u" (on!"n"n d!"rsos "l"m"nos/- S" s"l"((!onan al"aor!am"n" "l nm"ro d" (onlom"rados ' s" ra$a&a (on "l oal d" "l"m"nos *"r"n"(!"n"s a los (onlom"rados "l"!dos - La un!dad mu"sral "s "l (onlom"rado 3(lus"r4 o ru*o ' "l *ro("so d" s"l"((!+n al"aor!a s" a*l!(a a la s"l"((!+n d" 7sos ' no a los "l"m"nos m"nor"s @u" (om*on"n "l (onlom"rado- S" @u!"r" r"al!#ar una "n(u"sa na(!onal duran" las "l"((!on"s d" la nu"a d!r"(!a d"l C S ELos (onlom"rados, "n "s" (aso, *u"d"n s"r los d!sr!os "l"(oral"s ', d"nro d" "llos, las m"sas "l"(oral"s- Con "s" mu"sr"o lo @u" s" %a(" "s "s(o"r  alunos d!sr!os "l"(oral"s ' lu"o, d"nro d" "llos, alunas m"sas "l"(oral"s al a#ar ' d" a%8 s" oman odos los oos d" las m"sas s"l"((!onadas-

2./.1.8.

Mestre! *!iet=ic!

En "s" (aso s" (om$!na "l mu"sr"o al"aor!o s!m*l" (on "l mu"sr"o *or  (onlom"rados1- Pr!m"ro s" r"al!#a un mu"sr"o *or (onlom"rados 3E&- s! los (onlom"rados son (ol"!os "n L!ma, s" s"l"((!onan al"aor!am"n" ar!os d" "llos4/- S"undo, no s" "l!"n odos los "sud!an"s 3(omo o(urr!r8a "n un mu"sro *or (onlom"rados4, s!no @u" s" "l!" una mu"sra al"aor!a

3d!(%a mu"sra *u"d" s"r o$"n!da *or mu"sr"o al"aor!o s!m*l" o *u"d" s"r "sra!9!(ado4-

1#

- El *ro("so s!u" una s"(u"n(!a d" "a*as d" s"l"((!+n d" un!dad"s mu7sral"s d" ma'or rano a oras d" m"nor, %asa ll"ar a los !nd!!duos o "l"m"nos @u" (ons!u'"n la mu"sra: *ro!n(!a, d!sr!o "s(olar, ("nros, aulas, "sud!an"s<- Es" !*o d" mu"sr"o s+lo n"("s!a (ono("r los !nd!!duos @u" !n"ran los (onlom"rados d" la l!ma "a*a-

2./.1.9.

Mestre! %! r!0a0iístic! El mu"sr"o no *ro$a$!l8s!(o, (omo su nom$r" lo !nd!(a, no s" $asa "n "l *r!n(!*!o d" la "@u! ‐ *ro$a$!l!dad- Esas 7(n!(as s!u"n oros (r!"r!os d" s"l"((!+n 3(ono(!m!"nos d"l !n"s!ador, "(onom8a, (omod!dad, al(an(", "(-4, *ro(urando @u" la mu"sra o$"n!da s"a lo m=s r"*r"s"na!a *os!$l"- Esas mu"sras, al no u!l!#ar "l mu"sr"o al a#ar, no !"n"n la aran8a d" las mu"sras *ro$a$!l8s!(as, "s d"(!r, no s" sa$" s! los r"sulados "sar=n s"sados- S!n "m$aro, aun@u" "6!s" "sa l!m!a(!+n, "n la *r=(!(a los mu"sr"os no *ro$a$!l8s!(os son a m"nudo n"("sar!os " !n"!a$l"s, *or@u" son m=s "(on+m!(os, r=*!dos ' m"nos (om*l!(ados- Es" !*o d" mu"sr"o "s 8*!(o ' n"("sar!o (uando "s=s r"al!#ando !n"s!a(!on"s (ual!a!as, "6*loraor!as, %!s+r!(as, do(um"nal"s-

2./.2. Ti!s "e #estre! %! r!0a0iístic! E6!s"n d!9"r"n"s !*os d" mu"sr"o no *ro$a$!l8s!(o- Los m=s usados son:  1- Mu"sr"o a((!d"nal /- Mu"sr"o *or (uoas  - Mu"sr"o !n"n(!onal

20

<- Mu"sr"o *or rasr"o 5Bola d" n!"";

2./.2.1.

Mestra acci"e%ta) Es a@u"lla @u" s" o$!"n" s!n n!nn *lan *r" ‐(on("$!do- Las un!dad"s "l"!das r"sulan *rodu(o d" (!r(unsan(!as 9oru!as ' d"s(onroladasCon "s" mu"sr"o nun(a sa$r=s %asa @u7 *uno us r"sulados son =l!dos ' s! "n "rdad r"*r"s"nan a la *o$la(!+n- Es" "s "l !*o d" mu"sr"o m"nos (on9!a$l"- Las !n"s!a(!on"s @u" u!l!#an olunar!os "s un !*o d" mu"sr"o a((!d"nal- Esas mu"sras "s=n s"sadas *or@u" los olunar!os !"n"n (ara("r8s!(as d!s!nas a la *o$la(!+n "n "n"ral, (omo *or "&"m*lo: son *"rsonas @u" !"n"n ma'or n!"l (ulural, !"n"n m"&or "saus so(!al, su"l"n s"r m=s !n"l!"n"s, son m=s so(!a$l"s, son m"nos (on"n(!onal"s, son m"nos (on9orm!sas, "(-

2./.2.2.

Mestra !r c!tas S" (al(ula "l ama)o d" la mu"sra d"*"nd!"ndo d" la d!sr!$u(!+n d" la  *o$la(!+n- Por "&"m*lo, "n una *o$la(!+n d" 1,000 "sud!an"s, dond" "l <0 son mu&"r"s, *u"d"s as!nar una (uoa d" 0 %om$r"s ' <0 mu&"r"s a una mu"sra d" 100 !nd!!duos- Por m=s @u" "sa *r"sun(!+n ll"u" a s"r =l!da, no d"&a d" "6!s!r (!"ra ar$!rar!"dad "n "s" modo d" *ro("d"r, *or lo @u" la r!uros!dad "sad8s!(a d" las mu"sras *or  (uoas s" r"du(" (ons!d"ra$l"m"n"-

2./.2.-.

Mestra i%te%ci!%a) Es" "s "l m"&or !*o d" mu"sr"o no *ro$a$!l8s!(o- El mu"sr"o s" r"al!#a so$r" la $as" d"l (ono(!m!"no ' (r!"r!os d"l !n"s!ador- S"  $asa, *r!mord!alm"n", "n la "6*"r!"n(!a (on la *o$la(!+n- En alunas

21

o*orun!dad"s s" usan (omo u8a o mu"sra "na!a *ara d"(!d!r (+mo omar una mu"sra al"aor!a m=s ad"lan"-

2./.2./.

Mestre! !r rastre! ! “0!a "e %ie&e” Son mu' "m*l"ados "n la !n"s!a(!+n (ual!a!a %!s+r!(a, do(um"nal ' "nor=9!(a- En "s" mu"sr"o, los *r!m"ros "l"!dos (omo "n(u"sados 3a &u!(!o d"l !n"s!ador4 *ro*on"n ' a'udan a la s"l"((!+n d" los r"san"s d" la mu"sra- Esa 7(n!(a s" u!l!#a *ara lo(al!#ar *or r"9"r"n(!as a m!"m$ros d" *o$la(!on"s *"(ul!ar"s o mu' d!98(!l"s d" a(("d"r- S!"m*r" "6!s" "l r!"so d"l s"so *or@u" la  *"rsona su"r!da *or oro m!"m$ro d" la mu"sra !"n" una *ro$a$!l!dad ma'or d" s"r s!m!lar a la *r!m"r 

C!%csi!%es Para (on(lu!r (on "l *r"s"n" ra$a&o, s" *ud" %a("r r"9"r"n(!a a la !m*oran(!a @u" !"n" la !n"s!a(!+n (omo *ro("so d" a*r"nd!#a&" 'a @u" la m!sma *os"" una ama d" (ara("r8s!(as 9undam"nal"s ' @u" s" "sr"(%an d" man"ra mu' (om*a(a *ara *od"r (a*ar  la !n9orma(!+n o *ara lorar los o$&"!os *ro*u"sos, "s *r"(!so r"(ordar @u" la  !n"s!a(!+n (!"n89!(a "s un m7odo r!uroso "n "l (ual s" o$!"n" una s"r!" d" o$&"!os an"s *ro*u"sos ' d" man"ra mu' 7(n!(a, ' la !n"s!a(!+n "s la @u" !"n" *or 9!n am*l!ar "l (ono(!m!"no (!"n89!(oEs mu' (on"n!"n" "n"r un (ono(!m!"no d"allado d" los *os!$l"s !*os d" !n"s!a(!+n

22

@u" s" *u"d"n s"u!r- Es" (ono(!m!"no %a(" *os!$l" "!ar "@u!o(a(!on"s "n la "l"((!+n d"l m7odo ad"(uado *ara un *ro("d!m!"no "s*"(89!(o- Por "so s" *odr8a 9!&ar @u" "l "ma s" d"$"r8a d" !ns"rar d"sd" la "du(a(!+n $=s!(a 'a @u" a *"sar d" @u" la !n"s!a(!+n s!"m*r" "s= *r"s"n", s!"m*r" "s $u"no (ono("r "l lado 7(n!(o ' (!"n89!(o d" las (osas *or m=s (omun"s

'

(o!d!anas

@u"

su"lan

r"sular-

R"9"r"n(!as 

Al9onso, P- 3s-94- Métodos y diseño de investigación- R"(u*"rado d" %*:KKK-*osradoun"-"du-*"do(um"nos!n"s!a(!on



/0"6*"r!m"nal-*d9  Allan, S- 3s-94- Determianando la poblacion y muestra-R"(uP"rado d"



%*s:allanu(as"-9!l"s-Kord*r"ss-(om/01101!*o.d".mu"sr"o-*d9  As!, V- 31H4- M"odolo8a d" la In"s!a(!+n- "*"lus#, Bu"nos A!r"s-

23



B!s@u"rra, R- 31H4- M7odos d" !n"s!a(!+n "du(a!a: Gu8a *r=(!(a-

 

Bar("lona Bun", M- 31H4- La !n"s!a(!+n (!"n89!(a- Bar("lona: Ar!"l?"rn=nd"#, S-, "rn=nd"#, (-, Carlos ' Ba*!sa, L- 31H4: M"odolo8a



d" la !n"s!a(!+n- M76!(o: M( GraK ?!llJ!m7n"# 31H4- Procesos de investigación científica- R"(u*"rado d" %*s:KKK-"su*-"du-*"d"s(arasd"*!n"s!a(!onM"odolo!a/0d"



/0la/0!n"s!a(!CBn/0Fa/0Ed!(!CBn-*d9  Tama'o Y Tama'o, M- 3124 El Pro("so d" la In"s!a(!+n (!"n89!(a -L!musa S-A- M76!(o-