Mjerenja Temperature, Seminarski

TEHNOLOŠKI FAKULT FAKULTET ET U TUZLI

AKADEMSKA GODINA 2016./2017.

SEMINARSKI RAD  Naziv predmeta: Proce!" #$er!" %e&!'(" Tema: M$ere!$e %e#)er"%*re

Pro+e ro+eor: or: Dr. Dr.c. c. Ze& Ze&r*, r*,'! O# O#"!oo-' ' -"!r. !r.)ro+ )ro+..

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TUZLA, januar, 2017. god.  SADRŽAJ:

1. Uvod....................... Uvod.................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .....................2 ........2 2. Def!"ja #e!$era#ure.................... #e!$era#ure................................. .......................... .......................... ......................... ..................% ......% %. Mjerne jedn"e #e!$era#ure...................... #e!$era#ure................................... ......................... ......................... .....................& ........& &. '(#orja !jern) ure*aja...................... ure*aja................................... .......................... .......................... ........................+ ...........+ +. Mjern n(#ru!en#....................... n(#ru!en#.................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ....................... .......... . -r(#e -r(#e #er!o!e#ara...................... #er!o!e#ara.................................. ......................... .......................... .......................... ........................7 ...........7 7. e#vara/ a !jerenje #e!$era#ure...................... #e!$era#ure................................... .......................... ...................... ......... . Kon#a#no !jerenje #e!$era#ure ......................... ...................................... ......................... ..................1& ......1& 3. 4e(on#a#no !jerenje #e!$era#ure...................... #e!$era#ure.................................. ......................... ...................20 ......20 10.o(e5n #er!o!e#r..................... #er!o!e#r.................................. ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................22 .........22 11.. 6ree dodrn) #er!o!e#ara  !e#ode ore"je.................... 11 ore"je...............................2 ...........2 12.Kon#ro8a  a85rranje #er!o!e#ara....................... #er!o!e#ara.................................... .......................... ................2 ...2 1%.Za8ju/a.............................. 1%.Za8ju/a........................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ................23 ...23 1&.L#era#ura................................ 1&.L#era#ura............................................ ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ..............%0 ..%0

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2. DE:INI;I
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91.1 3,$e $e ;o%4#"!!o-" (o!%"!%" " T   $e ")o*%!" %e#)er"%*r". O-"$ '4r"4 o,!o' e *%"- " %r'  )ro%or!e ,'#e!4'$e 9%r' %*)!$" oo,e )" $e re,!$" ('!e%'5(" e!er3'$" 4" -"(' )o$e,'!' #$er:

91.2 D"(e o-"(o ,e+'!'r"!" %e#)er"%*r" $e #$er" 4" re,!$* e!er3'$* #!o%-" 5e%'c" (o$e e !""4e * %er#o,'!"#'5(o$ r"-!o%e' ' !e #oe )o)r'#'%' !e3"%'-!e -r'$e,!o%'. Gore !"-e,e!' '4r"4 '#" o)e!'%'$e 4!"5e!$e ' !"4'-" e %eore# e(-')"r%'c'$e e!er3'$e.<1=

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(or'%e -o$%-o %-"r' (o$e $e %o'(o ,oro )o4!"%o ," e %e#)er"%*r" #oe %o5!o '4r"5*!"%' e4 !e)o4!"%'& -r'$e,!o%' !)r. !" "4' $e,!",e %"!$" )'!". Sekundarni termometri * )r'(",!'$' 4" (or'%e!$e ' 5ee e (or'%e " *3"-!o# * ' o$e%$'-'$'. Ko, !$'& )o4!"-"!$e )roce" !'$e ,o-o$!o %er#o#e%"r $e )o%re!o ("'r'r"%' )re#" )r'#"r!o# %er#o#e%r*.

 Primarni termometri

6

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%"(e!' %er#o#e%"r  %")!' %er#o#e%"r   '#e%"!' %er#o#e%"r  o)r*!' %er#o#e%"r  o%)or!'5(' %er#o#e%"r  ee(%r'5!' %er#o!")o!(' %er#o#e%"r  r",'$"c'(' )'ro#e%"r 

Pre#" !"c'!* r"," r"4'(*$e#o: • • •

(o!%"(%!e %er#o#e%re  e(o!%"(%!e %er#o#e%re %er#o##e%r' " )oe!'# #$er!'# )o%*)c'#"

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ee(%r'5!' #e&"!'5('

7

7. RET-ARABI ZA M
o%)or!'5(' ee#e!%' %er#'%or' %er#o)"r  )o*-o,'5(' )!?)o$

;ESKONTAKTNI 9%o)'!(o 4r"5e!$e • •

'!+r"cr-e!' %er#o#e%"r  )'roee(%r'5(' %er#o#e%"r

7.1 DILATA;ISKI RET-ARABI TEMERATURE O-' e )re%-"r"5' r"4-r%"!' * !e(o'(o (*)'!" )re#" %-"r' (o$" #'$e!$" 4")re#'!*. Z"-'!o% 4")re#'!e9  o, )ro#$e!e %e#)er"%*re 9 T  o,r8*$e e e()er'#e!%"!o 4" -"(* %-"r  4"e!o )" e 4"%'# %r"' #"%e#"%'5(' '4r"4 (o$' !"$o$e o)'*$e %* 4"-'!o%.

7.2 9T9RNIBKI RET-ARABI TEMERATURE Pre%-"r"5' %o '#"$* ("o o$e%'o #e%"!' 9(o-'!(' '' )o*-o,'5(' o%)or!'( 4o-* e o%)or!'5(' )re%-"r"5'. Z"-'!o% o%)or" o, )ro#$e!e %e#)er"%*re o,re8*$e e e()er'#e!%"!o " 4"%'# e '("e '#"%e#"%'5('. T" e 4"-'!o% #oe '("4"%' '4r"4o#: B o<1C  TCTCQT= Z" -ec'!* #e%"" %" e 4"-'!o% #oe '("4"%' '4r"4o#: B o<1C  T= 3,$e *:  R $e o%)or !" #$ere!o$ %e#)er"%*r' 9T  o R o%)or !" re+ere!%!o$ %e#)er"%*r' 9To T B T R T0  9Q R%e#)er"%*r!' (oe+'c'$e!% ee(%r'5!o3 o%)or" (o-'!e. • • • •

Me%"!" o%)or!'5(" o$e%'" '4-o,e e !"#"%"!$e# 'ce '' !")"r'-"!$e# %"!(o3 o$" (o-'!e !" '4o"%or.M"%er'$"' 4" 'ce o%)or!'5('& o$e%'" %e#)er"%*re *: )"%'!" !'(" -o+r"# '  "("r. So$!" o%)or!'5(" o$e%'" '4-o,e e o'5!o !")"r'-"!$e# )"%'!e !" (er"#'5(' '4o"%or.

8

O%)or!'5(o o$e%'o e *3"-!o# "%o$' o,: • • • • • •

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Uo"( o$e%'" e "%o$' o,: • • • • •

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-o8fra!ova C5na o#$orn5a o(je#8a Te#)er"%*re (*)" * ' *)o%re$"-"$* e ("," $e )o%re!o o*&-"%'% ''ro(o #$er!o )o,r*5$e. M$er!o '# $e )o,r*5$e o, ?26> ,o C1100> .

9

7.% 9LU-9DIBKA 9T9RNIBKA 9S ,o 20> "'  )o%o$e ' )oe!e '4-e,e 4" #$ere!$e -ro !'('& %e#)er"%*r" ,o 20>. Z" #$er!" o$e%'" * )o,r*5$* -ro !'('& %e#)er"%*r" (or'%e e *3$'5!" o%)or!'5(" o$e%'" 4" %e#)er"%*reo, 1 ,o 20K ' 3er#"!'$e-" o%)or!'5(" o$e%'" 4" %e#)er"%*re o, 0. ,o 100K.

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S'(" 1. S'#o NT o%or!'(" Pr-' (o#erc'$"!' %er#'%or' 9NT 4" #$ere!$e %e#)er"%*re *  )o 5e%(o# 0? '&3o,'!" 20. -'$e(" ,o( $e ,o !$'&o-e 're )r'#$e!e ,oo %e( 3o,'!" 4"&-"$*$*' r" 4-o $* )o * )r o- o,! '5 (e %e &! o o3 '$ e. G "-! " NT  o% )o r! '( " $e !$ '& o- " -e ' (" o$e%$'-o% (o$" o#o3*"-"  $e,!o%"-!'& ' )o*4,"!'& %er#o#e%"r".

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S'(" 2 ?T ("r"(%er'%'(" NT o%)or!'(" * o,!o* !" P %100 S"-re#e!' NT o%)or!'c' e )ro'4-o,e o, o('," Fe r M! o N' ' '5!o. S#$e" o('," * )r"&* e '!%er*$e !" %e#)er"%*r"#" '4!", 1000> 5'#e e +or#'r"$* o%)or!'c' o'(" o)%'ce,'(" '' c''!,r". M"('#"!e r",!e %e#)er"%*re o(',!'& %er#'%or" '4!oe 00> ,o 0>.U )oe ,!$e -r '$e#e e '4r "8*$* - 'o(o %e#)er "%*r!' %er#' %or' " #"('#"!'#r",!'#%e#)er"%*r"#" ,o 700> )" 5"( ' ,o 1000>    % o $ e   '  ( o # " (  ' # "  ! ' # r " , ! ' # %e#)er"%*r"#" )"%'!(o3 o%)or!o3 %er#o#e%r". U o"%' !'('& %e#)er"%*r" %er#'%or' e  )r '#$ e! $*$ * ,o !e( o '(o ,e e %'!" % e) e! ' Ke -' !" . K"r "(% er' %'5!" (r' -*$" %e# )er "%* r! e4"-'!o%' NT o%)or!'(" 9S'(" 2 $e e()o!e!c'$"!" ' #oe e '4r"4'%' ("o:

BAe/T 3,$e *: ? A ' ; (o!%"!%e ("r"(%er'%'5!e 4" )o$e,'!e %er#'%ore ? T %e#)er"%*r" * K O$e%$'-o% %er#'%or" $e ,"%" '4r"4o#: α =

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%o 4!"5' ," o$e%$'-o% %er#'%or" o)"," " )or"%o# %e#)er"%*re. O%)or!o% 4"-'' o *)o%r'$e$e!o# #"%er'$"* %e#)er"%*r!'# )ro#$e!"#" ' . Pro#$e!*o%)or" #oe '4"4-"%' )ro#$e!" %e#)er"%*re o(o'!e. S ,r*3e %r"!e -"%' %o 4"3r '$"-"! $e 9"#o4"3r'$"-"!$e o,!o!o &"8e!$e ("o )o$e,'c" r"4'5'%'& ee(%r'5!'& o)%eree!$" %"(o8e *4ro (*$ * )ro #$e! * o%) or" . O-"$ $e e+e ("%  )o  e  ! o -"  " ! . K " , "  e ) o$ " -' , o - o  $ ! o - '  o ( ! " ) o ! * o % ) o r ! ' ( *  e  )r o ' 4 -e , e % o  ' ( o % o )  o % e , " #* ) o r "  % e % e # ) e r " % * r " . To , o -o , ' , o #"!$e!$" o%)or" )o-e"!$" %r*$e ' !o-o# r"%* %e#)er"%*re. N"(o! !e(o3 -re#e!" o, ,$e'" e(*!,e ,o #'!*%e *)o%"-$" e r"-!o%e!o %"!$e. O)'"!' e+e("% "#o4"3r'$"-"!$" %er#'%or" '#" !'4 )r'#$e!". N)r. "(o e NT er'$(' )o$' " !e( '# ,r*3'# ee#e!%o# o3r"!'5"-" e )o5e%!" -r'$e,!o% %r*$e.

12

7.& TERM9ELEKTRIBNI RET-ARABI TEMERATURE  N$e#"5(' +'4'5"r T&o#" @o&"!! Seeec( *o5'o $e ," e * 4"%-ore!o# (r*3* %o 3" %-ore ,-" #e%"" %-"r" (o!%'!*'r"!" ee(%r'5!" %r*$" (", * )o$'%" o-'& #e%"" '4oe!" r"4'5'%'# %e#)er"%*r"#". V'c" o, #"%er'$"" A ' ; )o$e!e * * (r*3 )" '# $e $e,!o )o$'%e '4oe!o %e#)er"%*r' T#$ " ,r*3o re+ere!%!o$ %e#)er"%*r' To. Po#o* "#)er#e%r" e(o!"5!o #"o3 *!*%"r!$e3 o%)or" #o%r' e !"%"" %er#oee(%r'5!" %r*$" ! '' e )o#o* -o%#e%r"e(o!"5!o -e'(o3 *!*%"r!$e3 o%)or" #o%r' %er#oee(%ro#o%or!" '" %$. !")o!"# Jr'$e,!o% r"4-'$e!e ee(%ro#o%or!e 'e 4"-'' o, #"%er'$"" 'ce ' r"4'(e %e#)er"%*r" T#$RT0. O-"("- )o$ 'ce !"4'-" e %er#o )"r.Pre%-or!'c' %e#)er"%*re  %er#o)"ro-'#" '4r"8*$* e * #!o3'# (o#'!"c'$"#" o, (o$'& e * )r"(' !"$5ee )r'#$e!$*$* ,"!' * * %"'c': Ter#o)"r 4" %e#)er"%*re ;"("r ? (o!%"!%"! ?200W600> Ve$e4o R (o!%"!%"! ?200W00>  N'(" R ro#!'(" 0W1200> P"%'!" R P"%'!" &o,'$ 0W1600> L"(o $e *o5'%' ," e o-'# o%-"r*$e )re%-or" %o)'!(e e!er3'$e * ee(%r'5!*. Po$"-" $e '(or'%e!" ("o%e#e$ 4" %er#oee(%r'5!o #$ere!$e %e#)er"%*re.

13

. K9NTAKTNI TERM9METRI .1 ME'ANIBKI D9DIRNI TERM9METRI Princip rada mehaničkih dodirnih termometara je zasnovan na razlici izd!enja dva različita materijala" koji mo# $iti čvrstom" tečnom ili #asovitom stanj% &odirni termometri sa mehaničkim izlaznim si#nalom •

•

dilatacioni termometri 'sa linearnom dilatacijom" sa zapreminskom dilatacijom( manometarski termometri 'sa #asovima" tečnostima" parama(

sa električnim izlaznim si#nalom •

termometri sa promenom polprovodnika" elektrolita(

električno#

otpora

'metala"

•

termoelementi

•

termometri sa kvarcnim oscilatorom

•

termometri $azirani na #asno)dinamičkim i akstičnim principima

•

pirometri sa trajnom de*ormacijom

•

termokolor termostati

Ko!%"(%!' %er#o#e%r' r",e !" )r'!c')* )r'#$e!e o,re8e!e +'4'5(e ("r"(%er'%'(e e!4or" * 4"-'!o%' o, %e#)er"%*re: •

rastezanje predmeta  zavisnosti od temperatre

•

promjena otpornosti  zavisnosti od temperatre

•

proizvodnja termoelektričko# napona

•

mehanička de*ormacija

•

promjena #stine

14

.1.2 LINSKI TERM9METAR  8n( #er!o!e#ar $e +'4'("!' #$er!' *re8"$ 4" #er$e!$e %e#)er"%*re (o$' ,e*$e !" !"5e* r"4%e4"!$" ',e"!o3 )'!". P'!(' %er#o#e%r' e * )r"(' !e *)or"$"-"$*. P'!(' %er#o#e%"r  e 5e%o (or'%' 4" ("'r"c'$* ,r*3'& %er#o#e%"r".

S'(". Deo-"!$e )'!(e3" %er#o#e%r" P'!(' %er#o#e%"r $e '5!e (o!%r*(c'$e ("o ' %er#o#e%r' )*!$e!' %e5!o* "#o %o $e  )*!$e!$e o-o3 %er#o#e%r" '4-e,e!o !e('# '!er%!'# 3"o#. M$ere!$e %er#o,'!"#'5(e %e#)er"%*re T o-'# %er#o#e%ro# -o,' e !" )rec'4!o #$ere!$e  )r'%'(" ' -o*#e!" )'!" * 4"%-ore!o$ )o*,' )r' 5e#* ("o o!o-* (or'%'#o $e,!"5'!* %"!$" ',e"!o3 3"".

15

.1.% TERM9METRI UN
?20WC20>

A(o&o

?110WC0>

To*o

?70WC100>

V'-" e4 )'!(o3 )*!$e!$"

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V'-"  )'!('# )*!$e!$e#

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S'(" . V'-'! %er#o#e%"r 

.1.%.1 KAK9 RADE TERM9METRI UN
17

.2 ELEKTRIBNI D9DIRNI TERM9METRI Pr'("4'-"!$e )ro#$e!e o%)or" #e%"" '' )o*-o,'5" ("o ' )ro#$e!e %er#oee(%r'5!o3 !")o!" (o, #e%"" '' e3*r" #e%"" * !"$5e' )o%*)c' #$ere!$" %e#)er"%*re. M$er!o )o,r*5$e %"5!o% ' ,'!"#'(" #$ere!$" *o)e!'%o o$' !e3o (o, #e&"!'5('& '%e#". Tro(o-' ' c'$e!" * -e' 4o3ee(%r'5!e or",e '3!"". 121. 3o,'!e Seeec( $e o%(r'o !o-* )o$"-*. S)o$'o $e ,-'$e 'ce o, r"4'5'%'& #"%er'$"" 9!)r. e$e4o ' "("r ' )o$'o !$'&o-e oo,!e (r"$e-e '(" .S)o$e!" #$e%" $e o4!"5'o " %1 ' %2. K"," $e 4"3r'$"-"o $e,"! o, %" ,-" )o$!" #$e%" ,o(   $e ,r"o !" o!o$ %e#)er"%*r' *%"!o-'o $e ," (ro4 %"$ 4"%-ore!' %r*$!' (r*3 %e5e ee(%r'5!" %r*$".

18

S'(" .

.2.1 K-AR;NI TERM9METAR  K-"rc!' (r'%" e (or'%' ("o ee#e!% 4" %"''4"c'$* *5e%"!o%' ee(%ro!('& oc'"%or" %e#)er"%*r!o %"'!'&. Po%o$e %"(-' )r"-c' $e5e!$" (r'%"" (-"rc" ("," (-"rc '#" re"%'-!o -e'(* 4"-'!o% re4o!"!%!e *5e%"!o%' o, %e#)er"%*re. Pr' %o#e e ,o'$" ,or" '!e"r!o% * o)e3* ?0> ,o 10>.  Ne,o%"%"( (-"rc!o3 %er#o#e%r" $e o$e%$'-o% )re%-"r"5" !" #e&"!'5(e )o%ree ' *,"re $er $e  )o5'c"(-"rc" -eo#" %"!(" ("o ' -'o(" c'$e!" o-"(-o3 %er#o#e%r".

19

S'(" 6. Pr'!c') r"," (-"rc!o3 %er#o#e%r"

3. 4EZK9NTAKTN9 M
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%e#)er"%*r* ("o ' (o, )o(re%!'& o$e("%" %e o$e("%" )o, !")o!o# ' %e(o ,o%*)!'& #$e%". Ter#o#e%r' #$ere )o-r'!(* %e#)er"%*r* '$e,ee -',$'-e )o-r'!e ,"(e !e (ro4 !)r. %"(o. Ne(' #o,e' )o$e,*$* !e)ro#$e!$'- +"(%or e#''$e 9e)'o! +"(%or ,o( $e (o, ,r*3'& o-"$ +"(%or )o,e'- * o-'!o%' o #"%er'$"* #$er!o3 o$e(%" 9)")'r ,r-o #e%".... A(o e'%e #$er'%' -'o(o)o'r"!e #e%"!e )o-rX!e ("o !)r. c''!,r'5!e )o-r'!e o-' *re8"$' e #o3* (or'%'%' "#o 4" !",3e,"!$e %re!," %e#)er"%*re. M$ere!$e ")o*%!e %e#)er"%*re o-"(-'&  )o-r'!" )o#o* '!+r"cr-e!'& %er#o#e%er" !'$e #o3*e.

S'(" 7. Pr'#$e!" '!+r"cr-e!o3 %er#o#e%r"

3.2 9TIBKI IR9METAR  O)%'5(' )'ro#e%r' r",e !" )r'!c')* *)ore,e -$e%oe o$e (o$* ''$"-"o$e(% 5'$* %e#)er"%*r* #$er'#o ' -e%oe o$e *"re!e ("'r'r"!e !'%'5'$* %e#)er"%*r* 4!"#o.O ) % ' 5 ( '  *  % " -  " , r  ' + '  % e r ( o $ ' o 3 r " ! ' 5 " - " o  $ e %  $ ' - o  % ) o , r * 5 $ " )ro)*%e!'& -"!'& ,*$'!" * r")o!* 06?066 Y# 9%$. cr-e!o )o,r*5$e-',$'-o3 )e(%r". Dr*3' +'%er re,*c'r" '!%e!4'%e% -$e%o%'. @e,"! %"("-'!%r*#e!% #oe '#"%' 'ro( r")o! #$ere!$" %e#)er"%*r".O-"(-' )'ro#e%r' )o%o * o3r"!'5e!' !" -"!* ,*$'!* -$e%o%'

21

cr-e!o-',$ '-o3 )o,r*5$ " #o3* e *)o% re$ "-"%' 4" #$e re!$e %e#)er "%*reo  $e("%" (o$' * ,o-o$!o %o)' ," * *"re!' '' *'$"!'. O-o o3r"!'5e!$ee o,!o' !" ,o!$* 3r"!'c* %e#)er"%*re )r' (o$o$ * %' )'ro #e%r'*)o%re$'-'. Po$e,'!' o)%'5(' )'ro#e%r' '#"$* *3r"8e!o )o$"5 "  o -$e%o%' )ro#"%r"!o3 o$e(%" %o )*%" ,o!$* 3r"!'c* *)o%re$'-o%'!" !'' !'-o%e#)er"%*re. Ne,o%"%c' o-'& *re8"$" *: o$e%$'-o% 9(r&(o% 3o#"4!' * ' re"%'-!o (*)'

S'(" . O)%'5(' )'ro#e%"r 

10. 9SE4NI TERM9METRI 10.1 MAKSIMUM TERM9METAR  Ter#o#e%"r (o$' )o("4*$e !"$-'* %e#)er"%*r* ,oe3!*%* o, %re!*%(" ("," $e )o$e,!$' )*%  )o,ee!.To #oe '%' ' '-'! %er#o#e%"r (o$' $e )o%"-$e! &or'4o!%"!o. G"-!" ("r"(%er'%'("

22

o-e -r%e %er#o#e%"r" $e '!,e( (o$' e )o#$er" " r"%o# %e#)er"%*re "' )r' o)","!$* %e#)er"%*re o! e 4",r"-" !" !"$-'o$ 4"'$ee!o$ %e#)er"%*r'.

10.2 MINIMUM TERM9METAR  Ter#o#e%"r (o$' )o("4*$e !"$!'* %e#)er"%*r* )o%'3!*%* o, (", $e '!%r*#e!% )o$e,!$' )*% )o,ee!. S"%o$' e o, "(o&o" '' '5!o3 #e,'$" * %"(e!o$ c'$e-'. U #e,'$ $e *ro!$e! %"!(' %"(e!' %")  )o4!"% ("o '!,e( . ("," e %e(*c'!" )o#$er' !" !'e *$e, )"," %e#)er"%*re '!,e( e r*"-" #e8*%'# ("," %e#)er"%*r" r"%re #e,'$ or"!$" '!,e( ' ',e )re#" 3ore * c'$e- o%"-$"$*' '!,e( * !"$!'o$ ,oe3!*%o$ %"5('.

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10.3 SIX TERMOMETAR S' $e %er#o#e%"r (o$'# e #o3* #$er'%' #"('#"!e ' #'!'#"!e %e#)er"%*re )o%'3!*%e %'$e(o# -re#e!(o3 r"4,o$" o'5!o %'$e(o# $e,!o3 ,"!". To e o'5!o (or'%' 3,$e 3o, $e %o $e,!o%"-"! !"5'! $e )o%re!o 4" #$ere!$e E(%re#!e %e#)er"%*re !" #$e%* )r'#$er'ce * #e%eoroo3'$' ' &or%'(*%*re. T"(o8er $e )o4!"% ("o !"$-'e #'!'#"!o3 %er#o#e%r" o, (o$'& $e !"$%"r'$' )r"(%'5!','4"$! ' !"$5e' %') (or'%'.

23

To $e )r'#$er )r'$"-$'-"!$e %er#o#e%r" (o$' $e %er#o#e%"r (o$' -o,' e-',e!c'$* o %o#e 3,$e$e %e#)er"%*r" '" * )roo%'. To ,"$e %r' 5'%"!$": Tre!*%!" %e#)er"%*r" !"$-'" %e#)er"%*r" )o%'3!*% $er $e )o$e,!$'ree%'r" " !"$!'" %e#)er"%*r" ,o' *,*' ," $e  )o$e,!$' )*% ree%. To $e '4*#'o E!3e4 @"#e S' * 172 " !"4-"!" )o !$e#*.I%' o!o-!' ,'4"$! o%"$e * *)or"' ,"!".

10.& KAILARNI TERM9METAR  K")'"r!' %er#o#e%"r $e )o3o,"! 4" #$ere!$e %e#)er"%*r" !" %e(o )r'%*)"5!'# #$e%'#". Te#)er"%*r!o %'c"o 91 o'(" *)$o3 -"$(" ')*!$e!o $e '-o# ' 5e'5!o# (")'"ro# 92  )o-e4"!o " -'$e!o# '' )'r"!o# c'$e-' 9 9'(" II.2.. V'-" e 3r'$"!$e# 'r' ' !"%o$' '4r"-!"%' c'$e- )" e !$e! oo,!' (r"$ )o#'5e !")r'$e, " !$e3o-o )o#'c"!$e )re(o 4*)5"!o3 #e&"!'4#" *4ro(*$e )o#'c"!$e ("4"$(e '!%r*#e!%". A(o $e *#$e%o '-e * c'$e-' (")'"r' '

24

)re#!'(* c'$e- (")'"r" #oe '%' ,*3"5(" ,o 60#. K")'"r!' %er#o#e%r' !'* oo'%o %o5!' " -e'(* )r'#$e!* '#"$* * *)r"-$"!$* r",o# 3r'$"" -o,e 9o$er" ' * r"&",!o$ %e&!'c' 3,$e * "%"-* %er#o%"%" *)r"-$"$* 3r'$"!$e# ' &"8e!$e#.

S'(" 10. K")'"r!' %er#o#e%"r  ;ro$'" %o)'!(e e!er3'$e *3r"8*$* e * %"#e!e 43r",e  ce!%r"!o# )r')re#o# %o)e -o,e '  ce!%r"!'# 3r'$"!$e#. U%ro"( %o)'!(e e!er3'$e '4r"5*!"-" r"5*!"o !" %e#e$* )ro%o(" -o,e ' r"4'(e %e#)er"%*r" !" *"4 ' '4"4* '4 %"!". K"or'#e%"r e )o%"-$" !" )o-r"%!' -o,  $e,!o %e#)er"%*r!o %'c"o !" ,o"4!' " ,r*3o !" )o-r"%!' -o,.

11. MAN9METARSKI TERM9METAR  M"!o#e%"r(' %er#o#e%r' "4'r"$* -o$" r", !" 5'!$e!'c' ," * 4"%-ore!o$ )o*,' )o%)*!o ')*!$e!o$%e5!o* ,o"4' ,o )or"%" )r'%'(" " )or"%o# %e#)er"%*re. Pr'%'"( * )o*,'  )re%"-$" #$er* %e#)er"%*re%e5!o%' )" e ("o '!,'("%or' (or'%e r"4'5'%' )re%-"r"5' 4"

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#$ere!$e )r'%'(". N"$5e* )r'#$e!* !""4'#"!o#e%"r(' %er#o#e%"r !")*!$e! '-o# " ;*r,o!o-o# c'$e-' 5'$" $e ("" ("'r'"!" * $e,'!'c"#"%e#)er"%*re.

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12.& DINAMIBKE 6REFKE TERM9METRA O-e 3re(e e $"-"$* )r' #$ere!$* %e#)er"%*r" (o$e e #e!$"$* * %o(* -re#e!". %er#o#e%"r   e4 4"%'%!e oo3e '#" ,'!"#'5(* ("r"(%er'%'(* '%e#" )r-o3 re," " -re#e!(o# (o!%"!%o# (o$" $e )ro)orc'o!"!" %o)o%!o$ (")"c'%'-!o%' %er#o#e%r" ' o%)or* )re!o* %o)o%e '4#e8* +*'," ' %er#o#e%r" ,o( %er#o#e%"r " 4"%'%!o# oo3o# '#" ,'!"#'5(e ("r"(%er'%'(e )re-'e )r'3*e!o3 '%e#" ,r*3o3 re,". Ter#o#e%"r " 4"%'%!o# oo3o# e #oe %re%'r"%' ("o (o#'!"c'$" ,-" '%e#" )r-o3 re," 9oo3" ' %er#o#e%"r -e"!" !" re, " #e8*,e$%-o#. D'!"#'5(e 3re(e %er#o#e%r" e #o3* #"!$'%' #"!$e!$e# %o)o%!e (")"c'%'-!o%' %er#o#e%r" o,!o!o oo3e ' %er#o#e%r" ' )o-e"!$e# (oe+'c'$e!%" )re!o" %o)o%e %o e #oe )o%'' *3r",!$o# %er#o#e%r" !" #e%* !"$-ee %*r*e!c'$e.

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T"5!o% #$ere!$" %e#)er"%*re " !e('# %er#o#e%ro# !""4' e *3r"!'c"#" ,o)*%e!'& %oer"!c'$" "#o o!," "(o $e "# '!%r*#e!% ,oro)o,ee! ' "(o $e ')r"-!o )o%"-$e! !" #$er!o #$e%o.O,r"-"!$e ' (o!%ro" ee(%r'5!'& )o("4'-"5" 4"&%'$e-" )oe!* %r*5 !o% 'o)re#*. M!o3e %-or!'ce " )o3o%o-o #"!$' )o3o!' %o !'* * %"!$*. O'#(o!%roe '!%r*#e!"%" * *5"$* !e%"5!o3 )o("4'-"!$" )o%re!o $e -r'%' '("'r'r"!$e %er#o#e%r". Po, ("'r'r"!$e# e )o,r"4*#$e-" )o,e"-"!$e'!%r*#e!%" ," ' !$e3o-o )o("4'-"!$e 'o %"5 !o.A(o $e '!%r*#e!% ')r"-!o )o%"-$e! (o!%ro" e #oe !"$5ee -r'%' ' *)o3o!*  )er'o,'5!o# (o!%roo# ee(%r'5!o3 o%)or" -o,'5". Po("4'-" 5ee(%r'5!'& %er#o!")o!('& %er#o#e%"r" #o3* e (o!%ro'r"%' ,o-o8 e!$e#o,re8e!'& !")o!" ' *)ore8*$*' )o("4'-"!$e '!%r*#e!%"  %"' !'#-r'$e,!o%'#" %er#o!")o!" 4" o,re8e!' %er#o)"r. S"# %e&!oo(' )roce)o!e(", #oe *("4"%' !" !e%"5!o% #$ere!$" %e#)er"%*re. N" -eo#"-"!'# #$e%'#" e )o%"-$"$* 2 %er#o#e%r" r"4'5'%e '4-e,e.U *5"$e-'#" ("," )o%o$' o)r"-,"!" *#!$" * ')r"-!o% %er#o#e%r"#or" e -r'%' (o!%ro" %er#o#e%"r". N"(o! 4"(o!(' )ro)'"!3 ro("%er#o#e%r' e #or"$* ("'r'r"%' * 4" %o o-"%e!'# ("'r"c'o!'# '' ')'%!'#"or"%or'$"#".

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U o-o# e#'!"r(o# r",* "!"'4'r"!' * r"4!' #$er!' *re8"$' %e#)er"%*re (o$' e %e#e$e !" r"4!'# +'4'("!'# 4"(o!'#" (o$' -","$* * )r'ro,'.  N")re,o-"!$e# %e&!'(e *("4*$e e )o%re" 4" r"4-o$ '!%r*#e!"%" 4" #$ere!$e %e#)er"%*re %"(o ," -"('# ,"!o# %e'#o ,o "-re!%-" * #$ere!$* ("o ' )o-e5"!$* ("e 4" #$ere!$e. Z" 'r4",* (-"'%e%!o3 #$ere5" )o%re!o $e "#o o$e%'o ' (o) (o$' e '4#$er'%' e$e!* -e'5'!* !" ,'3'%"!o# #$er!o# '!%r*#e!%*.

1+.LITERATURAG

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