Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag ? [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
Dhbag pmstuho ho bxastbg`ao cb ug Qm cbscb bh go`alabgtm , `opoz cb pbr`akar ogjustao, cbsorrmhhor pralorams lb`ogaslms cb cbfbgso y bstokhb`br rbho`amgbs cb mknbtm cbscb bh `mlabgzm cb ho vaco laslo. Lmcbhm cb Oporotm Ysìqua`m
Hos bxpbrabg`aos tblprogos cb jrotafa`o`aðg y frustro`aðg cbsblpbÿog ug popbh `bgtroh bg ho cagïla`o agtbrgo cbh gaÿm, gm pmr `mlm smg hms bstìluhms bg sì laslms sagm pmr ho logbro, `mgstatu`amgohlbgtb `mgstatu`amgohlbgtb `mgca`amgoco, bg qub bh gaÿm hos bhokmro. Yoro Dhbag, Dhbag, cbscb bh go`alabgtm bxastbg> Cms puhsamgbs kïsa`os, ho cb vaco y lubrtb, qub prmvm`og ogsabcocbs tblprogos cb cafbrbgtbs `uohacocbs. Ho puhsaðg kïsa`o, cb vaco, bstï coco pmr ho ebrbg`ao fahmjbgáta`o qub rblblmro ho agfhubg`ao cbh pocrb cb ho emrco pralatavm, bh qub jmzo cb tmcm. Ho cbstru``aðg y bh socaslm bstïg cocms pmr ho agfhubg`ao cb bstb supbrym or`oa`m qub mkhajo alpbrotavolbgtb oh gaÿm o vavar. Bsto fubrzo bgárja`o qub so`ucb, ‘puhsaðg cb cbstru``aðg“, cb bsto fmrlo sb okrarï posm puhsamgbs por`aohbs, mrohbs, ogohbs y urbtrohbs. Bh socaslm tabgb ugo alpmrtog`ao `mgsacbrokhb oh `mlabgzm cb ho `mgstatu`aðg cbh ym, jro`aos o áh, bh gaÿm pubcb vavar> ‘jmzo cb ho vaco kbkabgcm tu hb`eb4 lubrcb, cbvmro, oto`o sa gm bstïs sotasfb`em. Q pmg otbg`aðg pubs hm qub tu oto`os vo o oto`ortb o su vbz4 oqubhhm qub quabrbs tb mcaorï“
Hos puhsamgbs cbstru`tmros, gm sbrïg olmrtajuocos eosto ho casmhu`aðg cbh Bcapm `uogcm bh gaÿm eoyo rbgug`aocm o su locrb. Bxastbg cbfbgsos pralatavos frbgtb o ogsabcocbs tolkaág pralatavos y cbfbgsos ocoptotavos m bvmhu`amgocos bg ho sajuabgtb sb`ubg`ao> Opora`aðg cb lb`ogaslms bsquazmacbs > bs`asaðg, casm`ao`aðg, acbohazo`aðg, gbjo`aðg, `mgtrmh mlgapmtbgtb, Acbgtafa`o`aðg Yrmyb`tavo, prmyb``aðg b agtrmyb``aðg sbjuacms cb bvmhu`aðg gmrloh lb`ogaslms logao`ms y mksbsavms `mrrbspmgcabgtbs `mrrbspmgcabgtbs o ho bgtroco o ho fosb cbprbsavo. Ho rbsmhu`aðg ocb`uoco cb `oco btopo eorï blbrjbr lb`ogaslms gburðta`ms `mlm ho ageaka`aðg, cbsphozolabgtm, rbprbsaðg y ho opora`aðg cb lb`ogaslms lïs ovogzocms `mlm ho sukhalo`aðg. Bstms ospb`tms cb ho vaco psìqua`o sb mrjogazog bg cms tapms cb bstru`turos> pmsa`amgbs, hos `uohbs smg su`bsavos y `oro`tbrazog blm`amgohlbgtb ho vaco cbh kbká y `mgfajurog hos lmcohacocbs cb psìqua`os cbh sbr eulogm o hm horjm cb ho vaco. Pb utahazo bh `mg`bptm cb pmsa`aðg, cbsto`ogcm qub bstb fbgðlbgm gm bs salphblbgtb ugo fosb m btopo trogsatmrao, sagm qub pbrsastb o hm horjm cb tmco ho vaco.
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag ; [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
YMPA@AÐG BP_RA^MYO[OGMACB Pb cbfagb pmr> •
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[bho`amgbs cb mknbtm por`aoh. Ogsabcoc prbcmlagogtb> pbrsb`utmrao, prmvbgabgtbs cb ho o``aðg agtbrgo cb ho puhsaðg cb lubrtb, bh go`alabgtm, vavbg`aocm `mlm ug troulo y ho vaco pmst gotoh. Lb`ogaslms cb cbfbgso prbcmlagogtbs> bs`asaðg, prmyb``aðg b agtrmyb``aðg. ‘Oh `mlabgzm bro bh pb`em. Bh sunbtm bro bh pb`em, bh sunbtm gm vavb sagm pmr bh pb`em, sabgcm
bh pb`em, pbrm bh kbká `mrrb bh rabsjm cb sbr ogaquahocm pmr bh pb`em, m `uogcm bh pb`em gm bstï prbsbgtb, `mlm sunbtm cbsoporb`b“. ‘Bs ug bstocm cb ogjustao bxtrblo, pralatavo, qub bs sbgtaco `mlm bh labcm cb sbr ogaquahocm y qub tmlo fmrlo cb labcm cb pbrsb`u`aðg“. •
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Bh sunbtm, bh pralbr Qm m Qm pralatavm rbo``amgo, su fug`aðg prag`apoh bs oclagastror bsto ogjustao bsbg`aoh bs`agcabgcm oh mknbtm. Ho cbfbgso pralmrcaoh bg bh sastblo Dhbgaogm bs ho Bs`asaðg> Bh pb`em bg togtm mknbtm pralmrcaoh vo o sbr bs`agcacm bg ug pb`em kubgm y bg ug pb`em lohm, m kabg bg ug mknbtm kubgm qub bh sunbtm pmsbb y bg ugm lohm qub bstï ousbgtb. Ho ogsabcoc prbcmlagogtb bs ho pbrsb`utmrao> ‘bh pbhajrm qub `mrrb bh ym frbgtb o hms otoqubs qub smg otrakuacms oh mknbtm“
Yrmyb``aðg Ymr lbcam cb ho prmyb``aðg sb otrakuyb ospb`tms cbstru`tavms oh mknbtm bxtbrgm, poro hakrorsb cb ho sbgso`aðg cb ogaquaholabgtm m pbrsb`u`aðg agtbrgo, yo qub rbsuhto lïs fï`ah cbfbgcbrsb cb ‘otoqubs“ bxtbrgms qub cb oqubhhms qub prmvabgbg cbh agtbramr. Bgtmg`bs bh mknbtm bxtbrgm ocquabrb `oro`tbrìsta`os cb lohcoc, hos `uohbs vbea`uhazog fogtosìos prmpaos cb ho btopo mroh (`ogakohìsta`os). Bh mknbtm sðhm bs lohm, bs ug mknbtm por`aoh pmr tbgbr ugo smho `uohacoc blm`amgoh y ocblïs bs por`aoh pmrqub fìsa`olbgtb bs ugo portb cbh tmcm qub `mgstatuyb ho locrb. Bsto por`aohacoc cbh mknbtm sb o`mlpoÿo cb ugo por`aohazo`aðg cbh ym cbh gaÿm pmrqub bs sðhm ugo portb cbh ym ho qub mcao y tblb o bsb mknbtm por`aoh qub cbgmlago pb`em lohm. Paluhtïgbolbgtb o`tþo bg bh Qm ho puhsaðg cb vaco, qub sb bxprbso o trovás cb sbgtalabgtms cb olmr eo`ao bh mknbtm bxtbrgm. Pb hb otrakuybg `oro`tbrìsta`os cb `uacocm, prmtb``aðg, cb prmvbbcmr qub sotasfo`b hos gb`bsacocbs cbh kbká. Bstb mknbtm smkrb bh `uoh sb prmyb`tog hos fogtosìos gm bs rb`mgm`acm pmr bh kbká `mlm bh laslm qub frustro. Bh mknbtm kubgm tolkaág bs ug mknbtm por`aoh. Yor`aoh pmrqub tabgb ugo smho `uohacoc> ho kmgcoc y pmrqub bs ugo portb cbh tmcm cb ho locrb. Bsto por`aohacoc cbh mknbtm sb o`mlpoÿo cb
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag 0 [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
ugo por`aohazo`aðg cbh ym cbh gaÿm pmrqub bs sðhm ugo portb cbh ym ho qub olo y bspbro jrotafa`o`aðg cb bsb mknbtm por`aoh qub cbgmlago pb`em kubgm. Agtrmyb``aðg Bh ym alphblbgto bh lb`ogaslm cb agtrmyb``aðg bg fmrlo porohbho oh cb prmyb``aðg. Pb agtrmyb`tog alojms fogtosbocms cb hms mknbtms bxtbrgms, lmcafa`ocms pmr hos blm`amgbs prmyb`tocos bg hms laslms, `mgstatuyágcmsb mknbtms agtbrgms ‘kubgms“ y ‘lohms“. Ho agtrmyb``aðg cb ug mknbtm pbrsbjuacmr bstï bg `abrto lbcaco cbtbrlagoco pmr ho prmyb``aðg cb ugo puhsaðg cbstru`tavo bg bh mknbtm. Solkaág sb prmyb`tog sbgtalabgtms cb olmr y bstm sb `mgstatuyb bg `mgca`aðg cb eohhozjm cb ug mknbtm kubgm. Ho agtrmyb``aðg cb ug mknbtm kubgm bstaluho ho prmyb``aðg cb sbgtalabgtms kubgms eo`ao bh bxtbramr y bstm o su vbz pmr agtrmyb``aðg, fmrtohb`b bh sbgtalabgtm cb pmsbbr ug mknbtm agtbrgm kubgm Ho fosb bsquazmporogmacb bstï cmlagoco pmr bh socaslm. Hos puhsamgbs sïca`os mrohbs, ogohbs y urbtrohbs sb rbþgbg poro ocubÿorsb cbh pb`em, bh gaÿm sb eohho konm bh tblmr cb ho vbgjogzo, bstï smlbtacm o sbgtalabgtms y fogtoslos cb pbrsb`u`aðg.
Mtrms lb`ogaslms cb ho fosb bsquazmporogmacb
@mg ho fagohacoc cb `mgtrorrbstor ho ogsabcoc pbrsb`utmrao y logtbgbr o sohvm cb ho laslo o hms mknbtms kubgms agtbrgms y bxtbrgms> Casm`ao`aðg> Bh lb`ogaslm pmr bh `uoh bh ym y ugo mknbtm þga`m smg cavacacms
fogtoslïta`olbgtb bg cms. Ho cavasaðg cbh mknbtm sb bstokhb`b bg fug`aðg cb hos `oro`tbrìsta`os acbohazocos y pbrsb`utmraos, bg `mrrbspmgcbg`ao `mg ugo cavasaðg `mg`mlatogtb cbh ym, bstru`turïgcmsb cb bsto logbro, cms vìg`uhms saluhtïgbms. Bsto cavasaðg cbh mknbtm y cbh ym, `mrrbspmgcb o ug lb`ogaslm praloram, sag blkorjm, alpha`o ug `abrtm jrocm cb mrjogazo`aðg cb ho rbohacoc `oðta`o cbh `mlabgzm cb ho vaco, bg togtm pbrlatb oashor y sbporor cms tapms cb bxpbrabg`aos, qub su`bcbg cb fmrlo ohtbrgoco. O cafbrbg`ao cb ho bs`asaðg, ho casm`ao`aðg tmlo `oro`tbrìsta`os lbgms rìjacos, bg `uogtm oh jrocm cb castog`ao bgtrb hm acbohazocm y hm pbrsb`utmram, fovmrb`abgcm ho sìgtbsas cbprbsavo. Hms lb`ogaslms cb casm`ao`aðg pubcbg fro`osor curogtb ho bvmhu`aðg pmr ho agtbgsacoc cb ho bgvacao, ho ojrbsaðg y pmr ho loho rbho`aðg `mgtagbgtb cb lugcm bxtbrgm4 bg toh `osm smg rblphozocms pmr lb`ogaslms cb cbfbgso cb sphattagj losavms y cb acbgtafa`o`aðg prmyb`tavo bx`bsavo, hms `uohbs hhbvog o ho cbsagtbjro`aðg cbh Qm `mlm lbcaco cbfbgsavo. @mgtrmh mlgapmtbgtb> @mgtrmh smkrb hms mknbtms agtbrgms y bxtbrgms qub pmsakahato
logtbgbr sufa`abgtblbgtb sbporocms oh pb`em kubgm cbh lohm, togtm agtbrgm `mlm bxtbrgm. Fogtosìo cb `mgtrmhor oh mknbtm, gbjogcm bh tblmr o ho sbporo`aðg y ho cbpbgcbg`ao, fovmrb`abgcm
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag 3 [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
hos fogtosìos cb rbporo`aðg mlgapmtbgtb cbh mknbtm. Alpha`o ugo halato`aðg poro bh ym, yo qub halto su `opo`acoc cb `mgm`alabgtm. Sogtm bh `mgtrmh mlgapmtbgtb `mlm ho gbjo`aðg, smg lb`ogaslms pralatavms qub rbspmgcbg o ho alpmtbg`ao cbh ym frbgtb o sus alpuhsms cbstru`tavms, y o bstms alpuhsms prmyb`tocms bg bh mknbtm. Gbjo`aðg> Ybrlatb mkvaor ho lohcoc cbh mknbtm, ogaquahogcm oh mknbtm qub frustro> Yb`em lohm. Sabgb pmr fagohacoc, gm vbr oqubhhms ospb`tms cbh ym m cbh mknbtm qub otbrrmrazog, y rbspmgcb
o ho fogtosìo cb qub ‘oqubhhm qub gm sb vb, gm bxastb“ y pmr togtm gm alpha`o pbhajrm. Bsto cbfbgso pubcb sbr ocoptotavo bg satuo`amgbs cb `rasas m blbrjbg`ao, cmgcb bh phbgm rb`mgm`alabgtm cb hm qub su`bcb sbrìo porohazogtb bg bsb lmlbgtm. Acbohazo`aðg> Bxojbro ho kmgcoc cbh mknbtm kubgm `mg bh fag cb sohvojuorcorhm cb ho lohcoc
cbh mknbtm lohm. Bh mknbtm kubgm bs trogsfmrlocm bg mknbtm acboh> ug mknbtm agojmtokhb bg su `opo`acoc cb kmgcoc y cb `opo`acoc cb gutrar hms cbsbms cbh kbká. Solkaág sb prmcu`b ho acbohazo`aðg bh pb`em lohm trogsfmrlïgcmhm bg pb`em pbrsbjuacmr qub frustro. Bstb lb`ogaslm sb vag`uho o ho gbjo`aðg lïja`o mlgapmtbgtb (@oro`tbrìsta`os agcbsbokhbs cbh mknbtm smg gbjocos, labgtros saluhtïgbolbgtb bstï rb`ukabrtm bg kmgcoc). Eoy qub cafbrbg`aor mknbtm kubgm cb mknbtm acbohazocm. Bh mknbtm acbohazocm, ocvabrtb Dhbag, sb bg`ubgtro lbgms agtbjrocm bg bh ym, pubstm qub prmvabgb cb ho ogjustao pbrsb`utmrao y gm togtm cb ho `opo`acoc poro olor. Bstm sb cblubstro bg qub bh mknbtm acbohazocm `mg frb`ubg`ao bs pbr`akacm `mlm ug pbrsbjuacmr. Bh lmgtm cb acbohazo`aðg sb bg`ubgtro bg carb`to rbho`aðg `mg bh lmgtm cb pbrsb`u`aðg frbgtb oh mknbtm. Bstb lb`ogaslm tolkaág fmrlo portb cb hos cbfbgsos logao`os bg ho pmsa`aðg cbprbsavo (latajogcm bg toh `osm ho ogsabcoc cbprbsavo), ocnuca`ogcm o su vbz oh mknbtm, ugo jrog raqubzo cb `mgtbgacm y ugo jrog `opo`acoc rbporotmrao, bgtmg`bs, sa bh mknbtm bs pbrfb`tm y hm pmsbb tmcm, gm bstï cbstruacm, gm pubcb oto`or oh ym (ogsabcoc pbrsb`utmrao), ga bh ym sb cbkb prbm`upor pmr rbpororhm (ogsabcoc cbprbsavo). Cbgtrm cb ho tbmrìo dhbagaogo, ho acbohazo`aðg bs prb`ursmro cb kubgos rbho`amgbs mknbtm. Rgo acbohazo`aðg bxtrblo, sag blkorjm, troko ho rbho`aðg b½`mg bh mknbtm rboh, yo qub gm bxastbg mknbtms acbohbs sagm acbohazocms. Rg `abrtm lmgtm cb acbohazo`aðg sb logtabgb bg ho vaco ocuhto (bgolmrolabgtm, acbohbs cb vaco, bt`). Acbgtafa`o`aðg Yrmyb`tavo> Ho AY bs ug lb`ogaslm pmr lbcam cbh `uoh bh Qm cbpmsato ug
ospb`tm por`aoh cb sì laslm bg bh mknbtm, acbgtafa`ïgcmsb hubjm `mg áh. Osì bh mknbtm bxtbrgm sb trogsfmrlo bg ugo bxtbgsaðg cb sì. Bstb tapm cb cbfbgso `rbo `mgfusaðg bgtrb bh ym y bh mtrm. Dhbag rbfabrb qub bstb lb`ogaslm gm bstï prbsbgtb cb logbro gmrloh sagm bg hms ho`togtbs, `mlm vbstajams cb hos ogjustaos y cb hms lb`ogaslms bsquazmporogmacbs y cbsoporb`bg oh `mlabgzm cbh sbjugcm oÿm.
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag 2 [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
O lbcaco qub ho agtrmyb``aðg y ho prmyb``aðg pbrlatbg bh cbsphozolabgtm cb mknbtm bg mknbtm, hos alïjbgbs agtbramrazocos sb o`br`og `oco vbz lïs bstrb`eolbgtb o ho rbohacoc y ho acbgtafa`o`aðg cbh ym `mg hms kubgms mknbtms sb eo`b lïs `mlphbto Bsto bvmhu`aðg alpha`o ug `olkam cb jrog alpmrtog`ao> cb ugo rbho`aðg `mg mknbtms por`aohbs y casyugtms bh sunbtm poso o ugo rbho`aðg `mg ug mknbtm tmtoh y p rbvohb`abgtb> ‘ho locrb `mlm ugo tmtohacoc“
Bg ho fosb bsquazmporogmacb sb prmcu`bg bstms lmlbgtms cb agtbjro`aðg togtm cbh ym `mlm cb hms mknbtms pmr krbvbs pbramcms. Bg ugo bvmhu`aðg sohucokhb bsto agtbjro`aðg tabgcb o logtbgbrsb, y oprmxalocolbgtb o hms 3 lbsbs, bh oporotm psìqua`m vo cbsorrmhhogcm y ocquarabgcm ugo gubvo `mgfajuro`aðg> ho pmsa`aðg cbprbsavo.
YMPA@AÐG CBY[BPAVO (3-6 lbsbs) Pb cbfagb pmr>
[bho`amgbs cb mknbtm tmtoh Ogsabcoc prbcmlagogtb> cbprbsavo Lb`ogaslms cb cbfbgso> cbfbgsos logìo`os y rbporo`aðg
[b`mgm`alabgtm cb ho locrb `mlm mknbtm tmtoh Pa prbcmlagog hos bxpbrabg`aos cb jrotafa`o`aðg, (pb`em kubgm), sb eo`bg potbgtbs tolkaág hos tbgcbg`aos o ho agtbjro`aðg, qub bstïg prbsbgtbs sbjþg Dhbag cbscb bh `mlabgzm cb ho vaco (ugo logafbsto`aðg cb ho puhsaðg cb vaco). Bstos tbgcbg`aos o ho agtbjro`aðg, `mg`mlatogtblbgtb `mg ho locuro`aðg psa`mfasamhðja`o cb hos `opo`acocbs pbr`bptavos y `mjgatavos cbh Qm, prbporog bh `olagm o ho sìgtbsas b agtbjro`aðg cb hms mknbtms por`aohbs. Bh rb`mgm`alabgtm cb ho locrb `mlm mknbtm tmtoh, agcbpbgcabgtb cb sì, o `mgsb`ubg`ao cbh prbcmlagam cb ho agtbjro`aðg, alpha`o o`bptor qub bhho bs ug agcavacum `mg ugo vaco prmpao, y qub tabgb rbho`amgbs `mg mtros pbrsmgos qub gm smg bh kbká. Bstb rb`mgm`alabgtm alpha`o ho pbr`bp`aðg cb qub bh laslm mknbtm bs o ho vbz ho fubgtb cb hm kubgm (ho jrotafa`o`aðg) y cb hm lohm (ho frustro`aðg m ho pravo`aðg).
@mg`mlatogtblbgtb, bh Qm (cbh kbká) sb trogsfmrlo bg ug Qm tmtoh, qub ag`huyb sus ospb`tms kubgms y lohms, sus puhsamgbs hakacagohbs y ojrbsavos. Bstm `mgcu`b oh bstokhb`alabgtm cb ugo gubvo pmsa`aðg bg bh oporotm psìqua`m> ho pmsa`aðg cbprbsavo. "Bh rb`mgm`alabgtm cb ho locrb `mlm mknbtm tmtoh lor`o bh `mlabgzm cb ho pmsa`aðg cbprbsavo, `oro`tbrazoco pmr ho rbho`aðg `mg mknbtms tmtohbs, y pmr bh prbcmlagam cb agtbjro`aðg, olkavohbg`ao, ogsabcoc cbprbsavo y `uhpo" (Pbjoh, ?163).
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag 6 [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
[b`mgm`alabgtm cbh kbká `mlm mknbtm tmtoh Alpha`o tolkaág bg bh kbká, pbr`akarsb o sì laslm `mlm agcavacum þga`m, sbporocm cb ho locrb. Bsto bs ho fubgtb cb sbgso`amgbs cb cbsolporm y `bhms, togtm `mlm cbh tblmr o pbrcbr bh olmr cb ho locrb. Bh kbká sabgtb bgtmg`bs olkavohbg`ao rbspb`tm cb ásto (ho locrb), pubs oemro ho pbr`akb `mlm ho fubgtb, gm sðhm cb sus jrotafa`o`amgbs, sagm tolkaág cb sus frustro`amgbs. Ymr bhhm ho ogsabcoc prmpao cb bsto pmsa`aðg ( ogsabcoc cbprbsavo) rbsuhto cbh tblmr o qub hms prmpams alpuhsms cbstru`tavms, ogtbs carajacms o ug fogtïsta`m "mknbtm lohm" castagtm cb ho locrb, coÿbg oemro oh mknbtm cbh `uoh sb cbpbgcb tmtohlbgtb. Ho ogsabcoc cbprbsavo @uogcm bh kbká sb vb bxpubstm o satuo`amgbs cb pravo`aðg, sabgtb alpuhsms ojrbsavms eo`ao ho laslo locrb o quabg oemro rb`mgm`b `mlm ho fubgtb cb ho jrotafa`o`aðg. Bh kbká sabgtb fogtïsta`olbgtb qub ca`ems alpuhsms smg `opo`bs cb coÿorho. Bsto satuo`aðg prmcu`b ogsabcoc cbprbsavo y `uhpo, cms tìpa`ms sbgtalabgtms cb bstb pbrìmcm. Ho cbstru`tavacoc puhsamgoh cbkb bgtmg`bs sbr bgfrbgtoco pmr gubvms lb`ogaslms cb cbfbgso, castagtms cb ho bs`asaðg y ho prmyb``aðg. Osì, poro Dhbag, ho prbm`upo`aðg pmr ho agtbjracoc cbh mknbtm bs ho qub `olkao hms fagbs puhsamgohbs. Ca`b Pbjoh> "Bh `mgfha`tm cbprbsavm bs ugo hu`eo `mgtro ho cbstru`tavacoc cbh kbká, y sus alpuhsms olmrmsms y rbporotmrams".
Cbfbgsos logao`os (Mroh) Pb cbsorrmhhog `mlm cbfbgso `mgtro ho bxpbrabg`ao cb ogsabcoc cbprbsavo, `uhpo y párcaco. Ag`huyb lb`ogaslms qub yo sb pusabrmg cb logafabstm curogtb ho btopo bsquazm-porogmacb (casm`ao`aðg b acbohazo`aðg, gbjo`aðg y `mgtrmh mlgapmtbgtb), pbrm curogtb ho btopo cbprbsavo ocquabrbg `oro`tbrìsta`os bspb`aohbs. Bg bh pralbr `osm bstokog carajacos o alpbcar ug otoqub ogaquahogtb oh ym4 oemro tabgbg `mlm fagohacoc cbfbgcbr oh mknbtm cb hms otoqubs olkavohbgtbs cbh ym, y o ástb cb hos ogsabcocbs y cb ho `uhpo cbprbsavos. Hos CL sb carajbg o bvator y gbjor ho `mgfha`tavo cbprbsavo euybgcm eo`ao
bh lugcm bxtbramr, y gbjogcm, bvatogcm m agvartabgcm ho cbpbgcbg`ao cbh mknbtm, ho olkavohbg`ao, ho prbm`upo`aðg y ho `uhpo. Bh kbká hmjro ugo gubvo rbho`aðg `mg ho rbohacoc cbs`ukrabgcm togtm su cbpbgcbg`ao cb ho locrb, o ho `uoh tblb eokbr pbrcacm pmr su ojrbsaðg, `mlm bh vohmr qub bhho tabgb poro áh y ho olkavohbg`ao qub prbsbgto, bgtrb cbsbms ojrbsavms cb cbstruarho, y sus sbgtalabgtms cb gb`bsacoc y cb prbsbrvorho. Cbkacm o bstm surjbg agtbgsms sbgtalabgtms cb `uhpo cbprbsavo. Hos CL smg ug
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag : [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
agtbgtm cb bvator bh prm`bsm cb agtbgsm cmhmr y sufralabgtm psìqua`m, qub bstms cbs`ukralabgtms alpha`og.
@mgtrmh mlgapmtbgtb> Bg bsto pmsa`aðg, bh `mgtrmh mlgapmtbgtb, sb prbsbgto `mg fogtosìos cb
`mgtrmh y cmlagam cb hms mknbtms, `mg bh fag cb gbjor ho cbpbgcbg`ao cbh mknbtm, bh labcm o sbr okogcmgocm y ho blbrjbg`ao cb ojrbsaðg pmr bstb okogcmgm. Ymr mtrm hocm, sotasfo`b ho fogtosìo cb rbporo`aðg tmtoh cbh mknbtm, lbcaogtb ug ym qub tabgb pmcbrbs lïja`ms cb rb`mgstru``aðg. Rgo `oro`tbrìsta`o bspb`aoh cb ho CL bs ho acbgtafa`o`aðg cbh ym `mg bh mknbtm acbohazocm. Alpha`o bgtmg`bs ho utahazo`aðg cb lb`ogaslms cb acbgtafa`o`aðg prmyb`tavo> hos `oro`tbrìsta`os prmyb`tocos smg hos cb ug "gb`bsatocm" y "eolkrabgtm", labgtros qub hos `oro`tbrìsta`os osulacos pmr bh Qm smg hos cb ug "pb`em hhbgm", "gutra`am", qub sb outmokostb`b". Acbohazo`aðg> Sabgcb o gbjor ho fogtosìo cb cbstru``aðg cbh mknbtm, mtmrjïgcmhb agvuhgbrokahacoc.
Rg mknbtm gm coÿocm ga lmrakugcm, bvato togtm bh tblmr o ho pbrsb`u`aðg `mlm bh sufralabgtm psìqua`m (cubhm). Gbjo`aðg> Sabgcbg o cbs`mgm`br ho rbohacoc psìqua`o (bh `mgm`alabgtm ocquaracm `mg rbspb`tm o ho
ojrbsaðg, ho vohmro`aðg cbh mknbtm y bh tblmr o oto`orhm) y hos portbs cb ho rbohacoc bxtbrgo, o`mrcbs o sus `mgfha`tms (gbjo`aðg cbh okogcmgm, cb satuo`amgbs qub prmcu`bg frustro`aðg y trastbzo, bh labcm oh ohbnolabgtm cb ho locrb rboh, bt`). Casm`ao`aðg> Bvator bh cmhmr qub ho olkavohbg`ao prmcu`b (olor y mcaor oh laslm mknbtm). Acbgtafa`o`aðg cbh ym `mg bh mknbtm acbohazocm> Bh ym sb fusamgo y `mgfugcb bstb mknbtm por`aoh,
mlgapmtbgtb, hhbgm cb vaco, cb pmcbr y ohalbgtm, sb agfho pmr ho fogtosìo cb eokbr cbvmrocm oh mknbtm acbohazocm. Ymr togtm hos `oro`tbrìsta`os sufrabgtbs, gb`bsatocos y cbpbgcabgtbs cbh prmpam Qm, smg cbpmsatocos bg mknbtms bxtbrgms, labgtros qub bh ym osulb hos `oro`tbrìsta`os acbohazocos.
Cbfbgsos cb `mgtrmh mksbsavm (Ogoh rbtbgtavm) Ho vavbg`ao cbh coÿm agfhajacm oh mknbtm, y ho `uhpo y cmhmr pmr eokbrhm cbstruacm, trobg `mlm `mgsb`ubg`ao ho ageaka`aðg y `mgtrmh cb ho ojrbsaðg. @mg ho fagohacoc cb prbsbrvor oh sunbtm cb ho prmpao ojrbsaðg y oh ym cbh sufralabgtm cb o`bptor ho prmpao olkavohbg`ao. Oh `mlabgzm cb ho satuo`aðg cbprbsavo, bh mknbtm gm pubcb sbr rbporocm, yo qub bh lmgtm cb aro sajub sabgcm luy agtbgsm, bh coÿm gm pubcb sbjuar sabgcm gbjocm logao`olbgtb bg fmrlo tmtoh, cbkacm o qub yo eo hmjrocm ho sufa`abgtb agtbjro`aðg y eo pbr`akacm bh coÿm. [ozðg pmr ho `uoh ugo gubvo pmsakahacoc cb prmtb``aðg y `uacocm cbh mknbtm, bs prbsbrvorhm cb gubvms otoqubs, `mgtrmhogcm bh vìg`uhm emstah `mg bh mknbtm.
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag 5 [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
Lor`og ho pmsakahacoc cb rbtbgbr y `mgtbgbr hms alpuhsms y sbgtalabgtms (Ogoh rbtbgtavm) pbrlatabgcm qub sb bstokhbz`og hms hìlatbs cbh ym (cas`ralago`aðg cb ocbgtrm ‐ ofubro, ym ‐ mknbtm bxtbrgm, ym ‐ mknbtm agtbrgm), cbsorrmhhogcm su nua`am cb rbohacoc. Oasholabgtm> @mgsastb bg ugo casm`ao`aðg pralorao bgtrb vìg`uhms cb olmr y vìg`uhms ojrbsavms.
Sabgcb o bvator qub olkos portbs casm`aocos sb ugog bg ho fogtosìo m bg ho rbohacoc, cbkacm o qub bsto ugaðg sajgafa`orìo ho cbsmrjogazo`aðg cbh ym, fogtosboco `mlm `oms m hm`uro. Bsto gb`bsacoc cb logtbgbr hms porbs sbporocms, `rbo ho gb`bsacoc cb tbgbr ugo castog`ao bxtrblo rbspb`tm cbh lugcm bxtbrgm. Yubcb sbr ocoptotavm sa su usm bs agstrulbgtoh (oashor ho ogjustao bg ugo satuo`aðg cb bstrás, bg ho `uoh sb gb`bsato cb ugo `mgcu`to o`tavo y bfa`oz). Bstm alpha`o ug lor`ocm ohbnolabgtm ofb`tavm, ugacm o fogtosìos cb `mgtrmh lïja`m mlgapmtbgtb cbh mknbtm. Oguho`aðg> Pb opmyo bg hms lb`ogaslms cb casm`ao`aðg, y oh ajuoh qub hms cblïs lb`ogaslms
mksbsavms, `mgtrmho bh vìg`uhm ofb`tavm `mg bh mknbtm. Opbho o ugo fogtosìo lïja`m-mlgapmtbgtb luy agtbgso, `uym `mgtbgacm eo`b rbfbrbg`ao o qub ugo fogtosìo kubgo m ug o`tm kubgm, pubcbg kmrror, oguhor, mtro fogtosìo prbvao ojrbsavo. Bstb lb`ogaslm cb cbfbgso bvato ho agtbjro`aðg cbprbsavo cbh mknbtm y rbfubrzo ho casm`ao`aðg, rozðg pmr ho `uoh `mrrbspmgcb o ug gavbh pralatavm, kosocm bg ho mlgapmtbg`ao, lojao cbh pbgsolabgtm y cb ho o``aðg. Fmrlo`aðg rbo`tavo> [bspmgcb o ho gb`bsacoc cb logtbgbr ho casm`ao`aðg bgtrb bh vìg`uhm cb olmr
y bh vìg`uhm ojrbsavm, bstokhb`acm `mg bh mknbtm, rbfmrzogcm bh pralbrm y logtbgabgcm konm `mgtrmh bh sbjugcm. Bg ho bvmhu`aðg, fovmrb`b bh bstokhb`alabgtm cb hìlatbs y ho lmcafa`o`aðg cb lb`ogaslms bxpuhsavms cb otoqub, sukyo`bg sag blkorjm, ogsabcocbs pbrsb`utmraos (tblmr cb bghmqub`br, sbr bghmqub`acm, cbsmrjogazorsb, bt`). Hos F[ ocoptotavos, pbrlatbg onustb o emrorams, `brblmgaos, trokonm, bt`, qub pmr mpmgbrsb oh prag`apam cbh pho`br, pmcrìog sajgafa`or rbkbhcìo.
[bjrbsaðg> Pb rbfabrb o ho rbo`tuohazo`aðg cb vìg`uhms mknbtohbs, hms `uohbs `mrrbspmgcbg o
lmlbgtms bvmhutavms yo supbrocms bg bh cbsorrmhhm. Bh ym `houca`o frbgtb o satuo`amgbs o`tuohbs qub gm pubcb rbsmhvbr, y opbho o lmcohacocbs cb rbho`aðg, bvmhutavolbgtb lïs pralatavos, hos `uohbs bg su lmlbgtm fubrmg kubgos poro logtbgbr bh bquahakram. Ho rbjrbsaðg potmhðja`o, `mrrbspmgcb o ho rbjrbsaðg bstru`turoh, rbvbrsakhb m gm, yo qub sb pubcb bxprbsor `mlm lb`ogaslm gmrloh, yo qub su`bcb `mtacaogolbgtb, bvmhutavolbgtb bspbroco `mlm ug sajgm cb prmjrbsaðg, yo qub bh ovog`b cb bstms lb`ogaslms gm bs hagboh, bs cb`ar, eoy lmlbgtms bg qub sb rbjrbso y hubjm sb sajub ovogzogcm. Pag blkorjm, ugo lmcafa`o`aðg bstru`turoh, alpha`orìo lmcafa`o`aðg cb ho pbrsmgohacoc.
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag 1 [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
Cbsphozolabgtm> Pukyo`b o ho gb`bsacoc cb casm`aor bh vìg`uhm ojrbsavm cbh vìg`uhm olmrmsm,
prmyb`togcm olkms bg mknbtms bxtbrgms, hms `uohbs posog o sbr tblacms y bvatocms bg togtm smg cbpmsatorams cb fogtosìos ojrbsavos. Bstb bs bh `mgtbgacm hotbgtb cb hos fmkaos. [bprbsaðg> Pb logafabsto `mlm ‘hojugos“ bg bh pbgsor, sbgtar m vbrkohazor. Bs bh mhvacm gm
agtbg`amgoh cb hms eb`ems, fogtosìos, m`urracms bg ho rbohacoc bxtbrgo m agtbrgo. Alpha`o ho gb`bsacoc cb logtbgbr casm`aocms (mhvacocms) ospb`tms cbh vìg`uhm mknbtoh, vavacm `mlm `mgfha`tm m pbhajrmsm. Lb`ogaslm lïs ocoptotavm y bvmhu`amgocm qub ho casm`ao`aðg y ho gbjo`aðg. Pbjþg ho tbmrìo dhbagaogo, ho bvmhu`aðg gmrloh cb ho casm`ao`aðg y `mlm rbsuhtocm cb ho rbbhokmro`aðg bg ho btopo cbprbsavo, bs ho rbprbsaðg. Pag blkorjm, pubcb prmvm`or blpmkrb`alabgtm y khmqubm, cbkacm o gm sbr `opoz cb ‘rb`mrcor“. Ageaka`aðg m rbstra``aðg cbh ym> Pb logafabsto `mlm alpmtbg`ao m cáfa`at cb ugo m lïs fug`amgbs cbh
Qm (Gm vbr, gm mìr, gm oprbgcbr, bt`), O cafbrbg`ao cb ho `mgvbr`aðg, gm prbsbgto sìgtmlos, sagm rbstra``aðg m ousbg`ao cb ugo fug`aðg, ho `uoh bs ageakaco yo qub rbsuhto pbhajrmso, pmr bstor hajoco o ho rbohazo`aðg cb fogtosìos ojrbsavos. Yubcb jbgbror ug blpmkrb`alabgtm y hbgtafa`o`aðg jbgbroh cb hos fug`amgbs yma`os (Ybr`bp`aðg, lmtra`acoc, ratlm, osm`aotavm, bt`) y subhb o`mlpoÿorsb cb bstocms cbprbsavms. Pukhalo`aðg> Pbjþg ho tbmrìo frbucaogo, bs ho `ogohazo`aðg cb hms alpuhsms agstagtavms, bg
o`tavacocbs `rbocmros, sm`aohlbgtb ocoptocos, `mlm rbsuhtocm cb ug prm`bsm bxatmsm cb rbgug`ao o ug fag agstagtavm. Pbjoh hm bgtabgcb `mlm bh ogebhm cbh kbká, cb ‘rb`mgstatuar hm cbstruacm“. Pbjþg Frbuc, smhm lbcaogtb ug prm`bsm cb cubhm pubcb prmcu`arsb ho rbgug`ao bxatmso. Ho `opo`acoc cb sukhalor, prmpmgb ugo `opo`acoc cb rbporo`aðg, yo qub kus`o prmtbjbr oh mknbtm cb gubvms otoqubs emstahbs y rbpororhm cb coÿms yo sufracms. Alpha`o ug vìg`uhm cb olmr `mg ug mknbtm tmtoh.
Ho [bporo`aðg O`tavacoc cbh Qm carajaco o rbstouror ug mknbtm olocm y coÿocm. Purjb `mlm rbo``aðg o ogsabcocbs cbprbsavos y o ho `uhpo. Bh kbká bstï mkhajocm, bg rozðg cb su acbgtafa`o`aðg `mg bh mknbtm kubgm o rbporor bh cbsostrb `rbocm pmr su socaslm. Cbvmhvbr ho agtbjracoc oh mknbtm cb olmr tabgb ug bfb`tm cb rbstouro`aðg cbh ym. Ho rbporo`aðg qub co fmrlo, kbhhbzo y pbrfb``aðg oh mknbtm pbrcacm bs ugo `mgca`aðg cb ho o`bpto`aðg cb ho párcaco, fmrlo portb cbh trokonm cbh cubhm.
Ho supbro`aðg cb ho fosb cbprbsavo
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag ?9 [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
Ho þga`o vbrcocbro supbro`aðg cb ho fosb cbprbsavo bs bh trokonm cb cubhm, bh cubhm bfb`tuocm cb ho locrb y cbh pb`em> bs cb`ar bh cubhm cb ho pbrsmgo fogtoslïta`o, gm sajgafa`o qub ho locrb bstá lubrto, sagm qub bh Kubgm Bxtromrcagoram, bh Kabg Puprblm acbohazocm qub rbprbsbgto, bstï pbrcacm, gm bs bh kabg oh`ogzocm. Pa ho pmsa`aðg cbprbsavo gm bs ocb`uocolbgtb bhokmroco pubcb prmcu`arsb ugo rbjrbsaðg o ho pmsa`aðg bsquazm-porogmacb, ofb`togcm jrovblbgtb bh cbsorrmhhm uhtbramr. ½Ymr quá ‘pmsa`amgbs“ y gm btopos=
O lmcm cb `mg`husaðg, Pbjoh smkrb bh pbgsolabgtm dhbagaogm> "Bg ug sbgtacm ho pmsa`aðg bsquazm-porogmacb y ho cbprbsavo smg fosbs cbh cbsorrmhhm. Ymcrìog `mgsacbrorsb sukcavasamgbs cb ho btopo mroh, m`upogcm ho pralbro hms trbs m `uotrm pralbrms lbsbs y sabgcm sbjuaco pmr ho þhtalo bg ho sbjugco latoc cbh pralbr oÿm cb vaco (...) Ybrm Lbhogab Dhbag bhajað bh tárlagm pmsa`aðg poro cbsto`or qub bh fbgðlbgm qub bstoko cbs`rakabgcm gm bro salphblbgtb ugo btopo m fosb trogsatmrao, `mlm pmr bnblphm ho btopo mroh“. ‘ Ymsì`aðg alpha`o ugo `mgfajuro`aðg bspb`ìfa`o cb rbho`amgbs mknbtohbs, ogsabcocbs y
cbfbgsos pbrsastbgtbs o hm horjm cb tmco ho vaco. Ho pmsa`aðg cbprbsavo gug`o hhbjo o rbblphozor pmr `mlphbtm o ho bsquazm-porogmacb4 ho agtbjro`aðg hmjroco gug`o bs tmtoh, y hos cbfbgsos `mgtro bh `mgfha`tm cbprbsavm prmcu`bg rbjrbsaðg o fbgðlbgms bsquazm-porogmacbs, cb lmcm qub bh agcavacum pubcb ms`ahor sablprb bgtrb olkos pmsa`amgbs (...) Ho fmrlo cb agtbjro`aðg cb hos rbho`amgbs
mknbtohbs curogtb ho pmsa`aðg cbprbsavo qubco `mlm kosb cb h o bstru`turo cb ho pbrsmgohacoc ".
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag ?? [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
YMPA@AÐG BP_RA^M YO[OGMACB Kubgm [bho`aðg Mknbtm
Mknbtm por`aoh (pb`em)
Lohm
Ogsabcoc prbcmlagogtb
A C B O H A ^ O @ A Ð G
Potasfo``aðg aglbcaoto
Ybrsbjuacmr tbrrmrìfa`m
Ybrsb`utmrao
Bs`asaðg Yrmyb``aðg Lb`ogaslms cb cbfbgso
Agtrmyb``aðg
Lb`ogaslms Ysìqua`ms Yrbcmlagogtbs
Gbjo`aðg Acbohazo`aðg @mgtrmh Mlgapmtbgtb
Qm
Luy pm`m agtbjrocm, pmr hm `uoh prbsbgto ugo kono `opo`acoc poro tmhbror ho ogjustao.
Lb`ogaslms cb Cbfbgso ‐ Pbjþg ho Sbmrìo cb Lbhogab Dhbag ?; [bohazocm pmr oyucogtb cb `ïtbcro Asocmro Mrtaz Lmrohbs
YMPA@AÐG CBY[BPAVO
Ogsabcoc cbprbsavo
Cbfbgsos Logao`os (rbporo`aðg)
Alpuhsms ojrbsavms
Ag`rblbgtm cb ho acbgtafa`o`aðg `mg bh mknbtm
@uhpo
Casm`ao`aðg Acbohazo`aðg Gbjo`aðg @mgtrmh mlgapmtbgtb Acbgtafa`o`aðg cbh Qm `mg bh mknbtm acbohazocm. [bsmhu`aðg cbh cubhm
Cbfbgsos cb `mgtrmh mksbsavm (`mgtrmh cb ho ojrbsaðg)
Sbgcbg`ao o rbporor
Oasholabgtm Oguho`aðg Fmrlo`aðg rbo`tavo
[bjrbsaðg Cbsphozolabgtm [bprbsaðg Ageaka`aðg m rbstra``aðg cbh Qm Pukhalo`aðg.
