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
52
)%'+('*0, , ,'*+%0, (' 0(*'*+*=% &, 0(8 0( %)-*%/ 0( )%', /(8(+*0% =((. 4. E' %0% %0% -%+% -%+%&&&&%; %; ,' ,'(' ('+/ +/%/ %/ (/ (/% % %-, %-,& &+% +%)( )('+ '+( ( 8(/*,/( 0,; +/(; %+/, > (' ,%*,'( %+% *', , (* =(( &% (/% 0(& ('()*,; (/%/ +,+%&)('+( &% (/% ('()*% > 8/,/%/ %'**&%/&% 8,/ ,)8&(+,; *' 0(%/ ( '%0*( ( (%8( 0( &% /(0. E' */'+%'*% (8(*%&(; %/ (& )+,0, 0( %(+%/ ,&8( 0(),&(0,/( %& ('()*,; (+, (; ,'('+/%/ +,0% '(+/% (/% 8%/% %(/ ' %+%( /,'+%& > ' %+%( ,-/( ', , %)-, &%', 0(& ('()*,; ,' (& 8/,8*+, 0( %'**&%/ '% 8%/+( 0( +/,8% > 0(-%/%+%/ &% ,+/%; 0( ),0, ( '(+/, (/*+, 8(0% +/%&%0%/ /8*0%)('+( (/% 8%/% %8&%+%/ ,+/% +/,8% ('()*%. <%(/ &, 8,*-&( 8%/ (=*+%/ &% -%+%&&% 0( 0(%+(; (' &% ( &, %'%0, ', ,)8('% &, 8(/0*0, , &, /(&+% (*=%&('+(. D( (+( ),0,; %'( ,), *'(/*,/( (' (& ,' ,'' '+, +, %-& %-&% %'0, '0, (' +/) /)*', *', ')/ )/* *, ,; ; ,), ), %-,&+%)('+( 8(/*,/( (' %0% %, > (' %0% -%+%&&% ,'/(+%; > (+, ', %(/% &% =*+,/*% (' &% -%+%&&%. C,' (& +*()8,; &&(%/(), % (/ 8(/*,/( (' (& ,''+, > *'%&)('+( &**0%/(), % +,0% &% (/% ('()*%.
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
9. R(,/%/ '(+/, (/*+, ,' +,0% &% %/)% > &% )%>,/ 8%/+( 0( &, ,)-/( %8+/%0, %& ('()*,. L% ('+( 8/*' 8/*'* *8% 8%&& 0( &, &, /( /(/ /, , )% )%', ', > )%+( )%+(/* /*% %&( &( 8%/% 8%/% '(+/, (/*+, (+ (' (& /('+(. 1. A8/,=(%/ -*(' (& *'+(/=%&, ('+/( 0, %)8%% 8%/% ( '(+/% +/,8% 0(%'('; ( %0*(+/(' > ,',&*0('. L, 8(/7,0, 0( 0(%',; %0*(+/%)*('+, > ,',&*0%*' ', 0(-('; (' ('(/%&; (/ )> 8/,&,'%0, 8%/% ', 0%/; %+% 0,'0( (% 8,*-&(; '*'H' /(8*/, %& ('()*,. E+, ,' &, 8/*'*8%&( )+,0, ( ()8&(% (& E/*+, P,8&%/ 0( L*-(/%*' 8%/% 0(//,+%/ % C*%' %*:(K. <%' *0, ,/%0, 8,/ (& E/*+, P,8&%/ 0( L*-(/%*' (' &%/, %, 0( &% ,'+/% &, ('()*, '%*,'%&( > (+/ (+/%' %'( (/, /,; ; > ,// ,//( (8, 8,'0 '0(' (' ,)8 ,)8&( &(+% +%)( )('+ '+( ( % '( '(+/ +/% % *+%*' %+%&. ... N(+/% (+/%+(*% > ++*% ( -%%' (' &% (//% 8,8&%/ > '*'H' (/*+, %'+*8,8&%/ 8(0( +*&*%/&%. L% *+%*' %+%& > '(+/% +%/(%. 25 0( 0**()-/( 0( 194; O-/% E,*0%; +. IV
#. OB(ETI!O DE A GUERRA
55
E& ,-(+*=, 0( &% (//% ', ( ,+/, ( ,'(/=%/ &% (/% 8/,8*% > 0(+/*/ &% ('()*% 0(+/*/ &% (/% ('()*% *'**% 0(%/)%/&% 0(%/)%/&% , 8/*=%/&% 0( %8%*0%0 8%/% /(*+*/; > ', *'**% %'**&%/&% +,0% 7*%)('+(. L% 0(('% +*('( ,), ,-(+*=, *')(0*%+, ,'(/=%/ &% (/% 8/,8*%; 8(/, %& )*), +*()8, ( ' )(0*% 0( ,)8&()('+%/ ,)8&()('+%/ (& %+%( , 8/(8%/%/( 8%/% 8%%/ %& %+%(. L% /(+*/%0% 8(/+('(( % &% %+(,/7% 0( &% 0(('% > ( '% ,'+*'%*' 0( +%; (' +%'+, ( &% 8(/(*' ( '% ,'+*'%*' 0(& %+%(. <%> ( (%&%/ &%/ ( &% 0(+/*' 0( &% (/% ('()*% ( (& ,-(+*=, 8/*)%/*, 0( &% (//% > &% ,'(/=%*' 0( &% (/% 8/,8*%; (& ('0%/*,; 8,/( &, ( 8(0( ,'(/=%/ (*%)('+( &% (/% 8/,8*% 0(+/>('0, &% ('()*% (' /%' 'H)(/,. P,/ &, +%'+,; (& %+%(; ,), )(0*% 8/*'*8%& 8%/% 0(+/*/ &% (/% 0(& ('()*,; ( &, 8/*)%/*,; (' +%'+, ( &% 0(( 0((' '%; %; ,), ,), )(0* )(0*% % %* %*&*&*%/ %/ 8%/% 8%/% 0(+ 0(+/ /*/ */ &% &% (/ (/% % ('()*% > ,), ', 0( &, )(0*, 8%/% ,'(/=%/ &% (/% 8/,8*%; ( &, ('0%/*,. E *(/+, ( (' &% 8/ 8/+*+*% % 0( &% (/ (//% /%;; &% 0(( 0((' '% % 0(( 0(()8 )8( (% % (& 8%8( 8%8(&& 8/*'*8%& (' )% ,%*,'(; )*('+/% ( (' &% 0()
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&, 0(()8(% (& %+%(; 8(/, * &% (//% ( ,'*0(/% (' ,''+,; (& %+%( *( *('0, &, 8/*)%/*,. S,S,-/( &% (/ (///% 8/,&,' &,'%0 %0% )%>, %>, 0( 193" 193"; O-/% -/% E,*0%; +. II.
#.1 SORPRESA S*' 8/(8%/%*'; &% 8(/*,/*0%0 0( (/% ', ( 8( 8(/* /*,/ ,/*0 *0%0 %0 /(%& /(%& '* 8(0 8(0( ( %-( %-(// +%)8 +%)8, ,, , *'* *'**% *%+*+*=% =%.. S%S%-*(' *('0, (+% (+% =(/ =(/0%0 0%0; '% ( (/% /% *'( *'(//*,/ *,/ 8(/ 8(/, -*(' *(' 8/(8%/%0%; % )('0, 8(0( 0(//,+%/ % '% (/% ('()*% 8(/*,/ )(0*%'+( %+%( 8,/ ,/8/(%. S,S,-/( &% (/ (///% 8/,&, ,&,'%0 '%0% %. )%>, )%>, 0( 193" 93";; O-/% -/% E,*0%; +. II.
#." GUERRA POITICA
L% (//% ( &% ,'+*'%*' 0( &% 8,&7+*%. E' (+( ('+*0,; &% (//% ( 8,&7+*%; > ( (' 7 )*)% '% %*' 8,&7+*%. N, % %-*0, %); 0(0( &, +*()8, %'+*,; '*''% (//% ( ', +=*(( ' %/+(/ 8,&7+*,. ...
57
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
59
,-(+*=%; 8(/, (' (+( (('%/*, 8(0( 0*/**/ )%'**% %*,'( 0( 8*% /%'0*,*0%0. I', I',/) /)( ( %'+( %'+( &% II S(* S(*' ' P&(' P&('%/ %/*% *% 0(& 0(& C,)* C,)*+ + C('+ C('+/% /%&& (&(*0, (' (& VII C,'/(, N%*,'%& 0(& P%/+*0, C,)'*+% 0( C*'% 5 0( ('(/, 0( 1949; O-/% E,*0%; +. IV.
&. PIARES DE SU ESTRATEGIA &.1 FACTORES FUNDAMENTAES SOBRE OS UE SE APOO SU ESTRATEGIA E' 8/*)(/ +/)*', =%), % *'+/,0*/', (' &, ( M%, ,'*0(/ &, 8*&%/( '0%)('+%&( (' &, ( ( 0(-( %8,>%/ &% (+/%+(*%; 8%/% &(, %'%&*%/ *'&('*% (' &, 0*+*'+, '*=(&( 0( &% )*)%; (+, 8*&%/( ,'@
a. El Planea20en/o A'%&*%'0, &% (//% /(=,&*,'%/*% /(=,&*,'%/*% (' ('(/%&; M%, ,'*0(/% ( +,0% &% 0(//,+% ,-+('*0% (/%' 8/,0+, 0( &% *'( *'(8( 8(/* /*(' ('* *% % > %&+ %&+% % 0( ,/% ,/%'* '*% %* *' ';; ,), ,), %7 %7 +%)+%)-* *' ' 0(& 0(& %8/( %8/( /% /%)* )*(' ('+, +,;; +,0, +,0, (&&, (&&, 8/,0 8/,0 +, +, 0( '% '% 8,-/ 8,-/( ( 8&%' 8&%'*** *% %* *' ' > (' &% )%>, )%>,/7 /7% % 0( &, &, %, %, '% '% %('*% +,+%& 0( (&&%.
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L( 0% ), =%&,/ %& 8&%'(%)*('+, +%'+, (+/%+*,; ,), %& ,8(/%*,'%& ,8(/%*,'%& > ++*,; ++*,; +,0, 8&%' +*('( *)8,/+%'*% *)8,/+%'*% (' 0(-*0, ),)('+, > ( '((*+% 0( & 8%/% &,/%/ &% =*+,/*%. C,), C,), (+/ (+/%+ %+( (% % (8/ (8/( (% % ( ( +,0, +,0, 0(-( 0(-( 8&%' 8&%'(% (%/ /( ( 0( %'+( %'+()% )%', ',;; '%0% '%0% 0(-( 0(-( 0(% 0(%/ /( ( % &% *)8/ *)8/,= ,=* *% %* *'; '; %' %' %-*('0, ( (& /, 0( &, %,'+(*)*('+, 0(+(/)*'% ' ,''+, 0( =%/*%'+(; M%, %*/)%-%@ +,0, ( 8/((/*-&( %'+( ( &% %&+% 0( 8/(=**' . I'*+( (' (& 8&%'(%)*('+, (+/%+*,; (' (& ('+*0, 0( ( 0(-( %-(/( ,' %'+(/*,/*0%0 ,), ( ,8(/%/ (' &% (+%8% * **( *('+ '+(; (; %' %'( ( ', 8(0 8(0% % 8/(= 8/(=(/ (/( ( +,0, +,0, (' 0(+% 0(+%&&&&(; (; 0(-(' ,',(/( &, &*'(%)*('+, ('(/%&( 0( &% (+%8% ( ( 8/, 8/,* *( (' ' (' (& 8&%' 8&%';; M%, M%, 0(7 0(7%@ %@ % %>> ( ( )*/% )*/%/ / *()8/( % &, &(, > %0(&%'+( R(*/*'0,( % &% 8&%'**%*' ,'*0(/%-% ( 8%/% %'%/ &% -%+%&&%; > &% (//%; &% (+/%+(*% 0(-( (/ 8(/*,/ % &% 0(& 0(& %0=(/ %0=(/%/ %/*,; *,; (& 8&%'(% 8&%'(%)*( )*('+, '+, (+/%+ (+/%+* *, , ''% ''% 0(-( 0(-( &*)*+%/( % &% %( 0(& 8/*)(/ ),)('+,. M%, 0(-/* ( (/% '((%/*, ' 8&%'; ', *)8,/+% (& +%)%, 0( &% '*0%0; ' 8&%' 8/0('+( 0(-( /(%&*%/( +%'+, (' (& %, 0( ' 8(&,+' ,), (' (& 0( '
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'. OS FACTORES EN OS NI!EES ESTRATEGICOS
L, L, %+ %+,/ ,/( ( %'+( %'+(/* /*,/ ,/)( )('+ '+( ( )(' )('*, *,'% '%0, 0, (' &, &, ( ( ( %8,> %8,> (+/% +/%++(*% (*%;; M%, &, +*&* +*&* > &, &, ,' ,'*0( *0(/ *)8/( *)8/(* *'0 '0*-& *-&( ( (' +,0, +,0, &, '*=(&( '*=(&( (+/%+ (+/%+* *, ,;; % &, %&( &, %&** 0( *)8,/+%'+( % +,0, > % %0% ', 0( (&&,; ,'*0(/%'0, ( ( +*('( ( %-(/ ,), ( =% % ,8(/%/ (' (& **('+(. E' (& %, 8%/+*&%/ 0( M%, T(:T' ( 0% ( (' */% ( %/8%' +,0, &, '*=(&( (+/%+*,; > ( & (& /(8,'%-&( 0( (&%-,/%*' > +/%')**' %& 8(-&, > % (/*+,.
'.1 ESTRATEGIA NACIONA
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
'.# ESTRATEGIA OPERACIONA T5CTICA
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71
'.& INFUENCIAS DE SU ESTRATEGIA
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CONCUSIONES
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