TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
MANUAL DE PRÁCTICAS DE LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÍA INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA APORTACIÒN: Jorge A. Cuevas Landero
1
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Introducción
ÍNDICE
Instructivo para la Elaboración de Pre-reportes Instructivo para la Elaboración de Reportes PRÁCTICAS DE MOMENTUM Práctica 1. Determinación de la viscosidad con un viscosímetro capilar y con el viscosímetro de Brookfield Práctica 2. Difusión molecular en líquidos-No. Reynolds Reynolds PRÁCTICAS ADICIONALES OPTATIVAS DE MOMENTUM
Práctica a. Agitación de líquidos en un tanque PRÁCTICAS DE TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR Práctica 3. Coeficiente total de Transferencia de Calor en un cambiador de calor de coraza y tubos
PRÁCTICAS ADICIONALES OPTATIVAS DE CALOR
Práctica b. Determinación Experimental del Coeficiente Global PRÁCTICAS DE TRANSFERENCIA TRANSFERENCIA DE MASA Práctica Práctica 4. Determinaci Determinación ón experimenta experimentall de los coeficientes coeficientes de difusión difusión de un gas PRÁCTICAS ADICIONALES OPTATIVAS DE MASA
Práctica c. Determinación del coeficiente volumétrico de transferencia de masa en un tanque agitado con sólidos que se disuelven PRACTICAS DE FLUJO DE FLUIDOS Practica 5. Determinación experimental de la curva característica de una bomba
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS ALUMNOS Y ALUMNAS DEL TESE: Los cursos de Laboratorios Integral tienen el propósito de enseñarte a llevar a cabo experimentos relacionados con los principales conceptos de los cursos teóricos de Mecánica de Fluidos, Transferencia Transferencia de Calor y Transferencia Transferencia de Masa, para que puedas verlos ilustrados en algunos sistemas, muchas veces sencillos; para para que que tambié también n puedas puedas desarr desarroll ollar ar alguno algunoss modelo modeloss que repr represen esentan tan los procesos de transferencia que se dan el tales sistemas, a partir del conocimiento de los aparatos de laboratorio diseñados y existentes para la realización de dichas dichas experienc experiencias, ias, cuyas principales principales caracterís características ticas deberás deberás descubrir descubrir para generar un modelo físico conceptual simple del proceso en cuestión, de modo que que la apli aplica caci ción ón de tus tus cono conoci cimi mien ento toss teór teóric icos os te perm permit ita a esta establ blec ecer er los los balances de fuerzas, masa y energía pertinentes, resolverlos con sus particulares condiciones iníciales y de frontera, que deberás también indagar y proponer, cuidando que sean al menos aproximadamente realizables en la práctica. Luego habrás de identificar, a partir de la solución, cuáles son los datos de laboratorio que deberás tomar, los parámetros físicos, químicos y geométricos que deberás conocer, así como otra información pertinente que deberás buscar, tanto en el laboratorio como en la biblioteca. Una vez que has cumplido esta etapa, estás en la posibilidad de diseñar tu experimento: elegir un sistema, es decir un material adecuado o un par de materiales soluto-solvente, elaborar un formato de " Hoja que cont conten enga ga toda toda la info inform rmac ació ión n reque equeri rida da del del de dato datos s de labo labora rator torio io" que expe experi rime ment nto, o, plan planea earr la secu secuen enci cia a de las las acti activi vida dade dess a desa desarr rrol olla larr en el transcurso del experimento, previendo cuales serán los instrumentos periféricos de serv servic icio io y de medic edició ión n que que vas vas a reque equeri rirr a part partir ir de un conj conjun unto to de alternativas. Estas son las actividades que te permitirán realizar una experiencia de labora laborator torio io ilustra ilustrativ tiva a y estimul estimulant ante, e, son tu prepa preparac ración ión para para obtene obtenerr el máximo de tu trabajo experimental. En el pre-reporte de la práctica incluirás todo todoss los los aspe aspecto ctoss arri arriba ba seña señalad lados os,, para para most mostra rarr que que te has has prep prepar arad ado o convenientemente para llevar a cabo la experiencia. La realización misma del experimento te brindará otras riquezas, continuarás
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
sistema, tratando de obtener los mejores resultados. Con esto queremos decir que trates de saber por ejemplo, si tu sistema es realmente isotérmico, si está bien bien agit agitad ado, o, si caus causas as las las míni mínima mass pert pertur urba baci cion ones es posi posibl bles es al toma tomarr las las muestras alícuotas necesarias para determinar la concentración, si no existen gradientes de presión o concentración indeseables que podrían inducir algún efecto inadecuado, etc... Hacerte preguntas en este sentido te formarán como profesionista cuidadoso y serio en su trabajo y te permitirán obtener buenos resultados y la satisfacción de conocer un poco más del comportamiento de los materiales y sistemas de la ingeniería. En esta etapa anotarás todos los datos en tu hoja hoja de dato datoss de labo labora rato tori rio o y toda todass las las obse observ rvac acio ione ness que que cons consid ider eres es importantes, ocurridas en el transcurso del experimento. La tercera etapa es tan importante como las dos previas. Con tus datos de laboratorio deberás encontrar los parámetros o funciones deseadas. Cuidarás en el reporte de tus resultados el análisis de las incertidumbres y elaborarás pruebas de hipótesis para asignarles los niveles de confianza que correspondan. Esto te permitirá acotar la validez de tus conclusiones y sugerencias. El reporte final es el producto íntegro de tu trabajo en cada práctica. Deberás cuidar que refleje la calidad y la cantidad del trab trabaj ajo o realiz ealizad ado o y que que mues muestr tre e la vari varied edad ad y riqu riquez eza a de tus tus expe experi rien enci cias as asociadas al desarrollo de la práctica. Por ello deberás incluir la mayor parte de las secciones que se te solicitaron en el pre-reporte, pero ahora incorporando tanto las observaciones marcadas por el profesor, como los aspectos que ahora, después de haber concluido las actividades manuales de la práctica, consideres convenientes. Al escribir el reporte final deberás poner énfasis en la claridad, para lo cual deberás tener en mente cuáles son los objetivos de la práctica y los logros de la misma. Además deberás resaltar aquellos aspectos que consideras que podrían hacer original o distinta la realización de tu práctica con respecto a lo que podría ser lo usual, por ejemplo si usaste un material no convencional o un nuevo sistem sistema a solutosoluto-sol solven vente, te, si emplea empleaste ste algún algún método método alter alternat nativo ivo para para medir medir alguna alguna variab variable le o si desarr desarroll ollast aste e alguna alguna explic explicaci ación ón inter interesa esante nte para para algún algún comportamiento observado, que hayas podido comprobar que fue importante para obtener mejoras en tus resultados, etc... Esto da una idea de la creatividad con la que has abordado la tarea. Deberás tener presentes a los potenciales lectores del reporte, para que al leerlo reciban la impresión deseada, esto es, que puedan apreciar el valor de tu trabajo. Por ahora esto es importante para que tu evaluación sea acorde con la calidad de la experiencia adquirida y en el futur futuro o esta habili habilidad dad signif significa icará rá mucho mucho para para tu desarr desarroll ollo o profe profesio sional nal.. Otra Otra faceta importante es la realización del trabajo en equipo. Este es un aspecto
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
una actividad profesional que puede ser más estimulante cuando hay una buena relación entre los integrantes del equipo, pero aún si ese no es el caso, el logro de los objetivos debería ser un aliciente suficiente para llevar a buen término el trabajo. No siempre es posible trabajar únicamente con las personas más afines a nuestra manera de ser. SEGURIDAD
Hay Hay norm normas as de segu seguri ridad dad que que debe deben n cump cumpli lirs rse e estr estric ictam tamen ente te para para evit evitar ar accidentes en el laboratorio, laboratorio, que en esta etapa de tu carrera ya debes conocer. conocer. Este reglamento está disponible para su consulta en el mismo laboratorio y es necesario que estés al corriente de su contenido, por lo cual, si no lo has leído o no lo recuerdas, es conveniente que lo solicites y comprendas antes de iniciar tu trab trabaj ajo o expe experi rime ment ntal al.. A mane manera ra de un recor ecorda dato tori rio o menc mencio iona narremos emos a continuación algunos de los puntos más importantes. 1. El uso uso de bata bata en el labo labora rato tori rio o es obli obliga gato tori rio o cuan cuando do se reali ealiza zan n expe experi rime ment ntos os.. Para ara real realiz izar ar algu alguna nass mani manipu pula laci cion ones es de sust sustan anci cias as químicas también deben usarse guantes, lentes protectores y mascarillas. Para las sesiones de laboratorio es recomendable vestir ropa sencilla, que proteja la mayor parte del cuerpo y preferentemente de algodón, zapatos cerrados, con suelas gruesas y sin tacones o plataformas
2. No introducir introducir ni consumir alimentos alimentos o bebidas en el laboratorio. laboratorio. No fumar. fumar. 3.
Operar un instrumento o aparato solamente cuando sabes hacerlo, de otra manera solicitar la ayuda del profesor, del ayudante o del técnico del laboratorio, para adquirir la destreza necesaria.
Una vez vez conc conclluido uido el uso uso de un apar aparat ato o o instr nstrum umen ento to,, seg seguir uir el 4. Una proc proced edim imie ient nto o adec adecuad uado o para para apag apagar arlo lo,, desc descon onec ectar tarlo lo,, guar guarda darl rlo o y entregarlo al responsable de su custodia. 5. Al conc conclu luir ir una una prác prácti tica ca,, leva levanta ntarr todo todoss los los inst instru rume ment ntos os,, equi equipo poss y accesorios utilizados, verificar que todas las tomas de agua, gas, aire u otras en el lugar de trabajo estén bien cerradas y dejar limpias y secas las
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
INSTRUCTIVO PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE PRE-REPORTES "Nunca es posible introducir solamente cantidades observables en una teoría. Es la teoría quien decide qué se debe observar."
Alberto Einstein, 1926.
Objetivo
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
logrando establecer un puente entre sus conocimientos teóricos del tema y la aplicación práctica de los mismos. Sobre la forma de elaborar el pre-reporte El pre-reporte deberá contener las secciones que se detallan abajo, todas escritas en buen español e impresas en tipo de letra y estilo uniforme, que indiquen un trabajo integrado de equipo entre los alumnos que lo presentan como producto de su trabajo. Las páginas estarán numeradas y seguirán la secuencia del siguiente Contenido 1. Portada Es la primera página del pre-r p re-reporte. eporte. Deberá contener la identificación completa: La Universidad, la Carrera, la Asignatura, la palabra "Pre-reporte", "Pre-reporte", el nombre de la práctica, los nombres de los integrantes del equipo, el nombre del Profesor y la fecha de entrega del pre-reporte. 2. Índice Se enumerarán las secciones y sub-secciones con las respectivas páginas de sus inicios. 3. Objetivos Se enunciarán en forma breve, completa y numerada los objetivos de la realización de la práctica, desde la perspectiva de los integrantes del equipo. 4. Motivación Se relatará una situación de interés en la práctica de la profesión, relacionada con las actividades de la práctica de laboratorio a realizar. realizar. Dicha situación puede ser la enunciada en el instructivo, pero de preferencia otra, propuesta por el equipo, que refleje su grado de comprensión de los objetivos de la práctica, práct ica, así como de su información acerca de las actividades que podría realizar en la práctica de su profesión. 5. Fundamentos teóricos
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Se identificará y enunciará el mecanismo de transporte dominante en el equipo y se hará una representación idealizada del mismo en un sistema simplificado, que se representará en un diagrama incorporando un sistema coordenado y la identi identific ficaci ación ón de los paráme parámetr tros os geomét geométric ricos os y los términ términos os de transp transport orte e importantes. 5.3 Hipótesis Se establecerán las hipótesis pertinentes que corresponden al modelo físico simpli simplific ficado ado.. Las hipóte hipótesis sis estarán estarán numer numerada adass y cada cada una seguid seguida a por una justificación específica y suficiente que podrá requerir de análisis de órdenes de magnitud y/o cualitativos. Algunas hipótesis, que no podrán justificarse a priori, deberán ser justificadas a partir de los resultados del experimento. Esto se anotará en la justificación y se incluirá la justificación a poster posterior iorii en el report eporte e fina final. l. Algu Alguna nass de las las hipó hipóte tesi siss que que pudi pudier eran an ser ser importantes son: a) Geométricas como • Un conjunto de partículas sólidas se toman como esferas o cubos perfectos, con un diámetro o lado equivalente, • Un tubo muy largo se toma como un cilindro semi-infinito, semi-infinito, • La capa límite alrededor de un cilindro con flujo transversal se considera como una capa límite sobre una pared plana cuando el radio del cilindro es mucho mayor que el espesor de la capa límite. b) Sobre las condiciones iniciales y a la frontera como: • El sistema es cerrado (se desprecia la evaporación de un líquido) • El sistema es aislado (se desprecia el flujo de calor en la pared) • El líquido está en reposo • La presión de vapor es constante en una superficie • El flujo de calor es constante en una superficie c) Sobre las condiciones de operación como: • El líquido en un recipiente está perfectamente agitado • Un proceso de transporte ocurre mucho más rápidamente que los cambios que
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
La solución correspondiente al sistema de balances. Las expresiones finales para determinar la propiedad de interés, objetivo de la práctica. Si se requiere de una calibración del equipo, el desarrollo que permite conocer el parámetro calibrado a partir de las expresiones para un sistema elegido para calibrar. 6. Diseño de la práctica El propó propósit sito o de esta esta secció sección n es determ determina inarr los elemen elementos tos y proce procedim dimien ientos tos necesarios para el desarrollo de la práctica y consta de las siguientes sub-secciones: 6.1 Variables y parámetros A partir de las expresiones finales para determinar la propiedad de interés, se identificarán las variables a ser medidas y los parámetros que es necesario conocer y se propondrá la manera de adquirir la información necesaria de cada uno de los elementos anteriores, indicando las fuentes (Referencias) de las correlaciones o valores a usar, así como la precisión necesaria (por ejemplo, una longitud se requiere en cm, mm, 0.1 mm, μm, u otro nivel de precisión). 6.2 Elección del sistema Cuan Cuando do es pert pertin inen ente te de acue acuerd rdo o a las las posi posibi bili lida dade dess del del equi equipo po a usar usar se presentará un conjunto de sustancias de interés, candidatas a ser utilizadas como sistema de estudio, que por sus propiedades reúnan las características compatibles con las hipótesis pertinentes, requeridas por el modelo. Esto puede necesitar algunas estimaciones termodinámicas, (por ejemplo de la densidad del aire saturado con un vapor, con relación a la densidad del aire puro, para esti estima marr la posi posibi bili lida dad d de un efec efecto to de inve invern rnad ader ero) o),, cuid cuidan ando do adem además ás los los aspectos de seguridad, toxicología y economía. En un Apéndice Y se incluirá la información relativa a cada una de estas sustancias. En el texto principal se indicarán las razones para elegir una de las opciones y se definirá el sistema. Si
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
El nombre de la práctica La identificación del equipo que la realiza y la fecha de realización Además contendrá los siguientes campos, indicando en cada caso las unidades requeridas: Los parámetros estimados Los parámetros medidos Las variables medidas, con su tabulación con respecto a las variables independientes (por ejemplo las longitudes o tiempos) de ser necesario, así como las repeticiones de las lecturas Si se requiere una calibración, elaborar los puntos anteriores necesarios pa ra realizarla y repetir los pertinentes para el sistema desconocido (el problema) Hacer una copia de esta hoja de datos, para ser entregada al profesor el día que se realice la práctica, con la información experimental y de los parámetros estimados, completa. 6.4 Equipo y materiales Se hará una lista de los equipos e instrumentos necesarios para las mediciones y otra para los materiales, indicando las cantidades necesarias. 6.5 Desarrollo de la práctica Se describirán en forma secuencial y numerada las actividades a desarrollar durante la realización de la práctica, anotando los aspectos que se consideren importantes para la correcta realización de las actividades (por ejemplo, cuidar que el nivel de un líquido no rebase determinada altura, que un instrumento esté seco o que un líquido se introduzca resbalando por la pared, etc...). 7. Referencias Todas Todas las referencias deberán estar mencionadas en algún lugar del texto. La manera de mencionarlas será por ejemplo: "... este modelo se encuentra resuelto en Cussler (1984)." Correspondiendo Correspondiendo a esta mención, en la sección de referencias se incluirá: Cussler, E.L., 1984. Diffusion. Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems, Cambridge University Press (Primera edición).
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Título del libro o manual (en letra itálica) Apellido e iniciales de los editores e ditores del libro, seguidos de la abreviación "(eds.)" Editorial Edición. 8. Apéndices Cada Apéndice tendrá un número consecutivo y un nombre que indique su contenido y deberá estar mencionado en el texto. Las ecuaciones llevarán numeración consecutiva, precedida por la letra A, por ejemplo, "(A.12)" es la ecuación # 12 en los Apéndices
INSTRUCTIVO PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE REPORTES "Al inicio, uno solamente se pregunta sobre la posibilidad de las cosas, y luego uno les reprocha no ser imposiblemente perfectas"
Jean Rostand, 1962.
Ojal Ojalá á y pudi pudiéra éramo mos, s, al conc conclu luir ir una una prác prácti tica ca,, comp compar arti tirr esta estass pala palabr bras as de Rostand, sin embargo hay muchos aspectos que algunas veces nos impiden demostrar con nitidez la correspondencia entre la teoría y la práctica. Cuando notamos semejanzas notables entre el comportamiento observado y nuestras predicciones teóricas, adquirimos mayor certeza para manipular los materiales y para utilizar nuestras predicciones como herramientas de trabajo, basadas en los conocimientos adquiridos en la carrera. También somos capaces de determinar
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
los/ los/la lass alum alumno nos/ s/as as son son capa capace cess de disc discut utir ir y elab elabor orar ar sus sus conc conclu lusi sion ones es y sugerencias para mejorar la realización de la práctica o podrán, alte altern rnat ativ ivam amen ente te,, elab elabor orar ar una una crít crític ica a fund fundam amen enta tada da para para demo demostr strar ar lo inadecuado de las teorías o de los procedimientos seguidos en la realización de la práctica, de ser el caso. Sobre la forma de elaborar el reporte El reporte deberá contener las secciones que se detallan abajo, todas escritas en buen español e impresas en tipo de letra y estilo uniforme, que indiquen un trabajo integrado de equipo entre los alumnos que lo presentan como producto de su trabajo. El reporte es un producto final del trabajo realizado en la práctica, por lo que incluye la mayoría de las secciones ya consideradas en el pre-reporte, que para la presentación de este reporte deben incorporar las mejoras sugeridas por el profesor, más las secciones relativas a la realización del experimento y el trat tratam amie ient nto o post poster erio iorr de la info inform rmac ació ión n obte obteni nida da.. Las Las pági página nass del del repor eporte te estarán numeradas y seguirán la secuencia del siguiente
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
7.1 Mediciones Se incorporará una copia de la hoja de datos, con la información completa de las mediciones originales y de los parámetros y/o valores de la literatura, indicando si hizo hizo falt falta a o fue fue inút inútil il algú algún n camp campo o de info inform rmac ació ión n del del form formato ato orig origin inal al propuesto. 7.2 Observaciones Se hará una lista de las observaciones de interés, a juicio de los integrantes del equipo, realizadas durante la realización del experimento, indicando en qué reside su interés para la materia de estudio. 8. Análisis de datos y resultados En esta sección se hará el tratamiento de las mediciones de laboratorio para obtener como resultado los parámetros o funciones propuestas como objetivos específicos de la práctica. * El
contenido de estas secciones se ha indicado en el instructivo del pre-reporte pre-reporte y se incluirá en el reporte final considerando las observaciones y discusiones que permiten enriquecer la versión del pre-reporte.
8.1 Cálculos La información de la hoja de datos se verterá en una hoja de "Excel" y se reali ealiza zará rán n las las oper operac acio ione ness pert pertin inen ente tes, s, de acue acuerd rdo o a las las expr xpresio esione ness desarrolladas a partir del modelo, para encontrar los resultados. 8.2 Análisis estadísticos y resultados De acuerdo con las escalas de los instrumentos, se incluirán solamente las cifras
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
principal lo haría pesado o distraería la atención de la secuencia de ideas hacia discusiones complementarias.
* El
contenido de estas secciones se ha indicado en el instructivo del pre-reporte pre-reporte y se incluirá en el reporte final considerando las observaciones y discusiones que permiten enriquecer la versión del pre-reporte.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
• Elabore un modelo de flujo en el viscosímetro para determinar la viscosidad • Maneje Maneje adecuadamen adecuadamente te el viscosímetr viscosímetro o para calibrarlo calibrarlo y para determinar determinar la viscosidadde un líquido newtoniano a distintas temperaturas • Determine la dependencia de la viscosidad del líquido con la temperatura MOTIVACIÓN Un aceite newtoniano se alimenta por gravedad a una maquinaria. En el invierno la temperatura ambiente disminuye de modo que el flujo del aceite puede ser insuficiente para la lubricación requerida. El ingeniero sugiere calentarlo en la misma misma tuberí tubería a con una cinta cinta de calent calentami amient ento. o. ¿Cuál ¿Cuál sería sería la temper temperatu atura ra mínima que proporcione un flujo adecuado? EQUIPO PRINCIPAL El viscosímetro de Cannon-Fenske consta de un tubo capilar inclinado con dos bulbos superiores en serie aguas arriba (bulbos A y B) y un bulbo aguas abajo (bulbo C); El líquido se introduce por el extremo amplio hasta llenar unas ¾ partes del bulbo inferior. Con una perilla se succiona el líquido por el extremo de los dos bulbos en serie hasta que su nivel superior se encuentra llenando el bulbo A, en tanto que su nivel en el bulbo inferior ( C) está cerca del fondo del mismo. Se retira la perilla para provocar un flujo por gravedad. Se mide el tiempo en el que se vacía el bulbo B desde su marca superior hasta su marca inferior. Este tiempo nos permite determinar el coeficiente de viscosidad del líquido.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
3. Introducir el viscosímetro en el baño térmico adecuado a la temperatura deseada y esperar unos 10 minutos a que la temperatura se equilibre. 4. Cargar el bulbo A por succión con la perilla. 5. Quitar la perilla. 6. Tomar el tiempo de flujo entre las marcas del bulbo B. 7. Repet epetir ir los paso pasoss 4 a 6 dos dos vec veces com como míni mínim mo, para para garan aranti tiza zarr la reproducibilidad reproducibilidad de los resultados. 8. Efec Efectu tuar ar los los paso pasoss 1 a 7 para para un líqu líquid ido o de visc viscos osida idad d cono conoci cida da,, para para encontrar la constante de calibración a diferentes temperaturas y luego para un líquido de viscosidad desconocida. RESULTADOS 1. Determina el coeficiente de calibración del viscosímetro y verifica si depende de la temperatura. 2. Haz una gráfica del coeficiente de viscosidad como función de la temperatura y encuentra una correlación polinomial polinomial empírica para el mismo. 3. Compara tus resultados con datos de la literatura y explica a qué pueden deberse las posibles diferencias. REFERENCIAS Bird, Bird, R.B., .B., Stewar Stewart, t, W.E. y Ligthfo Ligthfoot, ot, E.N. E.N. 1982. 1982. Fenómenos Fenómenos de Transporte ransporte,
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
DETERMINACIÓN DE LA VISCOSIDAD APARENTE CON UN VISCOSÍMETRO DE BROOKFIELD OBJETIVOS Que el/la alumno/a • Comprenda los principios del funcionamiento de los viscosímetros rotatorios • Elabore un modelo de flujo para un viscosímetro rotatorio • Maneje Maneje adecua adecuadam dament ente e el viscos viscosíme ímetro tro de Brook Brookfie field ld para para deter determin minar ar la viscosidad aparente de un líquido no-newtoniano
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
9. ¿Cómo se resuelve en la práctica, el problema de la falta de una solución analítica al modelo del viscosímetro de Brookfield? Cabezal Escala de Clutch deflexión Soporte Dado selector Burbuja de nivel Aguja Marca de nivel del líquido o disco
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
1. Cada disco tiene asociado un coeficiente de proporcionalidad, k αt, que permite tran transf sfor orma marr los los valo valorres leíd leídos os en la esca escala la de defl deflex exió ión, n, αt, a esfu esfuer erzo zoss cortantes, τ, en Pa, por medio de la relación: τ = kαt * αt En la Tabla 1 se encuentran los valores de estos coeficientes de proporcionalidad. 2. Los pares de valores (N,τ) se grafican en escalas log-log. 3. Si el trazo de la gráfica es cercano a una función lineal, se hace el ajuste a una línea recta, cuya pendiente es igual al índice de flujo del fluido, n. 4. Si el trazo de la gráfica no es una función lineal se hace necesario linealizar dicha función, es decir, se requiere desarrollar una serie de Taylor para la función
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
4. Elabora tu hoja de datos de laboratorio para el viscosímetro de Brookfield 5. Elabora una gráfica de τ vs. γ y discute sobre su seme emejanza con el comportamiento de los principales tipos de fluidos no-newtonianos no -newtonianos 6. Determina la dependencia de la viscosidad aparente, η, con respecto a γ REFERENCIAS Bird, Bird, R.B., .B., Stewar Stewart, t, W.E. y Ligthfo Ligthfoot, ot, E.N. E.N. 1982. 1982. Fenómenos Fenómenos de Transporte ransporte, Reverte. Brookfield Synchro-letric Viscometer, ¿???, Manual de Operaciones. Levenspiel, O. 1985. Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange, Plenum Press Mitschka, P. 1982. Simple conversión of Brookfield R.T.V. readings into viscosity functions.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
espasmódicamente el sincronizador, el interruptor se encuentra a un lado, en el cabezal del viscosímetro v iscosímetro.. Hay dos tipos de viscosímetros, los de cuatro y los de ocho velocidades. Los viscosímetros de cuatro velocidades tienen una perilla cuadrada con el control de velo veloci cida dade des, s, mues muestra tra un núme número ro en cada cada una una de sus sus cuat cuatro ro cara caras. s. La velocidad a que gira el instrumento es la que se indica en la cara superior de la perilla. Los Los modelo modeloss de ocho ocho veloci velocidad dades, es, tienen tienen un contr control ol de veloci velocidad dades es (peril (perilla la cuadrada) con dos números en cada cara, por movimiento de la perilla a través de los dos cambios de velocidad puede cambiar la secuencia. No se presentan problemas en las dos diferentes velocidades que se muestran en cada cara porque cada cara esta en el radio de 20:1.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
a) Asegure la aguja al eje inferior, lo mejor es levantar ligeramente el eje mientras se sostiene firmemente con una mano y se enrosca la aguja con la
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Esta Esta compañ compañía ía mantie mantiene ne una existen existencia cia de tempor temporada ada de refac refaccio ciones nes para para viscosímetros, que pueden ser usados para reposición de cualquier instrumento
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Determinar el coeficiente de difusión y la cantidad transferida de anilina en agua en régimen laminar y turbulento.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Los gases contienen relativamente pocas moléculas por unidad de volumen. Cada molécula tiene pocas moléculas vecinas o cercanas con las cuales cuales puede interactuar y
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
relación de flux, J A y su gradiente de concentración, la expresión anterior es conocida como la ley de Fick.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
medidor de orificio? 36
10. ¿Qué es la rugosidad relativa? 11. ¿Cómo afecta la rugosidad relativa a las pérdidas de presión por fricción en un tubo? 12. ¿Qué caída de presión debe tener una válvula de control de entrada de flujo, para tener un buen control de flujo? DESARROLLO PROPUESTO 1. Se abren todas las válvulas de paso del circuito y se enciende la bomba. Parte del aire en el circuito resulta evacuado en esta operación. 2. Se cierran las válvulas de bola para cancelar el flujo por todas las tuberías, excepto una, una, empe empeza zand ndo o por por mant manten ener er el fluj flujo o en la tube tuberí ría a infe inferi rior or,, lueg luego o en las las intermedias y finalmente en la superior. En esta operación el aire remanente en las tuberías debe ser comp comple letam tamen ente te evacu evacuad ado. o. Las Las válv válvul ulas as de purg purga a de aire aire pued pueden en auxi auxili liar ar también en esta operación. 3. Como se pretende encontrar experimentalmente la relación entre el flujo volumétrico y la caída de presión, para diversos tubos y accesorios, es posible en principio, operar de dos maneras. Cada equipo decidirá cómo operar, expondrá sus razones y sacará sus conclusiones al respecto. Las dos formas de operar son: 4. (i) Conectar las tomas de presión a un accesorio o tubo que se desee inspeccionar, purgar las tomas de presión y hacer las mediciones de caída de presión para diversos flujos volumétricos, midiéndolos mediante el tiempo que circula un volumen dado de fluido y cambiándolos por medio de las válvulas de control de flujo. 5. (ii) Fijar un flujo volumétrico por medio de las válvulas de control de flujo y medirlo mediante el tiempo que circula un volumen dado de fluido. Conectar las tomas de presión, purgarlas y efectuar las mediciones Secuencialmente, para todos los tubos y
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
1. Para cada uno de los tubos se encontrarán pares de valores del número de Reynolds contra el factor de fricción, así como un estimado de su rugosidad relativa. Estos resultados se presentarán en forma gráfica y tabular. 2. Se ajustarán los resultados anteriores con las correlaciones apropiadas para flujo laminar o turbulento, verificando los valores de los parámetros, que resultan de los ajustes. 3. Es razonable pensar que los parámetros de la literatura son más precisos que los nuestros (¿porqué?) en estas correlaciones, por lo cual es preferible calcular los valores de los los coef coefic icie ient ntes es de fric fricci ción ón de dich dichas as cor correlac elacio ione ness de lite litera ratu tura ra y compararlos con los nuestros. Encontrar loe errores errores cuadráticos medios de nuestros resultados experimentales. 4. Para cada uno de los accesorios, encontrar su longitud equivalente y su coeficiente o factor de fricción. ¿La longitud equivalente es constante o depende del número de Reynolds? Comparar los resultados con los de la literatura. 37
REFERENCIAS Armfield, 1997. Fluid Friction Apparatus. Instructivo No. C6. Crane, Co. 1986. Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe. Technical Paper No. 410M. Foust, A.S., Wenzel, L.A., Clump, C.W., Maus, L. y Andersen, L.B. 1961. Principios de Operaciones Unitarias, C.E.C.S.A.
Perry, R.H., Green, D.W. y Maloney, J.O., Manual del Ingeniero Químico. Mc. Graw Hill
PRACTICA No. 10
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
La selección eficaz de un medidor de caudal exige un conocimiento práctico de la tecnología del medidor, además de un profundo conocimiento del proceso y del fluido que se quiere medir. Cuando la medida del caudal se utiliza con el propósito de facturar un consumo, deberá ser lo más precisa posible, teniendo en cuenta el valor económico del fluido que pasa a través medidor, y la legislación obligatoria aplicable en cada caso. En este estudio se examinan los conceptos básicos de la medida de caudal y las características de los instrumentos de medida. Entre los principales medidores que se estudian se citan, en primer lugar, los medidores de presi presión ón dife diferen renci cial al.. Desp Despué uéss se estu estudi dian an los los medi medidor dores es con con acci accion onam amie ient nto o mecánico, es decir, los medidores de desplazamiento positivo y los medidores de tipo turbina, para finalizar con los medidores de caudal de tipo electromagnético y los medidores de tipo ultrasónico. Aunque los medidores de tipo másico no se abordan, ya que la ponencia trata de medidores de caudal de tipo volumétrico, en ocasiones es más importante conocer el caudal másico que el caudal volumétrico, principalmente en la industria química, donde es nece necesa sari rio o cono conoce cerr los los caud caudal ales es mási másico coss con con el fin fin de dete determ rmin inar ar bala balanc nces es energéticos en las plantas de proceso. Se indican también las ventajas e inconvenientes de emplear uno u otro tipo de medidor de caudal, tanto técnica como económicamente.
MEDIDORES DE PRESIÓN DIFERENCIAL Introducción La medida de caudal en conducciones cerradas, consiste en la determinación de la cantidad de masa o volumen que circula por la conducción por unidad de tiempo. Los instrumentos que llevan a cabo la medida de un caudal se denominan, habitu habitualm alment ente, e, caudal caudalíme ímetro tross o medido medidore ress de caudal caudal,, consti constituy tuyend endo o una moda modali lida dad d parti particu cula larr los los cont contad ador ores es,, los los cual cuales es inte integra gran n disp dispos osit itiv ivos os adec adecua uado doss para para medi medirr y just justif ific icar ar el volu volume men n que que ha cir circula culado do por por la conducción. Los Los medi medido dore ress de caud caudal al volu volumé métri trico co puede pueden n dete determ rmin inar ar el caud caudal al de volumen de fluido de dos formas: • directamente, mediante dispositivos de desplazamiento positivo, o • indirectamente, mediante dispositivos de: presión diferencial, área variable, velocidad, fuerza, etc.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Esta clase de medidores presenta una reducción de la sección de paso del fluido, dando lugar a que el fluido aumente su velocidad, lo que origina un aumento de su energía cinética y, por consiguiente, su presión tiende a disminuir en una proporción equivalente, de acuerdo con el principio de la conservación de la energía, creando una diferencia de presión estática entre las secciones aguas arriba y aguas abajo del medidor. Principales medidores de presión diferencial Entre los principales tipos de medidores de presión diferencial se pueden destacar los siguientes: placas de orificio, toberas, tubos Venturi, tubos Pitot, tubos Annubar, codos, medidores de área variable, medidores de placa. Se estima que, actualmente actualmente,, al menos un 75% de los medidores medidores industriales industriales en uso son dispositivos de presión diferencial, siendo el más popular la placa de orificio. Las principales ventajas de dichos medidores son: – su sencillez de construcción, no incluyendo partes móviles, – su funcionamiento se comprende con facilidad, – no son caros, particularmente si se instalan en grandes tuberías y se comparan con otros medidores, – pueden utilizarse para la mayoría de los fluidos, y – hay abundantes publicaciones sobre sus diferentes usos. Sus principales desventajas son: – la amplitud del campo de medida es menor que para la mayoría de los otros tipos de medidores, – pueden producir pérdidas de carga significativas, – la señal de salida no es lineal con el caudal, – deben respetarse unos tramos rectos de tubería aguas arriba y aguas abajo del medidor que, según el trazado de la tubería y los accesorios existentes,
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
– la prec precis isiión suel suele e ser ser menor enor que que la de medi medido dorres más más mode moderrnos, nos, especialmente si, como es habitual, el medidor se entrega sin calibrar.
Placas de orificio La placa de orificio consiste en una placa perforada que se instala en la tubería. Con el fin de evitar arrastres arrastres de sólidos o gases que pueda llevar el fluido, la placa incorpora, normalmente, un pequeño orificio de purga. Tomas de presión alternativas .
Las tomas en la brida se usan para tamaños de tubería de 2 in (50,8 mm) o superiores. En el caso de las tomas en la vena contraída, la toma antes de la placa se sitúa a 1 in (25,4 mm) de distancia de la placa, mientras que la toma posterior se debe situar en el punto de mínima presión, donde la vena alcanza su diámetro más pequeño. Las Las tomas omas en la tuber ubería ía se sitú sitúan an a 2 1/2 1/2 y 8 diám diámet etrros de tube tuberí ría a
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Los medidores de área variable funcionan sobre la base de mantener una presión diferencial constante, permitiendo aumentar el área eficaz de flujo con el caudal. Existen varios tipos de medi medidor dores es de orif orific icio io vari variab able le,, pero el más utilizado es el que está formado por un tubo tubo cónico cónico de eje vertica verticall y un flotador flotador.. Como se muestra muestra en la circula en figura, el fluido sentid sentido o ascend ascendente ente por el tubo desplazando un flot flotado adorr que, que, habi habitu tual alme ment nte, e, lleva unas ranuras que dan lugar a que el flotador gire,
proporcionándole la estabilidad y efecto de centrado necesario. Esta rotación es la que ha dado origen al nombre de rotámetro.
Rotámetro de tubo de vidrio cónico y flotador .
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
Cuando no hay flujo el flotador descansa en la parte baja del tubo, pero al pasar el fluido hace ascender el flotador de su posición de reposo, a fin de mantener la caída de presión a través del flotador en equilibrio con los efectos de empuje hidrostático y gravitatorio que actúan sobre el mismo. Puesto que el peso del flotador sumergido es una constante para un fluido dado, la caída de presión también tiene que permanecer constante. Por consiguiente, cuando el caudal aumenta el flotador ascenderá en el tubo con el fin de proporcionar una sección anular de paso mayor, para que el fluido pueda pasar a través de ella. La altura que alcanza el flotador es así una indicación del caudal que está pasando y, en el caso de tratarse de un tubo transparente, puede graduarse directamente sobre el tubo en unidades de caudal. Cuando las condiciones de trabajo son más severas, el tubo se fabrica de metal. La precisión que puede conseguirse con los medidores de área variable no suele ser mejor que ± 2% de desviación a plena escala, por lo que no son aconsejables cuando se requiere una elevada precisión.
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
4. Una vez que se halla halla calibrado calibrado el el rotametro rotametro sobre la la válvula de paso que va a la la tubería principal, donde se encuentra la placa de orificio. 5. Poster Posteriorm iorment ente e se debe debe purgar purgar el manóme manómetro tro,, de manera manera que no se encuentre encuentre aire estancado en ninguna de las columnas de manómetro diferencial, o hasta que se vea un flujo permanente en las mangueras de purga. 6. Ya que se halla halla purgado purgado adecuadam adecuadament ente e el manóme manómetro tro se cierra cierra la válvul válvula a de paso paso que esta al centro centro del arregl arreglo o de llaves llaves del manom manomet etro ro para que se comience a tomar la medida de la presión diferencial. 7. Con la válvula válvula del rotame rotametro tro se va cerrando cerrando para variar variar el flujo flujo y poder tomar tomar varias diferencias diferencias de presión, presión, para poder medir o determinar determinar la cantidad cantidad de flujo que pasa por la placa de orificio, así como su diámetro. 8. Realic Realice e los los cálcu cálculos los neces necesari arios. os. 9. Realiz Realizar ar un análi análisis sis de de resulta resultados dos.. 10.Conclusiones.
40 35 30
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
120
100
o r t e m a 80 t o R l e d 60 a r u t r 40 e b A
Serie1
% 20
0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
Gv = lt
Gv %
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 11.11 22.22 33.33 44.44 55.55 66.66 77.77 88.88 100
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
CALCULOS
DT= .0525m
∆ P = 15 cmHg Planteamiento Ecuación de orificio
2 gc Ca = A0 C 0
∆ P ρ 4
1 − D0
Dt
D0= .0127m
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
∆ P ρ
= 1.8959
v0 = .061
Kg f m Kg
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.8959 m = 3.7267 4 s 0.0127 1 − 0.0525
v0 = 3.7267
m s
3.7267 Re 0 =
m kg ∗ 1000 3 ∗ 0.0127m s m .08937 ∗ 10 −3
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
K C =
0.4832 = 1.023728 0.4720
Por lo tanto el Fc o coeficiente de correlación co rrelación entre la placa y el rotametro será se rá de :
F C =
0.4720 = 0.9768 0.4832
REFERENCIAS REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
ISO 4006 : 1991. Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits; vocabulary and symbols.
UNE _ EN 5167 _ 1 : 1996. Medición de caudal de fluidos mediante aparatos de presión diferencial. Parte 1: diafragmas, toberas y tubos de Venturi intercalados en conducciones en carga de sección
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TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE ECATEPEC DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA Y BIOQUÍMICA ASIGNATURA: LABORATORIO INTEGRAL I CARRERA: INGENIERÌA QUÍMICA
PROYECTO FINAL
TRABAJO A DESARROLLAR POR EQUIPO Y PREVIA APROBACIÒN DEL TITULAR DE LA MATERIA Y DE COMUN ACUERDO CON LAS PROUESTAS PROUESTAS DE LOS ALUMNOS.