1
LAPORAN FORMULASI DAN UJI EFEKTIFITAS EFEKTIFITAS SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK MINYAK ATSIRI KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS (Citrus ( Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) SEBAGAI ANTISEPTIK TANGAN
NAMA KELOMPOK : 4B ! &! #! 4! $! '!
D"I SRI SRI ANUG ANUGRAH RAHING ING HESTI HESTI (#$ (#$4% 4%&) &) NURU NURUL L AULIA ULIA!! RIST RISTA A ARDIA RDIANA NA RISK RISKA A D"I M! M! TYA TYAS "IN "INDU DU A! "ULA "ULAN N AFD AFDIL ILLA LAH H H!
TAHUN AJARAN &%$&%'
KATA PENGANTAR
P*i +,n -./0 /e1,+i0,2 T1,n Y,ng M,1, K,-, ,2,- -eg,l, 0,13,2 .,ng +ie0i/,n5N., -e1ingg, 2g,- M,/,l,1 .,ng e0*+l 6LAPORAN FORMULASI DAN UJI EFEKTIFITAS SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRA MINYAK ATSIRI KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) SEBAGAI ANTISEPTIK TANGAN7 ini +,8,2 /,3i -ele-,i/,n! M,/,l,1 ini /,3i ,2 -e,g,i /ew,*i,n n2/ 3e3en1i 2g,-! Deng,n 3e3,2 2g,- ini9 /,3i +i1,0,8/,n 3,38 n2/ 3e3,2 80+/ /e-e1,2,n .,ng 2e0,2 +,0i ,1,n ,l,3! D,l,3 /e-e38,2,n ini9 -,., 3eng1,20/,n 2e0i3, /,-i1 .,ng +,l,3 /e8,+, -e3, 8i1,/ .,ng 2el,1 3e3,n2 3en.3,ng/,n i+e +,n 8i/i0,n +e3i 2e0w*+n., 3,/,l,1 ini! A/1i0 /,2, -,0,n +,n /0i2i/ 8e3,;, .,ng +i3,/-+ n2/ 3ew*+/,n /e-e380n,,n 3,/,l,1 ini -,ng,2 /,3i 1,0g,i!
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN !! L,2,0 Bel,/,ng Ke,ne/,0,g,3,n 231,n +i ,l,3 In+ne-i, 3en+0ng 3,-.,0,/,2 lei1 3e3ili1 3e3,n<,,2/,n 2315231,n -e,g,i ,2 20,+i-in,l +i,n+ing/,n ,2 -in2e2i/! S,l,1 -,2 8e3,n<,,2,nn., ,+,l,1 +ign,/,n -e,g,i
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Staphylococcus aureus 8,+, /n-en20,-i %@ 1ingg, %@ -e+,ng/,n n2/ Escherichia coli 8,+, /n-en20,-i 4%@ 1ingg, %@ (A/,0ini9 $)! P,+, 8e0;,,n ini9 +il,//,n n2/ 3e3,2 <03l,-i gel ,n2i-e82i/ +,0i 3in.,/ ,2-i0i +,0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- .,ng +i,3il +eng,n ;,0, +e-2il,-i ,8 ,i0! Pe3ili1,n en2/ -e+i,,n 8e0l 3e38e02i3,ng/,n e0,g,i 1,l ,n2,0, l,in /e80,/2i-,n +,n /e3+,1,n 3,8n ei2,- en2/ -e+i,,n! D,0i -egi ,-e82,ili2,-9 en2/ -e+i,,n gel lei1 3en,0i/ /,0en, w,0n, .,ng 20,n-8,0,n ,2, ening +,n lei1 3+,1 +i2,ng! Di,n+ing/,n -e+i,,n /0i39 gel lei1 2e0/e-,n 2i+,/ e03in.,/9 2i+,/ leng/e2 +,n 3+,1 +i;;i +eng,n ,i0 (An-el9 ) -e1ingg, lei1 +i-/,i le1 8enggn,! Se+i,,n gel ,n.,/ +i8ili1 ,n2,0, l,in lei1 3+,1 +ign,/,n9 3e3e0i/,n 0,-, +ingin -,,2 +ign,/,n +,n lei1 3+,1 2e0-e,0 8,+, /li2 8,+, -,,2 +ign,/,n /,0en, 8ele8,-,n .,ng ,i/
+i,n+ing/,n +eng,n 3in.,/ ,2-i0i i2 -en+i0i9 -e1ingg, +i1,0,8/,n +,8,2 3e3+,1/,n 8ele8,-,n 3in.,/ ,2-i0i i2 -en+i0i -e,g,i ,1,n ,/2ii2,- gel e/-20,/ 3in.,/ ,2-i0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- -e,g,i ,n2i-e82i/ 2,ng,nC! !#! T*,n Peneli2i,n T*,n +,0i 8eneli2i,n ,+,l,1 3,38 3e3,2 <03l,-i +,n 3el,//,n *i e
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA &!! K,*i,n Ten2,ng Je0/ Ni8i- (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle ) &!! Kl,-ii-i : S8e03,281.2, S Di>i-i : Angi-8e03,e ?l,--i: Di;2.le+ne,e
O0+ F,3ili, GenS8e;ie-
: R2,le: R2,;e,e : ?i20: Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (R/3,n,9 ')
&!!& M0<lgi U33 T,n,3,n Je0/ Ni8iM0<lgi 2,n,3,n *e0/ ni8i- 3e3ili/i --n,n 21 .,ng 2e0+i0i ,2, 81n ,2, ,2,ng9 +,n9 ng,9 ,1 +,n ,/,0! Se;,0, 33 *e0/ ni8i- 2e03,-/ 2,n,3,n 2,1n,n ( perennial) .,ng 3,-, 0e80+/-in., 2e0*,+i e0l,ng5l,ng! P1n *e0/ ni8i- /0,nn., 0el,2i< /e;il e0/,. +,n e0;,,ng ,n.,/ -e02, +,8,2 3en;,8,i 2inggi 9$5#9$ 3e2e0 ,2, lei1! P,+, ,gi,n ,2,ng9 ;,,ng +,n 0,n2ing 2e0+,8,2 ,n.,/ +0i +eng,n 2,2, le2,/ e0*,1,n +,n /0,nn., 0el,2i>e 8en+e/! D,n *e0/ ni8i- en2/n., l,2 2el09 3e3ili/i 2,ng/,i +,n e0-,.,8 +,n *ng +,n ,g,/ 238l! ",0n, +,n 8,+, 8e03/,,n ,w,1 33n., 1i*, 3+,9 -e+,ng/,n +i ,gi,n 8e03/,,n ,2,- e0w,0n, 1i*, 2, 3eng/il,8! Sel,3, <,-e 0e80+/-i9 *e0/ ni8i- 3eng1,-il/,n ng, 3,*e3/ .,ng /el,0 +,0i /e2i,/ +,n 8,+, *ng 2,ng/,i! Bng,5ng, e0/0,n /e;il +eng,n /el8,/ ng, e0w,0n, /e3e0,153e0,1,n! B,15,1 .,ng +i1,-il/,n e0en2/ n+,0 -e8e02i l, +eng,n *ng 0n;ing9 8,+, w,/2 3,-i1 3+, e0w,0n, 1i*,9 n,3n -e2el,1 2, (3,2,ng) e0,1 3en*,+i /ning ;e0,1! U/0,n ,1 e0>,0i,-i9 n,3n 8,+, 33n., 2e03,-/ /,2eg0i ,g,/ /e;il! ?i2, 0,-, ,1 -,ng,2 3,-,3 +,n e0, -e+,8 +eng,n /n-en20,-i ,-,3 -i20n '@! Si-2e3 8e0,/,0,n 2,n,3,n *e0/ ni8i- 3en.e,0 /e -e3, ,0,1 +,n ;/8 +,l,3! Pe0;,,ng,n ,/,0 0el,2i>e ,n.,/9 n,3n /0,ng 3e3ili/i ,/,05,/,0 0,329 -e1ingg, n2/ 231 .,ng 82i3,l 8e0l /e,+,,n 2,n,1 (3e+i,) .,ng -09 /,., ,1,n 0g,ni/ +,n ;/8 ,i0 (R/3,n,9 ')! &!!#
M0<lgi Kli2 B,1 Je0/ Ni8iB,1 *e0/ 2e0glng +,l,3 /el38/ ,1 -e*,2i 2ngg,l e0+,ging9 /,0en,
,1 ini 2i+,/ 8e;,1 il, 3,-,/9 +i-e2 ,1 -e*,2i /,0en, ,1 ini 2e0*,+i +,0i -,2 ng, +eng,n -,2 ,/,l ,1 -,*,! B,1 *e0/ +i/en,l -e,g,i -,2 >,0i,-i +,0i ,1 ni! Din+ing ,1n., 3e38n.,i l,8i-,n /li2 l,0 .,ng 2i8i-9 -e+,ng/,n l,8i-,n +,l,3 2e,l9 ln,/ +,n e0,i0! Bi*i 2e0+,8,2 +,l,3 ,gi,n .,ng ln,/! Kli2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- 3e38n.,i 2ig, l,8i-,n9 .,i2 : )! L,8i-,n l,0 .,ng /,/ 3en*,ng,2 +,n 3eng,n+ng ,n.,/ /elen*,0 3in.,/ ,2-i0i! Ml,53l, e0w,0n, 1i*,9 2,8i -e2el,1 ,1 3,-,/ w,0n,n.,
e0,1 3en*,+i /ning ,2, *ingg,! L,8i-,n /li2 ,1 *e0/ ini +i-e2 flavedo! &)! L,8i-,n 2eng,1 e0-i<,2 -e8e02i -8n9 2e0+i0i ,2,- *,0ing,n ng, /,0,ng .,ng i,-,n., e0w,0n, 82i1! L,8i-,n ini +i-e2 albedo. #)! L,8i-,n lei1 +,l,3 en2/n., e0-e/,25-e/,29 -e1ingg, 2e0en2/ ee0,8, 0,ng,n! D,l,3 0,ng,n 2e0+,8,2 gele3ng5gele3ng .,ng e0,i09 +,n i*i5i*in., 2e0+,8,2 +i,n2,0, gele3ng5gele3ng 2e0-e2 (S,0wn9 $)! &!!4
Sinni39 N,3, D,e0,1 +,n N,3, A-ing Sel,in +i/en,l +eng,n n,3, Citrus aurantifolia Swingle9 *e0/ ni8i- *g,
+i/en,l +eng,n n,3, Citrus limonia O-1e;/9 Citrus limonellus Mi9 Citrus medica Linn9 Citrus acida R9 Citrus aurantium L9 Citrus javanica Bl3e Ccitus notissima Bl,n; (D,l3,021,9 &%%%)! Je0/ ni8i- (M0-i29 &%%%)9 *g, +i/en,l +eng,n n,3, l,in e0+,-,0/,n +,e0,1 ,-,l .,ng 2e0+,8,2 +i In+ne-i,9 .,i2: Sumatera: /el,ng-, (A;e1)! Jawa: *e0/ ni8i- (Sn+,)9 *e0/ 8e;el (J,w,)! Nusa Tenggara : *e0/ ,li29 /,82ng,n9 le3 (B,li)9 +ng,;e2, (Bi3,)9 3+2elng (Fl0e-)9 *e0 (S,w)9 3+,/enel (Sl0)9 +el3,/ii (R2i)! Kalimantan: le3, ne8i-! Sulawesi: le3 ,8e9 le3 /,8,-, (Bgi-)9 le3 /,+,-, (M,/,-,0)! Maluku: 8n1,2 e3 ne8i (B0)9 ,1-i 1in-i9 ,8-i
K,n+ng,n Kli2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- (-eg,0) 3eng,n+ng -e/i2,0 9&$@ 3in.,/ ,2-i0i
+eng,n /38-i-i -e,g,i e0i/2: 58inen,9 58inen,9 53i0-en,9 li3nen,9 -i3en,9 5lin,ll9 -i20nel,l9 ;i-5>e0enl9 5-i/l1e/-il5& 2en55l9 &58inen545 l9 lin,lil 808,n,29 +e;,n,l9 -i20nell9 -i20,l B9 lin,ll ,-e2,29 -i20,l9 5 e0g,32en,9 5<,0ne-en, (Ag-2,9 &%%%)! &!!' Kegn,,n D,l,3 /egn,,n -e1,0i51,0i ;,i0,n ,1 ini +ign,/,n n2/ 3e3e0i 0,-, ,-,3 8,+, e0,g,i 3,-,/,n! D,nn., +,8,2 +i8,/,i -e,g,i 3 8,+, g0eng,n l,/58,/ +,0i +,ging! Kli2 2e0l,0 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- +,8,2 +i,3il 3in.,/ ,2-i0i .,ng +ign,/,n -e,g,i ,1,n ,2 +,n 1,38i0 -el01 in+-20i 3,/,n,n9 3in3,n9 -,n9 /-3e2i/ +,n 8,0<3 3enggn,/,n -e+i/i2 3in.,/ ,2-i0i ini -e,g,i 8eng1,03 +,n *g, +,8,2 +ign,/,n -e,g,i ,n2i0e3,2i/9
,n2i-e82i/9 ,n2i0,;n9 ,-20ingen29 ,n2i,/2e0i9 +i0e2i/9 ,n2i8i0e2i/9 ,n2i1i8e02en-i9 ,n2i*,309 in-e/2i-i+,9 2ni/9 ,n2i>i0-9 e/-8e/20,n (Ag-2,9 &%%%)! &!& Tin*,,n 2en2,ng Min.,/ A2-i0i &!&! De
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BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN #! ",/2 +,n Te38,2 Peneli2i,n Peneli2i,n 6FORMULASI DAN
UJI
EFEKTIFITAS
SEDIAAN
EKSTRAK MINYAK ATSIRI KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS
GEL ( Citrus
aurantifolia Swingle) SEBAGAI ANTISEPTIK TANGAN7 +il,//,n 3l,i 2,ngg,l ,80il &%' -,38,i & ,80il &%' +i L,0,20i3 F,03,/gn-i A/,+e3i F,03,-i S0,,.,! #!& Al,2 +,n B,1,n Al,2 .,ng +ign,/,n +,l,3 8eneli2i,n ini ,+,l,1: ) Ti3,ng,n ,n,li2i/ &) Be,/e0 gl,-#) M02i0 +,n -2,38e0 4) B,2,ng 8eng,+/ $) Ke02,- 8e0/,3en ') P,n;i ) ?,w,n 8eng,8 ) Gel,- ,0l*i B,1,n .,ng +ign,/,n +,l,3 8eneli2i,n ini ,+,l,1: ) Min.,/ ,2-i0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i&) HPM? ( 4 g0,3) #) Gli-e0in ( % g0,3) 4) Me2il 8,0,en (%9#' g0,3) $) P08il 8,0,en (%9%4 g0,3 ') A,+e-2 (-e;/8n.,) #!# Me2+e +,n R,n;,ng,n Peneli2i,n #!&! E/-20,/-i 3in.,/ ,2-i0i +,0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- ( Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) +eng,n 3e2+e +e-2il,-i ,8 ,i0! P,+, e/-20,/-i ini +il,//,n 80e8,0,-i ,1,n +eng,n 2,1,8: ! Di-i,8/,n ,l,2 +e-2il,-i ,8 ,i0! &! Kli2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- .,ng 2el,1 e0-i1 +i/8,- 2e0lei1 +,1l n2/ 3e3i-,1/,n /li2 +eng,n +,ging ,1 *e0/ ni8i-! #! Me38e0/e;il /0,n /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- +eng,n ;,0, 3e32ng +eng,n /0,n 433 4 33! 4! B,1,n -i38li-i, +i3,-//,n /e +,l,3 l, ,l,- l,2 +,n +i2,3,1/,n ,,+e-2! $! Hi+8/,n 8e3,n,- +,n +i8,n,-/,n 1ingg, -1 %%?! '! Te2e-,n ;,i0,n 1,-il +e-2il,-i +i2,38ng +,l,3 e0len3e.e0 .,ng 2el,1 +i228 +eng,n ,l3ini3 <il n2/ 3en;eg,1 3in.,/ ,2-i0i 3eng,8! ! Min.,/ ,2-i0i .,ng +i+,8,2/,n +ign,/,n -e,g,i ,1,n n2/ 3e3,2 -e+i,,n! #!&!& Pe3,2,n Se+i,,n Gel An2i-e82i/
! Ke3,ng/,n HMP? +eng,n ,,+e-2 8,n,-! &! L,02/,n 3e2il 8,0,en +,n 808il 8,0,en +,l,3 4% 3L ,,+e-2 8,n,-! #! T,3,1/,n /e +,l,3 ,-i- HPM? +,n 3,-//,n ,,+e-2 $ 3L9 ,+/ -,38,i 2e0en2/ gel! 4! T,3,1/,n 3in.,/ ,2-i2i +,0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- /e +,l,3 gli-e0in9 ,+/ 1ingg, 13gen! $! T,3,1/,n ,-i- gel /e +,l,3 ;,380,n 3in.,/ ,2-i0i +,n gli-e0in9 ,+/ 1ingg, 13gen! #!4 An,li-i- +,2, P,+, 8eneli2i,n ini9 +il,//,n 1,n., 3enggn,/,n -,2 8e0l,/,n .,i2 3enggn,/,n 3in.,/ ,2-i0i /li ,1 *e0/ ni8i- -ee-,0 3L! Pe3ili1,n /n-en20,-i ini9 +il,//,n /,0en, -li2n., n2/ 3en+,8,2/,n 3in.,/ ,2-i0i +,0i 80-e- e/-20,/-i .,ng 2el,1 +il,//,n! Pe3ili1,n /n-en20,-i 2e0-e2 *g, +i+,-,0/,n 8,+, ee0,8, -3e0 .,ng 3enggn,/,n /n-en20,-i /i-,0,n 2e0-e2 /,0en, n2/ 3eng*i ,8,/,1 +,l,3 *3l,1 2e0-e2 3,38 3e3e0i/,n 1,-il .,ng +iingin/,n!
BAB I HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4!! H,-il +,n Pe3,1,-,n P,+, 8eneli2i,n 8e3,2,n -e+i,,n 1,n+ -,ni2i=e0 +,0i 3in.,/ ,2-i0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i-9 +il,//,n +eng,n 80-e- e-/20,/-i n2/ 3en+,8,2/,n 3in.,/ ,2-i0i +,0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i-! P0-e- e/-20,/-i 2e0-e2 +il,//,n +eng,n 3enggn,/,n 3e2+e 8en.ling,n ,8 ,i0 +eng,n ,1,n 8el,02 ,i0! D,0i 8en.ling,n ini9 +i+,8,2/,n 3in.,/, ,2-i0i -ee-,0 3L! P,+, <03l,-i 8e,2,n -e+i,,n 1,n+ -,ni2i-e0 +ign,/,n ,-i- HPM? (Hi+0/-i808il Me2il Sell-,)! Pe3ili1,n ,-i- ini9 +il,//,n /,0en, ,-i- ini 3eng1,-il/,n w,0n, gel .,ng lei1 ,i/ +eng,n /n-i-2en-i .,ng -2,il! U*i 0g,nle82i/ ,+,l,1 ;,0, 3enil,i 32 -,2 80+/ +eng,n 3enggn,/,n /e8e/,,n ,l,2 in+e0, 3,n-i,! Se3,/in 2inggi /n-en20,-i 3in.,/ ,2-i0i .,ng
+i2,3,1/,n /e +,l,3 gel9 en2/ gel ,/,n -e3,/in en;e09 w,0n, ,/,n -e3,/in 3engning +,n ,03, /1,- ,1 *e0/ ni8i- ,/,n -e3,/in *el,-! P,+, *i 8H9 +il,//,n 3enggn,/,n ,l,2 e08, in+i;,20 -20i8-9 *i ini +il,//,n -el,3, & 3ingg +eng,n 8eng*i,n # 1,0i -e/,li! D,0i *i ini +i+,8,2/,n 1,-il .,ng +i*el,-/,n +,l,3 g0,
UJI pH 7.2 7 6.8 6.6 UJI pH
6.4
nilai pH
6.2 6 5.8 5.6 5.4 1
3
5
7
9
12
15
G0,
P,+, *i +,., le/,29 +il,//,n +eng,n 3enggn,/,n $ /,li 0e8li/,-i +eng,n 3enggn,/,n e,n -ee-,0 /g +eng,n 3eng/0 l,3, *e/ gl,-- 8en28 n2/ +,8,2 2e0le8,- +,0i *e/ gl,-- ,l,- 2e38,2 -e+i,,n gel +i*i! D,0i *i ini9
/n-i-2en-i -e+i,,n gel 1,n+ -,ni2i=e0 +i/e2,1i +eng,n 8e0e+,,n 1,-il 8eng*i,n .,ng 2i+,/ -igni
&aktu (detik)
! ' " #
T,el &! U*i +,., -e,0 -e+i,,n gel 1,n+ -,ni2i=e0 P,+, *i -2,ili,- -e+i,,n gel9 +il,//,n +eng,n 3el,//,n 8en.i38,n,n 8,+, -1 0,ng (&?) +,n -1 le3,0i e- (&5?) -el,3, 4 1,0i! Peng*i,n ini9 3eli82i -2,ili2,-
Uji stabilitas sediaan gel pada suu kamar '*+, Hari ke-
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Ke2e0,ng,n : 2,n+, (5) : 2i+,/ ,+, 8e0,1,n9 2,n+, () 2e0*,+i 8e0,1,n
Uji stabilitas sediaan gel pada suu lemari es '-+, Hari ke-
.emisaan gel
/da0tidak jamur -
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BAB PENUTUP 4!! Ke-i38l,n D,0i 1,-il 8eneli2i,n9 +,8,2 +i-i38l/,n ,1w,9 3in.,/ ,2i0i +,0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i- -e2el,1 +i<03l,-i/,n +,l,3 en2/ -e+i,,n gel 1,n+ -,ni2i=e0 3e3ili/i -2,ili2,- .,ng ;/8 ,i/9 -e+,ng/,n ,-i- gel HPM? 3e38n.,i >i-/-i2,- .,ng -2,il! 4!&! U-l +,n S,0,n Pe0l +il,//,n 8eneli2i,n +eng,n /n-en20,-i .,ng e0e+,9 -e1ingg, +i+,8,2/,n +,2, .,ng lei1 ,/0,2 2en2,ng ei,- +,n /e3,38,n -e+i,,n gel 1,n+ -,ni2i=e0 +,0i /li2 ,1 *e0/ ni8i-9 8e0l +il,//,n *i 3i/0ilgi+,0i -e+i,,n gel9 -e1ingg, +i/e2,i ei2,-n., 2e01,+,8 3e3n1 ,/2e0i9 +,n 8e0l ,+,n., 8e0,i/,n <03l,-i +,n 3e2+e +,l,3 8e3,2,n -e+i,,n gel -e1ingg, +i+,8,2/,n -e+i,,n gel .,ng lei1 ,i/!
DAFTAR PUSTAKA B0g9 S9 R,1,li9 F!9 O0g1e33i9 I Tn-i9 M!S!9 &%&9 ?1,nge- < Peel E--en2i,l Oil ?38-i2in < F0 Tni-i,n ?i20- +0ing F0i2 M,20,2in9 The Scientific World Journal 9 %()9 %%5%! ?1,9S!9 Yng9 G!9 Oe09 ? N,/,/,9 K!9 &%%9 I1ii2in < Me21i;illin5Re-i-2,n2 Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) . E--en2i,l Oil- , lavour and ra!rance Journal, &#(%)9 444544! D.e09 D!L!9 Ge0en0,i;19 K!B!9 ",+1,3-9 P!S!9 9 Te-2ing , New Al;1l F0ee H,n+ S,ni2i=e0 2 ?3,2 Ine0-i2,- In+ne-i, P0e--! He0n,n+e-9 S!E!D!9 Mell9 A!?!9 Ann,!J!J!S!9 S,0e-9 !S!9 ?,--il,29 !9 G,0;i,9 L!B9 et al !9 &%%49 T1e E<ene-- < Al;1l Gel ,n+ O21e0 H,n+5?le,n-ing Agen2Ag,in2- I3802,n2 N-;3i,l P,21gen-9 (railian Journal of &icrobiolo!y, #$()9##5 #! S,0i9 R! I-,+i,022i9 D!9 %%'9 S2+i Ei2,- Se+i,,n Gel An2i-e82i/ T,ng,n E/-20,/ D,n Si0i1 ( *iper betle Linn)9 &ajalah armasi +ndonesia, (4)9 '#5'! S,0+i9 M!9 A03eni, Ani2,9 M!9 &%%9 F03l,-i +,n U*i Klini/ Gel An2i Je0,w,2 Ben=il Pe/-i+,5HPM?9 S'ripsi, F,/l2,- F,03,-i9 Uni>e0-i2,- U+,.,n,!
