LAPORAN INDIVIDU
Disusun untuk Memenuhi Kompetensi Profesi Ners Departemen Keperawatan Medikal di R.! R" Dr. "aiful Anwar Malan#
Disusun Oleh :
Sheradika Intan R
150070300113006
PRO$RAM "%UDI ILMU K&P&RA'A%A K&P&RA'A%AN N (AKUL%A" K&DOK%&RAN UNIV&R"I%A" )RA'I*A+A ,-
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LAPORAN P&NDA/ULUAN DAN A"U/AN K&P&RA'A K&P&RA'A%AN %AN PA"I&N D&N$AN %U)&RKULO"I" PARU
Disusun untuk Memenuhi Kompetensi Profesi Ners Departemen Keperawatan Medikal di R.! R" Dr. "aiful Anwar Malan#
Disusun Oleh :
Sheradika Intan R
150070300113006
PRO$RAM "%UDI ILMU K&P&RA'A%A K&P&RA'A%AN N (AKUL%A" K&DOK%&RAN
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%U)&RKULO"I" PARU
A. Definisi Tube Tubercu rculo losis sis adala adalah h penya penyakit kit ineks ineksii !enula !enularr yan" yan" diseb disebabk abkan an oleh oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis # $u!an batan" tahan aerobic dan tahan asa!
ini dapat !erupakan or"anis!e pato"en !aupun saproit %Sil&ia ' (rice) *005 *005+# +# Tube Tuberc rcul ulos osis is %T,+ %T,+ adal adalah ah peny penyak akit it ine ineks ksiu ius) s) yan" yan" teru teruta ta!a !a !enyeran !enyeran" " parenki! parenki! paru) den"an den"an a"en ineksius ineksius uta!a Mycobacterium %S!elt-er . ,are) ,are) *001+# *001+# Tuberc Tuberculos ulosis is paru adalah penyakit penyakit tuberculo tuberculosis sis %S!elt-er ineksi ineksi pada paru yan" yan" disebabk disebabkan an oleh Mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis yaitu suatu bakteri yan" tahan asa! %Suriadi) *001+# Dari beberapa pen"ertian diatas dapat disi!pulkan bah/a Tuberculosis (aru adalah penyakit ineksi yan" disebabka disebabkan n oleh Mycobakterium Mycobakterium tuberculosis tuberculosis suatu basil yan" tahan asa! yan" !enyeran" parenki! paru atau ba"ian lain dari tubuh !anusia# ). Klas lasifi ifikasi 'da beberapa beberapa klasiikasi Tb paru yaitu !enurut !enurut Depkes %*007+ %*007+ yaitu: a# $lasiikasi berdasarkan or"an tubuh yan" yan" terkena: terkena: 1# Tube Tuberk rkul ulos osis is paru paru Tube Tuberku rkulo losis sis paru paru adala adalah h tuberk tuberkul ulosi osis s yan" yan" !enye !enyeran ran" " arin arin"an "an %parenki %parenki!+ !+ paru tidak ter!asuk ter!asuk pleura pleura %selaput %selaput paru+ dan kelenar kelenar pada hilus# *# Tube Tuberku rkulo losis sis ekstra ekstra paru paru Tuberkulosis yan" !enyeran" or"an tubuh lain selain paru) !isalnya pleura) pleura) selaput selaput otak) otak) selaput selaput antun" antun" %pericar %pericardiu diu!+) !+) kelena kelenarr ly!e) ly!e) tulan") persendian) kulit) usus) "inal) saluran kencin") alat kela!in) dan lainlain# b# $lasiikasi berdasarkan hasil pe!eriksaan pe!eriksaan dahak dahak !ikroskopis) !ikroskopis) yaitu pada pada Tb (aru: 1# Tube Tuberku rkulo losis sis paru paru ,T' ,T' posi positi ti Sekuran"kuran"nya * dari 3 spesi!en dahak S(S hasilnya ,T'
positi# 1 spesi!en dahak S(S hasilnya ,T' positi dan oto toraks dada
!enunukkan "a!baran tuberkulosis# 1 spesi!en dahak S(S hasilnya ,T' positi dan biakan ku!an Tb
positi# 1 atau lebih spesi!en dahak hasilnya positi setelah 3 spesi!en dahak S(S pada pe!eriksaan sebelu!nya hasilnya ,T' ne"ati
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*# Tuberkul Tuberkulosis osis paru ,T' ne"ati# ne"ati# $riteria $riteria dia"nostik dia"nostik Tb paru ,T' ne"at ne"ati i harus !eliputi: (alin" tidak 3 spesi!en dahak S(S hasilnya ,T' ne"ati# 2oto toraks abnor!al !enunukkan "a!baran tuberkulosis# Tidak ada perbaikan setelah pe!berian antibiotika non O'T# %diperti!ban"kan+ oleh dokter untuk diberi pen"obatan# Ditentukan %diperti!ban"kan+ c# $lasi $lasiik ikasi asi berda berdasar sarkan kan tipe tipe pasie pasien n diten ditentuk tukan an berda berdasar sarkan kan ri/ay ri/ayat at pen"obatan sebelu!nya# 'da beberapa tipe pasien yaitu: 1# $asus baru 'dalah pasien yan" belu! pernah diobati den"an O'T atau sudah pernah !enelan O'T kuran" dari satu bulan % !in""u+# *# $asu $asus s ka!b ka!buh uh %re %rela laps ps++ 'dalah pasien tuberkulosis yan" sebelu!nya sebelu!nya pernah !endapat pen"obatan tuberkulosis dan telah dinyatakan se!buh tetapi ka!buh la"i# 3# $asus $asus setel setelah ah putus putus berob berobat at %dea %deaul ultt + 'dalah pasien yan" telah berobat dan putus berobat * bulan atau lebih den"an ,T' positi# # $asus $asus sete setela lah h "a"al "a"al %ailu %ailure+ re+ 'dalah pasien yan" hasil pe!eriksaan dahaknya tetap positi atau ke!b ke!bal alii !en !enad adii posi positi ti pada pada bula bulan n keli keli!a !a atau atau lebi lebih h sela sela!a !a pen"obatan# 5# $asus lain 'dalah se!ua kasus yan" tidak !e!enuhi ketentuan diatas) dala! kelo!p kelo!pok ok ini ter!as ter!asuk uk kasus kasus kroni kronik) k) yaitu yaitu pasie pasien n den"an den"an hasil hasil pe!eriksaan !asih ,T' positi setelah selesai pen"obatan ulan"an %Depkes RI) *006+#
0. &pide idemiolo iolo# #i 1# 4!ur Tb (aru enyeran" siapa saa tua) !uda bahkan anakanak# Seba"ian besar penderita Tb (aru di e"ara berke!ban" beru!ur diba/ah 50 tahu tahun# n# Data Data 8O 8O !enu !enun nuk ukka kan n bah/ bah/a a kasu kasus s Tb paru paru di ne"a ne"ara ra berk berke! e!ba ban" n" bany banyak ak terd terdap apat at pada pada u!ur u!ur prod produk ukti ti 15* 15*9 9 tahu tahun# n# (enelitia (enelitian n Ri-kiya Ri-kiyani ni pada tahun tahun *00 !enunuk !enunukkan kan u!lah u!lah penderi penderita ta baru Tb (aru positi 7)6; berasal dari usia produkti %155 tahun+
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(enyakit Tb (aru !enyeran" oran" de/asa dan anakanak) lakilaki dan pere!puan#Tb pere!puan#Tb paru !enyeran" seba"ian besar lakilaki usia produkti# 3# Stas tasus "i-i Status Status nutri nutrisi si !erup !erupaka akan n salah salah satu satu aktor aktor yan" yan" !enetu !enetukan kan un"si un"si selu seluru ruh h
sist siste! e!
tubu tubuh h
ter! ter!as asuk uk
sist siste! e!
i!un i!un#S #Sis iste te! !
keke kekeba bala lan n
dibut dibutuhk uhkan an !anusi !anusia a untuk untuk !e!pro !e!protek teksi si tubuh tubuh terut teruta!a a!a !ence" !ence"ah ah teradinya teradinya ineksi yan" disebabkan oleh !ikroor"anis!e# ,ila daya tahan tubuh sedan" rendah) ku!an Tb paru akan !udah !asuk ke dala! tubu tubuh h#
$u!an !an
ini
akan kan
berk erku!p u!pul
dala!
paru aruparu
ke!u ke!ud dian
berke!ban" biak#Tetapi) oran" yan" terineksi ku!an T, (aru belu! tentu tentu !ende !enderit rita a Tb paru# paru# 8al 8al ini ini ber"a ber"antu ntun" n" pada pada daya daya tahan tahan tubuh tubuh oran" tersebut# 'pabila) daya tahan tubuh kuat !aka ku!an akan terus tertidur di dala! t ubuh %dor!ant+ dan tidak berke!ban" !enadi !enadi penyakt na!u na!un n apab apabil ila a daya daya taha tahan n tubu tubuh h le!a le!ah h !aka !akan n ku!a ku!an n Tb akan akan berke!ban" !enadi penyakit# (enyakit Tb paru >ebih do!inan teradi pada pada !asya !asyarak rakat at yan" yan" status status "i-i "i-i renda rendah h karen karena a siste! siste! i!un i!un yan" yan" le!ah sehin""a !e!udahkan ku!an Tb asuk dan berke!ban" biak# # >in"kun"an T, paru paru !erup !erupaka akan n salah salah satu satu penya penyakit kit berba berbasis sis lin"k lin"kun" un"an an yan" yan" ditul ditulark arkan an !elal !elalui ui udara# udara# $eada $eadaan an berba berba"ai "ai lin" lin"kun kun"an "an yan" yan" dapat dapat !e!pen"a !e!pen"aruhi ruhi penyeba penyebaran ran Tb paru salah salah satunya satunya adalah adalah lin"kun" lin"kun"an an yan" yan" ku!uh) ku!uh)kot kotor or## (ender (enderita ita Tb (aru (aru lebih lebih banya banyak k terda terdapat pat pada pada !asyarakat yan" !enetap pada lin"kun"an yan" ku!uh dan kotor#
5# $ond $ondis isii sosi sosial al eko ekono no!i !i Seba"ai penderita Tb paru adalah dari kalan"an !iskin# Data 8O pada tahun tahun *011 *011 yan" !enyataka !enyatakan n bah/a bah/a an"ka an"ka ke!atian ke!atian akibat Tb paru seba"aian seba"aian besar berada di ne"ara yan" relati !iskin#
D. &tiolo#i (enyakit (enyakit Tb paru adalah adalah suatu penyakit penyakit ineksi ineksi yan" disebabk disebabkan an oleh bakter bakterii ycob ycobakt akteri eriu! u! tuberk tuberkul ulosi osis# s# ,akter ,akterii ini berbe berbentu ntuk k batan batan" " dan dan bersiat bersiat tahan tahan asa! sehin""a sehin""a dikenal u"a seba"ai seba"ai ,atan" ,atan" Tahan 'sa! %,T'+ %,T'+## Su!ber Su!ber penular penularan an adalah adalah penderita penderita tuberkul tuberkulosis osis ,T' positi positi pada /aktu batuk atau bersin# (enderita !enyebarkan ku!an ke udara dala!
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terineksi
kalau
droplet
tersebut
terhirup
ke
dala!
saluran
pernaasa pernaasan#Se n#Setela telah h ku!an ku!an tuberkul tuberkulosis osis !asuk !asuk ke dala! dala! tubuh !anusia !anusia !elalui pernaasan) ku!an tuberkulosis tersebut dapat !enyebar dari paru keba"ian tubuh lainnya !elalui siste! peredaran darah) saluran naas) atau penyebaran lan"sun" ke ba"ianba"ian tubuh lainnya# Daya penularan dari seoran" penderita ditentukan oleh banyaknya ku!an yan" dikeluarkan dari paruny parunya# a# akin akin tin"" tin""ii dera deraat at posit positi i hasil hasil pe!er pe!eriks iksaa aan n dahak dahak)) !akin !akin !enular !enular penderita penderita tersebut# tersebut# ,ila hasil hasil pe!eriksa pe!eriksaan an dahak dahak ne"ati ne"ati %tidak %tidak terlihat ku!an+) !aka penderita tersebut dian""ap tidak !enular# Seseoran" terineksi tuberkulosis ditentukan oleh konsentrasi droplet dala! udara dan la!anya !en"hirup udara tersebut# &.
Patofisiol iolo#i Te!pat !asuk ku!an !ycobacteriu! adalah saluran pernaasan) ineksi tuberculo tuberculosis sis teradi teradi !elalui !elalui %airborn %airborn++ yaitu yaitu !elalui !elalui instalasi instalasi dropet dropet yan" !en"andu !en"andun" n" ku!anku ku!anku!an !an basil basil tuberkel tuberkel yan" berasal dari oran" oran" yan" yan" terineksi terineksi## ,asil ,asil tuberkel tuberkel yan" yan" !e!puny !e!punyai ai per!uka per!ukaan an al&eoli al&eolis s biasany biasanya a diinstalasi seba"ai suatu basil yan" cenderun" tertahan di saluran hidun" atau caban" besar bronkus dan tidak !enyebabkan penyakit# Setelah berada dala! ruan"an al&eolus biasanya di ba"ian lobus atau paruparu atau ba"ian atas lobus ba/ah basil tuberkel ini !e!ban"kitkan reaksi reaksi peradan" peradan"an) an) leukosit leukosit poli!orto poli!ortonukl nuklear ear pada te!pat te!pat tersebut tersebut dan !e!a"osit na!un tidak !e!bunuh or"anis!e tersebut# Setelah harihari perta!a !asa leukosit di"anti oleh !akroa"# 'l&eoli yan" terseran" akan !en"al !en"ala!i a!i konso konsolid lidasi asi dan ti!bu ti!bull "eal "eala a pneu!o pneu!onia nia akut# akut# (neu! (neu!on onia ia seluler ini dapat se!buh den"an sendirinya) sehin""a tidak ada sisa yan" tertin""al atau proses dapat u"a beralan terus dan bakteri terus dia"osit atau berke!ban" biak) dala! sel basil u"a !enyebar !elalui "estasi benin" re"inal# re"inal# akroa" akroa" yan" !en"adak !en"adakan an iniltras iniltrasii !enadi !enadi lebih lebih panan" panan" dan seba"ian bersatu sehin""a !e!bentuk sel tuberkel epiteloid yan" dikelilin"i oleh li!osit) nekrosis ba"ian sentral lesi yan" !e!berikan "a!baran yan" relati padat dan seperti keulesi nekrosis kaseora dan arin"an "ranulasi di sekitarnya terdiri dari sel epiteloid dan ibrosis !eni!bulkan respon berbeda) arin"an "ranulasi !enadi lebih ibrasi !e!bentuk arin"an parut akhirnya
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ko!plet ko!plet "hon den"an !en"ala! !en"ala!ii pen"apur pen"apuran# an# Respon Respon lain yan" dapat dapat teradi pada daerah nekrosis adalah pencairan di!ana bahan cairan lepas ke dala! dala! bronku bronkus s den"a den"an n !eni!b !eni!bulk ulkan an kapil kapiler er !ater !aterii tuberk tuberkel el yan" yan" dile dilepa pask skan an dari dari dind dindin in" " ka&i ka&iti tis s akan akan !asu !asuk k ke dala dala! ! perc percab aban an"a "an n keobronkial# (roses ini dapat terulan" ke!bali di ba"ian lain dari paruparu atau basil dapat terba/a sa!pai ke larin") telin"a ten"ah atau usus# $a&itis untuk kecil dapat !enutup sekalipun tanpa pen"obatan den"an !enin" !enin""al "alkan kan arin arin"an "an parut parut yan" yan" terdap terdapat at dekat dekat den"an den"an perba perbatas tasan an bronkus ron""a# ,ahan perkiaan dapat !en"ontrol sehin""a tidak dapat !en"ali !en"alirr !elalui !elalui saluran saluran pen"hubu pen"hubun") n") sehin""a sehin""a ka&itasi ka&itasi penuh penuh den"an den"an bahan perkiuan dan lesi !irip den"an lesi berkapsul yan" terlepas# $eadaan ini dapat tidak !eni!bulkan "eala dala! /aktu la!a dan !e!bentuk la"i hubun"an den"an bronkus dan !enadi li!pal peradan"an akti# (enyakit (enyakit dapat dapat !enyebar !enyebar !elalui !elalui "etah "etah benin" benin" atau pe!buluh pe!buluh darah# darah# Or"anis!e Or"anis!e atau lobus lobus dari kelenar kelenar betah betah benin" benin" akan !encapai !encapai aliran aliran darah darah dala! dala! u!lah u!lah kecil) kecil) yan" kadan"k kadan"kadan adan" " dapat dapat !eni!bul !eni!bulkan kan lesi pada berba"ai or"an lain# =enis penyebaran ini dikenal seba"ai penyebaran li!oh li!ohe!a e!ato" to"en en yan" yan" biasa biasany nya a se!bu se!buh h sendir sendiri) i) peny penyeba ebaran ran ini ini terad teradii apabila okus nekrotik !erusak pe!buluh darah sehin""a banyak or"anis!e !asuk ke dala! siste! &askuler dan tersebar ke or"anor"an tubuh %(rice . ilson) *005+
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(.
Manife nifes stasi tasi kli klini nis s Tandatanda yan" di te!ukan pada pe!eriksaan isik ter"antun" luas dan kelainan struktural paru# (ada lesi !ini!al) pe!eriksaan isis dapat nor!al atau dapat dite!ukan tanda konsolidasi paru uta!anya apeks paru# Tanda pe!eri pe!eriksa ksaan an isik isik paru paru terseb tersebut ut dapat dapat berup berupa: a: okal okal re!it re!itus us !ein" !ein"kat kat)) perkusi redup) bunyi napas bronko&esikuler atau adanya ronkhi teruta!a di apeks paru# (ada lesi luas dapat pula dite!ukan tandatanda seperti de&iasi trakea ke sisi paru yan" terineksi) tanda konsolidasi) suara napas a!porik pada ca&itas atau tanda adanya penebalan pleura# a# ?ea ?eala la sist siste! e!ik ik@u @u!u !u! ! 1# (enuruna (enurunan n nasu nasu !akan !akan dan dan berat berat badan# badan# *# (erasaan (erasaan tidak tidak enak enak %!alaise %!alaise+) +) le!ah# le!ah# 3# De!a De!a! ! tida tidak k terl terlal alu u tin" tin""i "i yan" an" berl berlan an"s "sun un" " la!a la!a)) bias biasan anya ya diras dirasaka akan n !ala! !ala! hari hari diser disertai tai kerin kerin"at "at !ala!# !ala!# $adan" $adan"ka kada dan" n" seran"an de!a! seperti inluen-a dan bersiat hilan" ti!bul# b# ?e ?eala ala kh khusus sus 1# ,ila ,ila ter terad adii su!b su!bat atan an seba seba"i "ian an bron bronku kus s %sal %salur uran an yan" yan" !enu !enuu u ke paruparu+ akibat penekanan kelenar "etah benin" yan" !e!besar) akan !eni!bulkan suara A!en"iA) suara naas !ele!ah yan" disertai sesak# *# =ika =ika ada ada cair cairan an diro diron" n""a "a pleu pleura ra %pe! %pe!bu bun" n"ku kus s paru parup par aru+ u+)) dapa dapatt disertai den"an keluhan sakit dada# Tanda Tanda dan "eala "eala tubercul tuberculosis osis !enurut !enurut (erhi!pu (erhi!punan nan Dokter Dokter (enyakit (enyakit Dala! %*006+ dapat ber!aca!!aca! antara lain : 1# De!a! 4!u!n 4!u!nya ya subeb subebris ris)) kadan kadan"k "kada adan" n" 01 010B 0B)) keada keadaan an ini ini san"at san"at dipen"aruhi oleh daya tahan tubuh pasien dan berat rin"annya ineksi
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(ada "eala a/al atau penyakit penyakit rin"an rin"an belu! belu! dirasaka dirasakan n sesak sesak naas# naas# Sesak naas akan dite!ukan pada penyakit yan" sudah lanut di!ana iniltrasinya sudah seten"ah ba"ian paruparu# # yeri dada ?eala ?eala ini ini dapat dapat dite! dite!uka ukan n bila bila inil iniltra trasi si radan radan" " sudah sudah sa!pai sa!pai pada pada pleura) sehin""a !eni!bulkan pleuritis) akan tetapi) "eala ini akan aran" dite!ukan# 5# alaise (enyakit T,B paru bersiat radan" yan" !enahun# ?eala !alaise serin" dite!ukan anoreksia) berat badan !akin !enurun) sakit kepala) !erian") nyeri otot dan kerin"at !ala!# ?eala se!akin la!a se!akin berat dan hilan" ti!bul secara tidak teratur#
$. Peme Pemeri riks ksaa aan n Dia Dia#n #nos osis is Dia"nosis tuberkulosis paru dite"akkan !elalui pe!eriksaan "eala klinis) !ikrob !ikrobiol iolo"i o"i)) radiol radiolo"i o"i)) dan patolo patolo"i "i klinik klinik## (ada (ada pro"ra pro"ra! ! tuberk tuberkul ulosi osis s nasi nasion onal al))
pene pene!u !uan an
,T' ,T'
!ela !elalu luii
pe!e pe!eri riks ksaa aan n
daha dahak k
!ikr !ikros osko kopi pis s
!erupakan dia"nosis uta!a# (e!eriksaan lain seperti radiolo"i) biakan dan ui kepekaan kepekaan dapat dapat di"unaka di"unakan n seba"ai seba"ai penuna penunan" n" dia"nosi dia"nosis s sepana sepanan" n" sesuai sesuai den"an den"an indikasin indikasinya# ya# Tidak Tidak dibenark dibenarkan an !endia"n !endia"nosis osis tuberkul tuberkulosis osis hanya berdasarkan pe!eriksaan oto toraks saa# 2oto toraks tidak selalu !e!berikan "a!baran yan" khas pada T, paru) sehin""a serin" teradi o&erdia"nosis# a# (e!er (e!eriks iksaa aan n dahak dahak !ikros !ikroskop kopis is (e!eriksa (e!eriksaan an dahak dahak berun"si berun"si untuk untuk !ene"akk !ene"akkan an dia"nosi dia"nosis) s) !enilai !enilai kebe keberh rhas asil ilan an
pen" pen"ob obat atan an
dan dan
!ene !enent ntuk ukan an
pote potens nsii
penu penula lara ran# n#
(e!er (e!eriks iksaa aan n dahak dahak untuk untuk pene" pene"aka akan n dia"n dia"nosi osis s dilaku dilakukan kan den"an den"an
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*#
( %pa"i+ : Dahak diku!pulkan di ru!ah pada pa"i hari kedua) se"era setelah ban"un tidur# (ot diba/a dan diserahkan sendiri kepada petu"as#
3#
S %se/aktu+
: Da D ahak
diku!pulkan
pada ha h ari
kedua) saat !enyerahkan dahak pa"i hari# (e!e (e!eri riks ksaa aan n
!ikr !ikros osko kopi pisn snya ya
dapa dapatt
diba diba"i "i
!en !enad adii
dua dua
yaitu aitu
pe!eriksaan pe!eriksaan !ikroskopis biasa di !ana pe/arnaannya pe/arnaannya dilakukan den"an Cieh Ciehll
iel ielse sen n
dan dan
pe!e pe!eri riks ksaa aan n
!ikr !ikros osko kopi pis s
luo luore rese sens ns di !ana !ana
pe/arnaa pe/arnaanny nnya a dilakuk dilakukan an den"an den"an aura!in aura!inrhod rhoda!in a!in %khususny %khususnya a untuk penapisan+#
Inter Interpre pretas tasii pe!eri pe!eriksa ksaan an !ikros !ikroskop kopis is dibac dibaca a den"an den"an skala skala I4'T> I4'T>D D %Internati %International onal 4nion 4nion '"ains '"ainstt Tuber Tuberculo culosis sis and lun" Tuber Tuberculo culosis+ sis+ yan" yan" !erupakan reko!endasi dari 8O#
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biaka biakan n secara secara cepat cepat untuk untuk !e!ba !e!bantu ntu !ene" !ene"akk akkan an dia"n dia"nosi osis s dan dan !elakukan ui kepekaan#,entuk lain teknik ini adalah den"an !e!akai ycobacteria ?ro/th Indicator Tube %?IT+# c# (e!e (e!eri riks ksaa aan n dara darah h 8asil pe!eriksaan darah rutin kuran" !enunukan !enunukan indikator yan" spesiik untuk Tb paru# >au ndap Darah % >D + a! perta!a dan a! kedua dibutuhkan# Data ini dapat di pakai seba"ai indikator tin"kat kestabilan keadaan nilai kesei!ban"an penderita) sehin""a dapat di"unakan untuk salah salah satu respon respon terhadap terhadap pen"oba pen"obatan tan penderita penderita serta ke!un"ki ke!un"kinan nan seba"ai predeteksi tin"kat penye!buhan penderita# De!ikian pula kadar li!osit dapat !en""a!barkan daya tahan tubuh penderita# >D serin" !eni !enin" n"ka katt pada pada pros proses es akti akti) ) teta tetapi pi >D >D yan" yan" nor! nor!al al u"a u"a tida tidak k !enyin"kirkan !enyin"kirkan dia"nosa T,B# d# (e!er (e!eriks iksaa aan n radiol radiolo" o"is is (e!er (e!eriks iksaa aan n stand standar ar adalah adalah oto oto toraks toraks ('# (e!eri (e!eriksa ksaan an lain lain atas atas indikasi ialah oto lateral) top lordotik) oblik) BTScan# BTScan# (ada kasus di!ana pada pe!eriksaan sputu! S(S positi) oto toraks tidak diperlukan la"i# (ada beberapa kasus den"an hapusan positi perlu dilakukan oto toraks bila:
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1# 2ibrotik) 2ibrotik) teruta teruta!a !a pada se"!e se"!en n apical apical dan atau atau posterior posterior lobus lobus atas atas dan atau se"!en superior lobus ba/ah# *# $alsi alsii ika kasi si## 3# (ene (eneba bala lan n pleu pleura ra##
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!e!belah !e!belah## Siat Siat la!bat la!bat !e!belah !e!belah yan" yan" di!iliki di!iliki !ikobakte !ikobakteri ri !erupaka !erupakan n salah salah satu satu aktor aktor yan" yan" !enye !enyebab babkan kan perke! perke!ban ban"an "an pene!u pene!uan an obat obat anti!ikobakteri anti!ikobakteri baru auh lebih sulit dan la!bat dibandin"kan dibandin"kan antibakteri lain# =enis =enis obat obat uta!a uta!a %lini %lini 1+ yan" yan" di"un di"unaka akan n adalah adalah:: I8) I8) Ria! Ria!pi pisin sin)) Strepto!isin) ta!butol# =enis obat ta!bahan lainnya %lini *+: $ana!isin) '!ikasin) $uinolon# $uinolon#
(en"obatan Tb paru pada oran" de/asa di ba"i dala! beberapa kate"ori yaitu: -. Kate Kate#o #ori ri - 1 /R /R2& 2&34 34/5 /5R5 R5 Sela!a * bulan !inu! obat I8) ria!pisin) pira-ina!id) dan eta!butol
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5. Kate Kate#o #ori ri 5 1 /R2 /R234 34/5 /5R5 R5 Diberikan kepada penderita ,T' %F+ dan ront"en paru !endukun" akti# 4. Kate Kate#o #ori ri 41 R/2& R/2&" " Diberikan Diberikan pada kasus Tb kronik #
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c# ,ronkietak taksis
%pelebaran
bronkus
sete!pat+
dan
ibrosis
%pe!bentukan arin"an ikat pada proses pe!ulihan atau reakti+ pada paru d# (ne!ot (ne!otora oraks ks sponta spontan) n) yaitu yaitu kolaps kolaps sponta spontan n karen karena a bula@b bula@blep lep yan" pecah e# (enye (enyeba baran ran ineksi ineksi ke or"an or"an lain seperti seperti otak) otak) tulan tulan") ") sendi) sendi) "inal "inal)) dan seba"ainya *.
Pen#ka7ian (en"kaian ter"antun" pada tahap penyakit dan deraat yan" terkena 1# 'kti&itas 'kti&itas atau istiraha istirahatt ?eala ?eala : kelela kelelahan han u!u! u!u! dan kele!a kele!ahan han)) !i!pi !i!pi buruk) buruk) naas naas pendek pendek karena kera) kesulitan tidur pada !ala! hari) !en""i"il atau berkerin"at# Tanda : takikardia# takipnea@dispnea pada kera) kelelahan otot) nyeri dan sesak %tahap lanut+# *# Inte"r Inte"rita itas s ?O ?O ?eala : adanya aktor stress la!a) !asalah keuan"an ru!ah) perasaan
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6# $ea! $ea!an anan an ?eala : adanya kondisi penekanan i!un# contoh: 'IDS) kanker# Tanda : de!a! rendah atau sedikit panas akut# 7# Intera Interaksi ksi sosial sosial ?eala : perasaan isolasi@penolakan karena penyakit !enular) perubahan bisa
dala ala!
tan" tan"" "un" n"a/ab a/ab@p @pe erub rubahan
kapa kapasi sita tas s
isi isik k
untu ntuk
!elaksanakan peran# # (e!eriksa (e!eriksaan an (enunan (enunan" " (e!eriksaan penunan" pada pasien tuberculosis paru yaitu:
$ultur sputu!: positi untuk !ycobacteriu! tuberculosis pada tahap akhir penyakit#
Ciehleelsen Ciehleelsen %pe!akaian asa! cepat pada "elas kaca untuk usapan cairan darah+ positi untuk basil asa! cepat#
Tes kulit %!antouE) poton"an &oll!er+: reaksi positi %area indurasi 10 !! atau lebih besar) teradi 7* a! setelah ineksi intra der!al
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*# (ola (ola naas naas tidak tidak eekti eekti berhubun"a berhubun"an n den"an den"an sekresi !ukopurul !ukopurulen en dan kekuran"an upaya batuk 3# ?an""ua ?an""uan n pertukara pertukaran n "as berhubun"a berhubun"an n den"an den"an penurunan penurunan per!ukaan per!ukaan eek paru# $erusakan !e!bran di al&eolar) kapiler) sekret ke&tal dan tebal # (enin"katan (enin"katan suhu tubuh berhubun"an berhubun"an den"an proses proses peradan"an peradan"an 5# (erub (erubah ahan an nutri nutrisi si kuran kuran" " dari dari kebutu kebutuhan han tubuh tubuh berhu berhubu bun"a n"an n den"an den"an !ual) !untah) anoreksia# 6# ?an""u ?an""uan an pada pada istira istiraha hatt tidur tidur berhu berhubun bun"a "an n den"an den"an sesak naas naas dan dan batuk 7# Into Intole lera rans nsii akti akti&i &ita tas s berh berhub ubun un"a "an n den" den"an an kele keleti tiha han n dan dan inad inadek ekua uatt oksi"enasi oksi"enasi untuk akti&itas # $uran" pen"etahuan pen"etahuan !en"enai kondisi kondisi aturan aturan tindakan tindakan dan pence"ahan pence"ahan berhubun"an berhubun"an den"an alan interpretasi inibrasi) keterbatasan ko"niti
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Rasi Rasion onal al : (en" (en"el elua uara ran n suli sulitt bila bila sekr sekret et san" san"at at teba teball sput sputu! u! berdarah kental@darah cerah %!isal eek ineksi) atau tidak kuatnya hidrasi+# 3+ ,erikan klien klien posisi posisi se!i atau o/ler o/ler tin""i Rasional Rasional : (osisi (osisi !e!bantu !e!bantu !e!aksi!alk !e!aksi!alkan an ekspansi ekspansi paru dan !enurunkan upaya pernaasan# + ,ers ,ersih ihka kan n sekr sekret et dari dari !ulu !ulutt dan dan trak trakea ea)) pen" pen"hi hisa sapa pan n sesu sesuai ai keperluan Rasion Rasional al : ence" ence"ah ah obstru obstruksi ksi respir respirasi asi)) pen"hi pen"hisap sapan an dapat dapat diperlukan bila pasien tidak !a!pu !en"eluarkan sekret# 5+ (ertahankan !asukan !asukan cairan cairan sedikitnya sedikitnya *500 !@hari kecuali kontra indikasi Rasional
:
(e!asukan
tin""i
cairan
!e!bantu
untuk
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b# $8 : !elapo !elaporka rkan n tidak tidak adany adanya a penur penurun unan an dispne dispnea) a) !enun !enunuk ukkan kan perba perbaik ikan an &entil &entilasi asi dan O* arin arin"an "an adeku adekuat at den"an den"an '?( dala! dala! rentan" nor!al) bebes dari "eala) distres pernaasan# c# Inter Inter&en &ensi si dan rasio rasional nal 1+ $ai dispnea) dispnea) takipnea) takipnea) tidak nor!al atau !enurunny !enurunnya a bunyi bunyi naas) naas) penin"katan upaya pernaasan) terbatasnya ekspansi dindin" dada dan kele!ahan# Rasional : T, paru !enyebabkan eek luas pada paru dari ba"ian kecil bronkopneu!onia sa!pai inla!asi dius luas nekrosis eure pleural untuk ibrosis luas# *+ &alu &aluasi asi tin"ka tin"katt kesada kesadaran ran)) catat catat sianos sianosis is dan peruba perubahan han pada pada /arna kulit) ter!asuk !e!bran !ukosa dan kuku Rasi Rasion onal al
:
'ku!u ku!ula lasi si
sekr sekret et@p @pen en"a "aru ruh h
ala alan n
naa naas s
dapa dapatt
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Santosa) Santosa) ,udi# ,udi# *007# *007# (anduan (anduan Dia"nosa Dia"nosa $epera/ $epera/atan atan 'D' 'D' *005*00 *005*006# 6# =akarta: (ri!a edika Ta!bayon") =# *003# (atoisiolo"i untuk $epera/atan# ?B : =akarta#