La Observacion 1

MÉTODOS Y  TÉCNICAS DE INVESTIGACION SOCIAL IV  TÉCNICAS PARA PARA LA RECOGIDA DE DATOS E INFORMACIÓN EZEQUIEL ANDER-EGG LUMEN

Capítulo 2 La observación

l. Técnica Técnica ani!"a # $%&'(na &' ('c%)ilaci*n &' &a%+ ,. La %+'(aci*n c%$% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial /. Al!" Al!"na na++ n%( n%($a $a++ # ('ca ('ca"& "&%+ %+ )a(a )a(a ('a ('ali0 li0a( a( "na "na %+' %+'( (ac aci* i*n n +i+ +i+' '$1 $1ic ica a # c%n(%la&a 2.

M%&ali&a&'+ &' la %+'(aci*n

3.

In+ In+(" ("$' $'n n%+ %+ )a(a )a(a ('al ('ali0 i0a( a( "na "na %+' %+'(a (aci ci*n *n +i+ +i+'$1 '$1i ica ca # c% c%n n(% (%la& la&a a

4.

V'na 'na5a 5a++ &' la éc écni nicca &' %+ %+'(a '(aci ci*n *n

6.

Di7c i7c"l "la&'+ a&'+ # l8$i 8$i'+ '+ &' la %+' %+'( (ac aci* i*n n

,3 E+ 'i&'n' 9"' 'n n"'+(a i&a c%i&iana la %+'(aci*n '+: )%( &'ci(l% &' al!;n $%&%: 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% 9"' "ili0a$%+ %(&ina(ia$'n' )a(a a&9"i(i( c%n%ci$i'n%+. C%nin"a$'n' %+'(a$%+: )'(% (a(a '0 l% l % ci'n87ca$'n'>: 9"' )"'&' ('+"la( "na '?)('+i*n "n an% a$)"l%+a@. O+'(a( '+: )"'+: "n 9"'
S' D'' > D'' c%nc'&'(+' &'c8a $1+ c%n7an0a la +'n+aci*n 9"' al (a0%na$i'n% # 7a(+' &' la+ c%n+i&'(aci%n'+ (aci%nal'+ $i'n(a+ é+a+ Bacili'n ('+"la&%+ 'n c%nc%(&ancia c%n l%+ B'n*$'n%+.> M1+ c'(ca &' n%+%(%+ '+1 la %(a &' Al'?i+ &' T%c9"'ill': La &'$%c(acia 'n A$é(ica: 9"' n%+ (''la l%+ ('+"la&%+ &' "n '+"&i% +%ci%l*!ic% # )%l8ic% ('ali0a&% a (aé+ &' la %+'(aci*n a'na # )'(+)ica0 &' la ('ali&a& n%('a$'(icana. ,6 E0'9"i'l An&'(-E!! D'+&' 7n'+ &'l +i!l% )a+a&% # c%$i'n0%+ &' é+': +' B"' &'+a((%llan&% la %+'(aci*n c%$% in+("$'n% &' in'+i!aci*n. in' +i!aci*n. E+' )(%c'&i$i'n% B"' +i'n&% ca&a '0 $1+ +i+'$1ic%:
=Yan'' =Yan'' Ci# S'(i'+: J22J@: ('c%n%cién&%+' c%$% l%+ a)%('+ $1+ i$)%(an'+ &' la %(a l%+ ('B'('n'+ a la '+(ai7caci*n +%cial # a la cla+i7caci*n &' la+ cla+'+ +%cial'+. O(% '5'$)l% I% c%n+i"#' 'l '+"&i% 'B'c"a&% 'n Al'$ania )%( M'#'( # ''+ ' '+ =Da($+a& C%$$"ni# S"('#. S"('#. J2J@: 9"i'n'+ "i'(%n "na )a(ici)aci*n acia 'n la i&a &' Da($+a&: ('+i&i'n&% ci'(% i'$)% 'n l%+ a((i%+ $1+ +i!ni7cai%+. En F(ancia: 'l (aa5% &' ''l<'i$ # F(é(' =Un' ill'B(anai+' $%#'nn' A"?'((' A"?'((' 'n J3@ c%n+i"#' a$ién "n '5'$)l% &' %+'(aci*n acia 'n '+' ca+% c%nc('% c%$% )a(ici)aci*n na"(al. )"'+% 9"' l%+ %+'(a&%('+ '(an ci"&a&an%+ &' A"?'((': l%cali&a& %5'% &'l '+"&i%. E+a +i"aci*n: c%$% '?)lica 'l $i+$% ''l<'i$. Ba%('ci* 'l é?i% &' la in'+i!aci*n. Un '+"&i% +'$'5an' '+ 'l &' illia$ F%%' <#' =S('' C%(n'( S%ci'#: J2/@: 'B'c"a&% 'n "n a((i% &' "na ci"&a& &'l '+' &' E+a&%+ Uni&%+: 'n 'l 9"' i8an ca+i '?cl"+ia$'n' in$i!(an'+ ialian%+ # +"+ &'+c'n&i'n'+. <#' ('+i&i* ('+ aH%+ # $'&i%: al9"ilan&% "na &'+&' &'n(%> a la c%$"ni&a& +' '$)l'* c%$% &%$é+ica # l"'!% c%$% &')'n&i'na &' "na ca+a &' c%$'(ci%: a la '0 9"' a+i+8a a "na '+c"'la &' 'n+'Han0a &' la c%$"ni&a&. Pa(a c'((a( '+a 'n"$'(aci*n: $'nci%na('$%+ 'l (aa5% &' An&(é P
En 'l +'ni&% la% &'l é($in%: la %+'(aci*n na"(al> &' a&9"i(i( c%n%ci$i'n%+... "'na )a(' &' l% 9"' a)('n&' la $a#%(8a &' la !'n' a l% la(!% &' la i&a '+ "na c%$inaci*n &' %+'(aci*n: # 'l i( aan0an&% 'n c%n%ci$i'n%+ # '?)'(i'ncia+ $'&ian' >'n+a#% # '((%(>. P%( %(% la&%: la+ &'ci+i%n'+ 9"' +' %$an +%n: 'n "'na )a(': "na c%$inaci*n &' %+'(aci*n # +'ni&% c%$;n. Sin '$a(!%: a9"8 in'('+a anali0a( la %+'(aci*n %+'(a ci*n c%$% )(%c'&i$i'n% "ili0a&% 'n la in'+i!aci*n ci'n87ca. En n"'+(% ca+%: 'n la in'+i!aci*n +%cial. En '+a )(i$'(a )a(' &'l ca)8"l%: )(''n&'$%+ $%+(a( c*$% # c"1n&% la %+'(aci*n 9"' '+ 'l $%&% na"(al &' c%n%c'( +' (an+B%($a 'n "n )(%c'&i$i'n% &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial. An'+ &' 'n(a( 'n '+a '?)licaci*n: <'$%+ &' 'n'( 'n c"'na l%+ &iB'('n'+ alcanc'+ 9"' +' &an al é($in% c"an&% +' c%n+i&'(a c%$% "na B%($a &' ll'a( a ca% in'+i!aci%n'+. DiB'('n'+ alcanc'+ &'l "+% &'l é($in% 'n 'l ca$)% &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial N% %&%+ l%+ a"%('+ &' li(%+ +%(' $é%&%+ # écnica+ &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial '$)l'an 'l é($in% c%n 'l $i+$% alcanc'. Un%+ l% "ili,J

ci*n &' la ('ali&a& +%ci%c"l"(al &' "na c%$"ni&a&: &' "n !(")% +%cial &''($ina&% % 'n "na in+i"ci*n. En '+' ca+%: 'l é($in% +' "ili0a 'n 'l +'ni&% $1+ c%((i'n' "na % $1+ )'(+%na+ %+'(an l% 9"' %c"((' 'n "na +i"aci*n # ('!i+(an l% 9"' ac%n'c'. C%n '+' alcanc': 9"' '+ 'l 9"' l' &a$%+ 'n 'l li(%: la %+'(aci*n +' 'ni'n&': 'n +'ni&% '+(ic%: c%$% %+'(aci*n &i('ca. Pa(a 9"i'n'+ +' inician 'n 'l '+"&i% ' +"&i% &' l%+ $é%&%+ # écnica+ &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial: '+ i$)%(an' 'n'( 'n c"'na l%+ &iB'('n'+ alcanc'+ c%n 9"' +' "ili0a 'l é($in%: )a(a n% inc"((i( 'n c%nB"+i%n'+ 'n c"an% al +i!ni7ca&% &' la )ala(a. En 9"é c%n+i+' la écnica &' %+'(aci*n La %+'(aci*n ci'n87ca '+ ;+9"'&a &'li'(a&a: ll'a&a c%n c"i&a&% # )('$'&iaci*n: 'n c%n(a+' c%n la+ )'(c')ci%n'+ ca+"al'+: # 'n !(an )a(' )a+ia+: &c la i&a c%i&iana. A(a
 En c"an c"an% % éc écni nica ca &' in' in'+ +i! i!ac aci* i*n: n: '+ '+ "n% "n% &' l%+ l%+ )(%c )(%c'& '&i$ i$i' i'n n%+ %+ &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n 9"' +' "ili0a 'n la+ ci'ncia+ <"$ana+: "+an&% l%+ +'ni&%+ =)a(ic"la($'n' la i+a # 'l %8&%@ )a(a %+'(a( <'c<%+ # ('ali&a&'+ )('+'n'+: # a la !'n' 'n 'l c%n'?% 'n &%n&' &'+a((%lla n%($al$'n' +"+ acii&a&'+.  C%$% C% $% %&% %&% in+ in+( ("$ "$'n 'n% % &' in in'+ '+i i!a !aci ci*n *n:: +*l +*l% % '+ ;il ;il +i +i '+ "il "ili0 i0a& a&% % &' &' $an'(a +i+'$1ica # c%n(%la&a '+ &'ci(: +i +' ai'n' a O(%+ a"%('+  'n(' l%+ 9"' n%+ incl"i$%+ in'nci%na& >in'nci%na&a a ' il"+(a&a il"+(a&a in/ / E0'9"i'l An&'(-E!! An&'(-E!!

'nci%na&a % &'li'(a&a )%(9"' +'   Ca+i Ca +i +i'$ +i'$)( )(' ' +' +' "il "ili0 i0a a )a(a )a(a '+ '+"& "&ia ia(( +i" +i"ac aci% i%n' n'++ al al c% c%$% $% +' +' &an &an 'n 'n la i&a +%cial % !(")al: %+'(an&% in +i" l%+ B'n*$'n%+ na"(al$'n' )(%&"ci&%+. Ta$ién Ta$ién )"'&' "ili0a(+' )a(a ('c%!'( &a%+ c%$)l'$'na(i%+ #: 'n ci'(a+ ci(c"n+ancia+ c"an&% +' '$)l'a 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% &' (ian!"laci*n: +' ('c"((' a la %+'(aci*n )a(a c%n(a+a( la ali&'0 # 7aili&a& &' %(%+ )(%c'&i$i'n%+. P"'&' "ili0a(+': a+i$i+$% )'(% 'll% '+ )%c% B('c"'n': )a(a
..

El

El %5'% %+'(a&%c%nc')"a&% : A9"'ll% +%(' l% 9"' +' 9"i'(' 'n'( inB%($aci*n: al c%$% ac%n'c' 'n "n $%$'n% &''($ina&%. El c%n'ni&% &' la %+'(aci*n ... .... A9"'ll%+ a+)'c%+ 9"' &''n +'( %+'(a&%+ # 9"' +' c%n+i&'(an ('l'an'+ )a(a la in'+i!aci*n. L%+ %5'i%+ &' la %+'(aci*n .. La %+'(aci*n )"'&' +'(i( a %5'i%+ $"# &i'(+%+ 'n 'l ca$)% &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial +' )"'&' "ili0a( 'n la Ba+' '?)l%(a%(ia # c%$% )(%c'&i$i'n% )a(a la ('c%!i&a &' &a%+.

El a$i'n': 'n%(n% % +i"aci*n 'n c%n'?"al 'n la

S' (aa &' la +i"aci*n

&%n& &%n&' ' +' &an &an l%+ l%+ <'c <'c<%+ <%+ %+ %+'(a '(a&% &%++ ... ... <'c<%+ %+'(a&%+.

9"' 9"' +' &an &an l%+ l%+

L%+ $'&i%+ 9"' "ili0a 'l %+'(a&%( . '+)'cial$'n' i+a # %8&%.

L%+ +'ni&%+:

Ma)a+. El $a(c% '*(ic% ... ...  T'%(8a  T'%(8a % '%(8a+ &' ('B'('ncia 9"' +i('n +i('n &' !"8a )a(a la %+'(aci*n. M%$'n%+ %)%("n%+ )a(a ci(c"n+ancia+ 'n 9"' +' ('ali0a( l$+ %+'(aci%n'+ %+'(aci%n'+. El an1li+i i+i+ ' in'() '()('aci*n i*n &' inB%($aci*n

D8a+: $%$'n%+ # ...

('ali0a(1n la+ L%+ <'c 'c< <%+ %+'( '(a&%+: l%+ l%+ &a%+ # la

Dia( Dia(i% i%.. L%+ L%+ in+ in+(" ("$' $'n n%+ %+ )a(a )a(a 'l ('!i+ '!i+( (% %

C"a& C"a&'$ '$% % &' &' n% n%a+ a+..

&' la+ %+'(aci%n'+ ...C"a&(%+ &' %+'(aci*n. Di+)%+ii%+ $'c1nic%+'l'c(*nic%+ &' ('!i+(%. l%+ <'c<%+ %+'(a&%+ .('c%!i&a +%n anali0a&%+ ' in'()('a&%+. /. Al!"na+ n%($a+ # ('ca"&%+ )a(a ('ali0a( "na %+'(aci*n +i+'$1ica # c%n(%la&a O+'(a( '+ "n )(%c'+% 9"' ('9"i'(' a'nci*n %l"na(ia: +'l'cia: in'li!'n': %(i'na&% )%( "n )(%)*+i% '($inal " %(!ani0a&%(. D' K''l' Pa(a 9"' "na %+'(aci*n 'n c"an% )(%c'&i$i'n% &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+ 'n!a ali&'0 ci'n87ca: n% )"'&' ('&"ci(+' a "n +i$)l' $i(a( la+ c%+a+: ni a "n "l!a( # c%((i'n' ('!i+(% &' <'c<%+ # ac%n'ci$i'n%+ 'n 'l $%$'n% 'n 9"' +"c'&'n. a# 9"' %$a( ci'(%+ ('ca"&%+ )a(a !a(ani0a(: 'n la $'&i&a &' l% )%+il': la 7aili&a& &' la+ %+'( aci%n'+. Ci'(a$'n': 'l %+'(a&%( '+ 'l )(inci)al Bac%( % 'l'$'n%. Di!1$%+% c%$% "na )'(%!("lla&a 9"i'n a a "ili0a( '+' )(%c'&i$i'n% &' ('c%)ilaci*n &'' c%$ina( ci'(a+ c"ali&a&'+ )'(+%nal'+ c%n al!"na+
//

A<%(a i'n: X9"é ('ca"&%+ +' a"la (a+a> 'n la c"al +' an an%an&% la+ %+'(aci%n'+ &' "na $an'(a $1+ % $'n%+ $'c1nica. N'c'+ia 'n'(

('laia$'n' cla(% "n $a(c% '*(ic% ('B'('ncial 9"' l' +'(i(1 )a(a "n (i)l' )(%)*+i% 

)a(a )a(a %(i' %(i'n na( a( la ('a 'ali li0a 0aci ci*n *n &' %+' %+'( (ac aci% i%n' n'++ +% +%((' 'l '(( '(('n 'n% %



)a(a )a(a &a( &a( +i! +i!ni ni7c 7cac aci* i*n n a l%+ l%+ &a% &a%++ ' inB inB%( %($a $aci ci*n *n ('c 'c%! %!i& i&a: a: #

 )a(a )a(a +i" +i"a( a( l%+ l%+ &a &a%+ %+ &'n &'n(% (% &' "na "na '% '%(8 (8a a &' &' ('B ('B'( '('n 'nci cia a 9"' 9"' l'+ l'+ )(%)%(ci%n' +'ni&% # c%<'('ncia. A&'(i$%+ 9"' 'n al!"n%+ ca+%+ 'l $a(c% $a (c% '*(ic% n% +i'$)(' a#"&a 'n la %+'(aci*n. N% '+ '?(aH% 9"' $"c<%+ +' '+B"'(c'n )%( >in(%&"ci(> la ('ali&a& 'n +"+ '+9"'$a+ % n% 'an $1+ all1 &' l%+ c%nc')%+ % ca'!%(8a+ &' +" ci'ncia- En '+a+ ci(c"n+ancia+: la+ '%(8a+: c%nc')%+ # ca'!%(8a+ "ili0a&a+ '($inan )%( i$)%n'(+' 'n(' 'l %+'(a&%( # la ('ali&a&. '. D'' D''($ ($in ina( a( l%+ l%+ in+ in+( ("$ "$'n 'n%+ %+ 9"' 9"' ++' ' %lBa%> )a(a ca)a( <'c<%+ +i!ni7cai%+. Al!"n%+ ('ca"&%+ )"'&'n a#"&a( a 'll%. !. R'al 'ali0a i0a(( 'l (a (aa a5% 5% &' &' $an' $an'(a (a ('+) ('+)%n %n+a +al' l' # +i+ +i+'$ '$1 1ica ica +i la+ a(' a('a+ a+ &' %+'(aci*n +' %$an c%$% "n B%($"li+$%: % +' c%$)('n+i*n '$)1ica> )a(a 'n'n&'( &'i&a$'n' a %(a+ )'(+%na+: +"+ +'ni$i'n%+: ('acci%n'+: '$%ci%n'+ % '?)'(i'ncia+ in'l'c"al'+ % ('li!i%+a+ 9"' 'l in'+i!a&%( +%cial n%
)"'n'+> % >in(%&"c%('+>
C"an C"an&% &% +'a +'a n'c n'c'+ '+aH aH%: %: +' &a(1 &a(1 a la !'n !'n' ' "na "na '?) '?)li lica caci ci*n *n &' la+ la+

a('a+ 9"' +' an a ('ali0a( # &' l%+ )(%)*+i%+ &' la in'+i!aci*n. E+% )"'&' 'ia( +"+)icacia+ % $al%+ 'n'n&i&%+. ' n'n&i&%+. l. S' )'9"'H%+ &'all'+> c%$% n% +' )"'&' (')a(a( 'n >%&%>: '+ i$)%(an' ('!i+(a( la+ >i$)('+i%n'+ $;li)l'+> %'ni&a+ )%( 'l 'l in'+i!a&%( &' ca$)% 'n +"+ %+'(aci%n'+: '+)'cial$'n' )a(a 9"' +"+ in'()('aci%n'+ +'an )'(in'n'+. Ca&a "na &' '+a+ >i$)('+i%n'+ >i$ )('+i%n'+ &'l >%&%>., : l''+: i$)a(cial'+: i$)('ci+a+: a#"&an a la c%$)('n+i*n $. La++ %+' La %+'(a (aci ci%n %n'+ '+ +' +' &'' &''n n ('!i ('!i+ +(a (a(( 'n 'n la $'&i $'&i&a &a &' &' l% )%+ )%+i il' l'  &' in$'&ia%. C"an&% '+% n% +' )"'&'
O(i'n (i'nac aci* i*n n # c% c%n% n%ci ci$i $i'n 'n% % &' I% 9"' 9"' +' 9"i 9"i'( '(' ' '( '(..

 E+a E+a(( li( li(' ' &' incl inclin inac aci% i%n' n'++ &' &' la+ la+ n%c n%ci% i%n' n'++ )( )('c 'c%n %nc' c'i i&a &a++ # &' &' %& %&a a +'(i' &' )'(5"ici%+. Li(' &' '?ciaci%n'+: )(i+a+: 'n"+ia+$%+ # a$ién &' 5"ici%+ $%(al'+. 

Ma&" Ma&"(('0 $'n $'na al: l: &i+c( i+c('c 'ci* i*n n ' i$a! i$a!in inac aci* i*n n c%n c%n((%la& %la&a. a.

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E+a E+a(( li li((' &' &' %& %&a a Ba Bai! i!a. a. Aci Aci" "& & al' al'na na:: in in'( '('+ '+a& a&a a # ac aci ia a..

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ai a ili li&a &a& & )a( )a(a a )a+ )a+a( a( &'+a &'+a)' )'((cii cii&% &%:: ++in in lla$ lla$a( a( la a'n a'nci ci*n *n..

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Ca)aci&a& )a(a '+c"c
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Ca)aci&a& )a(a i!ila( # '(.

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Ca)a Ca )aci ci&a &a& & )a( )a(a a '+ '+c% c%!' !'(( la+ la+ )%+ )%+ici% ici%n' n'++ 'n 'na a5% 5%++a+ a+..

 Ca)a Ca )aci ci&a &a& & )a( )a(a a
S'!;n l% l%+ $'&i%+ " "ili0a&%+

 %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a % li(': li (': %+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a % '+an&a(i0a&a.  S'!;n '!;n 'l )a) )a)'l 'l % $% $%&% &' )an )anici) ici)ac aci* i*n n &'l &'l %+'( +'(a a&% &%((  %+'(aci*n n% )a(ici)an':  %+'(aci*n )a(ici)an'. / 

S'!;n 'l 'l n; n;$'(% &' % %+'(a&%('+

 %+'(aci*n in&ii&"al:  %+'(aci*n 'n '9"i)%. 

S'!;n 'l l"!a( &%n&' +' ('ali0a

 %+'(aci*n 'B'c"a&a 'n +i"aci%n'+ na"(al'+ &' la i&a ('al:  %+'(aci*n 'B'c"a&a 'n la%(a%(i%. a. S'!;n l%+ $'&i%+ "ili0a&%+ )a(a ('c%!'( # +i+'$ai0a( l% 9"' +' %+'(a &' la %+'(aci*n li(' a la %+'(aci*n '+an&a(i0a&a S%n $"# a(ia&%+ l%+ $'&i%+ # )(%c'&i$i'n%+ &' %+'(aci*n >)"'&'n i( &'+&' la '?iili&a& %al: !"ia&a +%la$'n' )%( la B%($"laci*n &'l )(%l'$a a +'( '+"&ia&% # al!"na+ i&'a+ !'n'(al'+ ac'(ca &' l%+ a+)'c%+ &' i$)%(ancia )(%al': . / E+a a(i'&a& i'n' &a&a )(inci)al$'n' )%( 'l !(a&% &' '+("c"(aci*n &' la %+'(aci*n. En '+' a+)'c% la &i+inci*n 9"' +"'l' al!%> 9"' ('ali0an %&a+ la+ )'(+%na+ 'n +" i&a c%i&iana. S%n B%($a+ li('+ % n% '+("c"(a&a+ &' %+'(aci*n. %+'( aci*n. Sin '$a(!%: a$ién '?i+'n B%($a+ &' %+'(aci*n li(' % n% '+("c"(a&a c%$% écnica+ &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+. D'n%$ina&a a$ién %+'(aci*n a+i+'$1ica: %(&ina(ia % +i$)l': c%n+i+' 'n ('c%n%c'( # an%a( l%+ <'c<%+

+in &'li$iaci*n )('ia % c%n !"8a+ &' %+'(aci*n )%c% '+("c"(a&a+. En !'n'(al: %&% in'+i!a&%( % (aa5a&%( &' ca$)% '+1 'B'c"an&% c%nin"a$'n' "na %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a: &' a<8 9"' )%&(8a c%n+i&'(a(+' c%$% 'l )"n% &' )a(i&a &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial: #a 9"' 'l c%nac% # la i$)('!naci*n c%n la ('ali&a& )lan'an )(%l'$a+: +"!i'('n c%+a+> 9"' l' in'('+a %+'(a(. %+'(a(.

En ca$i%: "na %+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a % '+an&a(i0a&a
'+a '+ al l'c 'c'( '( l%+ l%+ %5 %5' 'i i%+ %+ &' la %+' %+'( (ac aci* i*n n &' &' $an $an'( '(a a )( )('c 'ci+ i+a a

 &'li &'li$i $ia a(( # &'7 &'7ni ni(( 'l ca ca$) $)% % &' &' %+ %+'( '(a aci ci*n *n:: '+c% '+c%!i !i'n 'n&% &% l%+ l%+ a+) a+)'c 'c% %++ 9"' +' '+i$an $1+ ('l'an'+ 'n B"nci*n &' l% 9"' +' 9"i'(' '+"&ia(  '+)' '+ )'ci ci7c 7ca( a( la+ la+ &i$ &i$'n 'n+i +i%n %n'+ '+ &' &' l%+ l%+ a+)' a+)'c c%+ %+ +'l +'l'c 'cci ci%n %na& a&%+ %+ =a =a(i (ia al' l'++ '$)8(ica+ ' in&ica&%('+ &' la+ &i$'n+i%n'+@  '+c%!'( l%+ in+("$'n%+ 9"' +' %+'(aci*n(')%(a5'>: )%( +" +i$ili"& c%n la écnica '$)l'a&a )%( l%+ )'(i%&i+a+: a"n9"' 'n la+ ci'ncia+ +%cial'+ i'n' "n ca(1c'( $1+ +i+'$1ic%. E+' $%&% &' %+'(a( '+ >$"# a)(%)ia&% )a(a 'l '+"&i% &' la+ ('"ni%n'+: $aniB'+aci%n'+: a+a$l'a+: c%n!('+%+: 'c.: # 'n !'n'(al )a(a la %+'(aci*n &' la+ acii&a&'+ )'(i*&ica+ &' l%+ !(")%+ $1+ 9"' )a(a 'l '+"&i% &' +" '+("c"(a # i&a c%i&iana>.3 P('ci+a$'n': la n% )a(ici)aci*n +*l% )'($i' )'(cii( l%+ a+)'c%+ $1+ '?'(n%+ &' la i&a +%cial. La %+'(aci*n )a(ici)an' " %+'(aci*n acia c%n+i+' 'n la )a(ici)aci*n &i('ca ' in$'&iaa &'l %+'(a&%( 'n c"an% a+"$' "n% % $1+ (%l'+ 'n la i&a &' la c%$"ni&a&: &'l !(")% % &'n(% &' "na +i"aci*n &''($ina&a. S'
B'n*$'n%+ %5'i%+ # $ani7'+%+ +in% a$ién 'l +'ni&% +"5'i% &' $"c<%+ c%$)%(a$i'n%+ +%cial'+: i$)%+il'+ &' c%n%c'( # $'n%+ a;n &' c%$)('n&'( c%n la %+'(aci*n n% )a(ici)an'. S' &i+in!"'n &%+ B%($a+ &' %+'(aci*n )a(ici)an'  la )a( )a(ic ici) i)ac aci* i*n n na" na"(a (al: l: c"an c"an&% &% 'l %+ %+'( '(a a&% &%(( )'( )'('n 'n'c 'c' ' a la la $i+ $i+$a $a c%$"ni&a& % !(")% 9"' +' in'+i!a  la )a( )a(ic ici) i)ac aci* i*n n a( a(i7 i7ci cial al:: c"a c"an& n&% % 'l 'l %+ %+'( '(a a&% &%(( +' +' in in'! '!(a (a 'n "n !(")%: in+i"ci*n % c%$"ni&a& c%n 'l %5'% &' ('ali0a( "na in'+i!aci*n. A '+' i)% &' %+'(aci*n: al!"n%+ la &'n%$inan >%+'(aci*n 'n%!(17ca> " >%+'(aci*n an(%)%l*!ica>: 'n (a0*n &' la +'$'5an0a c%n l%+ )(%c'&i$i'n%+ "ili0a&%+ )%( l%+ an(%)*l%!%+ 'n 'l '+"&i% &' 2, la+ lla$a&a+ >+%ci'&a&'+ )(iniia+>. Sin '$a(!%: '+a $%&ali&a& &' la %+'(aci*n
ca&a "n "n% % %+'(a "n "n a+ a+)'c% &i &iB'('n'

 'l '9"i '9"i)% )% ('c ('c"( "(((' a la %+' %+'( (ac aci* i*n: n: )'( )'(% al! al!"n "n%+ %+ $i'$ $i'$( (%+ %+ '$ '$)l )l'a 'an n %(%+ )(%c'&i$i'n%+ =;+9"'&a &' ali&'0 a (aé+ &' (ian!"laci*n &' $é%&%+@  +' c% c%n+ n+i i" "#' #' "na "na ('& &' &' %+' %+'( (a& a&%( %('+ '+:: &i+ &i+( (i i"i "i&% &%++ 'n 'n "na "na ci" ci"&a &a&: &: ('!i*n % )a8+ +' (aa &' la écnica &'n%$ina&a %+'(aci*n $a+ia " %+'(aci*n 'n $a+a. &. S'!;n 'l l"!a( &%n&' +' ('ali0a D' %(&ina(i%: la+ %+'(aci%n'+ +' 'B'c;an 'n la i&a ('al l%+ <'c<%+ +' ca)an al c%$% +' an )('+'nan&%: +in )(')a(aci*n. N% +' c%n%ca "na ('"ni*n &' la c%$i+i*n &i('cia &' "na c%%)'(aia % &' 2/

"na a+%ciaci*n &' 'cin%+ )a(a %+'(a( c*$% ac;a 'l !(")% c"an&% +' ('ali0a "na ('"ni*n: +' 'B'c;a la %+'(aci*n. La %+'(aci*n &' la%(a%(i% i'n' 'n ci'(% $%&% "n ca(1c'( a(i7cial &'n(% &' '+a ca'!%(8a '+1 c%$)('n&i&a la %+'(aci*n &' )'9"'H%+ !(")%+ 'l (aa5% &' L'in: Li))i # 
'l &ia(i%:



'l c"a&'(n% &' n%a+:



l%+ c"a&(%+ % )lan lanilla+ la+ &' %+'(ac aci*n:



l%+ $a)a+:



l%+ &i+) i+)%+ii%+ %+ $'c 'c1 1nic% c%++ &' ('!i+(%:

 El &ia( &ia(i% i% '+ '+ 'l 'l ('l ('la a%: %: '+ '+c( c(i i% % c% c%i& i&ia iana na$' $'n n': ': &' la+ la+ '?)' '?)'(i (i'n 'nci cia+ a+ ii&a+: &' (''?i%n'+: +")%+ici%n'+: an%aci%n'+ 9"' 'l in'+i!a&%( n%a+ &' ca$)%>. En '+' c"a&'(n% +' an%an +%(' 'l '(('n% %&a+ la+ inB%($aci%n'+: &a%+: B"'n'+ &'

inB%($aci*n: ('B'('ncia+: '?)('+i%n'+: %)ini%n'+: <'c<%+: c(%9"i+: 'c.: 9"' )"'&'n +'( &' in'(é+ )a(a +" in'+i!aci*n. E+a+ an%aci%n'+ +%n an% $1+ ;il'+ c"an% $1+ +i!ni7caia '+ ' + la inB%($aci*n 9"' +' ('c%!'. D'+&' 'l )"n% &' i+a )(1cic%: la+ ('c%$'n&aci%n'+ $1+ i$)%(an'+ )a(a 'n'( 'n c"'na +%n  '+c(ii( la+ n%a+ &' ca$)% an )(%n% c%$% +'a )%+il': )a(a 'ia( %li&%+ % (i'+!%+ &' &i+%(+i%n'+  &'5a( $1(!'n'+ )a(a c%$'na(i%+ )%+'(i%('+  M'n% M'n%++ "i "ili li0a 0a&% &%+: +: +% +%n n l%+ l%+ c"a& c"a&((%+ % )la )lan nil illa la++ &' &' %+ %+'( '(a aci ci*n *n.. C%n+i+'n 'n "na B%($a &' )('+'naci*n !(17ca +'$'5an' a )lanilla+: c%n ca+ill'(%+ B%($a&%+ )%( ('n!l%n'+ # c%l"$na+. P%( l% !'n'(al: ca&a c%l"$na )"'&' c%(('+)%n&'( a &iB'('n'+ !(a&"aci%n'+ &'l B'n*$'n% 9"' %+'(a$%+. En la c%l"$na $a(i0 )"'&'n c%n+i!na(+' l%+ a+)'c%+ %+'(a&%+: a l%+ c"al'+ c%(('+)%n&'n l%+ &a%+ 9"' +' c%n+i!nan 'n la+ c%l"$na+ ('+an'+. 23 E+%+ c"a&(%+ )'($i'n ('c%!'( "na +'(i' &' inB%($aci%n'+: al!"na+ &' la+ l a+ c"al'+ )"'&'n +'( (aa&a+ l"'!% 'n B%($a '+a&8+ica a&'$1+: +i('n &' !"8a )a(a 'l %+'(a&%( 'n l%+ a+)'c%+ 9"' &'' '+"&ia( # 'n l%+ &a%+ 9"' &'' ('c%!'(. ('c%!'(. Al $i+$% i'$)%: >!a(ani0an 9"' 'l %+'(a&%( %$' n%a c%$% in&ica L"n&'(! &' l%+ $i+$%+ &a%+ &' inB%($aci*n inB %($aci*n 'n %&%+ l%+ ca+%+ #: a&'$1+: l' ('l'a &' c%n7a( a +" $'$%(ia l%+ <'c<%+ %+'(a&%+>.4 E+' a"%( &i+in!"' ('+ cla+'+ &' c"a&(%+ 'n(' l%+ 9"' +' '$)l'an 'n la %+'(aci*n  C"a&(%+ )a(a 'l ('!i+(% &' l%+ <'c<%+ %5'i%+ 9"' n% )(%i'n'n &' la %+'(aci*n &i('ca &'l in'+i!a&%( =)%( '5'$)l%: 'l c"a&(% &' )%laci*n +'!;n 'l c'n+% naci%nal@: 9"' )(%c'&'n &' )'(+%na+ )' (+%na+ 'n('i+a&a+ )%(9"' )%+''n l%+ &a%+ &'+'a&%+: % 9"' )(%i'n'n &' c"'+i%na(i%+ c%n'+a&%+ )%( in&ii&"%+ +in +'( 'n('i+a&%+ )%( 'l 'nc"'+a&%(. 'nc"'+a&%(.  C"a&(%+ )a(a la &''($inaci*n # $'&i&a &' aci"&'+ # %)ini%n'+. C"a&(%+ )a(a a+'na( la +i"aci*n # B"nci%na$i'n% &' %(!ani0aci%n'+ ' in+i"ci%n'+ +%cial'+: &' $%&% 9"' )"'&an +'( c%$)a(a&%+ 'n ('laci*n c%n "n% '+1n&a( # "n%+ c%n %(%+. E+a+ ('+ cla+'+ &' c"a&(%+ n% +' '?cl"#'n 'n(' +8: # )"'&'
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