DOTOZMFHEKFLH DOTOZMFHEKFL H DO CE DOH[FDED OH CE COKBO
^rektfke hùm. 5
>? DO MEVL DOC :>50
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
Dotormfhekfûh do ce dohsfded do ce cokbo Fhtrldukkfûh
Ce fhvostf`ekfûh jåsfke do cls ecfmohtls y do sus metorfes prfmes klmprohdo hl slcl ce dotormfhekfûh do sus prfhkfpecos klmplhohtos, tecos klml kerjlbfdretls, prltoíhes, `reses y ltrls klmpuostls ospokfecos, sfhl temjfæh ce dotormfhekfûh do me`hftudos `ohorecos quo so ompcoeh 6oh ce kerektorfzekfûh y ovecuekfûh do dfstfhtls prlduktls y quo puodoh sor dotormfhedls do mehore sohkfcce plr mætldls gísfkls-químfkls. Dohtrl do ostes dotormfhekflhos `ohorecos do cls ecfmohtls so ohkuohtreh mætldls teh jåsfkls klml ce dohsfded. Ce dohsfded l mese ospokfgfke do uhe sustehkfe so dogfho klml ce mese do su uhfded do vlcumoh(`/Mc) y so dotormfhe plr posede. Ce dohsfded dopohdo do ce T y ce ^. Euhquo ce T dojo ospokfgfkerso iuhtl e ce dohsfded, ce ^ hl os hokoserfe oh oc kesl do cíqufdls y slcfdls plrquo slh pråktfkemohto fhklmprosfjco. Oh ce pråktfke, oh cu`er do ce dohsfded so dotormfhe oc dohlmfhedl klkfohto do posl su`orfdl., quo so ljtfoho dfvfdohdl oc porl sumor`fdl do ce muostre e fhvostf`er plr oc do ce sustehkfe do rogorohkfe quo `ohorecmohto os e`ue oh prosohkfe do efro. Oc veclr ljtohfdl so oxprose klml íhdfko edfmohsflhec klhlkfdl klml dohsfded rocetfve, metomåtfkemohto so oxprose klml
r:>¾/:>=re/rrog (F)
Dlhdo r:>¾/:>¾9 dohsfded rocetfve e :>¾K re9 dohsfded do ecfmohtl rrog 9 dohsfded do rogorohkfe (`ohorecmohto e`ue)
Oste so dotormfhe psfklmætrfkemohto oh oc kesl do ecfmohtls klml jojfdes, zumls do grutes, vfhl, korvozes y ltres jojfdes ecklbûcfkes.
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^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
Oh oc kesl do ce cokbo ce dohsfded rocetfve os ce rocekfûh ohtro ces meses do vlcùmohos f`uecos do ce cokbo y e`ue dostfcede emjes e 5?¾K. oc ohseyl klhsfsto oh blml`ohfzer uhe muostre do cokbo e uhe T do :>¾K y sumor`fr oh occe uh cektldohsímotrl, mfdfæhdlso oc veclr do ce dohsfded rocetfve do ce cokbo. ^ere oc kåckucl do ce dohsfded temjfæh so beh pcehtoedl ec`uhes klrrocekflhos metomåtfkes rosuctedl do fhvostf`ekflhos roecfzedes plr cer`ls porfldls do tfompl, ohtro occls tohomls9 ^ere ce cokbo, plr tækhfkes do ro`rosfûh mùctfpco y klhsfdoredls 547 ljsorvekflhos do muostre do cokbo ehecfzedes durehto ? eõls, oh uh fhtorvecl do 5>¾K e 2> ¾K, Ecveredl(5620) ljtuvl uhe prfmore okuekfûh quo klhsfdore klml verfejco dopohdfohto e ce dohsfded y klml verfejcos fhdopohdfohtos oc plrkohteios do slcfdls tltecos y e ce T.
DC= 5>555- >0>52*T + :.?26;*[…FF
Dlhdo DC9 dohsfded do ce cokbo (A`/m ; ) T9 Tomporeture do ce cokbo(¾K) [9 plrkohteio do slcfdls tltecos do ce cokbo
^ere iu`ls9 klh 67 ljsorvekflhos, ohtro ? y :? ¾Jrfx, quo kujroh cls veclros mes prljejcos quo so ohkuohtreh cls iu`ls heturecos, y ohtro 5> y 4> ¾K, Ecveredl y Cûpoz(5627) ostejcokoh ce sf`ufohto okuekflhos quo pormfto oc kåckucl do ce dohsfded do iu`ls do grutes y do ierejos klml guhkfûh doc klhtohfdl do slcfdls slcujcos y do ce T9
5,>>2+ 4,5?Jr->,7*T…(FFF)
:
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
Ljiotfvls
Dotormfher ce dohsfded do dfgorohtos muostres do ecfmohtls utfcfzehdl oc pfkhûmotrl
Dotormfher ce dohsfded do dfgorohtos muostres do ecfmohtls utfcfzehdl oc dohsímotrl
Dotormfher oc veclr do ce dohsfded do dfgorohtos muostres do ecfmohtls e trevæs do mldocls metomåtfkls.
Klmperer cls rosuctedls ljtohfdls oh cls dfgorohtos mætldls klh cls veclros toûrfkls roplrtedls oh ce jfjcfl`regíe.
FFF.-Motldlcl`íe e) Dotormfhekfûh do ce dohsfded oh cls ecfmohtls modfehto oc usl doc pfkhûmotrl.
5¾ [o dotormfhe oc posl doc pfkhûmotrl oh ce jec ehze ehecítfke. tohfohdl oh kuohte do quo dojo ohklhtrerso klmpcotemohto cfmpfl y sokl. ^lr cl quo, sf ostå bùmodl so co plho e ce ostuge durehto : mfhutls, ostl klh oc gfh do eblrrer tfompl y glmohter ce prokfsfûh do sokedl, mfohtres quo sf so ohkuohtre klh fmpurozes so dojo peser e cfmpfer kufdedlsemohto ye quo os uh fhstrumohtl docfkedl.
:¾ so ccohe ec
pfkhûmotrl klh e`ue
dostfcede beste quo rojlko, so`ufdemohto so klclke oc tormûmotrl y oc tepûh pere plstorflrmohto dotormfher su posl
;
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
;¾ cuo`l do dotormfher oc posl quo oc e`ue roprosohte dohtrl doc pfkhûmotrl ec hfvoc do rojlzl. [o rotfre oc e`ue klhtohfde dohtrl doc pfkhûmotrl plr klmpcotl. ^ere occl so cl ccove e ce ostuge plr uh porfldl do : mfhutls, ostl klh ce gfhecfded do quo oc pfkhûmotrl hl klhtoh`e e`ue.
4¾so prlkodo e ccoher oc pfkhûmotrl klh ce muostre prljcome esf`hede
?¾ so dotormfhe oc posl do kede muostre e roecfzer. Tohfohdl oh klhsfdorekfûh do quo, pere kede dotormfhekfûh do posl, oc pfkhûmotrl dojo oster klmpcotemohto sokl y cfmpfl. Ostl klh ce gfhecfded do quo ce jecehze ehecítfke errlio detls vorídfkls.
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^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
Tejce H¾5 Muostre
Tomporeture(¾K)
Mese pfkhûmotrl(`)
E`ue
Muostre
Wekfl m5
E`ue m:
Muostre m;
Cokbo
:>.4
52.4
56.:?
;6.40
;6.2;
Iu`l
:>.4
52
56.:?
;6.40
4>.>5?
ekofto
:>.4
:>.7
56.:?
;6.40
;2.0446
[o keckuce ce dohsfded rocetfve utfcfzehdl ce sf`ufohto glrmuce9
=
j)
; √ 5 Ð > : √ 5
Dotormfhekfûh do ce dohsfded oh cls ecfmohtls modfehto oc usl doc dohsímotrl.
5) so tlme uhe prljote `reduedl do 5>> mC, pere dospuæs sor ccohedl klh oc ecfmohtl(cokbo) beste rojlzer
?
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
:) [o [umor`o suevomohto oc cektldohsímotrl dotohfæhdlcl oh su keíde beste quo ostæ korke do su plsfkfûh do oqufcfjrfl, cuo`l so co fmprfmo uh kfortl mlvfmfohtl rltetlrfl pere fmpodfr quo ostæ so edbfore e ces perodos fhtorhes do ce prljote y so glrmoh jurjuies e cl cer`l doc mfsml.
;) Cuo`l
do trehskurrfdl uh mfhutl
so ogoktùe ce cokture oh oc mohfskl suporflr ljtohfohdl esí ce dohsfded. Dojo ehlterso temjfæh ce tomporeture doc ecfmohtl.
Ce dohsfded errliede plr oc cektldohsímotrl guo do 5,>:2 `/km;, ostl vohdríe e sor ce dohsfded rocetfve, Ce T do ce muostre quo oc tormûmotrl dfl guo do 52.4¾K
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^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
d. Ehlter sus rosuctedls oh ce Tejce Tejce H¾: muostre
Tomporeture
52.4
cokbo
Dohsfded
Dohsfded
rocetfve(`/km;)
klrro`fde(`/km;)
5.>:2
5,>;4
Dlhdo pere keckucer ce dohsfded klrro`fde so ompcoe ce sf`ufohto glrmuce9
Hlte
[f ce tomporeture do ce muostre os meylr e 5? y mohlr quo :> ohtlhkos sorå uhe sume do tomporetures
[f ce tomporeture do ce muostre os fhgorflr e 5? y meylr quo 5> ohtlhkos sorå uhe dfgorohkfe do tomporetures
() = + >,>>>:(5? µ ) Dohsfded klrro`fde do ce muostre modfehto oc gektlr do klrrokkfûh (>,>>>:) os9
() = 5,>;4/;
Cokbo eductorede
Modfehto oc doserrlccl do ce pråktfke, temjfæh tlmemls oh klhsfdorekfûh dotormfher ce dohsfded do uhe cokbo eductorede, y vor ce verfekfû h do dohsfded quo so oiorko oh klmperekfûh e ce cokbo sfh eductorekfûh, pere occl roecfzemls cl sf`ufohto9
0> mC do cokbo pure………………………………….0>% do cokbo pure
;> mC do e`ue……………………………..................;> % do e`ue
Dohtrl do ce prljote so mozkcû ces dls sustehkfes tohfohdl klml muostre cls 5>> mC oxektls.
0
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
[o`ùh ce cokture doc cektldohsímotrl ce dohsfded do ce cokbo eductorede guo do 5, >50 `/km ; Ce T dede plr oc tormûmotrl guo do 52.4
() = + >,>>>:(5? µ ) Tejce H¾; rosuctedls do cokbo eductorede
Muostre
Cokbo eductorede
Tomporeture
Dohsfded
Dohsfded
rocetfve(`/km;)
klrro`fde(`/km;)
5.>50
5.>:;72
52.4
[o klhkcuyû quo ce dohsfded do ce cokbo eductorede dfsmfhuyo. ^lr cl quo uhe do ces pråktfkes greuducohtes mås klmuhos oh ce prldukkfûh o fhdustrfe do ce cokbo os ce edfkfûh do e`ue pere eumohter su vlcumoh. plr cl quo os hokoserfl dfsplhor do mætldls edokuedls pere dotormfher ec`uhes eductorekflhos do ce cokbo, y rovfser ces vohteies y dosvohteies do ces tækhfkes ompcoedes pere dotokter ce eductorekfûh klh e`ue, kclrurls y ezùker oh ce cokbo. ZO^LZTO 5 Keckuco ce dohsfded do ces muostres modfehto oc usl doc pfkhûmotrl utfcfzehdl
=
; √ 5 Ð > : √ 5
Dlhdo Dohsfded rocetfve do Hlte 5mc = 5km;
Cokbo9
2
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
=
;6.2; √ 56.:? ;6.40 √ 56.:?
=
:>.?2 ;:>.::
Ð 5/
Ð 5/
= 5.>52/ Iu`l9
=
4>.>57 √ 56.:? ;6.40 √ 56.:?
Ð 5/
= 5.>:0/
Ekofto9
=
;2.046 √ 56.:? Ð 5/ ;6.40 √ 56.:? = >.674/
: keckuco ce dohsfded do ces muostres utfcfzehdl ce okuekfûh F.
:>¾/:> = / () r:>¾/:>¾9 dohsfded rocetfve e :>¾K re9 dohsfded do ce muostre rrog 9 dohsfded do rogorohkfe doc e`ue
Cokbo9 Dohsfded do ce cokbo9 5.>52`/mc Dohsfded do e`ue dostfcede e :> ¾K9 >.662`/mc
:>¾/:> = 5,>:> Iu`l9 Dohsfded do ce iu`l9 5.>:0`/m
6
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
Dohsfded do e`ue dostfcede e :> ¾K9 >.662`/mc
:>¾/:> = 5.>:6 Ekofto9 Dohsfded doc ekofto9 >.674`/mc Dohsfded do e`ue dostfcede e :> ¾K9 >.662`/mc
:>¾/:> = >.677 Uuode edfmohsflhec ye quo dfvfdohdl y dfvfslr tfohoh ces mfsmes uhfdedos
;.- slcl derls toûrfkls 4.-Keckuco ce dohsfded do ce muostre ompcoehdl ces okuekflhos FF y FFF do ce fhtrldukkfûh do ce pråktfke, pere occl utfcfko cls veclros do T y slcfdls slcujcos dotormfhedls oh oc oxporfmohtl hùmorl :.
Muostre
T
Cokbo
52.4
iu`l
56.:?
ekofto
:>.7
% slcfdls ¾Jrfx
Dohsfded (a`/m;)
Kuostflherfl 5.- ^fkhûmotrl l jltocce do `revoded ospokígfke, eperetl quo so utfcfze pere dotormfher ces dohsfdedos do dfstfhtes sustehkfes. Temjfæh so klhlko klml greskl do dohsfdedos. Klhsfsto oh uh poquoõl greskl do vfdrfl do kuoccl ostrokbl, korredl klh uh tepûh osmorfcedl, buokl y quo tormfhe plr su perto suporflr oh uh tujl kepfce r klh `reduekflhos do tec mehore quo uh vlcumoh puodo ljtohorso klh `reh prokfsfûh. Ostl pormfto modfr ce dohsfded do uh gcufdl, oh rogorohkfe e ce do uh gcufdl do dohsfded klhlkfde klml oc e`ue l oc morkurfl.
5>
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
:.- Oc cektldohsímotrl sfrvo pere ce dotormfhekfûh doc posl ospokígfkl do ce cokbo. Oc våste`l doc eperetl oste `reduedl ohtro 5.>5? y 5.>4: `/mC , os dokfr 5? y 4: `redls cektldohsfmætrfkls e :>¹K. ce sujdfvfsfûh do ce oskec e os do >,>>>? `/mC, os dokfr, >,? `redls cektldohsfmætrfkls. ^lr cl `ohorec ce cokbo hl eductorede, do vekes sehes, lskfce ohtro :6 y ;4,? `redls cektldohsfmætrfkls, plr cl tehtl ohtro 5,>:6 y 5,>;4? `/mC e uhe tomporeture do :>¹K. Oc dokrotl :05 do Mfhfstorfl do E`rfkucture do Kbfco ostejcoko ce kcesfgfkekfûh do ce cokbo, so`ùh ostl ce cokbo kceso E y J tfohoh uhe dohsfded f`uec l meylr e 5,>:6 `/mC e :>¹K. Ce kceso K os fhgorflr e 5,>:6 `/mC e :>¹K ;.- Ces pråktfkes greuducohtes mås klmuhos oh ce prldukkfûh o fhdustrfe do ce cokbo os ce edfkfûh do e`ue pere eumohter su vlcumoh. plr cl quo os hokoserfl dfsplhor do mætldls edokuedls pere dotormfher ec`uhes eductorekflhos do ce cokbo, y rovfser ces vohteies y dosvohteies do ces tækhfkes ompcoedes pere dotokter ce eductorekfûh klh e`ue, kclrurls y ezùker oh ce cokbo.
cektldohsfmotrfe. (:>>0). cektldohsfomtrl. Zokuporedl oc 5> do meyl do :>50, do bttps9//www.okurod.ku/^fkh%K;%J;motrl Cokbo, C. d. (:>>:). Gekucted do Kfohkfes Wotorfherfes. _hfvorsfded doc Yucfe. Zokuporedl oc 5> do meyl do :>50, do bttp9//www.rovfstevfrtuecprl.klm/jfjcfltoke/dotormfhekflh-do-ceeductorekflh-do-ce-cokbo-klh-e`ue-kclrurls-y-sekerlse Cokbo, C. d. (:>>:). Gekucted do Kfohkfes Wotorfherfes. _hfvorsfded doc Yucfe . Zokuporedl oc 5> do meyl do :>50, do bttp9//www.rovfstevfrtuecprl.klm/jfjcfltoke/dotormfhekflh-do-ceeductorekflh-do-ce-cokbo-klh-e`ue-kclrurls-y-sekerlse
55
^rlpfodedos Gísfkes do cls Ecfmohtls
5: