Evaluacion de La Sensibilidad de Los Microorganismos a Desinfectantes y Antisepticos

EVA EVALUACION DE LA SENSIBILIDAD DE LOS MICROORGANISMOS A DESINFECTANTES Y ANTISEPTICOS. 1

ESTUDIANTE DE BIOLOGÍA. UNIVERSIDAD DE SUCRE. FACULT FACULTAD AD DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIAS. PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA. LABORATORIO LABORATORIO DE MICROBIOLOGIA 7

RESUMEN En la actual!a! "# $an utl%a!& una "#'# !# (#can"(&" )a'a ll#*a' a ca+& #l c&nt'&l !# (c'&&',an"(&". La" t-cnca" utl%a!a" "&n #l u"& !# ant"-)tc&" !# !#"n/#ctant#" 0 !# ant+tc&". En la ",u#nt# )'actca "# #*alu la "#n"+l!a! !# l&" (c'&&',an"(&" c&n !&" !#"n/#ctant#" !&" ant"-)tc&" 0 cuat'&" ant+tc&". Una *#% '#al%a!a la )'2ctca !# la+&'at&'& "# &+tu*& c&(& '#"ulta!&" 3u# !# l&" !&" ant"-)tc&" utl%a!&" #l 3u# )'#"#nt& (a0&' $al& !# n$+cn /u# #l 0&!& "n #(+a',& #l #tan&l al 745 n& )'#"#nt& $al& !# n$+cn. P&' &t'a )a't# #l !#"n/#ctant# 3u# )'#"#nt& (a0&' $al& !# n$+cn /u# #l #6t'an "#,u!& !#l $)&cl&'t& !# "&!&. P&' lt(& al '#al%a' '#al%a' la t-cnca !#l ant+&,'a(a ant+&,'a(a "# &+tu &+tu*& *& c&(& c&(& '#"ul '#"ulta ta!& !& 3u# #l cl&'a cl&'an/# n/#n nc&l c&l /u# /u# #l (2" (2" #/c #/c# #nt nt# # "#,u "#,u!& !& !# la  +act'acna lu#,& la 8ana(cna 0 )&' ult(& la )#nclna. (#!&" &" !# cult cult*& *&" " +act# +act#' 'a" a" ant ant"-) "-)t tc& c&" " !#t# !#t#', ',#nt #nt#" #" PALABR LABRAS AS CLA CLAVES: ES: (#! ant+tc&".

INTRODUCCION En t&!& t&!&"" l&" l&" a(+ a(+#n #nt# t#"" a+# a+#'t 't&" &" 0 #n (uc$ (uc$&" &" lu,a lu,a'# '#"" !#l !#l cu#' cu#')& )& "# )u#! )u#!## #nc&nt'a' una ,'an cant!a! !# (c'& c'&&' &',,an" an"(& (&"" 9)' 9)'nc nc) )al al(# (#nt nt##  +act#'a" 0 *'u":. E"t&" (c'&&',an"(&" " t#n#n a "u !")& !")&"c "c nn nut' nut'# #nt nt#" #" 0 c&n! c&n!c c& &n# n#"" a(+#ntal#" a!#cua!a" )u#!#n c'#c#' 0 (ult (ult) )l lca ca'"# '"# )'&!u )'&!uc c#n #n!& !& #n "u ca"& ca"& #n/#'(#!a!#" n/#cc&"a". En l&" a(+#nt#" natu'al#" $a0 (#%cla" c&()l#;a" !# (uc$&" t)&" !# (c'&&',an"(&" 3u# /&'(an )&+lac&n#" 3u# c&()a't#n #l ("(& a(+#nt#. C&n &+;#t& !# #*ta' l&" #/#ct&" n&c*&" !# l&" (c'&&',an" (c'&&',an"(&" (&" #" n#c#"a'& n#c#"a'& !")&n#'  !")&n#'  !# (-t&!&" 3u# )#'(tan #l(na'l&" !# (an#'a 3u# )&!a(&" c&n"#,u' a(+#nt#" l()&" "n c&nta(nacn (c'&+ana. S# "u#l#n utl%a' "u"tanca" 3u<(ca" )a'a #l c&nt'&l !#l c'#c(#nt& c'#c(#nt& (c'&+an& (c'&+an& tant&

#n #l &',an"(& c&(& #n #l lu,a' !# t'a+a;&. La" "u"tanca" 3u<(ca" )u#!#n t#n#' un #/#ct& (c'&+c!a cuan!& (atan a l&" (c'& c'&&' &',,an" an"( (&" &" & un #/#c #/#ctt& (c'& c'&+ +&" &"t2 t2t tc& c& cuan cuan!& !& n$ n$+ +#n #n "u c'#c(#nt&. Va'a!&" (-t&!&" !# la+&'at&'& )u#!#n "#' "#' u"a!& u"a!&"" )a'a )a'a !#t#'( !#t#'(n na' a' n *t' *t'&& la "u"c#)t+l!a! !# +act#'a" ant# a,#nt#" (c'& c'&+ +an an&" &" "# )u )u#! #!#n #n )'&+ )'&+a' a' )& )&'  '  t-cn t-cnc ca" a" c&(& c&(& !/u !/u" "n n #n a,a' a,a' )& )&'  '  #n"a0&" #n (#!&" l<3u!&" 9(-t&!& !# !lu !luc cn n:: 0 (#! (#!an ant# t# )'u#+ )'u#+a" a" !# !lucn c&n "#n"!"c&" 9(-t&!& !# 8'+0 Bau#': Bau#': #"t# #"t# lt lt(& (& #" #()l# #()l#a!& a!& )a'a )a'a !#t#'( !#t#'(na na'' la "#n"+ "#n"+l l!a! !a! !# un a,#nt# (c'&+an& /'#nt# a un ant+tc& ant+tc& &  & 3u(&t#'2)c&.. E"t# (-t&!& c&()'#n!# 3u(&t#'2)c& l& 3u# "# !#n&(na un ant+&,'a(a &  )'u#+a !# "u"c#)t+l!a! +act#'ana /'#nt# a !'&,a" #")#c
Bau#': )a'a !#t#'(na' la "u"c#)t+l!a! !# +act#'a" ant# a,#nt#" ant(c'&+an&".

MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS a. Técnica de discs i!"#e$nads cn an%isé"%ics & desin'ec%an%es s(#e ")aca cn sie!(#a !asi*a de +n !ic##$anis!. Pa'a ll#*a' a ca+& #"ta t-cnca "# )'&c#! a $ac#' una "#(+'a (a"*a !#l (c'&&',an"(& a )'&+a' c&n un $"&)& t&(an!& #l (c'&&',an"(& !#l cult*& #n cal!& )'&)&'c&na!& )&' #l t-cnc& !# la+&'at&'& 0 "# !")#'" #n /&'(a !# #"t'  )a)#l#" !# !"c& !# /lt'& ()'#,na!&"  )'#*a(#nt# un& c&n 0&!& #l &t'& c&n alc&$&l 745  #l ",u#nt# c&n $)&cl&'t& !# "&!& al 7=5 0 #l ult(& c&n #6t'an 0 "# c&l&ca'&n #n ca!a un& !# l&" "t&" (a'ca!&" #n la ca;a !# )#t' a!c&nal(#nt# "# !#; ncu+an!& la ca;a !# )#t' )&' ?> $&'a" #n )&"cn n*#'t!a. Fnal(#nt# "# '#,"t' #l c'#c(#nt& 0 !2(#t'& !# la" %&na" !# n$+cn "#,n ca!a ca"&.

(. An%i(i$#a!a S# '#al% una "#(+'a (a"*a !# una c#)a +act#'ana 0 "# c&l&c c&n a0u!a !#  )n%a" #"t'l%a!a" > "#n"!"c&" !/#'#nt#" #n cuat'& "#ct&'#" !# la ca;a !#  )#t' a"< #n la )a't# "u)#'&' %3u#'!a "# c&l&c )#nclna #n la n/#'&' %3u#'!a 8ana(cna #n la )a't# "u)#'&' !#'#c$a cl&'a/#nc&l 0 #n la )a't# n/#'&' !#'#c$a

"# c&l&c +act'acna "#,u!a(#nt# "# !#; ncu+an!& la ca;a !# )#t' )&' ?> $&'a" /nal(#nt# "# '#,"t' #l c'#c(#nt& 0 !2(#t'& !# la" %&na" !# n$+cn "#,n ca!a ca"&.

RESULTADOS D#")u-" !# $a+#' $#c$& la "#(+'a !# l&" (c'&&',an"(&" #n la (#!& !# cult*& "# )'#c#! a c&l&ca' l&" !"c&" ()'#,na!&" c&n ant"-)tc&" 0 !#"n/#ctant#" c&(& l& (u#"t'a la 9*#'  /,u'a 1:.

F,u'a 1. Ant"-)tc&" 0 ant+tc&" utl%a!&" #n la )'2ctca. L&" ant"-)tc&" "# u+ca'&n !# la ",u#nt# /&'(a@ En la  )a't# %3u#'!a "u)#'&' "# c&l&c& un !"c& ()'#,na!& c&n alc&$&l al 745 0 #n la )a't# n/#'&' "# c&l&c& $)&cl&'t& !# "&!& al 7.=5. Y l&" !#"n/#ctant#" !# u+ca'&n !# la ",u#nt# /&'(a@ En la  )a't# !#'#c$a "u)#'&' "# c&l&c& "&lucn !# 0&!& 0 #n la )a't# n/#'&' "# c&l&c& #6t'2n. Pa'a ll#*a' a ca+& la t-cnca !#l ant+&,'a(a /u# n#c#"a'& c&l&ca'  "#nc!"c&" "&+'# la )laca c&n "#(+'a (a"*a !# (c'&&',an"(& 9*#' /,u'a ?.:

$al& !# n$+cn 0 #"# c&''#")&n!# al !# alc&$&l al 745. L&" $al&" /&'(a!&"  )'#"#nta+an l&" ",u#nt#" !2(#t'&"@ )a'a #l 0&!& "# &+tu*& un !2(#t'& !# 4.= c(  )a'a #l $)&cl&'t& !# "&!& "# &+tu*& un !2(#t'& !# 1c( 0 )&' ult(& )a'a #l #6t'an "# &+tu*& un !2(#t'& !# ?.1c(. La ",u#nt# ,'a/ca 1 n&" lu"t'a !# una /&'(a (2" cla'a la #/c#nca !# l&" ant"-)tc&" 0 !#"n/#ctant#" utl%a!&". F,u'a ?. Ant+tc&" utl%a!&" )a'a la t-cnca !#l ant+&,'a(a. En la )a't# "u)#'&' %3u#'!a "# c&l&c& )#nclna 0 #n la )a't# n/#'&' cl&'an/#nc&l. En la  )a't# "u)#'&' !#'#c$a "# c&l&c& 8ana(cna 0 #n la )a't# n/#'&' "# c&l&c& +act'acna. Lu#,& !# la" ?> $&'a" !# ncu+acn "# &+"#'*a'&n un&" $al&" !# n$+cn c&(& l&" (u#"t'an la" /,u'a"  0 >.

Técnica de discs i!"#e$nads cn an%i(i,%ics & desin'ec%an%es.

F,u'a . al&" !# n$+cn &+"#'*a!&" utl%an!& la t-cnca !# !"c&" ()'#,na!&" c&n ant"-)tc&" 0 !#"n/#ctant#". En la ant#'&' /,u'a  "# &+"#'*a cla'a(#nt# 3u# "# /&'(a'&n t'#" $al&" !# n$+cn l&" cual#" c&''#")&n!# a@ #l !"c& ()'#,na!& c&n 0&!& c&n #6t'an 0 c&n $)&cl&'t& !# "&!&. P&' #l c&nt'a'& $u+& un !"c& 3u# n& )'#"#nt&

G'a/ca 1. E/c#nca !# l&" ant"-)tc&" 0 !#"n/#ctant#" utl%a!&" #n la )'2ctca. D#l ,'a/c& n/#'&' "# n/#'# 3u# !# l&" ant"-)tc&" utl%a!&" #l 0&!& tu*& (a0&' #/c#nca )a'a #l c&nt'&l !#l c'#c(#nt& (c'&+an&. D# ,ual (an#'a !# l&" !#t#',#nt#" utl%a!&" #l 3u# tu*& (a0&' #/c#nca /u# #l #6t'an "#,u!& !#l $)&cl&'t& !# "&!&. Ca+# !#c' 3u# l&" 3u# tu*#'&n (a0&' #/c#nca )a'a la n$+cn !#l c'#c(#nt& +act#'an&" /u#'&n l&" !#t#',#nt#" utl%a!&" #n la  )'2ctca 9$)&cl&'t& !# "&!&  #6t'an:.

Técnica De) An%i(i$#a!a Lu#,& !# la )'#*a ncu+acn "# &+tu*#'&n l&" ",u#nt#" '#"ulta!&" 3u# n&" (u#"t'a la /,u'a >.

/u# #l cl&'an/#nc&l "#,u!& la  +act'acna lu#,& la 8ana(cna 0 )&'  lt(& la )#nclna.

ANALISIS

F,u'a >. al&" !# n$+cn &+"#'*a!&" c&n la t-cnca !#l ant+&,'a(a. D# la /,u'a ant#'&' "# &+"#'*a 3u# l&" cuat'& ant+tc&" utl%a!&" #n la )'2ctca a''&;a'&n $al&" !# n$+cn. El $al& &+"#'*a!& #n #l '#cua!'& A #l cual c&''#")&n!# a )#nclna )'#"#nt& !2(#t'& !# 4.=c( #l 3u# "# #ncu#nt'a #n #l '#cua!'& B c&''#")&n!# a cl&'an/#nc&l )'#"#ntan!& un !2(#t'& !# ?.= c( #l 3u# "# #ncu#nt'a #n #l '#cua!'& C 3u# c&''#")&n!# al ant+tc& 8ana(cna )'#"#nt& un !2(#t'& !# 1.=c( 0 )&' lt(& #l "#nc!"c& u+ca!& #n #l '#cua!'& D 3u# c&''#")&n!# a  +act'acna )'#"#nt& un !2(#t'& !# 1.c(. En #l ",u#nt# ,'a/c& ? "# (u#"t'a la '#lacn #6"t#nt# #n l&" cuat'& ant+tc&" utl%a!&" #n cuant& a "u #/c#nca )a'a n$+' #l c'#c(#nt&  +act#'an&.

D#l ,'a/c& ant#'&' "# n/#'# 3u# #l ant+tc& 3u# )'#"#nt& (#;&' #/c#nca  )a'a c&nt'&la' #l c'#c(#nt& +act#'an&

Un ant"-)tc& #" un )'&!uct& 3u<(c& 3u# "# a)lca "&+'# l&" t#;!&" **&" c&n la /nal!a! !# #l(na' l&" (c'&&',an"(&" )at,#n&" & nact*a'  l&" *'u". N& t#n#n act*!a! "#l#ct*a 0a 3u# #l(nan t&!& t)& !# ,-'(#n#". E"t&" "&n "u"tanca 3u# a0u!an a c&(+at' & )'#*#n' l&" )a!#c(#nt&" n/#cc&"&" n$+#n!& #l c'#c(#nt& 0 la '#)'&!uccn !# +act#'a". L&" ant"-)tc&" )u#!#n "#' !# &',#n natu'al u &+t#n#'"# #n #l la+&'at&'& !&n!# "#  )'#)a'an #n c&nc#nt'ac&n#" !#al#" )a'a c&(+at' #n/#'(#!a!#" "n a/#cta' al  )ac#nt#. En ,#n#'al #l u"& !# ant"-)tc&" "# utl%a )a'a@ D"(nu' la c&l&n%acn !# la )#l c&n ,-'(#n#"  )a'a #l la*a!& !# (an&" $a+tual #n un!a!#" !# alt& '#",& )a'a la  )'#)a'acn !# la )#l )a'a  )'&c#!(#nt&" n*a"*&" 0 )a'a la (an)ulacn !# (at#'al c&nta(na!& #nt'# &t'a". L&" ant"-)tc&" utl%a!&" #n la )'2ctca /u#'&n@ alc&$&l al 745 0 #l 0&!&. El  )'(#'& #" #l ant"-)tc& (2" ant,u& !# t&!&" #l (2" )&)ula' 0 #c&n(c&. Acta !aan!& la (#(+'ana !#"natu'al%an!& la" )'&t#
$al& !# n$+cn utl%an!& #l alc&$&l al 745 #"t& )u!& !#+#'"# al t)& !# (c'&&',an"(& cult*a!& #l cual )u#!# "#' '#""t#nt# a #"ta" c&nc#nt'ac&n#" !# #tan&l. El "#,un!& ant"-)tc& utl%a!& /u# #l 0&!& E"t# acta c&(& &6!ant#  )'#c)tant# !# )'&t#
0 !#t#',#nt#" a !#(2" "# (u#"t'a "u (#can"(& !# accn.

Ta+la1. D/#'#nca #nt'# ant"-)tc&" 0 !#t#',#nt#".

Ta+la ?. M#can"(&" !# accn !# l&" ant"-)tc&" 0 !#t#',#nt#". P&' lt(& anal%a'#(&" L&" ant+&,'a(a" l&" cual#" "&n (-t&!&" n *t'& 3u# !#t#'(nan la "u"c#)t+l!a! !# l&" (c'&&',an"(&" a una *a'#!a! !# a,#nt#" ant(c'&+an&" +a;& c&n!c&n#" !# la+&'at&'& #")#c
ca!#na" !#  )-)t!&". La /&'(acn !# #"t&" #nlac#" & )u#nt#" #" la 3u# c&n/#'#  )'#c"a(#nt# la (a0&' ',!#% a la )a'#!  +act#'ana. P&' l& tant& l&" Jlact2(c&" c&(& la )#nclna n$+#n la "
Acta n$+#n!& la nc&')&'acn !# a(n&2c!&" 0 nucl#t!&" #n la )a'#! c#lula' )#'& ta(+-n #" ca)a% !# !aa'  la" (#(+'ana" 0a /&'(a!&" )'&!uc#n!& la l"" 0 la (u#'t# !# la +act#'a. E" +u#n& t#n#' #n cu#nta 3u# #l nc& c't#'& *al!& !# (u#'t# +act#'ana #" una )#'!!a ''#*#'"+l# !# la ca)ac!a! !# '#)'&!uccn. Cuan!& una )&+lacn  +act#'ana "# #6)&n# a un a,#nt# l#tal &cu''# una )'&,'#"*a '#!uccn !#l n(#'& !# +act#'a" "&+'#**#nt#" #" !#c' #l n(#'& !# &',an"(&" !"(nu0# #n /&'(a #6)&n#ncal. E" )&' #"ta 'a%n la utl%acn !# c#'t&" ant"-)tc&" 0 !#t#',#nt#" l&" cual#" a0u!an #n #l c&nt'&l !#l c'#c(#nt& (c'&+an& #;#'c#n!& "u (#can"(& !# accn ca'act#'<"tc&.

CUESTIONARIO 1. D#/na l&" ",u#nt#" t-'(n&" 0 !# #;#()l&" !# ca!a un& !# #ll&"@ ant+tc& +&c!a +&#"t2tc& !#"n/#ctant# ant"-)tc& 0 a,#nt# 3u(&t#'a)-utc&.

ANTIBI-TICOS: Su"tanca" #la+&'a!a"  )&' (c'&&',an"(&" 9$&n,&" +act#'a" actn&(c#t&": 3u# actuan!& "&+'# &t'&" (c'&&',an"(&" "&n ca)ac#" !# "u)'('  "u c'#c(#nt& 0 (ult)lcacn &  )'&*&ca' "u l"" & !#"t'uccn. E;#()l&@

Te%#acic)inas @ n$+#n la "
L&" +&c!a" )u#!#n BIOCIDAS: "#' "u"tanca" 3u<(ca" "nt-tca" & !# &',#n natu'al & (c'&&',an"(&" 3u# #"t2n !#"tna!&" a !#"t'u' c&nt'a''#"ta' n#ut'al%a' ()#!' la accn & #;#'c#' un c&nt'&l !# &t'& t)& "&+'# cual3u#'  &',an"(& c&n"!#'a!& n&c*& )a'a #l $&(+'#. S# )u#!#n )'#"#nta' !# t'#" /&'(a"@ •

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F<"c&@ Fu#nt#" !# 'a!acn !# alta #n#',
AGENTES BACTERIOSTTICOS: n$+#n #l !#"a''&ll& 0 (ult)lcacn !# l&" (c'&&',an"(&" )#'& n& l&" !#"t'u0#n. Pa'a #''a!ca' la n/#ccn '#3u#'#n la act*!a! !#l ""t#(a n(un&l,c& 9Act*!a! !# (ac'/a,&" 0 )&l(&'/&nucl#a'#": E;#()l&@ Sul/&na(!a" Cl&'a(/#nc&l.

T#t'acclna"

DESINFECTANTES:  Un !#"n/#ctant# #" un a,#nt# 3u<(c& 3u# !#"t'u0# & n$+# #l c'#c(#nt& !# (c'&&',an"(&"  )at,#n&" #n /a"# *#,#tat*a & n& #")&'ula!a. L&" !#"n/#ctant#" n&

n#c#"a'a(#nt# (atan t&!&" l&" &',an"(&" )#'& l&" '#!uc#n a un n*#l 3u# n& !aan la "alu! n la cal!a! !# l&"  +#n#" )#'#c#!#'&". L&" !#"n/#ctant#" "# a)lcan "&+'# &+;#t&" 0(at#'al#" nan(a!&" c&(& n"t'u(#nt&" 0 "u)#'/c#" )a'a t'ata' 0 )'#*#n' la n/#ccn. Ta(+-n "# )u#!#n utl%a'   )a'a !#"n/#cta' la )#l 0 &t'&" t#;!&" ant#" !# la c'u,
ANTISÉPTICOS: Un ant"-)tc& #" un t)& !# !#"n/#ctant# 3u# cuan!& "# a)lca "&+'# "u)#'/c#" !#l cu#')& & #n t#;!&" #6)u#"t&" !#"t'u0# & n$+# #l c'#c(#nt& !# (c'&&',an"(&" #n t#;!&" **&" "n cau"a' #/#ct&" l#"*&". Al,un&" ant"-)tc&" "# a)lcan "&+'# )#l ntacta & (#(+'ana" (uc&"a" 3u#(a!u'a" 0 $#'!a" a+#'ta" )a'a  )'#*#n' la "#)"" al !#"+'!a' & #6clu'  l&" (c'&+&" !# #"ta" 2'#a". El 0&!& "# $a (&!/ca!& )a'a utl%a'"# c&(& ant"-)tc&. E;#()l&@ E) e%an) )&"## act*!a! +act#'c!a 0 "# utl%a )a'a !#"n/#cta' la )#l ant#" !# la n0#ccn )unc&n#" *#n&"a" & nt#'*#nc&n#" 3u'',ca".

AGENTE /UIMIOTERAPÉUTICO: Su"tanca 3u<(ca 9!# &',#n natu'al & "nt-tc&: 3u# )u#!# nt#'/#''  !'#cta(#nt# c&n la )'&l/#'acn !# (c'&&',an"(&" a c&nc#nt'ac&n#" 3u# "&n t&l#'a!a" )&' #l $u-")#!.

?. D# acu#'!& c&n "u (#can"(& !# accn c&(& "# cla"/can l&" ant+tc&".

An%i(i,%ics 0+e in1i(en )a s2n%esis de )a "a#ed ce)+)a#: Actan a !"tnt&" n*#l#" !# la  +&"
!# l&" 2c!&" nucl#c&". Pu#!#n n$+' la "
L&" '+&"&(a" 74S +act#'an&" #"t2n c&n"ttu!&" )&' !&" "u+un!a!#" !#",na!a" c&(& "u+un!a! 4S 0 "u+un!a! =4S. E"ta" "u+un!a!#" c&n"ttu0#n #l "t& !# accn !# a,#nt#" ant(c'&+an&" l&cal%2n!&"# #n #lla"  )'&t#
(2" ()&'tant# #" la #'t'&(cna 3u# acta "&+'# +act#'a" ,'a()&"t*a" 0 al,una" ,'a(n#,at*a" c&(& a#(&)$lu" C$la(0!a 0 L#,&n#lla n$+# la /&'(acn !# ca!#na" nu#*a" !#l  )-)t!& 0 #" +act#'&"t2tc&. . In*#"t,u#  (c'&&',an"(&"  )'&!uct&'#" !# ant+tc&" 0 (#nc&n# #l ant+tc& )'&!uc!&. E6"t#n Mc'&&',an"(&" 3u# +#n#/can !# /&'(a !'#cta la "alu! $u(ana #n la  )'&!uccn !# ant+tc&" !# #"ta /&'(a la n!u"t'a /a'(ac-utca ta(+-n "#  +#n#/ca c&n #l a)'&*#c$a(#nt& !# #"t&" (c'&&',an"(&" $a0 +act#'a" 3u#  )'&!uc#n una ,a(a !# ant+tc&" c&(& la" !#l ,-n#'& St'#)t&(0c#" !# all< "# !#'*an ant+tc&" c&(& la t#t'acclna la #"t'#)t&(cna 0 la #'t'&(cna a" c&(& !# l&" $&n,&" "# &+t#n#n al,un&" &t'&" !#l ,-n#'& )#ncllu( !#l cual "# &+t#n# la )#nclna. La ",u#nt# ta+la '#"u(# al,un&" !# l&" (c'&&',an"(&"  )'&!uct&'#" !# ant+tc&".

>. u# #" la c&nc#nt'acn (
!# la+&'at&'& )a'a c&n/'(a' la '#""t#nca !# (c'&&',an"(&" a un a,#nt# ant(c'&+an& 0 a!#(2" )a'a (&nt&'%a' la act*!a! !# l&" nu#*&" a,#nt#" ant(c'&+an&". La" c&nc#nt'ac&n#" (
=. u# #" un ant+&,'a(a 0 cu2l #" "u a)lcacn El ant+&,'a(a #" la )'u#+a (c'&+&l,ca 3u# "# '#al%a )a'a !#t#'(na' la "u"c#)t+l!a! 9"#n"+l!a! & '#""t#nca: !# una +act#'a a un ,'u)&

!# ant+tc&". La" t-cnca" !# ant+&,'a(a "&n la" utl%a!a" #n #l la+&'at&'& !# (c'&+&l&,
ant+&,'a(a t#n# 3u# c&n/'(a' & #n "u ca"& c&''#,' #l t'ata(#nt&. Ot'a a)lcacn !# la" t-cnca" !# #"tu!& !# '#""t#nca #" la #)!#(&l&,
CYBERGRAFÍA $tt)@(#!.unn#.#!u.a'cat#!'a"/a '(ac&l&,acla"?!&1Qat+(a'c&  c&nc)4.)!/  $tt)@a'c$*#".$&.nt#(l(/? 44>S)an"$)!/S#c1=4>.)!/  •

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$tt)@.uc*.*#/l#a!(nu"#'  u)l&a!/aculta!/a'(acacat#!'a Mc'&4T#(aAnt+ 5C5Btc&".)!/  $tt)@la(c'&+&l&,au(!.8")a c#".c&(Mc'&&',an"(&"3u#) '&!uc#nant+5C5B?tc&" $tt)@."alu!0(#!cna".c&(. (6c#nt'&"!#"alu!acn#t#(a" '#lac&na!&"ant"#)tc&".$t(l $tt)@Q.uc.cl(an#;&$#'!a" $t(lant"#)tc&.$t(l $tt)@.uc*.*#/l#a!(nu"#'  u)l&a!/aculta!/a'(acacat#!'a Mc'&14Ant+&,'a(a.)!/