B`s`r Rhfrk
Thbk``i fl`t n`t` `b`j`m shbk``i sthrkj lhrup` s`jhp, j`rut`i `t`u susphisk, bkaui`e`i p`b` n`t` bhia`i nhihthse`i, nhiafjhse`i p`b` shj`put jhibkr n`t` bkshekt`r ehjfp`e n`t` b`i lfj` n`t`. Fl`t n`t` kik p`b` b`s`riy` b`p`t bkl`ak nhic`bk tka` n`d`n 3
0. Fl`t dudk n`t` (dfjjyrk`) <. Fl`t thths n`t` (autt`h fptm`jnkd`h) 4. T`jhp n`t` (@ikhg, 0;;;)
Rhths n`t` `b`j`m shbk``i sthrkj y`ia lhrup` j`rut`i `t`u susphisk y`ia bkaui`e` bhia`i d`r` nhihthse`i fl`t p`b` shj`put jhibkr n`t` bkshekt`r ehjfp`e n`t` b`rk lfj` n`t`. J`rut`i fl`t n`t` `b`j`m j`rut`i sthrkj, lhl`s p`rtkehj p`rtkehj `skia, `skia, nhrup`e`i nhrup`e`i (Bhpehs (Bhpehs \K, 0;1;) 0;1;) J`rut`i shbk``i y`ia bklu`t b`i bkehn`s shbhnkek`i rup` shmkiaa` shsu`k bkaui`e`i p`b` n`t` (G`rn`efph Kibfihsk` KW, 0;;8).
_`b` b`sr`iy` shl`a`k fl`t n`t` lk`s`iy` bkp`e`k 3 0. `m`i!l`m`i y`ia lhrsk"`t `itkshptke` (b`p`t nhnusi`me`i eun`i!eun`i p`b` shj`put
jhibhr n`t`), nks`jiy` `s`n lfr`t, prft`rafj, ejfr`n"hikefj, l`sktr`ski`, b`i shl`a`kiy`. <. `m`i `m`i!l`m`i !l`m`i y`ia lhrsk"` lhrsk"`tt nhiahd nhiahdute`i ute`i shj`put jhibh jhibhrr n`t` (`bstrk (`bstrkiahit iahitk`), k`), nks`jiy nks`jiy`` shia suj"`t. #itue phnlu`t`i fl`t n`t` kik phrju bkphrm`tke`i nhiahi`k ehlhrskm`iiy`, p$ y`ia st`lkj, st` lkj, b`i nhn nhnpui puiy`k y`k the the`i` `i`i i fsn fsnfsh fsh y` y`ia ia s`n s`n`` bhi bhia`i a`i the` the`i`i i`i fsn fsnfsh fsh b`r b`r`m. `m. _`b _`b`` phnlu`t`i fl`t dudk n`t` t`e phrju bksthrkje`i, shb`iae`i p`b` phnlu`t`i fl`t thths n`t` m`rus bksthrkje`i. (@ikhg, 0;;;)
_`b` phnlu`t`i fl`t n`t` phrju bkphrm`tke`i m`j emusus shl`a`k lhrkeut3 •
Rfeskskt`s Rfeskskt`s l`m`i fl`t
•
Rfikskt`s
•
%hlutum`i `e`i b`p`r
•
Tthrkjkt`s
•
%hn`s`i y`ia thp`t (Juib, 0;;2).
Rhths n`t` m`rus nhnhiumk sy`r`t!sy`r`t y`ia thj`m bkthitue`i y`ktu 3
0. <. 4.
Tthrkj Thb`p`t nuiaeki ksfmkbrks Thb`p`t nuiaeki ksftfiks kj` fl`tiy` tkb`e t`m`i phn`i`s`i, n`e` sthrkjkt`s bkd`p`k bhia`i nhiaaui`e`i
phj`rut sthrkj, bkj`rute`i fl`tiy` shd`r` `shptks, b`i nhiaaui`e`i phi`nl`m`i &`t phia`'ht b`i lftfj `t`u '`b`m y`ia sthrkj. sftfiks b`i p$ y`ia bkehmhib`ek bkphrfjhm bhia`i nhiaaui`e`i phj`rut y`ia dfdfe. _hj`rut y`ia shrkia bkaui`e`i `b`j`m 3
0. <. 4. 2. 8.
J`rut`i * +s`n fr`t (p$ -) J`rut`i fr`es +s`n fr`t (p$ /,-) J`rut`i l`s` jhn`m fr`es +s`n fr`t (p$ ?) +0u`bhstkjj`t` J`rut`i <`4j 2,8* (kb!`!`i"k, 0;#;)
Fl`t thths n`t` y`ia bkaui`e`i m`rus bkshr`p n`sue eh b`j`n n`t` uitue b`p`t nhnlhr '"'e. J`rut`i fl`t thths n`t` shahr` d`npur bhia`i d`kr`i j`erkn`j b`i nhju`s bk phrnue``i efrih` b`i eficuiatk7`, b`i fl`tiy` m`rus n`sue nhj`juk efrih` nhihnlus n`t`. 1`t` thrbkrk b`rk efrih` y`ia lhikia b`i sdjhr` y`ia thrtutup fjhm s`jut phjkibuia b`i lhrshr`lut, lhr'`ri` putkm, r`p`t, b`i tkb`e `b` s`jur`i b`r`m. _hrnue``i ju`s b`rk s`jut sdjhr` thrb`p`t nhnlr`ih eficuiatk7`, nhnlr`ih nuefs` y`ia tkpks kik nhrup`e`i hxthrkfr df`tkia y`ia efitkiu p`b` l`ak`i y`ia putkm b`rk n`t` b`i `sphe b`j`n b`rk phiutup. =`rkia`i eficuiatk7` nhia`ibuia l`iy`e aj`ibuj` nuefs` y`ia uikshjujhr b`i lhraui` uitue phnhjkm`r``i n`t` ununiy`. =`rkia`i kik nhia`ibuia l`iy`e s`jur`i b`r`m b`i thrut`n` e`y` `e`i s`jur`i jkn"h. T`jur`i b`r`m kik efj`p, b`i nhjhl`r lkj` `b` krkt`sk fjhm &`t `skia, ki"hesk nkerflk`j `t`u j`kiiy`. Fl`t y`ia nhihnlus eh b`j`n eficuiatk7`, shl`ak`i bkmkj`iae`i fjhm `jkr`i d`kr`i nhj`juk eficuiatk7` b`r`m, sksthn jkn"h. ;k l`'`m kik thrjht`e sdjhr` y`ia lhrshr`lut b`i r`p`t. `ak`i efrih` nhrup`e`i c`rkia`i 7`seujhr, tr`isp`r`i, b`i s`ia`t tkpks. Thj!shj hpkthj p`b` phrnue``iiy` nhia`ibuia efnpfihi jkpfkb. _`b` efrih` kik l`iy`e she`jk ur`t sy`r`t shisfrks y`ia lhl`s b`i lhr`emkr `it`r` shj!shj hpkthj b`i phrnue``i. %`rhi` ktu s`ia`t phe` thrm`b`p stknujk b`i phic`n`m`i.
(@ikhg, $%%%)
+kr n`t` ifrn`j nhnkjkek p$ eur`ia jhlkm ,5 b`i nhnpuiy`k e`p`skt`s b`p`r thrthitu. _hiaaui``i fl`t n`t` nhr`ias`ia phiahju`r`i `kr n`t` b`i phihtr`j`i dhp`t shtk`p phrul`m`i p$ thrthitu. Thd`r` kbh`j j`rut`i fl`t nhnpuiy`k p$ b`i ksftfikskt`s y`ia s`n` bhia`i `kr n`t`. $`j kik tkb`e shj`ju b`p`t bkj`eue`i, e`rhi` p`b` p$:,5 l`iy`e fl`t y`ia tkb`e dueup j`rut b`j`n `kr. Thj`ki ktu l`iy`e fl`t y`ia shd`r` emhnks tkb`e st`lkj p`b` p$ nhibhe`tk ,5. ehtkb`est`lkj`i kik jhlkm iy`t` p`b` sumu tkiaak y`ktu p`b` s``t sthrkjks`sk bhia`i phn`i`s`i. Fjhm e`rhi` ktu p`b` systhn b`p`r m`rus bkpkjkm shbhe`t nuiaeki bhia`i p$ "kskfjfaks y`ktu ,5 b`i tkb`e nhiyhl`le`i phiahib`p`i fl`t `t`upui nhnphrdhp`t ehrus`e`i fl`t. (Juib, 0;;2).
Thl`ak`i lhs`r &`t `etk" y`ia bkaui`e`i uitue shbk``i n`t` lhrsk"`t j`rut `kr, l`s` jhn`m `t`u bkpkjkm lhitue a`r`niy` y`ia j`rut `kr. Tk"`t! sk"`t "kskefeknk` y`ia m`rus bkphrm`tke`i b`j`n nhnkjkm a`r`n uitue "frnuj`sk j`rut`i fpt`jnke y`ktu 3 >. . 9. 5.
%hj`rut`i Tt`lkjkt`s p$ st`lkjkt`s b`i e`p`skt`s b`p`r efnp`tklkjkt`s bhia`i l`m`i j`ki b`j`n "frnuj` hitue a`r`n y`ia lk`s` bkaui`e`i `b`j`m a`r`n mkbrfeskb`, suj"`t b`i iktr`t.
Thb`iae`i uitue &`t `etk" y`ia lhrup` `s`n jhn`m, lk`s`iy` bkaui`e`i a`r`n i`trkun (Juib, 0;;2).
Tthrkjks`sk y`ktu phn`i`s`i bhia`i nhiaui`e`i l`ethrkskb`. Thbk``i bklu`t bhia`i nhj`rute`i `t`u nhisusphiske`i l`m`i fl`t b`j`n j`r`tut`i ejfrerhsfj _ 2,* l67 b`j`n `kr uitue kichesk `t`u b`j`n j`rut`i l`ethrkskb` y`ia dfdfe b`j`n `kr uitue kichesk. ske`i eh b`j`n '`b`m ehnubk`i bktutup ehb`p. =ke` 7fjunh b`j`n tk`p '`b`m tkb`e jhlkm b`rk 92 nj, p`i`se`i p`b` sumu 8?2 s`np`k >2224 shj`n` 92 nhikt. =ke` 7fjunh b`j`n tk`p '`b`m jhlkm b`rk 92 nj, '`etu sthrkjs`sk bkphrp`ic`ia m kiaa` shjurum ksk tk`p '`b`m lhr`b` p`b` sumu 8?2 s`np`k >2224 shj`n` 92 nhikt. =ke` bfsks tuiaa`j kichesk y`ia bkaui`e`i shd`r` kitr`7hius jhlkm b`rk >- nj, phnlu`t`i tkb`e bkj`eue`i bhia`i d`r` kik, kichesk y`ia bkaui`e`i shd`r` kitr`the` , kitr`sksthn` `t`u phrkbur` tkb`e lfjhm bklu`t bhia`i d`r` kik
(&`pu"rk, $%0%)
J`rut`i fl`t n`t` b`p`t bkehn`s b`j`n '`b`m t`e`r`i a`ib` lkj` bkaui`e`i shd`r` phrfr`ia`i p`b` p`skhi b`i lkj` tkb`e thrb`p`t ehrus`e`i p`b` phrnue``i n`t`. O`b`m j`rut`i fl`t n`t` m`rus thrtutup r`p`t b`i bkshahj uitue nhic`nki sthrkjkt`s p`b` phn`e`ki` phrt`n`. Thb`iae`i uitue phiaaui``i phnlhb`m`i, bks`npkia sthrkj, j`rut`i fl`t n`t` tkb`e lfjhm nhia`ibuia `itkl`ethrk e`rhi` b`p`t nhiakrkt`sk c`rkia`i n`t` (G`rn`efph Kibfihsk` KW, 0;;8) .
#r`k`i `m`i >. %jfr`n"hikefj 3 $`ljur m`jus lhrlhitue c`run `t`u jhnphia nhn`ic`ia@ putkm s`np`k 'hnhrk`i putkm ehj`lu `t`u putkm eheuikia`i@ tkb`e lhrl`u@ r`s` s`ia`t p`mkt. ;`j`n j`rut`i `s`n jhn`m, n`it`p. 3 J`rut b`j`n jhlkm eur`ia 522 l`ak`i `kr@ b`j`n ,- l`ak`i ht`ifj h`ru"`i (8-*) _ b`i b`j`n l`ak`i prfpkjhiajkefj _, sue`r j`rut b`j`n ejfrf"frn _ b`i b`j`n hthr _. 'hi*knp`i`i 3 ;`j`n '`b`m thrtutup l`ke, thrjkibuia b`rk d`m`y`. h+ui``i 3 +itklkftkeun, (Bkr!hi '-, 0;1;). . +s`n lfr`t 3 $`ljur,shrlue m`ljur putkm `t`u skske nhiaekj`p tkb`e lhr'`ri`, e`s`r, 'hnhrk`i tkb`e lhrl`u, r`s` `a`e `s`n b`ip`mkt ehnubk`i n`iks. h`ru"`i 3 J`rut b`j`n 2 l`m`i `kr, b`j`n 9 l`ak`i `kr nhibkbkm b`j`n >/ l`ak`i ht`ifj ( 8- * ) _ b`i b`j`n - l`ak`i ajkshrfj _. `sk`" 3 +itkshptkeun hesthri (Bkr!hi '-, 0;1;) 9. <`.Rhtr`lfr`t _hnhrk`i 3 $`ljur tr`isp`r`i tkb`e lhr'`ri` `t`u shrlue m`ljur putkm@ tkb`e lhrl`u@ r`s` `ski b`i l`s`. ;`j`n ub`r` ehrkia nhr`pum. %hj`rut`i 3 ;`j`n 2 l`ak`i `kr, b`j`n 2,/ l`ak`i `kr nhibkbkm b`i b`j`n eur`ia b`rk > l`ak`i ajkshrfj _@ pr`etks tkb`e j`rut b`j`n ht`ifj (8-*) _. %haui``i 3 +itkshptkeun hesthri (Bkr!hi '-, 0;1;)
5.
(Bhpehs \K, 0;;8) -. <`4j
Fra`ifjhptks3 M`ljur lhrlhitue eulus, tkb`e lhrw`ri` `t`u shrlue m`ljur putkm, r`s` `ski. Ehj`rut`i 3 Nub`m j`rut b`j`n `kr5 shbkekt nub`m j`rut `kr nhibkbkm5 j`rut b`j`n ajkshrki5 sue`r j`rut b`j`n ht`ifj. Em`sk`t 3 S`t phiaksftfiks (Bhpehs \K, 0;;8) /. %4j (`jkun jfrkb`!
Fra`ifjhptks 3`jkunjefrkb` tkb`elhrl`u, erkst`j lhikia `t`u shrlue erkst`j putkm, r`s` a`r`n b`i lhrlhitue eulus. Ehj`rut`i 3 "r`etkstkb`ej`rutb`j`n`shtfib`ihthr, j`rutb`j`n <#$ l`ak`iht`ifj, j`rut b`j`n 2 l`ak`iajkshrki, jrutb`j`n <,% l`ak`i `kr. Em`sk`t 3 S`t phiaksftfiks, `itk nkerfl` (\fwh,
Fra`ifjhptks3&r`iuj `t`u shrpkm`i, putkm, ehr`s, tkb`e lhrl`u. Ehj`rut`i 3 Nub`m j`rut b`j`n `kr b`iht`ifj, tkb`e j`rut b`j`n bkhtkjhthr.
Em`sk`t 3 S`t phi'hr`p `kr b`i `itk nkerfl`. (\fwh,
3 Thrlue `t`u n`ss` puktm eh`lu`i, mkarfsefpke
h`ru"`i
3 J`rut l`ke b`j`n `kr
'hi*knp`i`i
3 ;`j`n '`b`m thrtutup l`ke
`sk`"
3 Thl`a`k &`t t`nl`m`i
8. 1a4j mhL`mkbr`th
>2. <` dktr`th bhmybr`th >>. <`F$
Fra`ifjhptks3"utkm `t`u pr`etks putkm, n`ss` nhjhlur , lhrlhitue phjht, shrpkm`i `t`u l`t`ia `t`u lhitue j`ki. hr`s, r`pum b`i nhiuiuee`i ph)`m`i m`ljur. *kj` bklk`re`i bkub`r` `e`i )hp`t nhi'hr`p e`rlfibkfeskb` b`i jhnl`l. Ehj`rut`i 3Nub`m j`rut b`j`n `kr b`i b`j`n ht`ifj. Em`sk`t3S`t t`nl`m`i, +`tphi`nl`m l`s`.
(BhpEhs \K, 0;;8) >. $4J
Fra`ifjhptks3.`kr`i5 tkb`e lhrw`ri`5 lhr`s`p5 l`u nhr`ias`ia. -ke` bkhi)hre`i bhia`i < l`ak`i `kr, `s`p b`i l`u mkj`ia. Ehj`rut`i 3`rut b`j`n `kr, j`rut b`j`n bkhtkjhthr, ht`ifj /#?, b`i nht`ifj. Em`sk`t3S`t t`nl`m`i, +`t phi`nl`m `s`n. (BhpEhs \K, 0;1;) >9. +0u`bhst 'hnhrk`i 'hi*knp`i`i h+ui``i
3d`kr`i chrikm, tkb`e lhr'`ri`, tkb`e lhrl`u, tkb`e nhnpuiy`k r`s`. 3 b`j`n '`b`m thrtutup. 3 _hj`rut (Bhpehs \K, 0;1;)
B`g"`r 'us"`e`
+ikh", 1fm. >888. Kjnu Nhr`dke Fl`t . D`c`m 1`b` #ik7hrskty _rhss. Bfay`e`rt` +ikh", 1fm. 222. G`rn`shtke`. D`c`m 1`b` #ik7hrskty _rhss. Bfay`e`rt` ;hp`rthnhi %hshm`t`i H. >88. G`rn`efph ibfihsk`, hbksk . ;hpehs H 3=`e`rt` ;hp`rthnhi %hshm`t`i H. >88-. G`rn`efph ibfihsk`, hbksk A. ;hpehs H 3=`e`rt` Juib, O., >885, Rmh _m`rn`dhutkd`j Dfbhx, 2tm hbktkfi, _m_, Jfibfi. Hf'h.228.$`iblffe f" _m`rn`dhutkd`j MLdkpkhits TkLtm Mbktkfi _uljksmhb ly tmh _m`rn`dhutkd`j _rhss T`putrk, 2>2, mttp366r`mnksifths.ljfaspft.dfn62>2626thths!n`t`!ejfr`n"hikefj.mtnj, bk`eshs t`iaa`j . Okbc`c`itk, 8?8. Fl`t-Fl`t`i. %`ikskus. =`e`rt`
