BAB I PENDAHULUAN
I.1
Latar Belakang
Mata adalah organ yang paling menarik karena karakteristik fitrahnya obat. obat. Untu Untuk k penya penyakit kit mata, mata, admin adminis istr tras asii topi topikal kal bias biasan anya ya lebi lebih h dipi dipili lih h daripa daripada da admini administr strasi asi sistem sistemik, ik, sebelum sebelum mencapa mencapaii penghal penghalang ang anatomi anatomi kornea kornea,, seti setiap ap mole molekul kul obat obat dibe diberi rikan kan melal melalui ui rute rute okule okulerr harus harus stabi stabill hambata hambatan n precorn precorneal eal.. Ini adalah adalah hambat hambatan an pertama pertama yang yang memperl memperlamba ambatt penetrasi bahan aktif ke dalam mata dan terdiri dari film air mata dan konjungt konjungtiva iva.. Obat, Obat, setela setelah h pembang pembangkit kitan an berangs berangsurur-angs angsur ur,, merangs merangsang ang mekanisme fisiologis pelindung, yaitu, produksi air mata, yang mengerahkan pertahanan tangguh terhadap pemberian obat tetes mata. Lain seiring serius tentan tentang g penghapu penghapusan san obat yang yang dioles dioleskan kan dari dari daerah daerah precor precorneal neal adalah adalah rongga hidung, dengan luas permukaan yang lebih besar dan permeabilitas yang lebih tinggi dari membran mukosa hidung dibandingkan dengan kornea. enet enetes es norma normall
digun digunaka akan n
dengan dengan laru laruta tan n
tete tetess
mata mata konve konvens nsio ional nal
memberikan sekitar !"-#!$l per drop dan sebagian dari tetes cepat menguras samp sampai ai mata mata kemb kembal alii ke volu volume me norm normal al #$l #$l pend pendud uduk uk.. %are %arena na dari dari kehilangan obat di depan mata, obat yang sangat sedikit tersedia untuk masuk ke jaring jaringan an kornea kornea dan bagian bagian dalam dalam mata. mata. ermea ermeabil bilita itass kornea kornea realis realisasi asi obat yang cukup rendah dan sangat kecil &aktu kontak kornea dari sekitar '-( menit menit pada manusi manusiaa untuk untuk solusi solusi menanam menanamkan kan umumny umumnyaa lensa lensa dari '") hanya hanya '-*. '-*. +kibat +kibatnya nya sejuml sejumlah ah kecil kecil benarbenar-bena benarr menemb menembus us kornea kornea dan mencapai mencapai intraokular intraokular tissue. rug delivery delivery terkendali terkendali kepada mata dibatasi, karena keterbatasan ini dipaksakan oleh mekanisme pelindung efisien. Obat Obat bias biasany anyaa dipa dipakai kai pada pada mata mata untu untuk k maks maksud ud efek efek loka lokall pada pada pengobatan bagian permukaan mata atau pada bagian dalamnya. engobatan denga dengan n meny menyis isip ipkan kan dan mere meresa sapka pkan n obat obat tela telah h dikem dikemban bangk gkan an untuk untuk '
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
memberikan penglepasan obat secara terus menerus. enyisipan obat ini memp mempuny unyai ai keguna kegunaan an yang yang khusu khususs pada pada obatobat-ob obat at yang yang pembe pemberi riann annya ya diperlukan siang dan malam. %arena kapasitas mata untuk menahan atau menyimpan cairan dan salep terbatas, pada umumnya obat mata diberikan dalam volume yang kecil. reparat cairan sering diberikan dalam bentuk sediaan tetes dan salep dengan mengoleskan mengoleskan salep yang tipis pada pelupuk mata. o olume sediaan cair yang lebih besar dapat digunakan untuk menyegarkan atau mencuci mata. Maka sangat penting bagi kita sebagai seorang farmasis untuk bisa dan mampu memformulasi suatu sediaan obat tetes mata yang harus dibuat steril dan bebas pirogen.
I.2
Rumusan Masalah
Obat Obat yang yang digun digunaka akan n pasie pasien n mengh menghas asil ilka kan n efek efek tert tertent entu u yang yang dihasilkan oleh interaksi obat dengan reseptor tertentu. /etiap bentuk sediaan obat obat memp mempuny unyai ai keunt keuntung ungan an dan dan kerugi kerugian an masi masingng-ma masi sing. ng. 0eknolo knologi gi pembuatan obat berkembang dan semakin mengarah kepada bentuk sediaan obat alternative dari parenteral 1route2 bukal, sublingual, nasal, pulmonary, dan vaginal3. vaginal3. an komposisi komposisi yang terkandung terkandung dalam pembuatan pembuatan obat pada mata, bagaimana proses penyerapan sediaan obat pada mata di dalam tubuh dan sebagainya.
1.3
Tujuan Tu juan Penulsan
enulisan enulisan makalah makalah ini bertujuan untuk memberikan memberikan informasi ilmiah kepada sesama mahasis&a farmasi khususnya dan masyarakat secara umum tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan dari sediaan obat pada mata, mekanisme
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
sert sertaa meto metoda da pembu pembuata atan n dari dari sedi sediaan aan cair cair berd berdas asar arka kan n info inform rmas asii yang yang terdapat dalam makalah. I.!
Man"aat Penulsan
4asi 4asill dari dari penul penulis isan an ini ini diha dihara rapka pkan n dapat dapat memb member erik ikan an manfa manfaat at kepada kepada semua semua pihak, pihak, khusus khususnya nya kepada kepada mahasi mahasis&a s&a5i 5i untuk untuk menamb menambah ah pengetahuan dan &a&asan mengenai sediaan obat pada mata. Manfaat lain dari dari penuli penulisan san makala makalah h ini adalah adalah dengan dengan adanya adanya penulis penulisan an makalah makalah ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan bahan pembelajaran bagi mahasis&a5i mengenai sediaan obat pada mata
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB II ANAT#MI DAN $I%I#L#&I MATA
II.1
Anat Anat'm 'm (an (an $s $s'l 'l'g 'g Mata Mata
Mata Mata manusi manusiaa secara secara umum umum terbagi terbagi atas atas segmen segmen anteri anterior or dan poster posterior ior.. /egmen anterior yaitu kornea, konjungtiva, konjungtiva, iris, badan siliari, siliari, cairan humor, humor, dan lensa./edangkan bagian posterior yaitu sclera, koroid, retina dan humor viterous. %ornea %ornea merupak merupakan an membran membran transpa transparan ran multil multilaye ayerr
yang yang terlet terletak ak
paling paling
luar pada pada bagian mata, tidak disuplai darah dan mendapatkan nutrisi yang diperoleh diperoleh dari humor a6uos dan kapiler limbal. %ornea manusia terdiri atas ! lapisan, yaitu corneal corneal epitel epitelium ium,, membra membran n bo&man, bo&man, stroma stroma,, membran membran descem descemet, et, endotel endotelium ium.. 4umor 4umor a6uor a6uor merupak merupakan an cairan cairan yang yang terdapa terdapatt pada segmen segmen anteri anterior or pada mata, merupakan sumber nutrisi terbesar untuk lensa dan kornea. Iris merupakan bagian ber&arna dari mata, terdiri atas sel epitel berpigmen dan otot sirkular. 7agian tengan dari iris adalah pupil. /fingter iris dan otot dilator membantu dalam menyesuaikan ukuran pupil yang mengatur jumlah cahaya yang masuk ke mata badan siliari, otot berbentuk cincin yang menempel pada iris terdiri dari otot siliari. %ontraksi dan relaksasi dari otot ciliary mengontrol bentuk lensa. Lensa adalah unit kristal dan fleksibel yang terdiri dari lapisan jaringan tertutup dalam kapsul. %onjungtiva adalah memb membra ran n muko mukosa sa yang yang melap melapis isii bagi bagian an dalam dalam kelopa kelopak k mata mata yang yang jela jelass dan menyeb menyebar ar dari permuk permukaan aan anteri anterior or sclera sclera hingga hingga limbus limbus.. 4al ini memfas memfasili ilitas tasii pelumasan mata karena adanya mukus dan tear film. /clera adalah selubung putih sekitar bola mata dan disebut 8bagian putih mata8. Ini bertindak sebagai perisai utama untuk melindungi melindungi organ internal. /clera ini disandingkan disandingkan dengan jaringan vaskular dikenal sebagai koroid, yang terdapat diantara retina dan sclera. %oroid meny menyedi ediaka akan n nutri nutrisi si ke selsel-se sell foto fotore rese sept ptor or di reti retina na.. 9eti 9etina na adal adalah ah sens sensor orii
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
optik ke otak , di mana mereka diubah menjadi gambar. 4umor vitreous adalah ;at seperti jelly atau matriks hidrogel, didistribusikan antara retina dan lensa. Mata adalah struktur bola dengan dinding terdiri dari tiga lapisan< bagian terluar scelra, bagian tengah lapisan koroid, siliari tubuh dan iris dan bagian dalam saraf lapisan jaringan retina. /clera adalah lapisan berserat keras yang melindungi jaringan dalam pada mata bagian putih kecuali area transparan pada bagian depan dan kornea memungkinkan cahaya untuk masuk ke mata. Lapisan koroid, terletak di sclera, mengandung banyak pembuluh darah yang dimodifikasi pada depan mata sebagai iris berpigmen bagian ber&arna dari mata 1biru, hijau,coklat, cokelat, atau abu-abu3.
1.
%truktur k'rnea
%ornea terletak terletak pada bagian depan mata yang menyampaikan menyampaikan gambar ke bagian belakang sistem saraf. %ornea de&asa memiliki radius sekitar #-= mm yang mencakup sekitar seperenam dari total luas permukaan bola mata yang merupakan jaringan
pembuluh
darah
yang
menyediakan
nutrisi
dan oksigen yang
dipasok melalui cairan lakrimal dan cairan hmor dan juga dari pembuluh darah yang terletak diantara korneadan sklera.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
>pitel terbuat dari ! hingga lapisan sel. >pitel skuamosa 1!-? lapisan sel3 dengan ketebalan sekitar !"-'"" um dan &aktu turnover sekitar satu lapisan sel setiap hari. /el-se /el-sell basal basal dikemas dikemas dengan dengan tight tight juncti junction on untuk untuk membent membentuk uk penghal penghalang ang yang yang efek efekttif
untu untuk k
par partike tikell
debu debu
dan dan
keba kebany nyak akan an
mikroo kroorrgani anisme, sme,
dan dan
juga juga
untu untuk k penye penyerap rapan an obat. obat. @alu @alurr trans transel elul ular ar atau atau parace paracell llul ular ar adala adalah h jalu jalurr utam utamaa untu untuk k absor absorbs bsii obat obat di epit epitel el kornea kornea.. Obat Obat lipof lipofil ilik ik memi memili lih h rute rute trans transel elul ular ar sedangkan yang hidrofilik memilih jalur paracellular untuk penetrasi 1difusi pasif atau atau
difu difusi si
mela melalui lui
intr intraa
selu selule lerr pada pada sel3 sel3..
Memb Membra ran n 7o&m 7o&man an adala adalah h lemb lembar ar
homogen homogen acellular acellular dengan tebal = ': $m yang terletak terletak di antara antara membran membran basal epitel dan stroma. /troma, atau substania propria, mengandung air sekitar =!) dan sekitar (""-(!" lamellae kolagen.
2.
)'njungt*a
%onjun %onjungt gtiv ivaa meli melind ndung ungii mata mata dan juga juga terl terlib ibat at dala dalam m pemb pembent entuka ukan n dan dan pemeliharaan
precorneal tear film. %onjungtiva adalah membran transparan tipis
terlet terletak ak pada permuk permukaan aan bagian bagian dalam dalam kelopak kelopak mata. mata. Molekul Molekul-mo -molek lekul ul sampai sampai (".""" a bisa menyeberangi conjuctiva, sementara kornea membatasi masuknya molekul yang berukuran lebih besar dari !""" a.
3.
%st %stem em (ra (ran nas asee nas' nas'la la+r +rm mal al
/istem drainase Aasolachrymal terdiri dari tiga bagian< sistem sekresi, sistem distributi distributiff dan sistem sistem ekskresi. ekskresi. 7agian sekresi terdiri dari kelenjar lakrimal lakrimal yang mensekresikan air mata, menyebar di permukaan okular oleh kelopak mata dengan adanya kedipan. /istem /istem sekresi dirangsang oleh kedipan dan perubahan perubahan suhu karena adanya evaporasi air mata dan refluks secretors yang memiliki saraf parasimpatis
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
yang menyebarkan air mata di atas permukaan okular dengan berkedip, sehingga mencegah kering pada mata. 7agian 7agian ekskret ekskretori oriss dari dari sistem sistem draina drainase se Aasola Aasolachr chryma ymall terdir terdirii dari dari puncta puncta lakrim lakrimal, al, bagian bagian superi superior or,, bagian bagian inferi inferior or dan kanali kanalikuli kuli<< kantung kantung air mata, mata, dan saluran saluran nasochrymal. nasochrymal. ada manusia, dua puncta adalah bukan dari kanikuli kanikuli lakrimal lakrimal yang terletak di tempat yang tinggi dikenal sebagai papilla lakrimal. air mata dalam jumlah besar akan terabsorbsi oleh mebran mukosa, dan hanya sebagian yang mencapai rongga hidung.
II.2 II.2
Anat Anat'm 'm (an (an $s $s'l 'l'g 'g )e )el' l',a ,ak k Mata Mata
%elopak mata atau sering disebut palpebra mempunyai fungsi melindungi bol a mata dari trauma, serta mengeluarkan sekresi kelenjarnya yang membentuk film air mata di depan kornea. %elopak mata merupakan pelindung mata yang paling baik dengan membasahi mata dan melakukan penutupan mata bila terjadi rangsangan dari luar. %elopak mempunyai lapis kulit yang tipis pada bagian depan sedangkan di ba gian belakang belakang ditutupi ditutupi selaput selaput lendir lendir tarsus tarsus yang
disebut disebut konjungtiva konjungtiva tarsal. tarsal.
ada
kelopak kelopak mata mata terdapa terdapatt beberap beberapaa bagian bagian antara antara lain< lain< kelenja kelenjarr sebase sebasea, a, kelenja kelenjar r keringat keringat atau kelenjar kelenjar Moll, kelenjar kelenjar ;eis pada pangkal rambut rambut bulu mata, serta kele kelenj njar ar
Meib Meibom om
pada pada tars tarsus us..
%elo %elopa pak k
mata mata bisa bisa
terj terjad adii
kela kelain inan an yaitu aitu
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
%onjungtiva %onjungtiva atau atau selaput selaput lendir lendir mata mata adalah membran membran yang menutupi menutupi sklera sklera dan kelopak bagian belakang. %onjungtiva mengandung kelenjar musin yang bersifat membasahi bola mata terutama kornea dihasilkan oleh sel Boblet. 0erdapat tiga bagian konjungtiva yaitu < konjungtiva tarsal yang menutup tarsus, konjungtiva bulbi membung membungkus kus bulbi bulbi okuli okuli serta serta menutu menutupi pi sklera sklera,, dan konjungt konjungtiva iva fornik fornikss sebagai sebagai tempat peralihan konjungtiva tarsal dengan konjungtiva bulbi.
II.-
Anat' nat'm m (an (an $s $s' 'l' l'g g B'l B'la a Mat Mata a a. %klera
/klera merupakan jaringan ikat yang kenyal dan memberikan bentuk pada mata serta bagian putih pada bola mata yang bersama kornea sebagai pembungkus dan pelindung isi bola mata. %ekakuan tertentu pada sclera mempengaruhi tekanan bola mata. . )'rnea
Merupakan selaput bening mata dan bagian terdepan dari sklera yang bersifat
transparan
sehingga memudahkan sinar masuk
ke dalam
bola mata. %ornea berperan meneruskan dan memfokuskan cahaya ke dalam bola mata. mata. embiasan embiasan terkuat dilakukan dilakukan oleh kornea, kornea, dimana :" diop dioptr trii dari dari !" diop dioptr trii pemb pembia iasa san n sina sinarr masu masuk k korn kornea ea dila dilaku kuka kan n oleh kornea. %ornea terdiri terdiri dari beberapa beberapa lapis jaringan jaringan yang menutup menutup
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
a6uos a6uos yang yang memba&a memba&a makanan makanan untuk untuk jaring jaringan an mata mata sebela sebelah h depan. depan. %emudian bilik mata belakang yang paling sempit pada mata. (. Hum'r A0 A0u's
4umo 4umorr a6uos a6uos atau atau cair cairan an mata mata meru merupak pakan an bagi bagian an dari dari mata mata yang yang dihasi dihasilka lkan n oleh oleh badan badan siliar siliar masuk masuk ke bilik bilik mata mata melalu melaluii pupil pupil serta serta berfungsi
memberikan
makanan
dan
oksigen
untuk
mempertahankan kornea dan lensa. e. U*ea
Uvea Uvea meru merupa paka kan n lapi lapiss vask vaskul uler er di dala dalam m bola bola mata mata yang ang bany banyak ak mengandung mengandung pembuluh pembuluh darah yaitu < iris, iris, badan siliar, siliar, koroid. koroid. Iris atau sela selaput put pela pelangi ngi memp mempuny unyai ai kemam kemampua puan n menga mengatu turr seca secara ra otom otomati atiss masuknya sinar ke dalam bola mata. 7adan siliar mengandung otot untuk melakukan akomodasi sehingga lensa dapat mencembung dan merupakan susunan susunan otot otot meling melingkar kar dan mempuny mempunyai ai sistem sistem ekskres ekskresii di belaka belakang ng limbus.
%oroid
itu
sendiri
lapis
tengah
pembungkus
bola mata yang banyak mengandung pembuluh darah dan memberikan makan lapis luar retina. ".
Pu,l
upil pada anak-anak pupil berukuran kecil karena belum berkembangnya saraf simpatis. Orang de&asa ukuran pupil sedang dan orang tua pupil
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
makula lutea atau binti bintik k kuning yang merupakan merupakan bagian kecil dari retina retina dan area sensitif paling rentan pada siang hari.
II.
%ara" ang a(a ( mata
'. /araf /araf opti optikus kus,, memb memba&a a&a gel. /araf /araf yang yang dihas dihasil ilkan kan didala didalam m reti retina na ke otak. (. /araf /araf Lakr Lakrim imali alis, s, mera merangs ngsang ang pemb pemben entu tukan kan air air mata mata oleh oleh kele kelenj njar ar air air 3.
mata. /araf /araf lain lainny nya, a, meng menghan hantar tarkan kan sens sensas asii ke bag. bag. Mata Mata yang yang lain lain dan dan merangsang otot pada tulang orbita.
II. II.
Pem Pemul uluh uh (ar (arah ah an ang g mele mele4a 4at t ag aga an n mata mata
+rteri +rteri opthalmika dan arteri arteri retinalis retinalis menyalurkan menyalurkan darah ke mata kiri dan mata kanan, sedangkan darah dari mata diba&a oleh vena opthalmika dan vena retinalis. embuluh darah ini masuk dan keluar melalui mata bagian belakang. +rteri inilah juga yang akan menyalurkan darah ke cabang arteri lainnya 2 '. (. *. :.
+rte +rteri ri ret retin inaa sentr sentral alis is,, +rte +rteri ri lakr lakrim imal alis is,, +rteri +rteri siliari siliariss posterio posteriorr longa longa dan brevis, brevis, atau atau +rte +rteri ri palpeb palpebra rali lis. s.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
anterior pada mata. %onjungtiva dan permukaan kornea dilumasi oleh sebuah lapisa lapisan n cairan cairan yang yang disekre disekresik sikan an oleh oleh kelenja kelenjarr air mata mata dan konjungt konjungtiva iva.. %ele %elenj njar ar lakr lakrim imal al mengh menghas asil ilkan kan caira cairan n yang yang dise disebut but dengan dengan air air mata mata.. %elenj %elenjar ar sebaceou sebaceouss menghas menghasilk ilkan an cairan cairan bermin berminyak yak yang yang akan terseb tersebar ar dilapisan mata.
BAB III
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Menurut DI I halaman '( larutan obat mata adalah larutan steril, bebas partikel asing, merupakan sediaan yang dibuat dan dikemas sedemikian rupa rupa hingga hingga sesuai sesuai digunak digunakan an pada mata. mata. embuat embuatan an laruta larutan n obat mata memb membut utuhk uhkan an perh perhat atia ian n khusu khususs dala dalam m hal hal toks toksis isit itas as bahan bahan obat, obat, nila nilaii isotonisit isotonisitas, as, kebutuhan akan dapar, kebutuhan akan penga&et 1dan jika perlu pemilihan penga&et3 sterilisasi dan kemasan yang tepat. erhatian yang sama juga dilakukan untuk sediaan hidung hidu ng dan telinga. Menurut DI III halaman '", 0etes mata adalah sediaan steril yang berupa larutan atau suspensi yang digunakan dengan cara meneteskan obat pada selaput lendir mata disekitar kelopak mata dari bola mata. OM Martin 2 ==" 0etes mata adalah seringkali dimasukkan ke dalam mata yang terluka atau kecelakaan atau pembedahan dan mereka kemudian secara potensial lebih berbahaya daripada injeksi intavena.Menurut /covilleEs halaman ((', Larutan mata merupakan cairan steril atau larutan berminyak
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
7erdasarkan kondisi fisik2 a. Intravitreal suntikan 1I03
isuntikan ke dalam mata vitreous humor antara lensa dan retina. /untikan /untikan intravitr intravitreal eal melibatkan melibatkan agen terapi terapi suntikan suntikan 1obat5udara5 1obat5udara5gas3 gas3 di dalam rongga vitreous vitreous Pars Plana melalui tindakan pencegahan aseptik di ba&ah.
. /ub0enon
igu igunak nakan an untu untuk k mengg menggam ambar barka kan n sunt suntik ikan an mela melalu luii memb membra ran n yang yang menutupi otot-otot dan saraf di bagian belakang bola mata.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
-
asa asarr salep salep haru haruss mempuny mempunyai ai titik titik lebur lebur atau atau titi titik k lele leleh h mende mendekat katii suhu tubuh.1+nsel =C3
II.3 II.3
)las )las" "k kas as %e( %e(a aan an # #at at Mata Mata
Obat 0etes Mata '. efinisi o
sediaan steril berupa larutan atau suspensi, digunakan untuk mata, dengan dengan cara cara menete meneteska skan n obat pada selaput selaput lendir mata di sekita sekitar r kelopak mata dan bola mata. 1DI III hal '"3
o
larutan steril, bebas partikel asing , merupakan sediaan yang dibuat dan dikemas sedemikian rupa hingga sesuai digunakan pada mata. 1DI I , '*3
o
/ediaan mata merupakan produk steril, tidak mengandung partikel asing, dalam campuran dan &adah yang cocok untuk digunakan pada
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
o
Obat-obat Obat-obat yang digunakan digunakan pada produk optalmik optalmik dapat dikategorikan dikategorikan menjadi2 menjadi2 miotik, miotik, midriatik, midriatik, siklopegik, siklopegik, anti-inflama anti-inflamatory tory agent, anti infeksi, anti galukoma, senya&a diagnostik dan anestetik lokal.
*.
/yar /yarat at sed sedia iaan an tet tetes es mata mata 2 o
/teril
o
Isotonis dengan air mata, bila mungkin isohidris dengan p4 air mata.
o
Isotonis F ",C) b5v AaGl, rentang yang diterima F ",# ',: ) b5v atau ",# ',! ) b5v
o
o
p4 air mata F #,: Larutan jernih, bebas partikel asing dan serat halus. 0idak iritan terhadap mata 1untuk basis salep mata3
:. /us /uspens pensii Mat Mataa o
/uspensi dapat dipakai untuk meningkatkan &aktu kontak ;at aktif dengan kornea sehingga memberi kerja lepas lambat yang lebih lama .
o
emilihan bentuk suspensi 1 mis. /ediaan kortikosteroid3 disebabkan 2
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
ensusp ensuspensi ensi yang yang biasa biasa digunak digunakan an biasany biasanyaa sama sama dengan dengan
bahan peningkat viskositas !. 7aha 7ahan n tam tambaha bahan n Pengawet o
Larutan obat mata dapat dikemas dalam &adah takaran ganda bila digunak digunakan an secara secara perora perorangan ngan pada pasien pasien dan bila bila tidak tidak terdapa terdapatt kerusakan permukaan mata. Hadah larutan obat mata harus tertutup rapat dan disegel untuk menjamin sterilitas sterilitas pada pemakaian pertama. /edangkan untuk penggunaan pembedahan, disamping steril, larutan obat obat mata mata tida tidak k bole boleh h meng mengan andu dung ng anti antiba bakt kter erii kare karena na dapa dapatt mengiritasi jaringan. 1DI I hal '* ':3
o
%ontaminasi pada sediaan mata dapat menyebabkan kerusakan yang serius, misalnya menyebabkan radang kornea mata. %ontaminan yang terb terbes esar ar adal adalah ah seud seudom omona onass aerugi aeruginos nosa. a. ert ertum umbu buhan han bakt bakter erii
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
o
eng enga& a&et et yang ang
dipi dipili lih h
seha seharu rusn sny ya
menc menceg egah ah dan dan memb membun unuh uh
pertumbuhan mikroorganisme selama penggunaan. enga&et yang sesuai untuk larutan obat tetes mata hendaknya memiliki sifat sebagai berikut 2
7ersifat bakteriostatik dan fungistatik. /ifat ini harus dimiliki terutama terhadap seudomonas aeruginosa.
Aon iritan terhadap mata 1jaringan okuler yaitu kornea dan konjungtiva3.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
o
engi engiso soto toni niss yang yang dapat dapat digun digunak akan an adal adalah ah AaGl, AaGl, %Gl, %Gl, gluko glukosa sa,, gliserol gliserol dan dapar . 9entang tonisitas tonisitas yang masih dapat diterima diterima oleh mata 2
o
DI I 2 ",? (,") 9/ dan 9 2 ",! ',=)
o
+OG 2 ",C ',:) GodeJ dan 4usa 2 ",# ',!)
o
0api usahakan berada pada rentang ",? ',!)
Pendapar
/ecara ideal, larutan obat mata mempunyai p4 dan isotonisitas yang
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
o
apa aparr
yang ang
digu diguna naka kan n
sebai ebaikn kny ya
adal adalah ah
dapa daparr
yang ang
telah elah
dimo dimodif difik ikas asii denga dengan n penam penambah bahan an AaGl AaGl yang yang berfu berfungs ngsii untuk untuk menurunkan menurunkan kapasitas kapasitas daparnya. Untuk dapar fosfat dapat digunakan digunakan dapar yang terdapat di DI III. Peningkat viskositas viskositas
7eberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan pada pemilihan bahan peningkat viskositas untuk sediaan optalmik adalah o
/if /ifat
baha bahan n
peni pening ngka katt
visk visko osita sitass
itu itu
sendi endirri
Mis. Mis.
oli olim mer
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
o
Aa GMG jarang digunakan karena tidak tahan terhadap elektrolit sehingga kekentalan menurun< kadang tidak tercampurkan dengan ;at aktif.
o
ada umumnya penggunaan penggunaan senya&a senya&a selulosa selulosa dapat meningkatkan meningkatkan penetrasi obat dalam tetes mata, demikian juga dengan dan dekstra dekstran. n. @adi, @adi, pemili pemilihan han bahan bahan pengent pengental al dalam dalam obat tetes tetes mata mata didasarkan pada 2
%etahanan pada saat sterilisasi,
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
emakaian surfaktan dalam obat tetes mata harus memenuhui berbagai aspek 2 o
/eba /ebaga gaii
anti antim mikrob krobaa
1/ur 1/urffakt aktan
golo golong ngan an
kat kationi onik
sepe seperrti
ben;alkonium klorida, setil piridinium klorida, dll3. o
Menur Menurun unkan kan tegan tegangan gan perm permuk ukaan aan anta antara ra obat obat mata mata dan dan korn kornea ea sehingga meningkatkan akti terapeutik ;at aktif.
o
Meningkatkan ketercampuran antara obat tetes mata dengan cairan lakr lakrim imal al
meni mening ngka katk tkan an kont kontak ak ;at ;at akti aktiff deng dengan an korn kornea ea dan dan
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
iantaranya kelebihan dan kekurangan salah satu sediaan obat mata yaitu obat tetes mata adalah 2
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
keduany keduanya, a, &adah &adah dan tutup tutup harus harus bersih bersih,, steril steril dan tidak tidak tertum tertumpahk pahkan. an. Hadah dan tutup tidak memba&a partikel dalam larutan selama kontak lama
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
dimasukkan mele&ati kornea. /ampai ke ruang anterior. /ejak boavailabilitas obat sangat lambat, pasien mematuhi aturan dan teknik pemakaian yang tepat.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
II.5
E*aluas
>valuasi yang seharusnya dilakukan pada larutan tetes mata adalah sebagai
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB I6 PEMBAHA%AN
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.