Profesor Cristian Dragomir
I. Noţiuni introductive •
zonal. •
MASAJUL MEDICAL cuprinde doua noţiuni: masajul regional si masajul Masajul regional + masajul zonal = masajul terapeutic sau medical.
Masajul regional – reprezintă masajul regiunii in care este inclusa si zona de tratat; pe regiunea respectiva vom executa un masaj compus din neteziri, frământări si bateri pentru stimularea circulaţiei pe întreaga regiune. Masa Masaju jull zona zonall – este este masa masaju jull conc concen entr trat at asup asupra ra arti articu cula laţi ţiil ilor or (ele (eleme ment ntel elor or periarticulare), tendoanelor, ligamentelor, periostului; este compus din neteziri, geluiri, fricţiuni, vibraţii.
II. Masajul segmentar
MASAJUL SPATELUI Masaju Masajull spatel spatelui ui – cuprin cuprinde de regiun regiunea ea dorsa dorsala la (torac (toracala ala), ), regiun regiunea ea lombar lombaraa si regiunea sacro-fesiera. Coloana vertebrala: - cervicala C: 7 vertebre C 1 – C7; - toracala sau dorsala: 12 vertebre T 1 – T12 sau D1 –D12; - lombara: 5 vertebre, cele mai mari: L 1 – L5; - sacrala: 5 vertebre sudate care formează osul sacru notat de obicei S 1; - cocc coccig igia iana na:: 4 sau sau 5 vert verteb ebre re suda sudate te.. 1
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Masajul regiunii dorsale Regiunea este delimitata superior de linia care trece printre vertebrele C 7 si T1 si inferior de linia care trece printre T 12 si L1. Se execut executaa mai întâi un masaj masaj region regional, al, care depăşe depăşeşte şte lin liniil iilee de delimi delimitar taree a regiunii dorsale, iar in cadrul masajului zonal ne concentram cu geluiri, fricţiuni si vibraţii asupra articulaţiilor intervertebrale, capsulei articulare si asupra ligamentelor de prindere a muşchilor paravertebrali. Prelucrăm de asemenea muchiile omoplatului si inserţiile diverşilor muşchi eventual afectaţi. Masajul regiunii lombare Regiunea este delimitata superior de linia care trece printre vertebrele T 12 si L1 si inferior de linia care trece printre vertebrele L 5 si S1. In cadrul masajului zonal ne vom concentra asupra elementelor care compun coloana vertebrala lombara, asupra articulaţiei dintre L 5 si S1 si asupra crestelor iliace lombare. In caz de discopatii sau alte afecţiuni ale coloanei lombare, când apar cont contra ract ctur urii ale ale musc muscul ulat atur urii ii para parave vert rteb ebra rale le,, vom vom plas plasaa o pern pernaa sub sub abdo abdome menu null pac pacie ient ntul ului ui pent pentru ru delo delord rdoz ozar aree eeaa colo coloan anei ei lomb lombar aree si rela relaxa xare reaa musc muscul ulat atur urii ii paravertebrale. Masajul regiunii fesiere Regiunea este delimitata superior de creasta iliaca corespondenta si inferior de plica fesiera. Pacientul este poziţionat cu fata in jos (decubit ventral). Netezirea regiunii: aşezăm mâinile mână peste mână cu partea cubitala lateral de articulaţia soldului; îmbrăcăm cu palmele regiunea fesiera, deschidem in evantai o mana ajungând superior pana la creasta iliaca superioara iar cealaltă inferior până la nivelul plicii fesiere; refacem traseul iniţial până când reajungem la poziţia de început. Prelucram regiunea prin neteziri, frământări si batere sub toate formele; geluiri si fricţiuni vom face printre fibrele muşchilor fesieri, superior pe creasta iliaca, inferior la nivelul plicii fesiere iar lateral la nivelul articulaţiei si al trohanterului. De obicei masajul regiunii fesiere se face in caz de atrofii ale muşchilor fesieri sau in afecţiuni ale articulaţiei soldului (v. coxartroza, de ex.).
MASAJUL MEDICAL IN AFECŢIUNILE COLOANEI VERTEBRALE
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execut executam am manevr manevree excita excitante nte care care sa tonif tonifice ice muscul musculatu atura ra parave paraverte rtebr brala ala întinsa, in felul acesta producându-se o echilibrare a regiunii. Pentru rezultatele cele mai bune masajul se va asocia in mod obligatoriu cu gimnastica medicala.
Cifoza = „cocoaşa”;
- in ungh unghiu iull cifo cifoti ticc maxi maxim m vom vom exec execut utaa mane manevr vree seda sedati tive ve,, iar iar deas deasup upra ra si dedesubtul acestei zone vom executa manevre excitante care sa forţeze coloana si musculatura sa se echilibreze. Masajul trebuie combinat cu gimnastica medicala.
Spondilita Se face un masaj sedativ asupra musculaturii spatelui, in special asupra muşchilor paravertebrali si un masaj zonal uşor asupra articulaţiilor intervertebrale, combinat cu gimnastică respiratorie pentru a preîntâmpina prinderea articulaţiilor dintre coloana si coaste si a celor dintre coaste si stern, care ar putea duce mai târziu la probleme respiratorii destul de grave. Discopatiile - sunt afecţiuni afecţiuni ale discurilo discurilorr interve interverteb rtebrale rale (uzuri, (uzuri, degenerăr degenerări); i); - produc dureri locale si contracturi ale musculaturii paravertebrale paravertebrale locale; - se întâlnesc cel mai frecvent la nivel lombar si cervical. Se executa manevre sedative (de relaxare) asupra musculaturii paravertebrale si se face un masaj zonal asupra articulaţiilor intervertebrale si asupra discurilor, masaj care va produce o creştere de metabolism locala cu fenomen de regenerare. Trebuie sa se facă apoi, in mod regulat, un masaj de întreţinere. Hernia de disc - cel mai mai frec frecven ventt se întâl întâlneş neşte te tot tot in regiu regiunea nea lomb lombara ara;; - apare o iritaţie cu dureri puternice atât locale cat si cu iradieri in lungul nervului afectat – sciatic; - in faza faza acut acuta, a, când când sunt sunt dure dureri ri viol violen ente te,, masa masaju jull este este cont contra rain indi dica cat; t; recomandarea principala; repaus realizat fie in decubit ventral cu o perna sub abdomen, fie in decubit dorsal cu doua perne plasate sub genunchi. Masajul se va începe in faza subacuta: sedativ asupra regiunii lombare si sacrofesiere, si un masaj sedativ sau excitant – după caz – asupra membrelor inferioare.
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MASAJUL MEMBRULUI INFERIOR Membrul inferior se descompune in: - regiun regiunea ea coaps coapsei: ei: de de la genun genunchi chi la la articu articulaţ laţia ia soldul soldului; ui; - regiunea regiunea gambe gambei: i: de la articul articulaţia aţia gleznei gleznei la articulaţ articulaţia ia genunch genunchiului iului;; - piciorul propriu-zis: de la gleznă în jos; Tot aici este cuprinsa si articulaţia coxofemurala (şoldul).
Masajul articulaţiei şoldului La început pacientul va sta cu fata in jos si facem un masaj regional asupra regiunii fesiere si a coapsei, după care executam un masaj zonal – geluiri, fricţiuni, vibraţii – la nivelul plicii fesiere si lateral, la nivelul articulaţiei si al trohanterului. Gimnastica: contracţii izometrice ale musculaturii fesiere. Invitam pacientul sa se întoarcă cu fata in sus si începem cu un masaj regional al coapsei; poziţionăm membrul inferior in dublă flexie si facem un masaj zonal asupra articulaţiei, la nivelul plicii inghinale, la nivelul trohanterului si lateral de articulaţie. Încheiem Încheiem cu gimnastica gimnastica (mişcări) (mişcări) pentru articulaţi articulaţiaa şoldului: şoldului: flexia coapsei coapsei pe bazin, bicicleta, mişcări de lateralitate etc. Afecţiunile cele mai frecvente ale articulaţiei şoldului: coxartroza si subluxaţia de şold – se combina obligatoriu cu gimnastica medicala. Masajul articulaţiei genunchiului Poziţia iniţiala a pacientului: in decubit ventral; - facem mai întâi un masaj regional al gambei si coapsei, după care plasam o mana sub glezna pacientului, ridicam uşor gamba flectând genunchiul si facem neteziri (cu partea cubitala a mâinii), geluiri, fricţiuni si vibraţii la nivelul plicii genunchiului; Ca gimnastică avem flexia şi extensia genunchiului (a gambei pe coapsă). Invitam pacientul sa se întoarcă cu fata in sus: - facem întâi un masaj regional al gambei si coapsei; - poziţionăm membrul inferior in duble flexie si executam masajul zonal asupra articulaţiei genunchiului; - netezirea: netezirea: plasam plasam degetele 1, 2, 3 si indexul la nivelul nivelul plicii genunchiulu genunchiuluii (sub articulaţia genunchiului) iar policele de o parte si de alta a tendonului muşchiului cvadriceps, deasupra sau in faţa rotulei; alunecăm apoi cu policele netezind pe sub rotulă până la spaţiul articular, coborâm apoi cu policele pe părţile laterale ale articulaţiei spre plica genunchiului; refacem traseul în sens invers până la rotulă, coborâm pe sub rotulă, apoi pe lângă tendonul rotulian până pe tibie.
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Închei Încheiem em cu gimnas gimnastic ticăă pentru pentru artic articula ulaţia ţia genunc genunchiu hiului lui şi pentru pentru tonifi tonifiere ereaa muşchiului cvadriceps; de altfel şi în masajul regional trebuie să insistăm pe tonifierea lui (prin frământări contratimp, bateri etc.).
Masajul articulaţiei gleznei Pacientul va sta la început cu faţa în jos şi vom face un masaj regional asupra gambei şi un masaj zonal la nivelul tendonului lui Ahile şi la nivelul calcaneului. Invităm pacientul să se întoarcă cu faţa în sus şi facem un masaj regional asupra gamb gambei ei şi pici picior orul ului ui,, apoi apoi un masa masajj zona zonall asup asupra ra arti articu cula laţi ţiei ei glez glezne neii şi asup asupra ra tendonului care trece peste articulaţia gleznei. Netezirea: se realizează intre police si index in jurul maleolelor, iar geluirea, fricţiunea, vibraţia în jurul maleolelor, transversal, de-a lungul liniei articulare şi printre tendoanele muşchilor flexori ai degetelor. Gimnastică: - flex flexia ia şi exte extens nsia ia pici picior orul ului ui;; - flexia flexia şi extens extensia ia articu articulaţ laţiei iei picior piciorulu ului; i; - mişcăr mişcării de de late lateral ralita itate te şi de circum circumduc ducţie ţie.. Afecţiunile cel mai des întâlnite: recuperarea după entorsă, artroza gleznei, redori după fracturi. Masajul medical la nivelul piciorului - se face în caz caz de platfus platfus,, fractur fracturăă sau după după fractur fracturi,i, artroz artrozee la nivelul nivelul tarsu tarsului lui etc.
MASAJUL REGIUNII CERVICALE În caz de spondiloză vom insista cu geluiri, fricţiuni, vibraţii pe tot traseul coloanei cervicale, vom decontracta musculatura contractată şi vom face o uşoară gimnastică la nivelul coloanei cervicale. În caz de nevralgii Arnold vom insista cu geluiri şi fricţiuni în jurul găurilor nervului Arnold şi pe linia nucală; în nevralgii cervico-brahiale vom face un masaj de-a lungul traseului dureros, inclusiv la nivelul braţului. În contracturi musculare insistăm pe zona de contractură. Gimnastica gâtului: - flexie - extensie;
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sănătoasă, încercând o reechilibrare a situaţiei; daca situaţia e mai grava încercam o metoda de suprasolicitare a muşchiului trapez contractat prin mişcări cu rezistenta, apoi masaj de relaxare al întregii regiuni.
MASAJUL MEMBRULUI SUPERIOR Membrul superior cuprinde: - regi regiun unea ea braţ braţul ului ui:: de de la la umă umărr la cot; cot; - regiun regiunea ea anteb antebraţ raţulu ului: i: de la la cot la la articu articulaţ laţia ia pumn pumnulu ului; i; - regiun regiunea ea mâin mâinii: ii: de la la artic articula ulaţia ţia pumnul pumnului ui în în jos. jos.
Masajul articulaţiei scapulo-humerale = masajul umărului. La masajul regional vom face masajul muşchiului deltoid (treimea superioară a braţului), anterior vom prelucra muşchiul pectoral si posterior jumătate din regiunea cervicala (muşchiul trapez si muşchii care se insera pe omoplat). Netezirile: - poziţionăm mâinile mana peste mana la nivelul vârfului deltoid; (muşchiul deltoid are doua fascicule: unul anterior si altul posterior, care converg spre braţ si formează un unghi ca litera V = vârful deltoidian); îmbrăcăm cu palmele deltoidul pana la nivelul articulaţiei umărului, apoi o palma îmbracă anterior muşchiul pectoral, iar cealaltă, posterior, omoplatul. Mâinile refac apoi acelaşi traseu in sens invers, până ajungem la poziţia iniţială. - a doua netezire: netezim intre index si police separat cele doua fascicule ale deltoidului, de la vârful acestuia pana la umăr; - netezirea pe muşchiul trapez, de la umăr spre regiunea cervicala; - cu doua degete, pe sub clavicula, de la acromion la manubriul sternal (de la umăr la stern). Frământări: frământăm cele doua fascicule ale muşchiului deltoid, musculatura de pe omoplat, muşchiul trapez si muşchiul pectoral. Bateri: uşoare, căuş si nuiele pe muşchi. Trecem la masajul zonal: netezim spaţiul articular cu partea cubitală a mâinilor, de la acromion in jos, spre linia axilei. Tot pe acest traseu executăm geluiri, fricţiuni, vibraţii. Mai rar: o fricţiune uşoara cu policele in axila (in caz de luxaţie in special). Masajul articulaţiei umărului: cel mai complex; articulaţia umărului are toate gradele de mobilitate.
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- mişcări mişcări de rotaţi rotaţiee interna interna si externa externa (cu (cu cotul cotul îndoit îndoit in interioru interiorull articul articulaţiei aţiei); ); - mi mişc şcăr ării larg largi, i, în cer cerc, c, de de circ circum umdu ducţ cţie ie;; - mişcăr mişcării combin combinate ate:: ducere ducereaa mâini mâiniii sus la la cap, cap, la spate spate etc. etc. Afecţiuni mai des întâlnite: - PSH (periartrita scapulo-hunerala) de origine reumatica sau traumatica; - după entorse sau luxaţii; - rar: artroze, de obicei după PSH, probleme ligamentare etc; - diverse afecţiuni ale muşchilor (întinderi) etc.
Masajul articulaţiei cotului Facem mai întâi un masaj regional care sa cuprindă antebraţul si braţul, apoi un masaj zonal asupra articulaţiei cotului, punem mâna pacientului in şold, indexul de la ambele mâini îl poziţionăm la plica cotului, iar policele deasupra articulaţiei, pe braţ, de o parte şi de alta a tendonului tricepsului; alunecăm cu policele până la nivelul articulaţiei (până între cei doi epicondili), coborâm în lateral spre plica cotului pe linia articulara, refacem traseul in sens invers până ajungem pe articulaţie intre cei doi epicondili, după care alunecăm pe antebraţ. Pe acelaşi traseu executăm şi geluiri, geluiri, vibraţii – si la nivelul plicii cotului, fără presiune prea mare. Gimnastica: - flexia flexia si extensia extensia cotulu cotuluii (cotul (cotul = pârghie pârghie de de gradul gradul II, gen gen balama balama). ). Afecţiuni: entorse, tratament postentorsă, luxaţie, artroza cotului, redori după fracturi sau de alte origini (tăieri etc.). Masajul articulaţiei pumnului Vom face întâi masajul regional al antebraţului si al mâinii, după care facem masajul zonal al articulaţiei pumnului netezind articulaţiile astfel: - indexul de la ambele mâini pe fata articulaţiei si policele posterior pe linia articulara; mai întâi alunecăm cu policele spre părţile laterale, indexul rămânând fix, iar
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tendoanel tendoanelor. or. Se mai face in caz de artroza artroza a mâinii, mâinii, a oaselor oaselor carpului, in redori dupa fracturi, pareze. Se insi insist staa mult mult cu gimn gimnas asti tica ca;; se fac fac mi mişc şcăr ării de înch închid ider eree si desc deschi hide dere re a pumnului, flexia si extensia degetelor si a palmei; abducţia si adducţia degetelor pentru coordonare (ducem policele pana se întâlneşte cu pulpa fiecărui deget in parte), incheiat – descheiat singuri la nasturi; in caz de redori: gimnastica in bai călduţe; gimnastica cu mâinile in tarate înmuiate in apa calda.
MASAJUL FEŢEI ŞI AL FRUNŢII In caz de pareze faciale vom face un masaj selectiv (pe musculatura flasca – tonifiere; pe musculatura normala – masaj de relaxare). Insi Insist stam am in mod mod deos deoseb ebit it pe gimn gimnas asti tica ca;; înch închid ider erea ea si desc deschi hide dere reaa ochi ochilo lor; r; închid închidere ereaa si deschi deschider derea ea ochilo ochilorr si a gurii gurii concom concomite itent; nt; ridica ridicarea rea si încrun încruntar tarea ea sprâncenelor; mandibula dusă înainte si înapoi; lateral dreapta – lateral stânga; vom insista spre partea afectata pentru a tonifia zona cu musculatura flască; se vor face si mişcări cu opoziţie; se umfla muşchii obrazului; gimnastica mimicii in oglinda – se strâmbă pentru reechilibrare); când pacientul poate sa fluiere singur: cazul este aproape rezolvat. Cu cât tratamentul este început mai repede, cu atât rezultatele sunt mai bune si mai rapide; lăsata: se produce asimetrie a feţei etc. In caz de recuperare după fractură de mandibulă gimnastica se va face unilateral tot către partea afectata.
MASAJUL CAPULUI Masajul capului se face in scopul de a activa circulaţia la acest nivel si pentru
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- cu partea cubitala a mâinii, de sub mandibula pana la nivelul claviculelor, simetric pe ambele părţi ale gâtului anterior; - netezim cei doi muşchi SCM intre index si police de la occipital manubriul sternal (in masajul cosmetic netezirile se fac in sens invers); se vor executa frământări uşoare asupra muşchiului SCM cu atenţie in zona carotidei; In caz de torticolis: frământarea contratimp contratimp se va executa selectiv, unilateral. Geluir Geluirea ea si fricţi fricţiune uneaa le vom executa executa pe clavicul claviculee si pe mandibu mandibula la dar si pe occipital. Vibraţia se poate realiza pe toata suprafaţa, in funcţie de scopul urmărit. Baterea: numai sub forma de ciupituri. Mişcări – de lateralitate, de rotaţie; când e muşchiul afectat: flexii unilaterale; daca nu trece in acest fel: aplicam tehnica suprasolicitării pe partea muşchiului contractat. Putem Put em mobili mobiliza za stânga stânga-dr -dreap eapta ta inelel inelelee esofag esofagulu uluii prinzâ prinzându ndu-le -le int intre re index index si police. Mişcări active: torticolis rebel – gimnastica cu rezistenţă pentru suprasolicitarea, apoi pentru relaxarea muşchiului contractat.
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III. REUMATOLOGIE Reumatologia – se ocupa cu studiul bolilor reumatice. Bolile reumatice pot fi clasificate in funcţie de factorii etiologici, patogeni sau morfologici. Putem avea: - reum reumat atis isme me arti articu cula lare re;; - reumatisme abarticulare (extraarticulare): nu prind articulaţiile, ci ţesuturile moi; moi; de ex: ex: burs bursit ite, e, fasc fascit ite, e, mi mioz ozit ite, e, nevr nevral algi giii si nefr nefrit ite, e, peri periar artr trit ite, e, tenosinovite, tendinite etc. De reţinut ca reumatismul este o boală a ţesutului conjunctiv (ţesut de susţinere); este caracterizata prin apariţia unor noduli numiţi Aschoff Talalaev mai ales la nivelul inserţiilor tendinoase si pe periost. Grupa reumatismelor articulare Reumatismele articulare pot fi de două feluri: 1). reumatisme inflamatorii; 2). reumatisme degenerative.
Reumat Reumatism ismul ul poliar poliartic ticula ularr acut acut (febr (febraa reumat reumatică ică sau reumati eumatismu smull Socols Socolski ki Buyot) - este de natura infecţioasă (dat de infecţii cu streptococul betahemolitic din grupa A; poate debuta in urma unor faringo - amigdalite streptococice sau scarlatina, la 1-4 săptămâni); - se manifesta la persoane cu vârsta intre 3-27 de ani; intre 3 – 12 ani poate avea si prindere cardiaca (trebuie tratat din timp căci altfel se poate rămâne cu o cardita
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Aslow creşte peste 333; fibrinogenul creste de asemenea; la exam examen enul ul de urin urinaa apar apar prot protei eine ne (sau (sau)) albu albumi mine ne in urin urina= a= prot protei einu nuri riee (albuminurie); (albuminurie); se asociază cu hematurie microscopica. Cu tratament se poate vindeca in totalitate. Daca nu apar complicaţii durează 2-4 săptămâni; daca apare si cardita - poate dura 2-3 luni. Tratamentul antibiotic cu penicilina G (1600 unităţi/zi) sau cu eritromicina (copii: 40mg/kg corp/zi; adulţi: si 1 g/kg corp/zi); tratamentul trebuie sa dureze timp de aprox. 10 zile; la nevoie se poate repeta; se va face apoi profilaxie cu Moldamin (1.200.000 unităţi/1 - 2 sau 3 săptămâni, in funcţie de cat de virulent a fost reumatismul). Tratament Tratamentul ul fiziotera fizioterapic: pic: creşterea creşterea factorilo factorilorr imunitari imunitari;; regim regim igieno-die igieno-dietetic tetic,, mişc mi şcar aree-sp spor ortt mode modera rat; t; cons consum um spor sporit it de mi mier ere; e; ti tinc nctu tura ra de prop propol olis is in dive divers rsee proporţii; cura cu polen-lăptişor de matcă, cura cu oţet de mere si miere, cura balneara; la copii trebuie combătut rahitismul (bai de soare; căldura). -
Poliartrita reumatoidă (p.r.) sau poliartrita cronica evolutiva (p.c.e.) sau poliartrita cronica primara (p.c.p) -
-
este o boala generala a ţesutului conjunctiv; apare apare de obi obicei cei la la femei femei si si are inci inciden denta ta maxim maximaa la 45-50 45-50 ani; ani; are caracter inflamator, progresiv si simetric; articulaţiile sunt prinse simetric: cot stâng-drept; mana stânga-dreapta etc); cauza apariţiei: imunitate scăzuta; factori favorizanţi: frig, oboseala; pe lângă articulaţii, creează leziuni si in organe si ţesuturi; primele leziuni apar la nivelul sinovialei si apoi la nivelul cartilagiilor (la epifiza: capul osului) si in final se instalează anchiloza fibroasa; muşchii încep sa se atrofieze de timpuriu; in ţesutul interstiţial apar numeroşi noduli; pielea devine atrofică, străvezie;
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Prinderea articulaţiilor: centripeta, de la articulaţiile distale spre centuri (de la exterior spre interior). Boala evoluează in patru stadii: 1. apar tumefierile articulare, dureri spontane la mişcare; uneori si degetul in fus; sunt prinse articulaţiile mici si mijlocii; stare generala de inapetenţa si pierdere ponderata; 2. încep sa se limiteze mişcările in articulaţii; apare atrofia musculara; apare oste osteop opor oroz oza; a; pot pot fi prin prinse se si arti articu cula laţi ţiil ilee ster sterno no-c -cla lavi vicu cula lare re si temp tempor oroomandibulare; 3. articulaţiile încep sa se deformeze; apar subluxaţii; apare anchiloza fibroasa si o atrofie musculara mare; 4. procesul de anchiloza fibroasa si osoasa se definitivează; fixarea degetelor si genunchilor in poziţii vicioasa; - stadiu terminal. Examenul de laborator: - la început nu este concludent; - VSHVSH-ul ul cres creste te la 8080-10 1000 ml/ ml/h; h; - apare o uşoara anemie la hemograma; - la electroforeza proteinelor serice; arata un nr. scăzut de albumine, iar alfa- si beta-globulinele sunt crescute; - testele de aglutinare: testul Valer Rozen si Latex: pozitiv, mai târziu; exista si microteste pentru evidenţierea factorilor reumatoizi (de obicei este vorba de
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- cauzele apariţiei nu sunt cunoscute; implicit; nu exista tratament medicamentos; - debutează cu dureri sacro-iliace; pot fi confundate cu tabloul clinic de sciatica; iradierea este de natura osoasa; - primele articulaţii prinse: articulaţiile sacro-iliace: apare o sinovita; uşor se extinde la coloana vertebrala pana o cuprinde toata si in final prinde si centurile (bazin si umeri); apare o rigiditate vertebrala; flexia anterioara se limitează; lordoza lombara începe sa dispară; cu cat evoluează : devine cifoza; - începe sa apară o paloare tegumentara, o uşoara scădere in greutate, o uşoara subfebrilitate; treptat se instalează o redoare a coloanei vertebrale pana la cap si încep sa se modifice curburile coloanei vertebrale; - fenomenul clinic dominant: durerea care cuprinde întreaga coloana; la început apar contracturi pe musculatura paravertebrala si muşchiul trapez; atrofii; de cele mai multe ori coloana se cifozează sau se poate rigidiza si in poziţie rectilinie; in 10% din cazuri apare si irido-cicleita; in final sunt prinse si centurile scapulara si pelvica; - intr-un număr variabil de ani coloana se anchilozează complet; mersul: devine legănat; sunt prinse si articulaţiile coastelor, care dau probleme respiratorii. Examenul radiologic: - sacr sacroi oile leit itaa bila bilate tera rala la;; - procese de calcifiere a ligamentelor interspinoase si latero-laterale (aşa-numita „coloană de bambus”); - exam examen enul ul de de labo labora rato tor: r: nec necon oncl clud uden ent; t;
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AFECŢIUNI ALE COLOANEI VERTEBRALE (recapitulare si completare) Scolioza
Scolioza este o boala evolutiva caracterizata prin una sau mai multe curburi (C sau S) laterale ale coloanei vertebrale, vizibile in plan frontal, uneori însoţite de rotaţia vertebrelor, cu tendinţa de compensare superioara si inferioara (- curburile), dar fara o reducere completa a acestora. Scoliozele au răsunet asupra morfologiei trunchiului. Ele pot fi: - post postur ural alee (st (stăm ăm strâ strâmb mb); ); - de compensare (in cazul unei subluxatii de sold, de exemplu); - inflam inflamato atorii rii (TBC (TBC,, osteom osteomiel ielită ită,, miozit miozită, ă, sifil sifilis) is);; - cauz cauzat atee de de o lom lombo bosc scia iati tica ca;; - putem avea deviaţii chiar de natura isterica. Cea mai frecventa: scolioza idiopatica, cand avem o anomalie de tip muscular, putând provoca paralizii de diverse grade, cu caracter tranzitoriu sau definitiv; poate cuprinde mai mulţi sau mai putini muşchi; Cel Cel mai mai grav rav: când când apar par in perio rioada ada de creş creşte tere re,, după upă pol poliom iomiel ielit itaa sau sau meningoencefalita; factorii agravanţi: reumatismul. La prepubertate pot apărea si din cauza unor tulburări de creştere, mai frecvent la fete, probabil din cauza unui exces de foli folicu culi lina na;; exis exista ta si cauz cauzee endo endocr crin ine; e; rahi rahiti tici ciii sunt sunt pred predis ispu puşi şi;; mai mai rar: rar: cauz cauzee
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cei care fac eforturi profesionale, in rahitism etc.); sau poate fi de natura traumatica (după spondilita anchilopoietica, poliomielita etc.). Tratament: gimnastica medicala si masaj terapeutic. Discopatia
Este o afecţiune a discului intervertebral. La fenomene de suprasolicitare repetata apare o uzura /degenerare/îmbătrânire a discului intervertebral, care da algii locale; cel mai frecvent: in regiunea lombara si cervicala. Tratament de întreţinere, masaj si mişcare uşoara – discopatia este reversibila; se poate regenera. Predispuşi sunt cei care muncesc mai greu (ridica, lucrează in frig, umezeala) dar si sedentarii (munca la calculator, birou, lipsa de mişcare, şofat).. Discopatia netratata poate degenera in hernie de disc; discul herniază puţin, presează rădăcina nervului, durerile nu mai sunt locale, merg pe nerv (lombosciatică; manifestare in diverse grade0; trebuie tratata fizioterapic neapărat. In hernia de disc acuta : masajul este contraindicat; repaus la pat, cu fata-n jos, cu o perna sub burta pentru delordozarea coloanei si elongarea spaţiului intervertebral sau cu fata-n sus, cu doua perne sub genunchi. Tratamentul de urgenta: masaj cu gheata, laser terapeutic pe zona afectata, cu rol antiin antiinfla flamat mator or decont decontrac ractur turant ant si antalg antalgic ic si reflex reflexote oterap rapie. ie. Pe măsura măsura ce dureri durerile le
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Cele mai frecvente artroze le întâlnim la articulaţiile mari sau la articulaţiile care suporta sarcini mari (în special genunchi: gonartroza si şold: coxartroza). La artrozele obişnuite nu sunt afectate cotul si glezna; insa putem avea artroze cauzate de traumatisme/fracturi, care pot afecta si cotul sau glezna. Factori predispozanţi: - meca mecani nici ci:: prod produc uc o repa repart rtiţ iţie ie anor anorma mala la a pres presiu iuni niii asup asupra ra arti articu cula laţi ţiil ilor or (obezitatea, de exemplu); - traumatici: fracturi, luxaţii care produc alterări ale cartilagiului articular; - endocr endocrini ini/me /metab taboli olici ci (meno (menopau pauza, za, dislip dislipide idemie mie = creşte creşterea rea peste peste normal normal a colesterolului); - infl inflam amat atooriirii-re reum umat atic ici; i; - îmbătrânirea Simptome: - durerea si oboseala articulara care se calmează la repaus; noaptea nu doare de obicei; - apar aparee o li limi mita tare re func funcţi ţion onal alaa a arti articu cula laţi ţiei ei;; crep crepit itaţ aţii ii intr intraa aart rtic icul ular aree la mobi mobili liza zare reaa arti articu cula laţi ţiei ei;; mai mai târz târziu iu apar apar crac cracme ment ntee (tro (trozn znit itur uri) i);; in fina finall articu articulaţ laţia ia se defor deformea mează ză si apar apar proli prolifer ferări ări osteoosteo-car cartil tilagi aginoa noase se si lichid lichid intraarticular (hidrartroza).
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1. Umărul dureros simplu
Este forma clinica cea mai frecventa (dar si cea mai usoara), la baza fiind o tendinita, o bursita sau o tenosinovita. Pacientul acuza dureri moderate la nivelul umărului, mai ales cu ocazia unor mişcări uzuale sau când poarta unele greutăţi. Durerea poate interveni chiar in timpul somnului si se intensifica in anumite poziţii. Putem găsi un punct sensibil subacromial in zona antero-exterioara sau in zona dureroasa pe fata anterioara a umărului, pe tendonul muşchiului biceps. Sunt afectate in mod deosebit mişcările de flexie anterioara, abducţie si rotaţie externa. Daca forma este mai grava, braţul poate fi imobilizat cu o pernuţa in axila, care il tine la 35-45 grade, intr-o uşoara abducţie, si susţinut de o eşarfa. Ca tratament se recomanda: repausul umărului; laser terapeutic, masaj, gimnastica. Când Când sunt sunt dureri dureri in articu articulaţ laţie ie facem facem gimnas gimnastic ticaa pe articu articulaţ laţia ia sănăto sănătoasa asa (umăru (umărull
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5. Umărul pseudo-paralitic Este o tendoperiostita posttraumatica; se produce o ruptura întinsa a tendoanelor; uneori se perforează si capsula. Pacientul nu mai poate face mişcările active; le va executa pasiv; mai intai va fi destul de dureros, dar ulterior durerea va dispărea treptat. Se pot face face int interv ervenţ enţii ii chirur chirurgic gicale ale,, apoi apoi se recoma recomanda nda kineto kinetoter terapi apie, e, pentru pentru a menţ menţin inee caps capsul ulaa in bună bunăst star aree si sa nu devi devina na retr retrac acti tila la pent pentru ru a recu recupe pera ra fort fortaa musculara si pentru a învăţa mişcări compensatorii.
Reumatismul secundar tuberculos (Poncett) - apar aparee pe pe fon fondu dull une uneii tub tuber ercu culo loze ze;; - când afectează coloana, apare gibozitatea numita „morbul lui Pott”.
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tratamentul cu tinctura de propolis echilibrează metabolismul si potenţează sistemul imunitar: 20 picături/zi administrate intr-o singura repriza, amestecat cu apa, miere sau lapte; se mai poate poate administra si păstura (polen (polen prelucrat) - 1 linguriţa/zi. - cons consuum spo spori ritt de de mie miere re;; - regi regim m igie igieno no-d -die iete teti tic; c; - cura cu oţetul de mere si miere; - mişcare moderata; - bai de soare/lumina. La osteoporoza nu se face fizioterapie ci reflexoterapie si mişcare moderata. Definitii uzuale
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Prin cunoaşterea biomecanicii putem aprecia calitatea execuţiei exerciţiilor fizice pentru a obţine rezultatul terapeutic dorit. Putem înlătura anumite greşeli si vom sti sa corelam gimnastica cu particularităţile individuale. De-a De-a lungul lungul istori istoriei, ei, biomec biomecani anica ca a consti constitui tuitt un domeni domeniuu de int intere eress pentru pentru numeroşi oameni de ştiinţa (in antichitate - Galen; Leonardo da Vinci – a folosit fotografia in studiul legilor biomecanicii etc.); la noi: prof. Iliescu de la IEFS. Pârghiile biologice: In cazul pârghiilor mecanice, pârghia este reprezentata de o bara rigida ce se poate roti in jurul unui ax fix (punct de sprijin) si care la extremităţi se afla sub acţiunea unei forte pasive si a uneia de rezistenta. Rolul pârghiei este de a permite efectuarea unui lucru mecanic util cu economie de forţa. Pârghiile sunt de trei categorii, clasificate după numărul de grade, de la I până la III.
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data de muşchii anteriori ai abdomenului si ai membrelor inferioare. Când variem aceste forte: variază poziţia corpului si se declanşează mersul.
Biomecanica mersului si a coloanei vertebrale Rolul Rolul static static al coloan coloanei ei verte vertebra brale le consta consta in menţin menţiner erea ea atitud atitudini iniii vertic verticale ale a capului in mod special si a corpului in general. Coloana vertebrala este suport al greutăţii corpului cap-gât-trunchi de care sunt legate prin centuri membrele inferioare si superioare. Funcţionalitatea dinamica a coloanei vertebrale este in raport cu mobilitatea sa. Mobilitatea articulaţiilor intervertebrale este mica, in general redusa dar atunci când se însumează mobilitatea (porţiunea cervicala + toracală), determina o amplitudine mai mare. Coloana cervicala: cea mai mobila, apoi coloana lombara si ultima este cea dorsala.
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Scapul Scapulaa (omopl (omoplatu atul) l) este este un os lat cu forma forma triung triunghiu hiular laraa situat situat in treim treimea ea superioara a spatelui, pe grilajul costal, intre coastele 2 si 7, cu baza in sus; are doua fete: anterioara (cea dinspre coaste; este concava) si posterioara. Pe fata anterioara se inserează muşchiul subscapular. Fata posterioara (sau dorsala) este convexa si prezintă o creasta înalta care se măreşte spre umăr, denumita spina omoplatului. Lateral-exterior
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- ligamentul supragleno-suprahumeral; supragleno-suprahumeral; - ligamentul supragleno-prehumeral; supragleno-prehumeral; - ligamentul pregleno-subhumeral. Ele se inseră pe humerus in puncte diferite. Aceste ligamente sunt foarte laxe in menţinerea contactului intre cele doua suprafeţe articulare, pentru a permite mişcari
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Asia: celebrul medic Avicena (Abu-Ali-Ibi-Sina) introduce in tratament baile de soare si aer, regimul alimentar si exercitiii de gimnastica medicala; este cel dintâi care scrie un tratat de gimnastică; - etc. etc. - Şcoala Românească: prof. Haţeganu la Cluj; prof. Adrian Ionescu la Bucuresti. -
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- adducţ adducţia: ia: este este mişcare mişcareaa prin care care membru membrull se apropie apropie de planul planul sagit sagital al median median (si adunarea degetelor= tot abducţie); pozitia anatomica a membrului superior este cu palma in sus sau in fata si cu degetul mare spre lateral; - rotaţia poate fi: interna; externa; cu mina intinsa, cu cotul indoit la 90 de grade - supina supinaţia ţia:: este este mişcar mişcarea ea de rotati rotatiee prin prin care care mâna mâna ajunge ajunge cu palma palma in fata fata
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prin spate, indoind coatele (atunci miscarea se continua si cu o mica flexie si rotatie interna). - Rotatia interna si externa a umarului: rotatia umarului se cerceteaza intotdeauna cu cotul idoit la 90 de grade; cu cotul intins-se adauga si miscarile de pronatie si supinatie a antebraţului. Putem cerceta rotaţia din doua poziţii:
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rotirea gambei (in flexie la 90 de grade) faţă de coapsa; daca simţim „cârâieli/cracmente/crepitaţii” avem o afecţiune a meniscului; - când apare joc lateral avem deficienţe ligamentare. Tratament: in funcţie de gravitate: kinetoterapie; masaj terapeutic; laser terapeutic.
Fracturile - constau in fisurarea sau ruperea osului. In cazul fracturilor tratamentul de recuperare incepe inca in timpul aparatului gipsat. Pacientul urmeaza o dieta cu alimente bogate in calciu; se va face masaj si gimnastica a membrului sanatos, stimulând astfel circulaţia si revigorarea somatica a membrului gipsat prin influx nervos; apoi gimnastica si cu membrul care este in ghips – contractii izometrice; daca degetele sunt libere: miscari de flexie, extensie, tot ce ne permite. Consolidarea efectiva a osului fracturat are loc intr-un interval de 6-12 luni, astfel ca după îndepărtarea îndepărtarea aparatului aparatului gipsat gipsat este absolut necesar un tratamen tratamentt intensiv intensiv de recuperare ce consta in LT pe locul fracturat, masaj (mai întâi sedativ apoi excitant), gimnastica izometrica (serii de contracţii – 4- 5 sec. si de relaxare –8- 10 sec.); la scoaterea aparatului gipsat constatam ca membrul este tumefiat datorita stazei limfatice si venoase – masaj intens de decongestionare si drenaj limfatic. Prin geluiri, fricţiuni si laser se urmăreşte îndepărtarea depunerilor de calciu vicios de pe trai traiec ectu tull de fisu fisura ra.. Se mai mai reco recoma mand ndaa cata catapl plas asme me/b /bai ai căld călduţ uţee cu tărâ tărâţe ţe si cataplasme cu frunze de varza si tinerea picioarelor ridicate pe perna. Prepararea amestecului de tărâţe: se pune un pumn de târăţe intr-un vas cu apa; vasul se pune la fiert si se lasa apoi la racit pana la temperatura corpului; cu membrul bolnav se fac miscari in vasul cu apa si târăţe; daca nu: se strecoara si se aplica cataplasme cu tărâţele respective; compozitia se refoloseste mai multe zile, dimineata si seara inainte de culcare (doarme cu ea); este foarte bogata in vitamina B (intreg complexul de vitamine B). Se poate face si reflexoterapie. Entorsa - este o leziune traumatica articulara (capsulo-ligamentara), produsa de o mişcare forţata, brusca, ce antrenează întinderea, ruptura sau smulgerea tendoanelor sau ligamentelor fara deplasarea suprafeţelor articulare. Entorsa poate fi uşoară, medie sau grava. In formele sale cele mai grave pot avea loc si rupturi de fibre musculare sau chiar de muşchi întregi si de tendoane sau ligamente. Cele mai frecvente sunt entorsa gleznei sau a genunchiului. Tratamentul de recuperare consta in repaus total/imobilizarea articulatiei, masaj cu gheata de 2-3 ori pe zi, laser, masaj uşor cu crema antiinflamatorie (Heat Lotion -
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Boli metabolice Diabetul - este o boala metabolica ce afectează pancreasul; acesta fie nu mai produce insulina deloc fie o produce dar in cantitate insuficienta, astfel încât zaharoza nu mai poate fi metabolizata. Zaharoza circulanta in sânge distruge ţesuturile si vasele de sânge in special pe cele din retina (ceea ce duce la retinopatie diabetica), pe cele din membrana rinichilor (scapă in sânge substanţe ce trebuiau prelucrate) si din membrele superioare si inferioare (ceea ce duce la neuropatia diabetica ce generează arterita diabetica ce se manifesta îndeosebi prin crampe in moleta). Diabetul poate fi insulinodependent (apariţie juvenila) sau in timpul vieţii (se tratează cu sulfamida si regim alimentar). Semnele sale clinice sunt sete, bulimie, uscăciune in gura, urinari in cantitati mari. Valorile normale ale zaharului in sânge sunt de 70-140. Până in 180-200 se controlează cu sulfamida si regim alimentar. Peste 200 apare glucozoria (zahar in urina). Tratamentul consta din regim alimentar, regim de viata si mişcare, lăptişor de matca (scade glicemia si previne degradarea ţesuturilor), cura cu polen, cura cu oţet de mere si miere (– cu precauţie, numai la cei cu glicemie sub 130); efort fizic mediu (gimnastica medicala moderat sau simple plimbări in parc), reflexoterapie (minim 1520 de şedinţe de doua ori pe an iar in rest cel puţin o şedinţa pe luna, ideal una pe săptămâna, pentru întreţinere), întreţinere), cura balneara in climat sedativ, sedativ, de cruţare (nu pe litoral, nici la cote înalte), fitoterapie (frunze de salvie, de afin - conţin insulina vegetala, fasole uscata). Guta Guta - este o boala metabolica ce poate apărea si dintr-o predispoziţie ereditara dar si din excese alimentare - multe purine (proteine) provenite preponderent din carnea animalelor tinere. Aceste purine, prin metabolizare, generează cantităţi mari de acid uric pe care rinichiul nu reuşeşte sa le elimine si care se depune subcutanat pe articulaţie sub forma de cristale (trofi). Creşterea concentraţiei acestuia in sânge se numeşte hiperuricemie. La depunerea de trofi peste un anumit nivel se declanşează criza gutoasa. Articulaţia se umfla (TUMOR), se înroşeşte (RUBOR), se încălzeşte (CALOR) si devine dureroasa (DOLOR). Durerea este pulsatorie. Cel mai frecvent se întâlneşte la bărbaţi, in special după depăşirea vârstei de 40 de ani. Se manifesta manifesta prin crize de artrita artrita acuta, acuta, localizata localizata deseori la articulaţ articulaţia ia halucelui, halucelui, îndeosebi noaptea. Atipic, poate fi atacata si articulaţia genunchiului. Tratamentul alopat pentru guta este Colchicina care este insa toxic: ataca ficatul, rinichii, ochii si da diaree severa. Pentru stagnarea creşterii nivelului de acid uric se
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si miere; miere; tin tinctu ctura ra de propol propolis is pentru pentru reglar reglaree metabo metabolic lica; a; reflex reflexote oterap rapie ie – foarte foarte benefica; cura cu ape minerale (Călimăneşti, Olăneşti, Căciulata), izvoare.
Osteoporoza Poate apărea la orice vârsta, dar cel mai frecvent la femei după menopauza; la bărbaţi după 40 de ani sau după traumatisme. Tratamentul fizioterapic: cure cu lăptişor de matca (2-5 g./cura – pauza, apoi iar cura); tinctura de propolis; cura cu oţet de mere si miere; cura cu polen; gimnastica uşoara; cura balneara; regim alimentar bogat in produse care conţin Calciu. Afecţiuni gastrice/Ulcer Nu trebuie sa se ajungă la ulcer. Regim alimentar in primul rând: mese regulate si cantitativ mici. Masa: un singur fel; mese mici si dese 3-5/zi; fără lichide in timpul meselor; echilibru cu factorii de stres; in funcţie de afecţiune: fie lapte cald cu miere, fie, dimpotrivă, iaurt; tinctura de propolis diluat in lapte (daca îl suporta), in ceai călduţ (nici rece, nici fierbinte, fără extreme)– îndulcit cu o miere pe care o suporta cel mai bine. Reflexoterapia: foarte indicata. Constipaţia Stare patologică caracterizată prin dificultatea sau imposibilitatea de eliminare a materiilor fecale; cauzele sunt multiple. Trat Tratam amen entt fizi fiziot oter erap apic ic:: regi regim m alim alimen enta tar, r, puţi puţinn si boga bogat; t; li lich chid idee mult multe; e; reflexoterapie (insistenta si pe bila, nu numai pe intestine si colon), apiterapie; tărâţe in apa/ apa/la lapt ptee cu mi mier ere, e, fruc fructe te;; gimn gimnas asti tica ca obli obliga gato tori rie; e; când când tran tranzi zitu tull inte intest stin inal al se normalizează – sa avem grija sa-l menţinem. Migrena rebelă - cauzata adesea de trio-ul: tulburări biliare, afecţiuni ovariene, după anestezii. Tratamentul: reflexoterapie, reflexoterapie, masaj cervical, masajul capului, feţei şi frunţii. Obezitatea Reprezinta cresterea greutatii cu mai mult de 5 kg fata de greutatea normala (la barbati greutatea normala este exprimata astfel: inaltimea in cm – 100; la femei: inaltimea in cm – 105; ce depaseste: reprezinta tendinte de ingrasare – pana la obezitate). Cauzele obezitatii: alimentatia; sedentarismul; cauze glandulare.