2013
CURS DE LİMBA TURCA İn limba engleza engleza Peluare internet http://www.turkishlang http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk uage.co.uk
Nicoleta 01.01.2013
About Word Formation in in Turkish.............. ....... ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............. ..... 3 Word Recognition in in Turkish................. Turkish.......... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ......... 3 Forming Forming nouns and adjective adjectivess .............................................................. ................................................................................................. ...............................................................4 ............................4 Forming Forming verbs from nouns nouns or adjectiv adjectives es.................................................................. .................................................................................................... ....................................... ..... 6 Forming Forming nouns from existing existing verb roots.................................................................. .................................................................................................... ........................................ ...... 7 Forming Forming new verbs from existing existing verbs ....................................... ........................................................................ ................................................................... .................................. 9
................................................................................................. .................................................................... ............................................ ......... 10 The Word List ................................................................
- List of Turkish Intensified Adjectives .................................................................. ..................................................................................................... ............................................ ......... 24 - The Inferentia Inferentiall Past Tense. Tense.
.............................................................. ................................................................................................. ............................................................ ......................... 89
The Inferentia Inferentiall Tense................................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................................... ..................................... ... 89 Negative Negative Forms .................................................................. ................................................................................................... .................................................................... ........................................... ........ 90 Question Question Forms and Meanings Meanings ............................................................... .................................................................................................. ...................................................... ................... 90 -The Condition Conditional al Tenses Tenses ............................................................... .................................................................................................. .................................................................. ............................... 91 Condition Condition,, Result Result ................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................... ............................................ ......... 91 English English Methods........ Methods........................................... .................................................................... .................................................................. .................................................................. ................................. 91 The Condition Conditional al Suffix. Suffix. ................................................................. .................................................................................................... .................................................................. ...............................92 The Condition Conditional al Positive Positive .................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ............................................................ .......................... 92 Condition Conditional al Negative Negative Tenses Tenses ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ................................ 94 Examples Examples in other other tenses tenses .................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ........................................... ........ 96 Verbs of Condition .............. ....... ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............. ...... 96 - Some Auxiliary Auxiliary (Helping (Helping)) Verbs .................................................................. .................................................................................................... ................................................. ............... 97 etmek - to do/to perform................................................................... ...................................................................................................... .................................................................. ............................... 97 etmek - as a verb of completion completion .................................................................. ..................................................................................................... ...................................................... ................... 98 Some examples of Transitive Transitive Verbs formed with - etmek.............. ....... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ........... .... 99 olmak - to be/become .................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ................................................................ ............................. 100 The Passive Passive use of - olmak.................................................................. .................................................................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 101 Other Other Auxiliarie Auxiliariess ................................................................ ................................................................................................. .................................................................... ........................................... ........ 101 Continuati Continuative ve Verbs .................................................................. ................................................................................................... ................................................................... ..................................... ... 101 The Acc Accelerat elerative ive Verb ............................................................. ............................................................................................... .................................................................... .................................... .. 102 - Some Street Street Turkish Turkish and Daily Express Expressions ions .................................................................. ............................................................................................... ............................. 184 Street Turkish - Body Language and Sign Language ................................................................................... 186 Expressin Expressing g negation negation or disagreem disagreement ent ................................................................ ................................................................................................... .......................................... ....... 186 Here is the hand sign sign for "Come along" ................................................................... ..................................................................................................... .................................... .. 186 2
This is hand sign to use to show enthusiasm and approval. ....................................................................... 186 Never Never use this rude hand sign ............................................................................ ............................................................................................................... .......................................... ....... 187 Common Common Door signs signs ............................................................... ................................................................................................. .................................................................... .................................... .. 187
- Some Daily Turkish Conversational Locutions .............................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................... 187 ............................................................................................... ............................. 187 A List of Daily Conversational Locutions (192) .................................................................. Expressin Expressing g need
................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................... .......................................... .......209
About - rica etmek ............... ....... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ..........209 Use of the Past Tense................................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................................... .................................... .. 209 209 How to say that you do not like something something.................................................................... ................................................................................................. .............................209 Some other ways of Expressing Expressing Need ................................................................. .................................................................................................... .......................................... ....... 210
A note about the very important word Hoş - agreeable, joyful ................................................................... .................................................................. 210 Other uses of - hoş ................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................... ........................................... ........ 211 .................................................................................................... .......................................................... ........................ 239 - A Few Phrases in Daily Use .................................................................. Nouns which which lose an internal internal vowel in Turkish Turkish ................................................................... ............................................................................................ .........................318 Apocopating Nouns ............... ........ .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ....... 318 Some Examples Examples of Case Suffixes Suffixes being added............................................................... ...............................................................................................3 ................................319 19 A Comprehensive Apocopating Apocopating Noun List......... List................ .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ...........319 ....319 The Definit Definitee Article Article in Turkis Turkish h ................................................................ ................................................................................................... ..................................................... .................. 323 The Direct Object Suffix - the .................................................................. ..................................................................................................... ..................................................... .................. 323 The Indefinit Indefinitee Article Article.................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ................................................................ .............................324 About Gender ............... ........ .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............ ..... 326 The Exceptio Exceptions ns of Family Relationshi Relationships ps .................................................................. .................................................................................................... .................................... .. 326
http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk About Word Formation in Turkish
Word Recognition in Turkish In English we have many little suffixes such as -ness, -ly, -tion etc. -tion etc. which we use to form and modify words and meanings from existing nouns nouns and words. The same same exists in the and here we list some of the main ones. Sometimes (as in English) the connection of the modified word is not always apparent from the original, however in your studies this list will help you to recognize parts of speech and take an educated educated guess at the actual meaning of the word in question. 3
It is all part of o f the language learning curve. Each word has to be learnt but being able to recognize word endings can often be a help in reading and communicating.
Forming nouns and adjectives
-lık -/lik-/-luk/-lük -/lik-/-luk/-lük Makes concrete and abstract nouns like -ness or -ness or -tion in -tion in English. iyi - good - good - forms - iyilik - goodness - goodness göz - eyeeye- forms - gözlük - spectacles/eye-glasses - spectacles/eye-glasses lovely- forms - güzellik güzel - nice, lovely - beauty Also forms nouns of place and usage kömür - coal - forms - kömürlük - coal cellar elma - appleapple- forms - elmalik - apple orchard tuz - salt - salt - forms - tuzluk - salt - salt cellar -lı-/li-/-lu/-lü lı-/li-/-lu/-lü Forms adjectives - furnished with, containing, emanating from, and nationalities. şehir - towntown- forms - şehirli - from - from town, urban, a towny para - moneymoney- forms - paralı - moneyed, requiring payment in cash ağaç - treetree- forms - ağaçlı - a place of trees, a copse, a glade İngiliz - English - English-- forms - İngilizli - an Englishman -sız/-siz/-suz/-süz sız/-siz/-suz/-süz Forms adjectives of lacking, lack of, without, -less su - water - forms - susuz - thirsty, waterless para - moneymoney- forms - parasız - without money, broke zarar - damage, injuryinjury- forms - zararsız - unhurt, harmless, undamaged -ci/-cı/ -ci/-cı/-cu/-cü -cu/-cü or -çi/-çı/ -çi/-çı/-çu/-çü -çu/-çü Forms nouns of occupation, work etc. taksi - taxitaxi- forms - taksici - taxi driver kebab- forms - kebapçı - kebab seller kebap - kebabbalık - fish - fish-- forms - balıkçı - fisherman - fisherman yol - road, wayway- forms - yolcu - traveller -ca/-ce/-ça/-çe Forms the names of national languages and also adverbs and adjectives. Türk - Turk, TurkishTurkish- forms - Türkçe - Turkish [as a language] language] İngiliz - English - English (as an adjective) adjective)-- forms - İngilizce - English - English [as a language] language] İspanyol - Spanish (as an adjective)adjective) - forms - İspanyolca - Spanish [as a language] language] aptal - fool - fool - forms - aptalca - foolishly, - foolishly, in a foolish manner manner yavaş - slow - slow-- forms - yavaşça - slowly, - slowly, in a slowish manner manner sert - hard - forms - sertçe - hardish giz, gizli - secret - secret - forms - gizlice - secretly - secretly Gives the meaning of likeliness. ÇocukÇA davranıyorsun. - You are behaving LIKE a child. - childishly İnsanCA yasamalıyız. - We must live humanLY.
Makes a noun into a verb. Davranışları genellikle deliCE(dir). - Her - Her behaviours (plural in Turkish) Turkish) are generally INS ANE .
Gives the meaning - in terms of, on the point of
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KiloCA senden daha fazla. - He - He is more than you IN THE THE TERMS OF of kilos. kilos. AkılCA birbirinizden farkınız yok . - You (in plural) don't have difference from each other IN THE TERMS OF intellect. Gives the meaning - according to SenCE yaptığın doğru mu? - Do - Do YOU THINK it is right what you have done. done. BenCE sana yeşil çok yakışıyor . - I - I THINK green suits you well. Gives the meaning of - muchness, exaggeration exaggeration YüzlerCE kitap okumuş. - He - He has read hundredS hundredS of books. Enumerates a time period. By being added to the nouns which is about time, Gives the meaning - equality, for, during (the time), as long as. Bu okulda yıllarCA çalıştım. - I FOR years. years. - I worked at this school FOR Seni saatlerCE bekledim.- I waited for you FOR hours. hours. Gives the meaning - togetherness, unity Bu kararı aileCE aldık. - We took this decision AS ALL the family. SınıfÇA pikniğe gittik. - We went to picnic ALL TOGETHER WITH the class. Shows the situation. SessizCE beni dinle. - Listen - Listen to me quietLY. quietLY. Onunla gizliCE buluştum. - I - I met him secretLY. Gives the meaning - downsizing, decreasing, restriction YaşlıCA bir adam bana seni sordu. - An - An oldISH man asked asked me for you.you.- not too old BüyükÇE bir taşı fırlattı.- He threw away a SOMEWHAT large stone. stone. -daş Basically this suffix means -fellow country - forms - vatandaş - fellow citizen vatan - native country - fellow countryman, citizen arka - back, behind - forms - arkadaş - friend[Lit: - friend[Lit: the fellow behind] behind] yol - road, wayway- forms - yoldaş - fellow - fellow traveller -inci/-ıncı/ -inci/-ıncı/-uncu/-üncü -uncu/-üncü used for ordinal numbers üç - threethree- forms - üçüncü - the third beş - five - five-- forms - beşinci - the fifth -msı/-msi msı/-msi acı - bitter - forms - acımsı - slightly - slightly bitter ekşi - sour - sour - forms - ekşimsi - sourish - sourish -cil/-cıl -cil/-cıl ben - I - I - forms - bencil - selfish - selfish insan - person - person-- forms - insancıl - humane, caring -şın sarı - yellow - yellow-- forms - sarışın - blonde -sal kum - sand - sand - forms - kumsal - sandy, - sandy, beach, shoal 5
kadın - womanwoman- forms - kadınsal - feminine, - feminine, female, womanly -ıt yaş - ageage- forms - yaşıt - of the same age yakmak - to burnburn- forms - yakıt - fuel - fuel -cağız A diminutive suffix, for persons and pets kız - girl - girl - forms - kızcağız - poor - poor little girl çocuk - child - forms - çocukcağız - poor - poor little child -cık/-cik/-cuk/-cük cık/-cik/-cuk/-cük A diminutive suffix for size, quantity. az - little, a bit - forms - azıcık - just - just a bit, just a little küçük - small - small - forms - küçücük - tiny, smallish büyük - big - forms - büyücük - biggish -tı/-ti/-tu/-tü tı/-ti/-tu/-tü horuldamak - to snore, to gurglegurgle - forms - horultu - a snore cıvıldamak - to chirp, to twitter - forms - cıvıltı - a chirping, a twittering
Forming verbs from nouns or adjectives
-lamak/-lemek su - water - forms - sulamak - to water, irrigate taş - stone - stone-- forms - taşlamak - to pave ; to throw stones at. uğur - good - good luck - forms - uğurlamak - to see somebody off. temiz - clean - forms - temizlemek - to clean something; to finish off. -almak az - lessless- forms - azalmak - to lessen dar - narrownarrow- forms - daralmak - to become narrow -l doğru - correct, accurateaccurate- forms - doğrulamak - to correct, to certify sivri - sharp - sharp-- forms - sivrilmek - to become pointed, conspicuous -a/-e kan - blood - forms - kanamak - to bleed yaş - ageage- forms - yaşamak - to live, to exist tür - a sort - forms - türemek - to derive -ar yaş - moist, dampdamp- forms - yaşarmak - to fill with tears mor - purple - purple-- forms - morarmak - to turn purple -damak/-demek fısıltı - a mutter - forms - fısıldamak - to murmur, whisper horultu - a snoresnore- forms - horuldamak - to snore gürültü - noisenoise- forms - gürüldemek - to rumble -atmak/-etmek yön - directiondirection- forms - yönetmek - to direct, administer 6
göz - eyeeye- forms - gözetmek - to look after, to take care of -ıkma/-ikmek ıkma/-ikmek geç - latelate- forms - gecikmek - to be late, to fall behind bir - oneone- forms - birikmek - to collect, to assemble one by one -ımsamak/-imsemek ımsamak/-imsemek az - less, small - forms - azımsamak - to regard as of little value benim - mymy- forms - benimsemek - to regard as one's own, to embrace in principle küçük - small - small - forms - küçümsemek - to regard as small, to condescend -kırmak fıştı - a squirt - forms - fışkırmak - to gush haykırış - a squeal - forms - haykırmak - to bawl, to holler -lanmak/-lenmak ev - househouse- forms - evlenmek - to marry -laşmak/laşmak/-leşmak şaka - joke - joke-- forms - şakalaşmak - to joke with each other dar - marrowmarrow- forms - darlaşmak - to get narrow, to get tight soğuk - cold - forms - soğuklaşmak - to get cold -samak/-semek very often means to - regard as. su - water - forms - susamak - to get thirsty garip - odd, peculiar - forms - garipsemek - to regard as strange, curious önem - importanceimportance- forms - önemsemek - to regard as important
Forming nouns from existing verb roots
-ca/-ça -ce/-çe düşünmek - to think - forms - düşünce - thought, opinion eğlenmek - to enjoy oneself - forms - eğlence - amusement, entertainment -acak/-ecek This is a form of the t he Future Participle giymek - to dressdress- forms - giyecek - clothes, outfit olmak - to becomebecome- forms - olacak - suitable, - suitable, reasonable açmak - to openopen- forms - açacak - can, bottle opener -ak/-ek yatmak - to lie downdown- forms - yatak - bed kaçmak escape- forms - kaçak - to escape - deserter, escapee durmak - to halt/stophalt/stop- forms - durak - bus stop, a halt -ga/-ge bölmek - to divide, partitionpartition - forms - bölge - zone, - zone, area, precinct precinct bilmek - to know how toto - forms - bilge - profound, - profound, sophisticated süpürmek - to sweep. brushbrush- forms - süpürge - a broom, a brush, a whisk -gan/-kan/-gen/-ken çalışmak - to work - forms - çalışkan - industrious 7
unutmak - to forget - forms - unutkan - forgetful - forgetful kaymak - to slideslide- forms - kaygan - slippery - slippery -gı/-gi gı/-gi sevmek - to love, likelike - forms - sevgi - love, affection çalmak - to play (mus.) ; to steal - forms - çalgı - musical instrument asmak - to hang (up)(up) - forms - askı - peg, - peg, hanger hanger -gıç/-giç gıç/ -giç bilmek - to knowknow- forms - bilgiç - info, data, know-how dalmak dip - forms - dalgıç - diver (marine), plunger - to dive, dipbaşlanmak - to begin, to be begunbegun - forms - başlangıç - initial, start up -gın/gın/-kın/-gin/-kin/-gün/-kün/-gun/-kun kın/-gin/-kin/-gün/-kün/-gun/-kun Forms nous and adjectives of description and result bıkmak - to be fed up with.with. - forms - bıkkın - bored, fed up yormak - to tire, to become wearyweary - forms - yorgun - tired solmak - to fadefade- forms - solgun - faded - faded şaşmak - to deviatedeviate- forms - şaşkın - bewildered, amazed kızmak - to get angry, to get hot hot - forms - kızgın - angry, hot -ı/-i/-u/-ü ı/-i/-u/-ü Is added to single syllable words ending in a consonant and forms a noun of result from the verb modified. ölmek - to diedie- forms - ölü - a corpse yapmak - to makemake- forms - yapı - a construction, a building dolmak - to fill - forms - dolu - full - full (adj.) kokmak - to smell - forms - koku - a smell koşmak - to runrun- forms - koşu - a race -ıcı/-ici/-ucu/-ücü ıcı/-ici/-ucu/-ücü yapmak - to dodo- forms - yapıcı - performer, - performer, doer, builder builder görmek - to seesee- forms - görücü - matchmaker (for intended marriage) almak - to taketake- forms - alıcı - purchaser, - purchaser, consignee consignee satmak vendor - to sell - forms - satıcı - seller, - seller, dealer, vendor -ık/-ik/-uk/-ük ık/-ik/-uk/-ük forms nouns and adjectives of result. kesmek - to cut - forms - kesik - a cut açmak - to openopen- forms - açık - open (adj.) bozmak - to spoil - forms - bozuk - ruined, spoiled, out of order çıkmak - to go/come out - forms - çıkık - dislocated, projecting delmek - to bore, to drill - forms - delik - hole saçmak - to scatter - forms - saçık - strewn - strewn around, scattered, scattered, in disarray -ım/-im/-um/-üm ım/-im/-um/-üm forms nouns of a single occasion/happening occasion/happening saymak - to count - forms - sayım - tally, census, count seçmek - to choosechoose- forms - seçim - choice, election, selection ölmek - to diedie- forms - ölüm - death, demise ölçmek - to measuremeasure- forms - ölçüm - measurement, size, reading on a scale satmak - to sell - forms - satım - a (single) sale 8
-ın/-in/-un/-ün ın/-in/-un/-ün yığmak - to heap upup - forms - yığın - heap, stack akmak - to flow, stream out - forms - akın - raid, rush, invasion tüt-ün - water - forms - tütün - to water ekmek (n.) - forms - ekin - crop, growing grain - to plant, sow (v.) ; bread (n.)-inç/-inç/-unç/-ünç gülmek - to laughlaugh- forms - gülünç - laughable, ridiculous sevmek love - forms - sevinç - mirth, delight - to like, love-ıntı/-inti/-untu/-üntü ıntı/-inti/-untu/-üntü esmek - to blowblow- forms - esinti - breeze bulge, ledge çıkmak; - to go out, exit - forms - çıkıntı - projection, - projection, bulge, dökmek - to pour, dump, emptyempty - forms - döküntü - spillage, - spillage, debris, waste -ar/-er/-ır/ -ar/-er/-ır/-ir/-ur/-ür -ir/-ur/-ür and -r from the Simple Present participle - Positive gelmek - to comecome- forms - gelir - income (money.), revenue, takings gider - to go, leaveleave - forms - gider - expenditure, outlay, expense okumak - to read - forms - okur - reader, the reading public -ış/ış/-iş/iş/-uş/uş/-üş this is the Co-operative (in concert) Verb Mood sign oturmak reside- forms - oturuş - way of sitting - to sit, to resideyürümek - to walk - forms - yürüyüş - a walk, gait, pace -ıt/-it/-ut/-üt ıt/-it/-ut/-üt geçmek pass- forms - geçit - passageway, - to pass - passageway, thoroughfare yakmak - to burnburn- forms - yakıt - fuel - fuel ; tons deadweight deadweight ölçmek - to measuremeasure- forms - ölçüt - criterion, measure of value -tı/-ti/-tu/-tü tı/-ti/-tu/-tü belirmek - to emerge, appear - forms - belirti - indication, indicator kızartmak - to redden/chafe ; to grill - forms - kızartı - eruption/glow
Forming new verbs from existing verbs
-ala/-ele kovmak - to drive awayaway - forms - kovalamak - to chase (after) silkmek toss - forms - silkelemek - to shake, toss - to shake s.o. out -ımsa/-imse ımsa/-imse gülmek - to laughlaugh- forms - gülümsemek - to smile anmak - to mentionmention- forms - anımsamak - to recollect -ın/-in/-un/-ün ın/-in/-un/-ün gezmek - to wander - forms - gezinmek - to roam/lounge görmek - to seesee- forms - görünmek - to seem, appear sevmek - to love, likelike - forms - sevinmek - to feel glad, to rejoice taşımak - to movemove- forms - taşınmak - to move in/out ; to lodge with -r kaçmak - to escapeescape- forms - kaçırmak - to miss/let slip ; to kidnap 9
batmak - to sink (by itself)itself)- forms - batırmak - to sink s.o içmek - to drink - forms - içirmek - to ply drinks -ş görmek - to seesee- forms - görüşmek - to meet uçmak - to flyfly- forms - uçuşmak - to fly away gülmek - to laughlaugh- forms - gülüşmek - to laugh at each other -t uzamak - to lengthenlengthen- forms - uzatmak - to extend sapmak deviate- forms - sapıtmak - to deviate - to go crazy, talk gibberish korkmak - to fear - forms - korkutmak - to frighten down - forms - üşütmek üşümek - to chill/to cool down - to get a chill/cold -ıl/-il ıl/-il sevmek - to like, lovelove - forms - sevilmek - to be loved/liked (pass.) kırmak - to fracturefracture- forms - kırılmak - to break s.o. satmak - to sell - forms - satılmak - to be sold ; to vend The Word List
Word and Opposite Meaning beautiful ugly güzel daha iyi bette be tterr worse big sma small büyük cheap expensive ucuz erken early late easy difficult kolay ree occupied serbest ull empty dolu goo good bad iyi heavy light ağır here there burada sıcak hot cold near ar yakın next last gelecek old yo young ihtiyar eski old new open shut shut açık quick slow slow çabuk doğru right wrong Word and Opposite Meaning WORD TYPE Turkish OPPOSITE adv a little a lot Az adj Üstüne ; üstünde Ab A bove below noun reşit ; ergin Ad A dult child adj Afr A fra aid secu secure re korkmuş ; korkan adj All A ll none butun
çirkin daha kötü küçük pahalı geç zor meşgul boş kötü hafif orada soğuk uzak son genç yeni kapalı yavaş yanlış Turkish Çok altında ; aşağıda Çocuk güvenli ; sağlam Hiç 10
Alw A lwa ays adv neve never daima anybody pronoun kimse nobody anything pronoun bir şey nothing anywhere adv nowhere her bir yer adj awake asleep uyanık güzel beautiful adj ugly verb begin end başlamak behind adv i n fro fr ont arkada adj big little;small büyük borç almak ; ödünç almak lend borrow verb noun oğlan boy gir gi r l verb break repair kırmak bright adj dim parlak verb buy sell sell almak adj cheap expensive ucuz adj yakın close ar verb close open kapatmak adj closed open kapalı adj cold hot soğuk pişmiş cooked adj raw adj cool warm serin verb cry laugh ağlamak adj dark light kara noun gün day night adj dead alive;living ölmüş different adj sam same farklı verb beğenmemek ; sevmemek like dislike divided adj undivided bölünmüş adv down up aşağı ; aşağıda dry adj wet kuru adv early late erken adj easy hard kolay adj empty ull boş çalışkan energetic adj tired adj ast slo slow çabuk ; hızlı adj at thin şişman adj birkaç ; az ew many verb ind lose bulmak adj irst last ilk ; birinci adj ound lost bulunmuş olan verb dondurmak r eeze eeze melt melt ; thaw noun arkadaş riend enemy verb rown smile smile kaşlarını çatmak ull adj empty dolu
Asla hiç kimse hiç bir şey hiç bir yer Uykuda Çırkın Bitmek Önünde Küçük borç vermek ; ödünç vermek Kız Onarmak Loş Satmak Pahalı Uzak Açmak Açık Sıcak Çiğ Ilık Gülmek Işıklı Gece Diri Aynı beğenmek ; sevmek Bölünmemiş yukarı ; yukarıya ; yukarıda Islak Geç Zor Dolu Yorgun Yavaş Ince birçok ; çok Kaybetmek son ; en sonraki kaybolmuş olan Erimek Düşman Gülümsemek Boş 11
verb giv gi ve adj happy adj hard verb hate adj high adj hot prep in verb laugh verb like verb lock adj long verb love low adj noun man adv many adv mor mor e adj new adj noisy aged ; old adj adj on adj open verb open adv out pick pick up up verb verb pus push h verb put put put put down verb quickly adv adj quiet real adj verb repair adj rich adj right adj sad sad adj safe safe adj sam same verb sell sell adj sick verb sit adj slow slow adv slow slowly verb smi smi le adj soft soft sta star t verb
vermek mutlu zor nefretmek yüksek sıcak -de/-da ; /-te/-ta (suffix) gülmek beğenmek kilitlemek uzun sevmek alçak erkek çok daha yeni gürütlü yaşlı ; eski açık açık açmak dışarıda kopmak itmek koymak bırakmak çabukça sesiz gerçek ; gerçekten onarmak ; tamir etmek zengin Sağ; doğru üzgün güvenli aynı satmak hasta oturmak yavaş yavaşça gülümsemek yumaşak başlamak
take sad sad easy love low cold out cry dislike unlock sho shor t hate high woman ew less;fewer old;used old; used quiet yo young ; new new off closed close ; shut in put put down pull pull take pick pick up up slo slowly loud ake break po poor left; left; wr ong happy dangerous different;other buy healthy healthy ; well well sta stand ast quickly rown hard end ; finish fi nish off off
Almak Üzgün Kolay Sevmek Alçak Soğuk dış ; dışarıda Ağlamak Beğenmemek kilidi açmak Kısa Nefretmek Yüksek Kadın Az daha az Eski Sakin genç ; yeni Kapalı Kapalı kapamak ; kapatmak Içinde Koymak Çekmek almak ; çektirmek Almak Yavaşça Gürültü Sahte bozmak ; kırmak Fakır sol;; yanlış sol Mutlu Tehlikeli farklı ; başka satin almak sağlam ; iyi Kalkmak çabuk ; hızlı Çabukça kaşlarını çatmak Sert bitmek ; bittirmek 12
str str aight ig ht str str ong stup stupii d sunr sunr ise swe sweet take out tall together turn off off under unlock up used wake up warm weak wet wide working
adj adj adj noun adj verb adj adj verb prep verb adv adj verb adj adj adj adj adj
düz kuvvetli akılsız ; budala güneş doğuşu tatlı çıkarmak uzun boylu beraber kesmek altında kilidi açmak yukarı kullanılış olan ; eski uyanmak ılık zaif ıslak geniş çalışan
yo young
adj
genç
crooked Eğri weak Zaif Akıllı intelligent suns sunse et güneş batışı sour sour ; sa salty lty eksi ; tuzlu Koymak put put in sho shor t kısa boylu sep separate rate ; ap apart Atrı turn on Açmak Üzerinde over lock Kilitlemek down Aşağı new Yeni all asleep asleep uykuya dalmak cool Serin Kuvetli sto stong dry Kuru narrow Dar broken Bozuk old
Yaşlı
About Turkish Adjectives
Position of Adjectives blue house, a rich man. rich man. Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns - A blue house, The adjective always comes in front of its noun as in English. mavi ev - the blue house mavi evler - (the) blue houses zengin adam - the rich man yorgun çocuklar - tired children But note that when adjectives follow a noun the meaning is entirely different - it becomes a "Statement of Fact" : ev, mavi - the house is blue evler mavi - the houses are blue adam, zengin - the man is rich Uzun geniş yol. - The long wide road. road. - is different to - Uzun Uzu n yol, geniş. - The long road is wide. Geniş yol, uzun. - The wide road is long.long. - is different to - Yol, uzun geniş. - The road is long and wide. This shows that the verb - to be be - -dir- is i s lacking in the third person in Turkish, unless it is needed to emphasize the meaning or unless it is a public statement such as a notice etc. as follows: Bu ev, mavidir - This house is blue
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This last example is emphasized using the verb "to be" -dir - is however is however normally without emphasis -dir is not required or used in normal conversation.
Emphasized and Public Forms Uzun yol, geniştir. - The long road is wide. Uzun yol, geniş midir? - Is the long road wide? As can be seen above Turkish generally places a comma after the subject - which comes first in the word order of the sentence. The emphasis is is stressed by the use of the verb - "to be" - suffix -dir (Vowel Harmony and Consonant Consonant Mutation are observed), which makes it a "statement of fact" - Yol geniştir.geniştir.- The road is is wide.
Position of the Article bir - a, an, one one - can interpose between the adjective and its noun. This has the effect of putting the emphasis on the adjective and/or causes the noun it describes to become definite. bir bir güzel kız güldü - a beautiful girl laughed. In this example some girl or other laughed - an indefinite girl, therefore the adjective follows bir. güzel bir bir kız gördüm - I saw a beautiful girl. In this example a definite girl was seen and moreover she was definitely beautiful - güzel followed by bir emphasizes all these points. Generally speaking if the indefinite article is used with its noun, then Turkish will not separate them as we do in English büyük beyaz beyaz bir ev(dir) - it is a big white house yaşlı bir yaşlı bir adam - an old man boş boş bir bir kutu - an empty box
Adjectives used as Nouns Turkish adjectives can also be used as nouns: hasta - ill, sick bir hasta - a patient hastalar hastanede. - the patients are in hospital. zengin - rich bir zengin - a rich person otelde kalan bir zengin var - there is a rich [person] who is staying at the hotel.
Intensified Adjectives Many adjectives have an Intensified Form, for instance: i nstance: yeni - new - yepyeni - brand new beyaz - white white - bembeyaz - snow - snow white dolu - full - full - dopdolu - full - full to the brim *** Many of these Intensified Forms are in daily use all the time. t ime.
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Agreement of Adjectives Adjectives do not have to agree with the noun they describe in either number - as i n Spanish - or gender - as in French. The adjective precedes the noun as it does in English. Let us reiterate the basic rules for using adjectives in Turkish 1. Adjectives describe nouns. 2. The adjective is always invariable. 3. Adjectives don't have a singular and plural form OR a masculine, feminine and neuter form. 4. Adjectives are always the same! Never add a final -s -s - (in English) or -lar/-ler - (in Turkish) to an adjective. 5. Adjectives are placed before the noun. 6. Adjectives can be formed from both nouns or verbs as in English. These rules apply both in English and in Turkish.
Attributable Adjectives In Turkish, words can often be recognized as adjectives by their endings. This is similar to English where words can also be recognized as adjectives by their endings. For instance the ending -ful in in the word beautiful - "They built a beautiful house in the hill." Thus hill." Thus the -ful adjective adds the concept of beauty to beauty to the house. There are other adjectival endings in English where English speakers recognize instantly the attribute being added by its it s ending. One of these adjectival endings -able is used above, in the heading "Attributable" . The following example also uses the "Ability Attribute" -able "They have built a beautiful, desirable house on the hill" . hill" . Some other adjectival endings in English may be: b e: -ly as -ly as in the lovely view. -ing as as in the shaking branch. -ive as -ive as in the positive result. -en as -en as in the broken arrow. and some other forms; each ending giving us a differing degree or meaning in concept. This then is the way that Turkish follows and if one learns the Adjectival Endings it is easier to recognize the concept of meaning as we automatically do in our own tongue.
Forms of Adjectives We have just said above that adjectives can often be recognized by their endings. These are of course words in their own right and should not be considered as words with an added suffix. As wit h English the (adjectival) ending on the word often points to the type of attribute that the adjective supplies to its noun. For instance in English there is a different type of attribute supplied by the adjectives - lovely, loving, loveable, lovelorn, loved although although the root word carries the same meaning.
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The Adjectival Suffix -ik -ık -ık -uk -ük This suffix usually forms adjectives where the described noun is in a state from which it cannot return - that is - it has assumed a permanent permanent state. burn - the adjective - yanık is formed meaning burnt (as From yanmak - to burn (as a permanent state) bir bir düşük yaprak - a fallen leaf - [from düşmek - to fall ] plates bazı bazı kırık ta baklar - some - some broken plates - [kırmak - to break ] parts - [kesmek - to cut ] kesik parçalar - cut (up) parts By recognizing the -ik suffix we can see a permanent adjectival state has been attained. We must take care however not to mistake nouns which end in -ik such as - b alık fish alık fish-- or - sözlük dictionary as dictionary as being adjectives. A note on the Different Forms of Adjectives If we take the first example above we should note that if we use the present participle - düşen - which falls /which is falling - as an adjective then the meaning changes: bir bir düşen yaprak - a falling leaf düşen yapraklar - falling leaves Similarly using the past participle: düşmüş olan - which has fallen düşmüş olan yapraklar nemlidir - the leaves which have fallen are damp/the fallen leaves are damp. Adjectives and their Opposites
Adjective
Opposite
beautiful
güzel
ugly
çirkin
better
daha iyi
worse
daha kötü
big
büyük
small
küçük
cheap
ucuz
expensive
pahalı
early
erken
late
geç
easy
kolay
difficult
zor
free
serbest
occupied
meşgul
full
dolu
empty
boş
good
iyi
bad
kötü
heavy
ağır
light
hafif
here
burada
there
orada
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hot
sıcak
cold
soğuk
near
yakın
far
uzak
first (one) of a series ilk
last (one)
son
next (one)
gelecek
past (one)
geçmiş (olan)/geçen
old (in age)
ihtiyar/yaşlı
young
genç
old (former)
eski
new
yeni
open
açık
shut
kapalı
quick
çabuk
slow
yavaş
right
doğru doğru
wrong
yanlış
The Possessive Adjective your,, he h er , our, our , etc etc : All about Possessive Adjectives - my, your The Possessive Adjective - my, your, his, her ,our, their - is a suffix which obeys vowel harmony rules. It is called a Possessive Adjective because it shows possession and describes a noun. Which cat? cat? - the answer - my cat . The word - my my - is a Possessive Adjective Adjective describing the noun - cat.
ım,-im,-um,-üm added to words ending in a consonant or just -m when added to In Turkish the suffix -ım,-im,-um,-üm words ending in a vowel means - my. my. Examples of the Suffixed Possessive Adjective - my The E-Dotted Vowels Singular The E-Dotted Vowels Plural el
hand
elim
my hand
diş
tooth
dişim
my tooth
göz
eye
gözüm
my eye
gül
rose
gülüm
my rose
eller
hands
ellerim
my hands
dişler
teeth
dişlerim
my teeth
gözler
eyes
gözlerim
my eyes
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güller
roses
güllerim
my roses
The A-UnDotted Vowels Singular
The A-UnDotted Vowels Plural
ay
month, moon
ayım
kız
girl, daughter kızım
tost
toast
tostum
my toast
sabun
soap
sabunum
my soap
aylar
months, moons aylarım
my months
kızlar
girls, daughters kızlarım
my daughters
tostlar
toasts (slices toasts (slices of) tostlarım
my toast(s) (slices toast(s) (slices of)
sabunlar
(bars of) soap(s) of) soap(s) sabunlarım
my soap(s) soap(s) (bars of.)
my month my daughter
Adding Suffixes The Plural is always the First Suffix Added. The Possessive Suffix follows the Plural Suffix. Examples of tbe plural and additional suffixes: ellerim - [el-ler-im] - my hands odalarımız - [oda-lar-ımız] [oda-lar-ımız] - our rooms
Adding the Possessive Adjective to words that end in a vowel When the word ends in a vowel then the Possessive Suffix drops its own initial vowel. kedi - cat kedim - [kedi-m] - my cat But the Possessive Suffix does not lose a vowel when attached to the plural of a noun as it follows the final consonant of -ler kediler - cats kedilerim - [kedi-ler-im] - my cats The Third Person Singular Possessive Suffix -i becomes -si (uses Buffer Letter -s-) when added to a noun ending in a vowel. oda - room odası - oda-s-ı - his room This example shows the addition of the buffer letter -s- in order to keep two vowels apart.
Possessive Adjective Reference Summary The suffixes for all the persons viz: my, your, his, our, your, their - are as follows. Note that they all obey Vowel Harmony Rules.
Suffixed to Consonants Meaning Suffixed to Vowels -ım -im -um -üm
my
-m 18
-ın -in -un -ün -ı -i -u -ü
our
-n
his/her/its -sı -si -su- -sü
-ımız -imiz -umuz -ümüz our
-mızmız- miz -muz -müz
-ınız -iniz -unuz -ünüz
-nız -niz -nuz -nüz
- ı -i -u -ü
our their
- sı -si -su- -sü
The single exception - su - water The word su - water is is the single irregular noun in Turkish. It takes a buffer letter -y- with all its suffixes. su - water , suyum - my water , suyun - your - your water , suyu - his water , suyumuz - our water , suyunuz - your - your water , suları - their water .
Some Examples showing Consonant Mutation when adding Suffixes palto - overcoat paltom - my overcoat paltolarım - my overcoats sokak - street - street sokağım - my street sokaklarım - my streets göz - eye gözün - your - your eye gözleriniz - your - your eyes armut - pear - pear armudu - his pear armutları - his pears/their pear(s) pear(s)) above can be construed three ways : The last example ( armutları - his pears/their pear(s)) armutlar -ı -ı - his pears armut -ları -ları - their pear OR OR their pears ["armutlarları" - is wrong, the -lar suffix cannot be re-duplicated]. The context of conversation is usually enough for the correct interpretation to be understood. It seems that "their pears" should b e "armutlarları", but "armutlarları", but suffixes ending in -lar are never doubled, therefore the context should make clear the singularity or plurality of the noun. onların - their However, to be explicit then - onun - his his - or - onların - can be used: onun armudu - his pear - [he has singular pear] onun armutları - his pears - [he has plural pears] onların armudu - their pear - [they have a singular pear] onların armutları - their pears pears - [they have plural pears]
Examples showing difference of singular and plural nouns
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araba
car
oda
room
aile
amily
arabamız
our car
odası
his room
ailesi
his family
arabalarımız our cars
odaları
his rooms
aileleri
their family/families
otobüs
bus
şemsiye
umbrella
kulak
ear
otobüsümüz
our bus
şemsiyeniz
your umbrella
kulağınız
our ear
otobüslerimiz our buses
şemsiyeleriniz your umbrellas kulaklarınız
domuz
kapı
door
göz
eye
kapım
my door
gözleri
his eyes/their eye(s)
my doors
gözleri
his eyes/their eye(s)
ig
domuzu
his pig
domuzları
his pigs/their pig(s) kapılarım
our ears
The addition of further suffixes to the possessed noun: A noun with the possessive suffix being a noun in its own right can be subject to further suffixes. Buffer letter -n- is used when adding second suffixes to possessed items for third person singular - his, her, itsits- and third person plural - their : : arabasına arabasına [araba-sı [araba-sı-n-a] -n-a] - to his/her car elmalarından [elma-ları [elma-ları-n-dan] -n-dan] - from - from their apple(s} Here are some examples of extended possessed nouns where further suffixes have been added to make a new word. kedi - cat - Singular - * kedi ends in a vowel so only suffix -m is added kedim - my cat - [kedi-m] kedimden - from - from my cat - [kedi-m-den] kedime - to my cat - [kedi-m-e]
kediler - cats cats - Plural - * kediler ends in a consonant so suffix -im is added kedilerim - my cats cats - [kedi-ler-im] kedilerimden - from - from my cats cats - [kedi-ler-im-den] kedilerime - to my cats cats - [kedi-ler-im-e] araba - car - * araba ends in a vowel so only suffix -n is added araban - your - your car - [araba-n] arabana - to your car - [araba-n-a] arabanda - in your car - [araba-n-da] arabalar - cars cars - * arabalar ends in a consonant so total suffix -ım is added arabaların arabaların - your - your cars cars - [araba-lar-ın] [araba-lar-ın] arabalarına arabalarına - to your cars cars - [araba-lar-ın [araba-lar-ın-a] -a] arabalarında arabalarında - in your cars cars - [araba-lar-ın [araba-lar-ın-da] -da] elma - apple apple - * elma ends in a vowel so third person suffix - using buffer letter -sı is added onun elması - his apple apple - [elma-s-ı] [elma-s-ı] 20
onun elmasında - in his apple apple - [elma-s-ı [elma-s-ı-n-da] onun elmasından - from - from his apple apple - [elma-s-ı [elma-s-ı-n-dan] Note: onun - his his - is used to show that this t his apple belongs to one person Remind me about buffer letter -nA noun with the possessive suffix can be subject to further suffixes. Buffer letter -n- is used when adding second suffixes third person singular - his, her, itsits- and third person plural - their
elmalar - apples onun elmaları - his apples - [elma-lar-ı] [elma-lar-ı] onun elmalarında - in his apples apples - [elma-lar-ı [elma-lar-ı-n-da] onların elmasında - in their apple apple - [elma-s-ı [elma-s-ı-n-da] onların elmasından - from - from their apple apple - [elma-s-ı [elma-s-ı-n-da] onların elmaları - their apples apples - [elma-ları] [elma-ları] onların elmalarında - in their apples apples - [elma-ları [elma-ları-n-da] -n-da] onların elmalarından - from - from their apples apples - [elma-ları [elma-ları-n-dan] -n-dan] Note: onların - their is used to show that this/these apple(s) belongs to more than one person köy - village köyümüz - our village village - [köy-ümüz] köyümüzde - in our village village - [köy-ümüz-de] köyümüzden - from - from our village village - [köy-ümüz-den [ köy-ümüz-den]] köyler - villages köylerimiz - our villages villages - [köy-ler-imiz] köylerimizde - in our villages villages - [köy-ler-imiz-de] köylerimizden - from - from our villages villages - [köy-ler-imiz-den] köpek - dog köpeğiniz - your - your dog - [köpeğ-iniz] [köpeğ-iniz] köpeğinizde - on your dog - [köpeğ-iniz-de] [köpeğ-iniz-de] köpeğinize - to your dog - [köpeğ-iniz-e] [köpeğ-iniz-e] Note: The Rule of Consonant Mutation - -k changes changes to -ğ - is operating here when a vowel suffix is i s being added to a hard consonant. köpekler - dogs köpekleri - their dogs dogs - [köpek-leri] köpeklerine - to his dogs dogs - [köpek-ler-i-n-e] or to their dog(s) dog(s) - [köpek-leri-n-e] köpeklerinden - from - from their dogs dogs - [köpek-leri-n-den] ev - house onların evi - their house house - [ev-i] onların evine - to their house house - [ev-i-n-e] onların evlerinde - in their houses houses - [ev-leri-n-de] onların evlerinden - from - from their houses houses - [ev-leri-n-den] evler - houses onun evleri - his houses houses - [ev-ler-i] 21
onun evlerinde - in his houses houses - [ev-ler-i-n-de] onun evlerinden - from - from his houses houses - [ev-ler-i-n-den] Remind me again about buffer letter -NA noun with the possessive suffix can be subject to further suffixes. Buffer letter -n- is used when adding second suffixes to possessed nouns and also for third person singular - his, her, its its - and third person plural their - suffixes.
The Comparison of Adjectives The Degree of Equality The degree of equality is obtained by the use of kadar..- [Lit: "its amount"] - as.. Londra İstan bul kadar güzel. - London - London is as beautiful as Istanbul. Istanbul. Mehmet Ali kadar zengin. - Mehmet - Mehmet is as rich as Ali. Kar kadar beyaz. - As - As white as snow. The Negative Equality The negative comparison comparison is marked by the use of - değil - is not - placed after the comparison. Londra İstan bul bul kadar güzel değil. - London is not as beautiful beautiful as Istanbul. Ayşe Deren kadar b kadar boylu oylu değil. - Ayşe is not as tall as Deren. The Degree of Comparison: This comparison is made by using - daha - more more - and suffixing the object being compared with -dan or den - from - from - thus giving the sense than in than in the comparison. Mehmet Ali'den daha zengin. - Mehmet - Mehmet is richer than Ali. İstan bul Londra'dan daha güzel. - Istanbul - Istanbul is more beautiful than London. London. Demir sudan daha ağır. - Iron is heavier than water. water. The Negative of Comparison The Negative First Degree Comparison uses daha az - less(er) Londra İstan bul'dan bul'dan daha az meşgul. - London is less busy than İstan bul. Bulmacalar Türkçe derslerden daha az ilginç. - Crosswords are less interesting than Turkish lessons The Positive Superlative The Third Degree of Comparison is obtained by using en - the most Mehmet en zengin adam. - Mehmet - Mehmet is the richest man. man. Dünyanın en güzel şehri, İstan bul. İstan bul. - Istanbul - Istanbul is the world's most beautiful city. city. The Negative Superlative The Negative uses - en az - the least - [Lit: the most less..] Dünyanın Dünyanın en az zengin memleketleri Afrika'da. Afri ka'da. - The least richest countries of the world are in Africa. However, the fact is that although possible, usage of - en az - for negative superlatives superlatives is not common. The 22
preferred way is to use the superlative superlative form of opposite adjective. adjective. So, the preferred preferred way of the example example is: Dünyanın en fakir memleketleri Afrika'da. - The world's poorest countries are in Africa.
The more common usage of - en az- is - at least...
Ahmet en az Mehmet kadar zekidir. - Ahmet - Ahmet is at least as intelligent as Mehmet Mehmet Sen de en az benim kadar yeteneklisin. - You are at least as talented as me.
kadar iyi - as good as..
bu, o kadar iyi iyi - this, is as good as that. bu onun kadar kadar iyi - this is as good as that.
-dan daha iyi - better than..
bu, ondan daha daha iyi - this, is better than that.
en iyisi - the best..
bu, en iyisi(dir) - [Lit: iyisi - the best..] best..] - this, is the best of all
çok - too, very, many..
çok para istiyor - he wants a lot of money çok mutluyum - I'm - I'm very happy çok odalı bir odalı bir otel - a hotel containing many rooms
en çok - the most..
en çok para - the most money En çok para Ali'de - Ali - Ali has got the most money tepede en çok ev var - most of the houses are on the hill
daha - more..
iki çay daha, lütfen - two more teas, please daha beş beş bira, bira, lütfen - five - five beers more, please
fazla - too much, excessive..
fazla yemek geldi - too much food has arrived fazla para istediler - they wanted too much money
daha fazla - much more..
daha fazla yemek geldi - much more food has arrived daha fazla para istediler - they wanted much more money 23
The Negative Forms
az, biraz - a little..
az sonra çarşıya gidiyorum - I'm going to the shops shops a little later on biraz tuz istiyorum - I - I want a little salt
daha az - Lit: more less(er)] - lesser..
yemeğe daha az tuz koyunuz - put - put less salt on the food buralarda, daha daha az polis var - there are less policemen around here
pek az - [Lit: a bit less(er)] less(er)] - very little..
pek az sigara kullanıyorum - I smoke (cigarettes) just a little pek az şeker şeker istiyorum - I only want a little sugar
çok az - [lit: a lot little(er)] - extremely little..
çok az benzin benzin kalıyor - just a small amount of petrol is left çok az para istedi - he only wanted a very small amount of money
List of Turkish Intensified Adjectives This is a pretty comprehensive list of Intensified Turkish Adjectives and Adverbs - many of them are in constant use both in daily conversation and newspapers newspapers and periodicals, plus stories and novels. It is a way that language colours itself. So when you are reading or listening you must always be on the look out for this type of usage as it is very common. If you want to intensify an adjective, you have to follow these steps: - Take an adjective - Find the first vowel of the adjective - Put one of the letters (p,r,s,m) after this first vowel - Add the original adjective again at the very end In this way, you will be 90% successful. There are some exceptions like , paramparça, çirilçiplak etc. etc. In those cases, the difference from the rule is, you do not put only one letter (p,r,s,m), rather you put 1-2 letters more in between. (-ram- or -ril- as in the examples above) If you should ask how to choose the letter among these 4 - (p,r,s,m). This has no rule, it is i s just feeling for the one which sounds nicer.
Adjective Meaning acayip queer in a hurry acele clear/open açık separate ayrı bakkal grocer another başka
Intensified apacayip, çok acayip alelacele apaçık apayrı bakkal çakkal bambaşka bambaşka
Meaning very strange very hastily very clear/open quite separate grocers and the like quite another thing 24
bayağı common baygın unconscious bedava gratis evident belli worse beter white beyaz shit bok ull bol empty boş nose burun buruşuk creased all bütün alive canlı çabuk quickly surroundings çevre rubbish çöp çıplak naked dağınık untidy narrow dar daracık retty narrow madman deli crazy deli crazily delice erpendicular dik alive diri (stirrup) dizgin dızlak bald/naked right/correct doğru ull dolu limpid duru lat düz straight düz even düz wide geniş brand new gıcır gündüz daylight ast hızli thin ince tepid ılık wet ıslak uninhabited ıssız
very common basbayağı basbayağı languid aygın baygın besbedava - (little used) completely free very clear besbelli even worse besbeter brilliant white bembeyaz utterly spoilt bombok illed to the brim bosbol quite empty bomboş bomboş hook nosed baltaburun wrinkled all over bumburuşuk bumburuşuk wholly büsbütün animate capcanlı very quickly çarçabuk all around çepeçevre sweepings çerçöp stark naked çırılçıplak really untidy darmadağınık cramped, tight-fitting dapdar very narrow dapdaracık rantic madman zıpırdeli raving mad zırdeli madly deldelice bolt upright dimdik ull of life dipdiri at full pelt doludizgin destitute dımdızlak dead right dosdoğru crammed full dopdolu very clear dupduru dead flat düpedüz dead straight dümdüz dead even düpedüz expansive gepgeniş spanking brand new gıpgıcır broad daylight güpegündüz very fast hıphızli very thin ipince lukewarm ıpılık sopping/all wet ıpıslak desolate ıpıssız 25
big iri ipiri black kara kapkara thick kalın kapkalın karışık mixed up karmakarışık short kısa kıpkısa, kısacık large koca koskoca kocaman huge koskocaman easy kolay kopkolay dense dark koyu kopkoyu blind kör köpkör bad köpkötü - (child talk) kötü kötürüm aralyzed köskötürüm dry kuru kupkuru kütük a log küskütük kıvrak tidy kıskıvrak blue mavi masmavi urple mor mosmor clean pak akpak ink pembe pespembe perişan miserable/worried perperişan bits parça paramparça pimpis - (child talk) dirty pis sağlam healthy sapsağlam sağlam healthy sapasağlam ellow sarı sapsarı miserable/poor sersefil sefil hot sıcak sımsıcak sıklam damp sırılsıklam tight sıkı sımsıkı sharp sivri sipsivri black siyah simsiyah charming şirin şipşirin illage talan alantalan tamam complete tastamam sweet tatlı taptatlı resh (food) taze terütaze resh taze taptaze clean temiz tertemiz round, ball-like tortop top well behaved uslu upuslu long uzun upuzun
very huge black as night quite thick completely mixed up very short huge enormous very easily really dark absolutely blind very bad completely paralyzed bone dry hopelessly drunk neat and tidy bright blue bright purple squeaky clean clean shocking pink very perturbed in smithereens ilthy dirty in fine fettle in fine fettle bright yellow very miserable/poor red-hot sopping wet very tight dead sharp et black very charming in utter confusion perfect very sweet blooming/very fresh very fresh squeaky clean clean quite round very well behaved very long 26
uygun suitable alone yalnız lat and wide yassı wet yaş new yeni green yeşil yumru swollen/round yumuşak soft yuvarlak globular thin/feeble zayıf
upuygun yapayalnız yamyassı yamyaş yepyeni yemyeşil yusyumru yusyumuşak yusyuvarlak zapzayıf
quite adequate absolutely alone very flat all wet brand new bright green very swollen/round very soft absolutely spherical very thin/feeble
Turkish Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives The Demonstrative Adjectives "this and that, these and those" t hose" and Demonstrative Pronouns "this one, that one, these ones, those ones" demonstrate and describe which item is being mentioned. The Simple Form - this and that, these and those bu - this (here) or (here) or this (which was just mentioned) bunlar - these şu - that (nearby) or (nearby) or that (which follows on) şunlar - those (nearby) o - that (over there, yonder) onlar - those (over there) The simple Forms: bu, b u, şu, o - this, that, that yonder bu kedi - this cat şu fincan - that cup (near cup (near to, between us) o adam - that man over there, t here, yonder
This and That Bu - this (here) this (here) OR this (which this (which was just mentioned) and the plural bunlar - these Turkish has two words for "that, those"
Şu - that (nearby) (nearby) OR that (which that (which follows on) and the plural şunlar - those (nearby) those (nearby) Şu signifies something near by or something between the speakers. Şu also means - "that which follows" as in şu tavsiye - the following recommendation r ecommendation.. O - that (over those (over there) (over there, yonder) and the plural onlar - those (over O - signifies items far away or which does not lie between the speakers. O - is often used for descriptions of happenings happenings in foreign countries and cities. When adding any suffixes including the plural suffix -lar buffer letter -n- i s always used with the demonstratives, thus forming the plurals b unlar, şunlar, onlar Turkish has two words for - "that" 27
Şu - signifies something near by b y or something between the speakers. It also means - that which follows follows - eg. şu tavsiye - the following recommendation. recommendation. Care must be taken using - şu - and its extensions as it is also used in a derogatory sense (according to context) - see below. Şu adama b adama bakın! akın! - Look at that bloke! Şunu istemedim - I didn't want that! that! - (damn thing) Şu herif kim? - Who the hell is that fellow? fellow? - (herif (herif - "fellow, guy, bloke") O - signifies items far away or which does not lie between the speakers. O - is often used for descriptions of happenings happenings in foreign countries and cities. The Suffixed Forms of the th e Demonstratives The Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives - bu - this, this, şu - that , o- that yonder use use buffer letter -n- to become bun-, bun-, sun-, on- when adding adding any further suffixes.This suffixes.This includes the plural suffix -lar buffer letter -nis always used with the demonstratives, thus forming the plurals b unlar, şunlar, onlar Bu - this, this here The Singular Forms - The Plural Forms this - bunlar - these bu - this this - bunlara - to these buna - to this bunun - of this this - bunların bunların - of these bunu - this (object) (object) - bunları bunları - these (obj.) (obj.) bunda - in/on/at this this - bunlarda - in/etc. these this - bunlardan - from bundan - from - from this - from these this - bunlarla - with these bununla - with this Şu - that, that there The Singular Forms - The Plural Forms şu - that - şunlar - those şuna - to that - şunlara - to those şunun - of that - şunların - of those şunu - that (object) (object) - şunları - those (obj.) şunda - in/on/at that - şunlarda - on those şundan - from that - şunlardan - from those şununla - with that - şunlarla - with those O - that over there The Singular Forms - The Plural Forms o - that yonder - onlar - those yonder ona - to that - onlara - to those onun - of that - onların - of those onu - that (object) (object) - onları - those (obj.) onda - in/on/at that - onlarda - on those 28
ondan - from - from that - onlardan - from - from those onunla - with that - onlarla - with those The suffix "-ca - concerning" This is used with the Demonstrative Pronoun to produce - bunca - all this, this, bunlarca - all these, these, onca - all that , onlarca - all those. those. Although "şunca" and "şunlarca" are not normally in use but they are sometimes used disparagingly. However, in Turkish it could be used to despise something in quantity or o r magnitude, power. T he additi addition on of of -ca pr pr oduce oducess an ad adj ective which which means means - " all this/ thi s/tha thatt am amount (of) ( of)"" .
Bunca emeğim boşa gitti. - All - All this work of mine was in vain. vain. ("all ("all this amount of my work") Bunca kitabı, kitabı, kitaplıkta dursunlar diye mi aldın? - Did - Did you buy all all these books (just) to fill the bookcase? bookcase? ("all this amount of books") Bunca arkadaşımın arasından onu mu beğendin? - Between - Between all these friends of mine, was it (only) him you liked? ("all liked? ("all this amount of my friends") Bunca yıldır bu okuldayım, böyle olay görmedim. - I - I was at this school all these years years and I have not seen such a thing (before). (before). ("all ("all these years") Bunca kediyi nasıl besleyeceksin ki? - How - How do you feed feed all thes cats? ("all cats? ("all this amount of cats") It can be seen that the addition of bunca replaces bu kadar - this amount of and and onca replaces o kadar- that amount of in in Turkish. The Singular Form bunca - all this this - "şunca" - Not used - onca - all that The Plural Form bunlarca - all these these - "şunlarca" - Not used - onlarca - all those Examples: bu ne? - What's this? this? Bu bir büyük kedi - This is a big cat cat are running wild in the yard. yard. Avluda bunca bunca uzun kuyruklu kedi cirit atıyorlar. atı yorlar. - All these long tailed cat (cirit atmak - Literally "to throw a javelin" but used here idiomatically meaning "run amok, swarm wildly".) If someone has a small wound and is complaining too much, you could say - Şunca/Şuncacik, yaradan ölmezsin - You won't die from such a small wound (surely not!) [the not!) [the "-cik" suffix also shows "downsizing"] "downsizing"] bunca and onca are plural and they take a singular object. The substantive substantive that it describes describes is always in the singular. bunca kedi, kedi, onca kedi - all these/those cats cats - is similar to Bu kediler , o kediler. - these cats, those cats. cats . A note about the usage of - şu:
Şu ne? - what is that (just there)? O bir gazete - that is a newspaper - [Şu bir gazete gazete - is incorrect and is not used as a pronoun when answering. It is only used as an adjective describing - "the newspaper". as shown in the previous example.] Tüm/Bütün o gazeteler dünkü(dür) - All - All those newspapers are yesterday's. yesterday's. Şu ne? - What is that (just there)? The there)? The answer - Şu bir Şu bir gazete - That is a newspaper - is incorrect. The correct answer is - O bir gazete - as the answer to the question Şu ne?. Because after you ask the 29
question - Şu ne? - the person being asks now knows where and what the subject actually is, therefore the answer must be something like - O bir gazete. As a phrase in its own right you can say such as - Şu bir Şu bir gazete - That (just there) is a newspaper - but not as an answer to a question like - Şu ne? - What's that? For example: There are some of your friends in your home and a newspaper (gazete) on the desk in this case,there are two possibilities: table? - then you must answer it like If you are asked - Şu masanın üstündeki nedir? - What is it on that table? li ke - O bir gazete or just - gazete gazete - not - Şu bir Şu bir gazete. If you want want them to know that that there is a newspaper, newspaper, then you you must say - Şu bir Şu bir gazete - and here if they want want to ask you where where it is they must ask it like - Nerede o gazete? - not - Nerede - Nerede şu gazete? gazete? Summary: is that? that? - Answer: O bir gazete. - T hat is is a newspa newspape perr . Question: Şu ne? - What is Şu bir Şu bir gazete - Cannot Cannot be a question, but but if it causes a question like - Where is that newspaper? newspaper? - then it must be: Nerede o gazete? - NOT - Nerede şu gazete? gazete? Further Examples: O ne? - what is that over there? there? - O bir dergi - that is a magazine Bunca dergiyi nereye koyacaksın? - Where are you going to put all these are magazines? ["Bunlarca dergi" - is not generally used in modern Turkish] Bunlar ne? - what are these? these? - Bunlar yeşil elma. - these (ones) are green apples. Şunlar ne? - what are those? those? - Onlar beyaz ev. - those are white houses. houses . - [See note on usage of - şu - in questions in the last section above.] Onlar kim? - who are those (people) over there? - Onlar genç kızlar. - those (people) are young girls. Yarın onca genç kız Ayşe'nin partiye gidiyormüş. - All those girls are going going to Ayşe's party tomorrow. (all that amount of girls) Should we use Onlarca kiz or Onca kiz? If you say: onlarca kiz - we understand there are some girls but they are in some groups and each group (has say) 10 girls. Buna bakar mısınız? - would you look at (to) this? this? - [Used as the object of - "to look"] Bunlara bakar bakar mısınız? - would you look at (to) these? these? - [Used as an objective pronoun] Ona bakar bakar mısınız? - would you look at that? Onlara bakar bakar mısınız? - would you look at those? The disparaging meaning of - şu Although şunca and şunlarca are not normally in use, they are sometimes used disparagingly. In Turkish they can be used to despise something in quantity or magnitude, muscular power. If someone has a small wound and is complaining too much about it then one could say - Şunca/şuncacik yaradan ölmezsin - You won't die from such a small wound (surely not!) Care must be taken using - şu - and its extensions as they are used in a derogatory sense according to context. Şu adama adama bakın! bakın! - Look bloke! - Look at that bloke! Şunu istemedim! - I that! (damn thing) - I didn't want that! (damn Şu kahrolasıca herif kim? - Who is that damn fellow? [quite fellow? [quite strong language] This is a "frozen form" - kahrolasıca - kah olmak - to be overwhelmed. The overwhelmed. The suffixes are made up - ol-a- sı-ca sı-ca - where -ası -ası is a now defunct su bjunctive su bjunctive ending with an added -ca suffix indicating having the attribute of . However this word is best learned as a single unit; but really it should not be used as it is considered rather 30
rude. You can also say kaholsun! - Let him be dammed! dammed! It It is really reall y like a swear word in English and not to be taken lightly. Be Be careful in its use!
Adverbial Forms of the Demonstratives : There are further derivations of - bu, b u, şu, o - which have produced the words - böyle, şöyle, öyle - the meanings are a follows: Böyle - In this way/thus way/thus - Onu böyle böyle yaptım - I did it like this this - [böyle is usually uses with the First Person Pronoun] Şöyle - like that/in that manner - Onu şöyle yapın! - Do it like that! that! - [şöyle is usually used with the t he inperative] Öyle - such as that/like that - Onu öyle yaptı - He did it like that! that! - [past tense is more distant, hence öyle is used] The -ce suffix can also be added to form adverbs: böylece - In - In this way/thus şöylece is not really used much öylece - such - such as that/like that The -ce siffix give a sense of completion - b öylece iş tamamlandı - and so the job was done thus Some Examples: Böyle bir bir iş yapmayın! - Don't - Don't do anything like (this) that! [in that! [in Turkish Bu and böyle are used regarding a specific action, such as "jumping on the bed", wheras English uses the the word "That!" as opposed to the Turkish "This!" for emphasis.] - Böylece onu yapın! - Do - Do it like that! [Turkish that! [Turkish Lit: "Do it like this!"]
şöyle böyle - just - just so-so so-so - [Lit: like that, like this this - as French "comme ci comme ca"] When asked How asked How are you? then şöyle böyle şöyle böyle can be given as an answer answer "So so, I'm up and down, I'm getting on OK" Öyle bir bir sağanak yağmur yağdı ki - There was such a downpour that.. The "Formula Speak" Öyle mi? is used when listening with apparent disbelief to t o someone describing events, meaning Well I never!, Go on then!, Really?. Really? . This formula is used a lot in normal daily conversation.
Examples of Extended Forms Bu ne? - what's this? Bu bir büyük kedi - This is a big cat . Bunca kedi uzun kuyruklu(dur). - All - All these cats are long tailed Bütün bu kediler uzun kuyrukludur. - All these cats are long tailed tailed Şu ne? - what is that (just there)? there)? Şu bir Şu bir gazete - that is a newspaper Onca gazete dünkünün. - All - All those newspapers are yesterday's. newspapers are yesterday's. Bütün o gazeteler dünkünün.. - All - All those newspapers O ne? - what is that over there? O bir dergi - that is a magazine Bunlarca dergi - All - All these are magazines. Bunlar ne? - what are these? Bunlar yeşil elma. - these (ones) are green apples. 31
Şunlar ne? - what are those? Şunlar beyaz Şunlar beyaz evler. - those are white houses. Onlar kim? - who are those (people) over there? Onlar genç kızlar. - those (people) are young girls. Onlarca kızlar genç. - All those girls are young . Buna bakar bakar mısınız? - would you look after this? this? - [-a bakmak = to look after, take temporary care of..] Bunlara bakar bakar mısınız? - would you look after these? Ona bakar bakar mısınız? - would you look after that? Onlara bakar bakar mısınız? - would you look after those? Adverbial Forms The are further derivations of - b u, şu, o - which have produced the words - b öyle, şöyle, öyle - the meanings are a follows: böyle - In - In this way/thus şöyle - like this/ that öyle - such - such as that/like that The -ce suffix can also be added to form adverbs: böylece - In - In this way/thus öylece - such - such as that/like that Böyle bir bir iş yapmayın! yapmayın! - Don't do anything like that! Böylece onu yapın! - Do it this way.. şöyle böyle şöyle böyle - like this, like that - (as French - comme ci comme ça) ça ) This can be given as an answer when asked - How are you? you? - [ie. I'm up and down, I'm getting on OK etc..] Öyle bir bir yağış yağdı ki.. - There was such a downpour that.. The "Formula Speak" - Öyle mi? - is also used a lot when listening with apparent disbelief to some one describing events. It means something like - Well I never, Go on then, Really?? Really?? - This formula is used a lot in normal daily conversation.
Personal Pronouns - I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they In Turkish basic pronouns are divided into two categories (1) Stand-alone Pronouns Ben gidiyorum - I - I am going . (2) Pronouns in suffix form (extended words). Gidiyorum [gidiyor-um] - I - I am going . The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the t he personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar similar to Spanish where where a person will say comprendo - I understand instead instead of Yo comprendo - I understand . However they are used in their extended forms when suffixes are added for all those important little words - to, from, with, etc.
Simple Personal Pronouns Singular
Plural 32
ben - I - I
biz - we
sen - you - you - [familiar] siz - you - you - [plural and formal singular] o - He, - He, she, it
onlar - they
Examples of Emphasis gidiyorum - I'm - I'm going - but emphasized - ben gidiyorum - I - I am am going kaldık - we stayed - but emphasized - bi z kaldık - We stayed We stayed Suffixed (Extended) Pronouns The First Person Singular
The First Person Plural
ben - I
biz - we
bana - to me me - [irregular - NOT bene]
bize - to us
benim - of me, my my - [irregular - NOT benin] bizim - our - [irregular - NOT bizimiz] beni - me (obj.) me (obj.)
bizi - us (obj.) us (obj.)
bende - on me
bizde - on us
benden - from - from me
bizden - from - from us
benimle or benle - with me
bizimle or bizle- with us
The Second Person Singular (familiar)
The Second Person Plural (polite/formal/public)
sen - you - you
siz - you - you
sana - to you you - (irregular)(irregular)- [NOT sene] size - to you senin - of you, your
sizin - your - your
seni - you - you (obj.) (obj.)
sizi - you - you (obj.) (obj.)
sende - on you
sizde - on you
senden - from - from you
sizden - from - from you
seninle or senle - with you
sizinle or sizle - with you
The Third Person Singular
The Third Person Plural
o - he, she, it
onlar - they
33
ona - to him, her, it -
onlara - to them
onun - of him, his, her, its
onların - their
onu - him, her, it (obj.) (obj.)
onları - them (obj.)
onda - on him, her,it
onlarda - on them
ondan - from - from him, her, it
onlardan - from - from them
onunla or onla - with him, her, it onlarla - with them The Third person spelling changes, all extended forms of - o - use buffer letter -n-. The third person singular pronoun - o - he, she, it - adds letter -n-to become - on- when adding further suffixes. The third person plural is also irregular becoming - onlar - they. When adding the -le/-la suffix ben(im)le, sen(in)le, on(un)la, biz(im)le, siz(in)le are alternatives. The third person plural onlarla is the only alternative, however. It is not correct to say onlarınla.
Some Irregularities The personal pronouns show some changes in spelling (irregularities):
ben - I - I - takes the following irregular forms: to me me - becomes - bana - [NOT bene]. of me, my my - becomes - benim - [NOT - benin]. biz - we we - takes the following irregular: of us, our - becomes - bizim - [NOT - bizimiz]. sen - you - you (sing.) (sing.) - takes the following irregular form: to you (singular) you (singular) - becomes - sana - [NOT - sene]. It seems that these changes have naturally naturall y occurred over a period of historical daily usage.
Extended Forms of the Personal Pronouns The main use for the Personal Pronouns is to extend them with all the t he important little words - to, from, with etc. , etc. , which of course are suffixes in Turkish.
Motion Toward Suffix -e/-a With the -a -e Motion Towards suffix - to, towards
Singular
Plural
bana to me
bize
to us
sana to you
size
to you
ona
onlara to them
to him, to her , to it
34
Notice that the first and and second person person singular forms are bana and sana - they are irregular - bene and bene and sene sene - would have been expected. This is a shift that has happened historically but some of the Turkic Languages have not made this Vowel Shift so - bene and bene and sene sene - are used in the Kazakh and Uzbek tongues.
Examples With the -a -e suffix: Bana onu verin - Give it to me [This me [This can also mean - "Give that to me." - as - o - translates as both he/she/it - and as a demonstrative pronoun - that yonder ] Onlara bakınız bakınız - Look - Look at them. them. - [lit: towards them.] Bize inanıyorlar - They believe us. us. - [lit: believe to us.] Note that the word - inanmak - to believe believe - takes the Dative Case as its Object - hence Turkish says - bize inanın - believe to us. us . Whereas English uses the direct object for the verb - to believe believe - thus we say - Believe - Believe us. We us. We also have certain verbs in English that do not take the Direct object case - as in - "I am frightened OF the dark." Static Suffix -de/-da at With the -de -da Static Condition suffix - i n, on, at
Singular
Plural
bende in, on,at me
bizde
on us
sende on you
sizde
on you
onda
onlarda on them
on him, on her, on it
Examples with the -de/-da suffix: Bende para yok - I've - I've got no money money - [lit: on me] Sende para var mı? - Have - Have you got got any money? money? - [lit: on you] Bizde para var mı? - Have - Have we got any any money? money? - [lit: on us] Motion Away -den/-dan fr om, vi a, movement away With the -den -dan Movement Away suffix - fro
Singular
Plural
benden
rom me
bizden
rom us
senden
rom you
sizden
rom you
ondan
rom him, her ,it
onlardan
rom them
Examples with the -den suffix: Benden bir bir şemsiye alabilirsiniz alabilirsiniz - You can have an umbrella off me. me. - [lit: from me] Senden bir bir sigara alır mıyım? - Can I have a cigarette off you? - [lit: take from you] Ondan korkuyorum - I - I am frightened of him him - [lit: frightened from him] 35
-un/-ün Ownership Suffix -in/-ın/ -un/-ün belonging ng to With the -in -ın -ın -un -ün Ownership suffix - of, belongi
Singular
Plural
benim my, of me
bizim
our, of us
senin
sizin
your, of you
onun
our, of you his, hers, its, of him.
onların their, of them
Examples with the -in suffix: Benim şemsiyemi [şemsiye-m-i] [şemsiye-m-i] alabilirsiniz. - You can take my umbrella. -[şemsiye -[şemsiye-m-i] -m-i] - "my umbrella" as a Direct Object. Senin araban yeni mi? - Is - Is your car new? Onların arab arabası eskidir. - Their car is old. -u/-ü Object Suffix -i/-ı/ -u/-ü
With the -i -ı -ı -u -ü Objective suffix which signifies the Direct Object Singular
Plural
beni
me
bizi
seni
ou
sizi
onu
him, her, it
onları
us ou them
Examples with the -i Direct Object Suffix: me.- [ben-i - me as me as a Direct Object] Mehmet, beni vurdu - Mehmet - Mehmet shot me.Ali, arabanı arabanı onardı mı? - Did araba-n-ı - your car?- [araba-n-ı - Did Ali repair your car? - your car as as a Direct Object] Mustafa, onu yaptı - Mustapha it.. - [on-u - it as - Mustapha did it.. as a Direct Object] We have to realize that in English we make both the Subject and Object of a sentence substantive by the use of the same Definite Article - "the.": "The man closed the door". We have learnt elsewhere that the Subject is i s already understood as substantive in Turkish - so it does not need a Definite Article - in fact the Subject Definite Article - "the" - does not exist in Turkish, there is no " THE man..". However there is an Object Definite Article - "the" in Turkish which appears (according to vowel harmony rules) as the suffix -(y)i- "Adam kapıyı kapattı " - "The "The man man he door " closed the door
This Direct Object Suffix which makes the Object substantive is one of the most difficult hurdles for English speakers to surmount when speaking, reading and understanding The . "with, by" Suffix -le/-la and, togethe togetherr with With the -le -la (ile) suffix - with, and, 36
Singular
Plural
ben(im)le with me
biz(im)le with us
sen(in)le
with you
siz(in)le
with you
on(un)la
with him, her, it.
onlarla
with them
Adding the -le -la suffix can be considered as an exception. When adding the -le/-la suffix ben(im)le, sen(in)le, on(un)la, biz(im)le, siz(in)le are alternatives. The third person plural onlarla is the only alternative, however. It is not correct to say onlarınla. The preferred version is added to the genitive -in form of the t he pronouns, not directly to the root pronoun except for the third person plural - onlarla - with them [not "onlarınla"] Examples with the -le suffix: Mehmet, benimle geldi.- Mehmet came with me. Mehmet and and I came. came . - [ben-im-le - with me or me or and I ] Mustafa, bizimle kalacak - Mustapha - Mustapha will stay with us.. us.. - [biz-im-le - with us] us] Ali, onlarla geldi mi? - Did - Did Ali come with them? them? - [onlar-la - with them them - see exception note below] -la - with For the preferred version the -le or -la with - suffix is added to the Genitive Form of Pronouns. - Except for the third person plural which retains the basic form - onlarla - with them
Reflexive Pronouns - kendi - "self/own" As an adjective kendi means own kendi bahçem - my own garden kendi evin - your - your own house house -the person agrees with the thing which is owned - kendi arabaları - their own car - [kendi araba-ları] araba- ları] The reflexive pronoun is kendi - self/own - self/own self The suffixed kendi - self - Personalised Forms
kendim - myself
kendimiz - ourselves
kendin - yourself - yourself (familiar) (familiar)
yourself kendiniz - yourselves - yourselves ( ( yourself - polite form)
kendi(si) - himself/herself/itsel kendileri - themselves Note that the third person person singular is almost almost always in the short short form - kendi - as the -si suffix -si suffix is dropped in use.
Kendi is also use in its extended (suffixed) forms: kendime - to myself kendinden - from - from yourself kendinde or kendisinde - on himself - the -si suffix IS USED when further suffixes are added to kendi(si) kendimizle - with ourselves kendinizin - of yourselves kendilerinden - from - from themselves themselves Kendi is used in many different contexts, especially for emphasizing purposes. 37
(a) Meaning myself, yourself, himself Kendime bir bilgisayar bilgisayar aldım. - I - I bought a computer for myself. myself. Bence kendini biraz küçümsüyorsun.- I think you underestimate underestimate yourself a bit. own (as an adjective) (b) Meaning own (as kendi evim or benim kendi evim - my own house kendi düşüncesi - onun kendi düşüncesi - her own opinion (c) Meaning on my own or own or in order to emphasize the subject. Bu resmi ben ben kendim yaptım. - I - I made this picture on my my own (by myself). Bunu biz biz kendimiz düşündük. - We thought that on our own (by ourselves). (d) To give a formal impression, used for 3rd person singular and plural, always as kendisi or kendileri. Size Mr. Jones'u takdim etmek istiyorum. Kendisi daha önce bir b ir şirkette CEO olarak çalışıyordu. - I - I would like to present you Mr. Jones. He used to work [lit: was working before] as a CEO in a company. If we say o instead of kendisi it sounds a bit informal. kendisi suits the formal situation in a better way. (e) Duplication of kendi. Has somewhat an adverbial meaning. Bilgisayar bozuktu. bozuktu. Ama daha sonra kendi kendine çalıştı. - The computer had broken down. But then, it worked by itself. Kendi kendime konuşuyorum. - I - I am talking to myself. Türkçe'yi kendi kendime öğrendim. - I - I learned Turkish by myself myself (meaning, (meaning, I did not get any course or help of someone) One should not confuse Reflexive Verbs with the usage of kendi. For example, I took a bath translates bath translates as Yıkandım in Turkish {Lit: I washed myself] . Yıkadım is I is I washed , and the -n serves as a suffix with a reflexive meaning. Yet, we don't say "Kendimi yıkadım.", we say directly Yıkandım. When we want to mean - I - I got wet., wet., we don't say "Kendimi ısladım.", but ısladım.", but we say Islandım. See Reflexive Verb Formation
Interrogative - who?, whom? - kim?, kimler? The Personal Interrogative Pronoun - kim? - who? The pronoun kim? - who? who? - has a plural in Turkish: kimler? - who? who? - whereas English makes do with one form who for both singular and plural.
Singular
Meaning
Plural
kim
who?
kimler
kime
to whom?
kimlere
kimin
whose?
kimlerin
kimi
whom? (obj.) kimleri
kimde
on whom?
kimden
rom whom? kimlerden
kimlerde
38
kiminle or kimle with whom? kimlerle Some Further Examples: Kimi gördünüz? - Whom did you see? see? - [Objective Singular] Kimleri gördünüz? - Whom (what people) did you see? - [Objective Plural] Arabayı Arabayı kimlerden aldınız? - From - From whom (plural) did did you buy the car? car? Parayı kime verdiniz? - To whom did you give the money? Bu gözlük kimin? - Whose are these glasses? Kiminle geldi? - Whom did he come with? Translation of - kimse - somebody/anybody/anybody?, nobody. The translation of - somebody. - somebody. - [positive] is - biri, birisi (Paricular) - (singular) OR birileri - (plural) - in Turkish nobody nobody - [negative] is - kimse - in Turkish anybodyanybody- [negative] is - kimse - in Turkish anybody? anybody? - [positive or negative question] question] - is i s kimse in Turkish. The word - kimse (which is used for both singular and plural) - is very much that same as - "personne" - in French, inasmuch as it can mean - nobody [negative] nobody [negative] or anybody? [positive anybody? [positive and negative questions] according to the sentence context. These examples show that the word somebody in somebody in Turkish can be a singular somebody somebody - biri, birisi or some plural somebodies plural somebodies - birileri; Biri var., Birisi var., Birileri var - all mean - There is somebody there. there. - [Positive statement uses somebody somebody - in English.], and you are told whether it is a singular or plural sombody in Turkish. Kimse var mı?, Kimseler var mı? - Is - Is there anybody there? there? - [Positive question uses - anybody..?anybody..? - in English.] Kimse yok. - There is nobody there. there. - [Negative statement uses - nobody.. nobody.. - in English.] Kimse yok mu? - Isn't - Isn't there anybody there? there? - [Negative question uses - anybody..? anybody..? - in English.]
Further Examples of Usage Şimdiden evde biri (birileri) (birileri) olmalı - There must be somebody at home by now. [Positive Statement.] Saat sekizde parkta kimse görünmedi. - At - At eight o'clock there there was nobody to be seen in the park [Negative Statement.] Saat sekizde parkta kimse var mıydı? - Was there anybody in the park at eight o'clock? [Positive Question.] Şu anda ofisinizde kimse yok mu? - Isn't - Isn't there anybody in your office at the moment? moment? - [Negative Question.] Special Case - the Diminutive Form - kimsecik - kimsecikler If the diminutive form - kimsecik, kimsecikler - is used with the negative as in - kimsecik yok - the the meaning becomes - nobody at all Odanın içerisinde (or içinde) kimse var mı? - Is - Is there anybody inside inside the room? [ room? [odaoda-nın içeri-si-nde = room-of inside-its-at - a Possessive Relationship] Odada kimsecik (kimsecikler) yok. - There is nobody at all in the room. [oda-da room. [oda-da - simply - the room-in] room-in] Rules to remember - kimsecik, kimsecikler - is only used with negative verbs. The word and kimsecik, kimsecikler is invariable, it does not take t ake any further suffixes. 39
The Possessive Relationship All about Possession There is a special construction in Turkish which means - belonging to In to In English generally only the Possessor is marked as in - Janet's - Janet's house house - where the 's tells us that the t he house belongs to Janet. However, However, possession can can also be marked marked by both the Possessor and the Possessed Possessed in English as in - the hair of hair of the dog . In this case both words - hair - and - dog - are marked THE hair and OF THE dog. This then is the t he way that Turkish uses, for both words, the Possessor and the Possessed are always marked öpeğin tüyü (Köpeğ-in viz: k öpeğin (Köpeğ-in tüy-ü) - The hair of the dog [Lit: [Lit: dog-the-of hair-the]
The Possessor -ın, -un, -ün, or -nin -etc. when suffixed to a word which ends In Turkish the possessor is suffixed with -in, -ın, in a vowel. The -in suffix means - of, belonging to to - in English, and of course is subject to vowel harmony. In grammar this is called the Genitive Case Formation of the Possessor: For words ending in a consonant we add -in, -ın, -ın, -un, -ün - according to Vowel Harmony Rules adamın - (adam-ın) (adam-ın) - the man's adam - man man - adamın - of the man, the man's göz - eye eye - gözün - of the eye, the eye's All plural forms end in a consonant -ler/-lar. Example: adamların - (adam-lar-ın) (adam-lar-ın) - of the men. men . adamlar - the men men - adamların - of the men, the men's fareler - the mice mice - farelerin - of the mice, the mice's lastikler - the tyres tyres - lastiklerin - of the tyres, the tyres' Nouns ending in vowels use buffer letter -n to form -nin. bath . Example: banyonun - (banyo-nun) - of the bath. bath - banyonun - of the bath, the bath's banyo - bath bridge - köprünün - of the bridge, the bridge's köprü - bridge Formation of the Possessed -ı, -u, -ü - his, hers, its. The possessed item in Turkish is suffixed with -i, -ı, If the word being suffixed already ends in a vowel then the buffer letter -s- is used after this final fi nal vowel, thus -sı, -su, -sü are used. This suffix is also is subject to vowel harmony as shown above. the forms -si, -sı, The only exception is su - water . This word historically uses the buffer letter -y- producing suyu (susu is wrong) Formation of the Possessive Relationship Both the Possessor and Possessed are suffixed in Turkish as follows: The Possessor - adam - man with man with the Possessed - el - hand becomes: becomes: adamın eli - [adam-ın [adam-ın el-i] el-i] - the man's hand, the hand of the man - (Lit: man-of hand-his.) The Possessor - Mehmet - Mehmet - Mehmet - with the Possessed - palto - overcoat - becomes: Mehmet 'in paltosu - [Mehmet-'in palto-su] - Mehmet's - Mehmet's overcoat overcoat - (Lit: Mehmet-of overcoat-his). So the irregular noun su - water becomes becomes adamın suyu [adam-ın [adam-ın su-y-u] su-y-u] - the man's water . 40
When adding suffixes to Proper names that the suffix is separated by an apostrophe. The easy way to remember is that any noun beginning with a capital letter should be separated from its suffix. i.e. Londra Londra Londra'nın - London's, (London) - becomes - Londra'nın - London's, of London. London. This Possessive Relationship is used to form Compound Nouns (Definite Noun Completion)
The Plurals of the Possessive Relationship The plurals are formed by the addition of -ler or -lar to either the possessor or the possessed or to both according to context. The following examples should make this clear: Both Possessor and Possessed Singular adamın arab arabası - [adam-ın [adam-ın ara ba-sı] ba-sı] - the man's car evin damı - [ev-in dam-ı] dam-ı] - the roof of the house The Possessor Plural and Possessed Singular yıldızların ışığı - [yıldız -lar-ın -lar-ın ışığışığ-ı] - the light of the stars adamların arab arabası - [adam-lar-ın [adam-lar-ın ara ba-sı] ba-sı] - the men's car The Possessor Singular and Possessed Plural adamın arab arabaları - [adam-ın [adam-ın ara ba-lar-ı] ba-lar-ı] - the man's cars odanın duvarları - [oda-nı [oda-nı duvar -lar-ı] -lar-ı] - the walls of the room Both Possessor Plural and Possessed Plural adamların arab arabaları - [adam-lar-ın [adam-lar-ın ara ba-lar-ı] ba-lar-ı] - the men's cars çocukların oyunları - [çocouk-lar-ın [çocouk-lar-ın oyun-laroyun-lar-ı] ı] - the children's games The Possessive Relationship in Use The Possessive Relationship is Compound Noun in its own right and as such can have further suffixes such as -dan, -den- from, from, -da -de - in, on at , , -a , -e - to, towards etc. etc. - added to the Possessed item(s) to modify the meaning according to context: Adamın arkadaşına kitab kita bı verdim - I - I gave the book book to the man's friend Adam-ın arkadaş-ı-na kitabı kitabı verdim - [Lit: Man-of friend-his-to book-the gave-I] Adamın Adamın arkadaşından kitab kita bı aldım- I took the book from the the man's friend Adam-ın arkadaş-ı-ndan kitabı kitabı aldım - [Lit: Man-of friend-his-from book-the took-I] Possessive Relationship Model Both the Possessor and the Possessed Singular adamın arabası
the man's car
adamın arabasının of the man's car, the man's car's adamın arabasına
to the man's car
adamın arabasını
the man's car (object) (object)
adamın arabasında in the man's car adamın arabasından rom the man's car 41
adamın arabasıyla
with the man's car
The Possessor Singular and the Possessed Plural adamın arabaları
the man's cars
adamın arabalarının of the man's cars, the man's car's adamın arabalarına
to the man's cars
adamın arabalarını
the man's cars (object )
adamın arabalarında in the man's cars adamın arabalarından rom the man's cars adamın arabalarıyla
with the man's cars
The Possessor Plural and the Possessed Singular adamların arabası
the men's car
adamların arabasının of the men's car, the men's car's adamların arabasına
to the men's car
adamların arabasını
the men's car (object) (object)
adamların arabasında in the men's car adamların arabasından rom the men's car adamların arabasıyla
with the men's car
Both Possessor and Possessed Plural adamların arabaları
the men's cars
adamların arabalarının of the men's cars, the men's cars' adamların arabalarına
to the men's cars
adamların arabalarını
the men's cars (object) cars (object)
adamların arabalarında in the men's cars adamların arabalarından rom the men's cars adamların arabalarıyla
with the men's cars
A note on separation of possessor and possessed 42
The Possessive Relationship may be separated by other words such as an adjective or an adjectival phrase: Adamın eski arkadaşından - From - From the man's old friend Adamın büyük ve pahalı arab ara basında - In - In the man's large and and expensive car
Chaining Possessors The chaining of Possessors is quite easy in Turkish, as follows: evin kapısının penceresi - the house's door's window And with various plural forms: evin kapısının pencereleri - the house's door's windows evlerin kapısının penceresi - the houses' door's window As you can see each "chained" Possessor takes both the Possessed Suffix in -i and the Possessor Suffix in in [hence - kapıkapı-sı -nın - door-the-of ] , while the item it em Possessed takes the Possessed Possessed Suffix in -i - [hence pencere-si - window-the (Sing.) window-the (Sing.) or pencere-ler-i - windows-the - windows-the (Plural] (Plural] Further examples of chaining: Ali'nin defterinin sayfaları yırtılmıştır - Ali's - Ali's notebook's pages pages are torn torn - [Lit: have been torn] Bahçenin duvarlarının tuğlaları kırılmıştır. - The garden's walls' bricks are broken broken - [Lit: have been broken] Mehmet'in bisikletinin bisikletinin lastikleri aşınılmıştır - Mehmet's bicycle's tyres are worn down down - [Lit: have been - Mehmet's bicycle's worn down] Arabamızın Arabamızın motorunun benzin deposunun doldurma kapağı eksik tir tir - Our car's engine's petrol tank's filler cap is missing - [Lit: is absent, -tir makes makes this definite] definite] - Note that the -tir suffix suffix makes these sentences have a definite meaning. In English we would say something like: Ali's notebook pages pages are torn. The garden walls' bricks are broken. Mehmet's bicycle bicycle tyres are worn down. But in Turkish the "possessed nouns" have to be made definite.
Possessive Constructions Formation of Possessive Constructions A simple basic Possessive Construction is two nouns where the first noun "owns" the second noun.
Ev - house and house and duvar - wall produces produces a Possessive Construction evin duvarı [ev-in duvar-ı] duvar-ı] - the wall of the house house - literally in Turkish - "the house-of wall-its". With this we can form a Possessive Construction Construction like - evin duvarı [ev-in duvar-ı] duvar-ı] - the wall of the house. house . The first noun is the Possessor with a Suffix of Ownership (Genitive Suffix) - ev-in - of the house, the house's. house's. Whilst the second noun is the Possessed Object and is given the 3rd Person Suffix - duvarı - the (its) wall. Extended Forms of Possessive Constuctions If the motion toward, static or motion away suffix is the added we have: evin duvarına - to the wall of the house [to the house's wall] evin evin duvarında - at/on/in the wall of the house [in/on/at house [in/on/at the house's wall] evin duvarından - from - from the wall of the house house [from [from the house's wall]
43
Consider the following examples Odanın içinde yer bulup oturdu. - He - He found a place place in the room and and sat down. down . [In the inside of the room..] Mehmet'in kutuda ne var? - What is in Mehmet's box? Bilmem, onun içine bakmadım. bakmadım. - I - I don't know, I have have not looked looked (to the) inside (of) it. Bankanın içinden bir ses geliyordu. - A - A sound was coming coming from (the) inside (of) the bank. bank. Bu odanın içindekiler birbiriyle sohbet ediyor. - The people in this room are chatting to each other. [The people that are in the inside of the room are chatting to each other] Omission of the Possessive Suffix In many cases the suffix of Possession may be omitted from the first noun with very little difference in meaning: Fabrikanın Fabrikanın içinde çok insan çalışıyor. - Fabrika Fabrika içinde çok insan çalışıyor. Both the above mean - Many people are working in the factory. factory. But in other cases there is a distinction in definiteness and specific specific meaning when the Possession Suffix is omitted from the first noun. Definite Possession Frequently the distinction is one of definiteness (or specificity). If the first noun carries the Possessive Suffix, it is definite (specific) and refers r efers to a particular specific object known to the speaker. Bu hayvanlar mağaranın içinde yaşar. - These animals live wall the cave. [a cave. [a definite cave] Eşyalarımı kutunun içine koydum. - I - I put my things into the box. box. [A definite box]
Indefinite Possession If however the Possessive Suffix is absent then the noun becomes indefinite and is often used in a general sense: Bu hayvanlar mağara içinde yaşar - These animals live wall caves. [caves caves. [caves generally] Eşyalarımı kutu içine koydum. - I - I put my things into a box/boxes box/boxes [Indefinite [Indefinite box/boxes]
Idiomatic Forms of Possession Sometimes the Possessive Compound corresponds to an idiomatic expression: Ali'nin dairesi, şehrin içinde. - Ali's - Ali's office is (right) in the town. Ali'nin dairesi, şehir içinde. - Ali's - Ali's office is in town. ("downtown" ("downtown" - USA usage)
Metaphorical Sense Also the Possessive (genitive) is normally omitted when it is used in a metaphorical instead of actual physical sense: sense: Bir hafta içinde kitabını kitabını bitirecek. - He - He will finish his book within a week. week. İki gün içinde geri döneceğim. - I'll - I'll return in(side) two days.
Demonstratives are Definite However, when when the first noun is already definite (as in the case of the Demonstrative Pronouns Pronouns - this and that) then it must have a Possessor Suffix:
Bu şehrin içinde çok insan insan var. - There are many people (living) in this city. Bu bahçenin bahçenin içinde çok çeşit çiçek bulunur. - Many - Many type of of flowers are to be found in this garden. Yangın, o adamın ofisinin içinde başlamış. - Apparently - Apparently [-mış] the fire started in that man's office. 44
(chained possession possession "in the wall of the office of the man") O hayvanlar şu mağaranın içinde yaşar. - Those animals live wall that cave.
About - var - there is, there are and yok - there isn't, there aren't A sign in Kuşadası
This sign says it all, is there a room empty or not, we wonder?
Present Tense Form Note that both - var and yok - are used for either the Singular - there is, there isn't or or the Plural - there are, there aren't Basically - var- means - Is - Is existent, It exists, There is, There There are. are. Tepede bir lokanta var - There is a cafe on the hill. Bu ağaçta çok meyve var - There is a lot of fruit on this tree.
yok - means - Is - Is non existent, It does not not exist, There isn't, There aren't Bahçede kızlar yok - There are no girls in the garden. Garajda hiç araba yok - There is/are not any car(s) in the garage at all. Yeşil kutuda kibrit kibrit yok - There is/are no match(es) in the green box. Do not forget that "People are" and "Things is" in Turkish. This is why the last two examples can be singular or plural in meaning. Present Question Form This is formed by adding the Question Particle - mi? - according to Vowel Harmony Rules. The Question Particle is written separately: var mı? - means - Does - Does it exist? Is there? Are there? yok mu? - means - Doesn't - Doesn't it exist? Isn't there? Aren't Aren't there? Tepede bir bir lokanta var mı? - Is - Is there a cafe on the the hill? Ağaçta meyve var mı? - Is - Is there any fruit on the tree? yok mu? - means - Doesn't - Doesn't it exist?, Isn't there?, Aren't there? Garajda hiç araba yok mu? - Isn't - Isn't there a/any car(s) in the garage? Yeşil kutuda kibrit kibrit yok mu? - Are - Are there not any matches matches in the green green box? In all cases the Question Particle is written separately.
Definite Past Form This form is also used for the Past by using the past tense suffix -di according to Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules: 45
Thus - var - There is, There are are - becomes - vardı - There was, There were Tepede bir bir lokanta vardı. - There was a cafe on the hill. Bu ağaçta çok meyve vardı. - There was a lot of fruit on this tree. Similarly - yok - There is not, There are not not - becomes - yoktu - There was not, There were not Garajda hiç araba yoktu. - There wasn't a (single) car in the garage. Yeşil kutuda kibrit kibrit yoktu. - There were no matches in the green box.
Past Tense Question This is formed by adding the Past Tense Question Particle - miydi? - according to Vowel Harmony Rules The Past Tense Question Particle is written separately: var mıydı? - means - Did - Did it exist? Was there? Were Were there? yok muydu? - means - Didn't - Didn't it exist? Wasn't there? there? Weren't there? var mıydı? - means - Did - Did it exist? Was there? Were Were there? Tepede bir bir lokanta var mıydı? - Was there is a cafe on the hill? Ağaçta meyve var mıydı? - Was there is any fruit on the tree? The Past Tense Question Particle is written separately. yok muydu? - means - Didn't - Didn't it exist? Wasn't there? there? Weren't there? Garajda hiç araba yok muydu?. - Wasn't there a car(s) in the garage? Yeşil kutuda kibrit kibrit yok muydu? - Weren't there (any) matches in the green box? The Past Tense Question Particle is written separately.
An Actual Example
Here is a sign along the old Lycian Road near Kaş in the South Aegean Region of Turkey. Many thanks to Jim Gronsand of Portland, Oregon, USA - Mar 4 2007. It clearly shows that Var (and Yok ) always come at the end of the sentence in Turkish. You can see that the writer of the sign si gn has literally translated into English - Care! Dog there is! is! - thus conserving the natural Turkish word order. ther e is, ther ther e ar ar e - which are in daily use More forms of - ther Other than the basic forms of - there is, there are are - as shown above the following more extended forms are in constant use in daily Turkish conversation.
The Formal Form vardır - definitely, surely be - -dir The formal form acts a statement a statement of fact and and is suffixed with the verb - to be 46
As already mentioned above - vardır- means - Is - Is (definitely) existent, It (definitely) exists, exists, There (definitely) is, There (definitely) are. are . This form is used in Public Notices and Advices.
Here is an actual example from a Traffic Propaganda Advertisement seen in Manisa, Turkey, May 2006 Unutma! Her trafik kuralının bir nedeni vardır. Don't forget, every every traffic law has a reason..! Thus showing - vardır as definitely, surely.
Formal Public Form vardır - definitely, surely. vardır - means - Is exists, There (definitely) is, There (definitely) (definitely) are. - Is (definitely) existent, It (definitely) exists, Tepede bir bir lokanta vardır - There is a cafe on the hill hill - [definitely] Bir kiloda bin bin gram vardır - There are 1000 grams in a Kilogram. - [Statement of Fact] yoktur - defi nite ni tely ly not, not, sur su r ely not. not. yoktur - means - Is - Is (definitely) non existent, It (definitely) (definitely) does not exist, There (definitely) (definitely) isn't, There (definitely) aren't. Garajda hiç araba yoktur - There is (surely) not a (single) car in the garage. garage. - [Statement of Fact] Yeşil kutuda kibrit kibrit yoktur - There is not a (single) match in the green box. box. - [Definite Statement] The Conditional Form The Conditional - If - If there is, If there are are - is simply formed by b y adding the Conditional Suffix -sa as the following examples show: varsa - If - If there is, If there are. yoksa - If - If there is not, If there are not. Present Tense Conditional Tepede bir lokanta varsa, orada yiyelim - If - If there is a cafe on the hill, let us eat there. Ağaçta meyve varsa, onu koparırım - If - If there is any fruit on the tree, tree, I will pick it. Garajda hiç araba yoksa, o zaman bir taksi tutun - [taxi tutmak - to take/catch a taxi] - If - If there isn't a car in the garage, then catch/take a taxi Yeşil kutuda kibrit kibrit yoksa, çakmağını kullan - [familiar method] - If - If there are no matches matches in the green box, use your lighter. Yeşil kutuda kib ki brit yoksa, çakmağınızı kullanın - [polite method] - If - If there are no matches in the green box, use your lighter. Thanks to Nurcan Akaltun Çiftçi for corrections to the above section - JG - June 2008.
Past Conditional The Conditional Past - If - If there was, If there were were - the forms with var - varsaydı and yok - yoksaydı are not widely used. The forms with the verb - olmak - to be/to become become - and - olmamak - not to be/not to become become may be used instead. olsaydı - If - If there was, If there were. were. olmasaydı - If - If there was not, If there were were not. Tepede bir bir lokanta olsaydı, orada yerdik - If - If there had been been a cafe on the hill, we would have eaten there. 47
Tepede bir bir lokanta olmuş olsaydı, orada yerdik - If - If there had been been a cafe on the hill, hill, we would have eaten there. - [the addition of - olmuş - been been - makes this statement a little more formal] Ağaçta meyve olsaydı, onu koparırdım - If - If there had been any any fruit on the tree, I would would have picked picked it. Garajda hiç araba araba olmasaydı, taksi tutacaktım - If there had not been been a car in the garage, garage, I would have have taken a taxi. Garajda hiç araba araba olmamış olsaydı, taksi tutacaktım - If - If there had not been been a car in the garage, garage, I would have taken a taxi.taxi. - [the addition of - olmamış - not been been - makes this statement a little litt le more formal] Yeşil kutuda hiç kib kibrit olmasaydı, çakmağımı kullanırdım - If - If there weren't any matches in the green green box, I would have used my lighte. Yeşil kutuda hiç kib kibrit olmamış olsaydı, çakmağımı kullanırdım - If - If there weren't any matches in the green box, I would would have used my lighter Kırmızıda geçmemiş olsaydım, kadın yaşayacaktı., Kırmızıda geçmiş olmasaydım, kadın yaşayacaktı., Kırmızıda geçmeseydim, kadın yaşayacaktı. - are all different diff erent ways of saying - If - If I hadn't passed on the the red light, the lady would have still lived.lived. - [the addition of - olmamış - not been been - makes this statement a little lit tle more formal] Thanks to Nurcan Akaltun Çiftçi for corrections to the above section - JG - June 2008.
The Inferential Form The Inferential - It - It seems that there is/was is/was - is used when the subject has no eyewitness knowledge, it is used for reporting and inference. The Inferential is simply formed by adding the Inferential Suffix -miş as the following examples show. The Inferential Suffix -miş is used for both the Present Tense and the Past tense: varmış - It - It seems that there is/was, It seems that there there are/were. yokmuş - It - It seems that there is/was not.. It seems seems that there are/were not.. not.. Deniyor ki - ["Diyorlar ki.. - They say that.." more formal] - tepede bir bir lokanta varmış, [eğer] öyleyse orada yiyelim It is said there is a cafe on the the hill, if so let us eat there. Ağaçta çok meyve varmış - It - It seems there is a lot fruit on the tree. tree. Garajda araba araba yokmuş - (I think that) there is not a car in the garage. Yeşil kutuda kib ki brit yokmuş, mavi olanına [olan-ı [olan-ı-n-a] bakın - (I think that) there are no matches in the green box. have have a look in the blue blue one. At the beginning of fairy tales Turkish usually says - bir varmış, bir yokmuş - which we should translate as - Once upon a time
An explanation of - olan - the which which one olanı - One [the one that] that] - [lit: that which is] as an item olanları - Ones [the ones that] - [lit: those which are] as items Hangi tişörtü istiyorsunuz? - Which tee-shirt do you want? Mavi olanı(nı) lütfen - The blue one, please Hangi ayakkabıları ayakkabıları istiyorsunuz? - Which shoes do you want? Siyah olanları(nı) lütfen - The black ones, please. Note that (-ni) as an accusative direct object ending is grammatically correct in the answers as the the verb istemek - to want - is understood. But as with all languages sometimes sometimes the easy way is used and the direct object suffix is discarded though constant daily conversational conversational usage. See - olan as subject participle 48
Forms with - "iken - while" varken - While there is, As there is, is , yokken - While there isn't , As there isn't (while) producing varken and similarly yok + iken producing yokken This formation is var + iken (while) producing varken - While/As there is, While/As there are. yokken - While/As there is not, While/As there are not. Tepede bir lokanta varken, başkasını başkasını açmıyorlar - While there is a cafe on the hill, they will not open another one. Ağaçta çok meyve varken, onu koparalım - While there is a lot fruit on the tree, let us pick it. Hazır garajda araba araba yokken, (haydi) içine - or - [oraya] - bisikletimizi bırakalım/koyalım. bırakalım/koyalım. - As - As there is not a car in the garage, let us put our bicycles in it. Yeşil kutuda kib ki brit yokken, ateşi yakamam. - While there are no matches in the green box. I cannot light the fire. A Little note about using Var and Yok (1) When enumerating lists of things you must say var or yok after after each item. In English the greengrocer may tell us that he has - apples, tomatoes, onions, cherries, etc. etc . In Turkish he will say - elma var, domates var, soğan var, kiraz var, vs. (2) If a question is asked that contains a var mı? or a yok mu? - the the answer must always be var or yok , whereas in English we tend to use - Yes or Yes or No No as as an answer, but the Turk will not usually use the words hayır or evet in answer to a question that contains a var or a yok . Dolapta bir bardak yok mu? - Isn't - Isn't there a tumbler in the cupboard? Answer: cupboard? Answer: var/evet var or yok/hayır yok accordingly. accordingly. Kilitte anahtar var mı? - Is - Is the key in the lock?. lock?. Answer: var or yok accordingly. The English answers can be - Yes [it is]. is] . or No or No [it isn't]. isn't]. However the Turkish answers must simply be Varthere is or is or Yok - there isn't Ownership - "I have/haven't got" Explanation of Usage: There is no verb to have or have or to have got in in Turkish for - "to have something" - as in - I - I have a new car. car. - or - Have - Have you got got a new car? car? - or - Do - Do you have any anything cheaper? cheaper? All these kinds of sentences use - var - or - vardır - for - to have (got) and (got) and in the negative sense - yok - or yoktur- for - not to have (got). (got) . The addition of -dır or its vowel harmonic equivalents does not alter the meaning, its use is optional, but it does show that the statement is a fact and it is often used as - vardır there (definitely) is or is or - yoktur - there (definitely) is not in in Public Notices and Advices. We will use the simple form as this is more widespread. cat To say - I - I have a cat - or - I - I have got a cat - we attach the Possessive Adjective Suffix - my, your, his, our etc. etc. - to the item have.. or yok i tem which is possessed with - var - to have.. or - not to have. ther e i s - have have got Positive Examples - var- ther
kedim var - [kedi-m var]
I have a cat, cat, I have got a cat cat
köpeğin var - [köpeğ-in [köpeğ-in var]
You have a dog, You've got a dog
arabası var - [araba-s-ı [araba-s-ı var]
He/she has a car, car, He's got a cat
evimiz var - [ev-imiz var]
We have a house, We have got a house 49
bahçeniz var - [bahçe-niz var]
You have a garden, You have got a garden
şişeleri var - [şişe-leri [şişe-leri var]
They have a bottle, They have got a bottle
ther e i s not - hav have e not got Negative Examples - yok - ther
kedim yok - [kedi-m yok]
I do not have a cat, I have not got got a cat
köpeğin yok - [köpeğ-in [köpeğ-in yok]
You do not have a dog, You have not got a dog
arabası yok - [araba-s-ı [araba-s-ı yok]
He/she doesn't have have a car, He has has not got a cat
evimiz yok - [ev-imiz yok]
We do not have a house, We have not got a house
bahçeniz yok - [bahçe-niz yok]
You do not have a garden, You have not got a garden
şişeleri yok - [şişe-leri [şişe-leri var]
They do not have a bottle, They have not got a bottle
have, to have got. Explanation of Difference in Turkish - English for - to have,
kedim var - I - I have a cat, I have have got a cat - [Lit: There is a my cat[ In the sentence above the first fi rst person singular Possessive Adjective suffix -im tells us - "whose cat it is" and in this case it tells us that - I have a cat - by using - var kedin yok - You haven't got a cat - [Lit: There isn't a your cat]. Similarly in the second sentence the Second Person Possessive Adjective suffix -in tells us that - You haven't got a cat - by using yok . It is the Possessive Suffix which tells us who owns the owns the object.. Thanks to J. R. for suggestions and corrections - Oct 2005
Positive Questions Using the positive question - var mı? - "Is there? Are there?" (1) Evin var mı? - Have house? - [Lit: Is there a your house?] - Have you got a house? house? In the first example above the literal translation is - Is there a your house? - but in i n English we must say "Have you got a house?". (2) Kedisi var mı? - Has cat? - Has he/she got a cat? - [Lit: [ Lit: Is there a his cat? Is there a her cat?]. Here the Third Person Singular Possessive Adjective Suffix -(s)i tells us whose cat it is, i s, and in this case it asks us if - Has he/she got a cat? (3) Evleri var mı? - (Ev-leri = their house) - Have - Have they got got a house? - [Lit: Is there a their house?]
Negative Questions Using the negative question - yok mu? - "Isn't there?, Aren't there?" (1) Evimiz yok mu? - Haven't - Haven't we got a house? - [Lit: Isn't there an our house?] In the sentence above the First Person Plural Possessive Adjective suffix -imiz asks us whose house it is , and in this case it asks - "Haven't we "Haven't we got got a house?" (2) Eviniz yok mu? - Haven't - Haven't you got got a house? house? - [Lit: Isn't there a your house?]. Similarly in the last sentence the Second Person Possessive Adjective suffix -iniz asks us - "Haven't y "Haven't yo ou got a house?" (3) Evleri yok mu? - [Ev-leri = their house] - Haven't - Haven't they got a house? house? - [Lit: Isn't there a their house?]. 50
Finally you can see that we have turned all the above sentences into question form - simply by adding the question tag -mi? - according to Vowel Harmony Rules.
Positive Examples - var mı? - is there? kedim var mı? - [kedi-m [kedi-m var mı?]
Do I have a cat?, cat?, Have I got a cat? cat?
köpeğin var mı? - [köpeğ[köpeğ-in var mı?]
Have you a dog?, Have you you got a dog?/Do you have a dog?
arabası var mı? - [araba-s-ı [araba-s-ı var mı?]
Has he/she a car?, car?, Has he/she got a car? car?
evimiz var mı? - [ev-imiz [ev-imiz var mı?]
Have we a house?, Have we got a house?
bahçeniz var mı? - [bahçe-niz [bahçe-niz var mı?]
Have you a garden?, Have you got a garden? garden?
şişeleri var mı? - [şişe[şişe-leri var mı?]
Have they a bottle?, Have they got a bottle?
sn' t the therr e? Negative Examples - yok mu? - i sn't
kedim yok mu? - [kedi-m yok mu?]
Have I not got a cat?, Do I not have have a cat?
köpeğin yok mu? - [köpeğ-in [köpeğ -in yok mu?]
Do you not have have a dog?, Have Have you not got got a dog?
arabası yok mu? - [araba-s-ı [araba-s-ı yok mu?]
Doesn't he/she have have a car?, Has he/she he/she not got a car?
evimiz yok mu? - [ev-imiz yok mu?]
Have we not not a house?, Have we not got a house? house?
bahçeniz yok mu? - [bahçe-niz yok mu?]
Do you not have have a garden?, Have Have you not not got a garden?
şişeleri yok mu? - [şişe-leri [şişe-leri yok mu?]
Do they not have have a bottle?, Have Have they not got a bottle? bottle?
Some Examples of Possession Of course all the differing senses of var: varsa, varmış etc. and of yok: yoksa, yokmuş, etc. - can be used with the Possessive Forms. Yeni bir arabanız arabanız var mı? - Have - Have you got got a new car? Yeni bir arabamız arabamız olsaydı, beraber/birlikte kasabaya gidebilecektik? - If - If we had a new car, we could have gone to town together? Orhan'ın yeni arab arabası varmış. - (It seems that) Orhan has/had a new car. Şekeriniz var mı, lütfen? - Do - Do you have any sugar, please? Şekeriniz yoksa, sade içeyim. - If - If you do not have have sugar, I'll drink it without. without. Boş vaktimiz var mı? - Have - Have we got got time to spare? Boş vakitleri/zamanları olsaydı, bize gelirdiler/gelirlerdi. - If - If they had had time, they would have have come to us. Note that vakit - "a point in time" - loses final vowel when suffixed with another vowel. See list of nouns which lose a vowel
Cevabı Cevabı yok - He/She - He/She hasn't got the answer Cevabı Cevabı yoksa. - If - If He/She hasn't got got the answer.. 51
Elmaları yok - They haven't got any apples. Elmaları yokmuş - (It seems that) they haven't got any apples. Elmaları yok mu? - Haven't - Haven't they got any apples? Mehmet'in kedisi var - Mehmet - Mehmet has got got a cat. Mehmet'in kedisi varken, köpeğimi onunla bırakamam. - While Mehmet has got a cat, I cannot leave my dog with him. Sadece az param var - I've - I've only a little money. money. Ali 'nin parası var mı? - Has - Has Ali got any money? money? Yeterli param varsa, yeni araba araba alırım. Ama o kadar yokmuş gibi gi bi geliyor..- If I have enough enough money, I'll buy a new car. But it seems that (like) I have not got that much (money) var and yok - Peronalised Var and yok can also take the personal endings endings of the verb - to be - "I am, you are, etc" Var and Yok - Personalised The Personalised - Var and Yok with "to be" suffixes added varım I am there/I'll be there
yokum
I am not there/I'll not be there there
varsın You are there/You will be there
yoksun
You are not there/You will not be there
var
He/She/It is there - He/She/It will be there
yok
He/She/It is not there - He/She/It He/She/It will not be there
varız
We are there/We will be there
yokuz
We are not there/We will not be there
varsınız You are there/You will be there
yoksunuz You are not there/You will not be there
varlar They are there/They will not be there
yoklar
They are not there/They will not be there
When stating the future olmak - to become can become can also be used - var olacağım - I - I will be there. But there. But in practice the shorter way as in the table above is used in conversation. The words here used like varım,varsın,var,varız.... can also have the meaning "I am in!", when talking a bout interference into an issue. For instance, "B ugün raftinge var mısın?" "Evet, varım." "Hayır, ben "Hayır, ben yokum." A couple of years ago, there was a TV show in Turkey (I am sure you have seen English or NZ versions of it). You are a contestant, you have a box which is closed, and there are also 25-30 other boxes which are also closed. Every box has some amount of money. Some boxes contain 1 million TL, some 250.000, some 100.000, some 1.000, some 250, some 50, some 10 and some 1 TL (also some intermediate values). You don't know which boxes including yours contain which amount, and you have the other boxes open one after another. At first round, you open 6 boxes, next round 5, then 4,and then 3 and then 2. After the end of each round, you get a proposal of money. You can choose to go on for your own box, or you can accept these proposals at the time of proposal. It is something something about probability, probability, and when you you make big amounts amounts open at the beginning, you get lesser proposals afterwards for sure. And vice versa. Anyway, let's not digress. The moderator was asking to the contestant at the end of each round, right after getting the proposal (he got the proposals via a phone) "Bu "Bu x TL için var mısın, yok musun?". That means, he asks if the guy wants to continue, or take the proposed money and finish it here. The contestant says, "yokum" " yokum" for the proposal, and 52
he continues. Or, he says "varı m" and takes the proposed money regardless of the amount in his box. This TV show was called (as you can guess) "Var mısın, yok musun". Many thanks to Oytun Oytun Arslan for corrections,suggestions and and additions to this page. page. - JG - 28 Sept 2011
Varsa and Yoksa - Present Conditional Varsa and Yoksa - "If I'm there/If I'm not there" varsam If I am there/I'll be there
yoksam I am not there/If I'll not be there
you'll be there varsan If you are there/If you'll
there/If you will not be there yoksan If you are not there/If
varsa
If he is there am there/If there/If he'll be be there yoksa
If he is not there/If he will not be be there
varsak If we are there/If we'll be there
not be there yoksak If we are not there/If we will not
you'll be there varsanız If you are there/If you'll
there/If you will not be there yoksanız If you are not there/If
varsalar If they are there/If they will be there
there/If they will not be there yoksalar If they are not there/If
Olsaydı and Olmasaydı - Past Conditions When we are talking about past conditions - var and yok - are replaced by the verb olmak - to be/become
Olsaydı and Olmasaydı - I f I had/ had/had not be bee en ther ther e olsaydım
If I'd been there
olmasaydım
If I'd not been there
olsaydın
If you had been been there
olmasaydın
If you not been there
olsaydı
If he had been been there
olmasaydı
If he had not been been there
olsaydık
If we had been been there
olmasaydık
If we had not been been there
olsaydınız
If you had been been there
olmasaydınız
If you had not been been there
olsaydılar
If they had been been there
olmasaydılar
If they had not been been there
Varmış and Yokmuş - the Indefinite - miş form. Varmış and Yokmuş - the Indefinite - miş form. varmışım possibly I am/was there/I'll be there
yokmuşum
ossibly I am/was not there/I'll not be there
varmışsın
possibly you are/were are/were there/you'll be there
yokmuşsun
ossibly you are/were not there/you'll not be there
varmış
possibly he is/was there/he'll be there
yokmuş
ossibly he is/was not there/he'll not be there 53
varmışız
possibly we are/were there/we'll there/we'll be there
possibly you are/were are/were not there/you'll varmışsınız varmışsınız not be there
varmışlar
yokmuşuz
ossibly we are/were not there/we'll not be there
yokmuşsunuz
ossibly you are/were not there/you'll not be there
possibly they are/were are/were there/they'll be yokmuşlar there
ossibly they are/were not there/they'll not be there
This form, which is in constant use, actually means something like - I am there, I'll be there, there, I'll not be there, etc. etc.
Some examples of these forms Yarın ofiste yokum - I will not be at the office tomorrow. tomorrow. Evde var mısın? - Are - Are you at home? Kimse var mı? - Is - Is anybody there? Kimse yok. - There is nobody (here). Yalnız mıyız? - Are - Are we alone?, alone?, Hayır. Onlar da var. - No, - No, there's them as well.. Gelecek toplantıda ben de varım.- I'll be at the next next meeting as well. Thanks to Volker Bodegom for corrections in the sections above - JG - Novenber 2009.
Idiomatic Use Neyimiz var neyimiz yok depremde kaybettik . - We lost everything what we had/have in the earthquake. Could also be stated thus: Varımızı yoğumuzu depremde kaybettik. kaybettik. - We lost everything what we had/have in the earthquake. Note that yok softens softens its final -k to to -ğ when adding a suffix which begins with a vowel - [yoğ-umuz-u [yoğ-umuz-u = our nothings (obj.)] nothings (obj.)] Vaktin varsa, sonra görüşelim - Let - Let us meet later on, if you have time. Saat onda ofiste yokmuşsun - It - It seems you were not not at the office at 10 o'clock. o'clock. There is also another usage of var/yok : Namely - Varsa yoksa.. Varsa yoksa annesi. - meaning that person is very keen on his mother (a little l ittle exaggeration and derision also exists). Varsa yoksa bilgisayar - is suitable when talking about someone who spends a lot of time in front of the computer. Thanks to Nurcan Akaltun Çiftçi for suggestions and examples in the sections a bove - JG - June 2008.
Finally, the "Yok Yok" Shop
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What's in a name? This shop really does belie its name - "the shop with no stock" , but you would be wrong in that assumption: Here is a typical t ypical usage, "yok" yok . That means, the notion "yok" " yok" is "yok", which means "yok" doesn't exist. Hence, that means, everything exists! You can say for instance, Bugün pazara gittim, pazarda yok yoktu. This expresses that there were plenty of things in the bazaar.
The Infinitive The Infinitive - description. In grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. It is called the infinitive because the verb is usually not made finite, or limited by inflection (change in meaning - tense, person). The infinitive is often used as the noun form, as for many languages this is the basic form of a verb verb which is usually usually presented in dictionaries. dictionaries. In language language classes, children children are sometimes taught to think of it as the name of the verb. The Infinitive being the name of a verb, therefore per se it is a noun. This is characterized in English by the word - to to - ie to walk, to swim. The swim. The Turkish Infinitive has four forms of the infinitive, all of which can be used as nouns and can therefore take case endings and personal personal pronouns when when required. The Standard Standard Infinitive ending in -mek or or -mak which which is often abraded to -me or ma by dropping the final final -k .
Forming the Infinitive of Turkish Verbs To form the Infinitive of Turkish Verbs -mek or or -mak is is added to the verb stem. gelmek [gel-mek] [gel-mek] - to come come - almak [al-mak] [al-mak] - to take The take The choice of adding -mek or or -mak is is bound by the Rules of Vowel Harmony. There is a separate Infinitive form for the negative verb The negative is characterized with the negative particle -me- or -ma (according to vowel harmony rules) come - and alma-not take. take. added to the positive verb stem. Thus the negative verb root becomes gelme- not come By adding the infinitive suffix -mek or or -mak we we arrive at the negative verbs - gelmemek [gelme-mek] [gelme-mek] - not to come come - and almamak [alma-mak] take. This method of forming the negative is true for all verbs [alma-mak] - not to take. in Turkish.
E-Dotted Verbs For verbs of the E-Dotted Group with e i ö ü in verb stem the suffix -mek signifies signifies the positive verb and memek signifies signifies the negative of the verb. Applying Vowel harmony rules then:
-mek is is added to verbs whose final root vowel is – e vermek [ver-mek] [ver-mek] - to give vermemek [verme-mek] [verme-mek] - not to give -mek is is added to verbs whose root vowel is -i bilmek [bil-mek] [bil-mek] - to know bilmemek [bilme-mek] [bilme-mek] - not to know
55
-mek is is added to verbs whose root vowel is -ö görmek [gör-mek] [gör-mek] - to see görmemek [görme-mek] [görme-mek] - not to see -mek is is added to verbs whose root vowel is -ü gülmek [gül-mek] [gül-mek] - to laugh gülmemek [gülme-mek] [gülme-mek] - not to laugh A-Undotted Verbs For verbs of the A-Uotted Group with a ı o u in verb stem the suffix -mak signifies signifies the positive verb and mamak signifies signifies the negative of the verb. Applying Vowel harmony rules then:
-mak is is added to verbs whose root vowel is -a yapmak [yapmak] [yapmak] - to do, make, perform yapmamak [yapmamak] [yapmamak] - not to do -mak is is added to verbs whose root vowel is -ı ağrımak [ağrımak] - to ache ağrımamak [ağrımamak] - not to ache -mak is is added to verbs whose root vowel is -o kopmak [kopmak] [kopmak] - to snap kopmamak [kopmamak] [kopmamak] - not to snap -mak is is added to verbs whose root vowel is -u kurumak [kurumak] [kurumak] - to dry kurumamak [kurumamak] [kurumamak] - not to dry The Infinitive as an Object of a Verb The Infinitive being a noun can take all the suffixes that any other noun takes - here we show the infinitive of some verbs in the Object case [suffix -i or -yi after a vowel] as an object of the main verb unutmak - to forget . We can also see that very often the main verb has two objects with the -i suffix. For instance in the last example below "The window " together with "its opening" are both in the Objective case of being "forgotten" as the main verb. If you inspect the other examples below you will see many double objects similarly. Geçen hafta ödevimi yapmayı unuttum. - I - I forgot to do my homework homework last week. Garajdan arabamı arabamı almayı unuttum. - I - I forgot to pick up (take) (take) my car from the garage. garage. Ali, sana söylemeyi unuttu. - Ali - Ali forgot to tell you. you. Affedersin, seni aramayı unuttuk. - We're sorry, we forgot to call you. you. - (a secondary meaning of aramak - to look for - is - to call (on the telephone) Filmi izlemeyi unuttum. - I - I forgot to watch the film. Kediyi beslemeyi unuttum. - I - I forgot to feed the cat. cat. Mehmet'i sormayı unuttunuz unuttunuz - You forgot to ask Mehmet. Kapıyı kapamayı unuttum. - I - I forgot to close the door. door. Pencereyi açmayı unuttular. - They forgot to open the window.
About Verbal Objects 56
Some main verbs take Movement Towards suffix [- (y)e or -(y)a] as their objects i when the verb itself signifies movement towards. If we say in English - she is starting to write write - then the Infinitive yazmak - to write write - is the object of the verb - she - she is starting ... ... - and consequently must be suffixed to show its relationship to the verb. As the verb başlamak - to start, begin begin - signifies movement of some sort it governs the Movement Towards Condition in Turkish -a or -e. To effect the addition of the Movement Towards suffix to yazmak the the final -k of of -mek or or -mak is is dropped and the resulting verbal noun - yazma - is treated as a normal object by the addition of the Movement Towards Condition suffix -(y)a so yazmak - to write write başladı - she becomes yazmaya başladı - she started to (to) write. write. It should be noted that we also use The Present Continuous Participle in -ing - (another noun) while translating in English so the above is often rendered in başladı - she the following manner: - yazmak - to write write - becomes yazmaya başladı - she started writing
Special Case - istemek - to want The verb istemek - to want - is a special case as it causes no modification of the verb it governs: Yazmak istiyorum - I - I want to write İçmek istiyorlar - they want to drink Kalmak istemedin - you want to stay - you didn't want Çalışmak istemeyecekler - they will not want to work. drinking. . The Note that this also applies applies in English - we we also cannot say say - I want writing - or - they want drinking.. object pointer is not required by istemek - to want as as the concept of "wanting.." does not affect the verb being governed governed in any way. However if istemek governs governs anything other that a verb then the objective case must be used. We can see from the examples below that istemek is is not governing the verb kalmak directly, directly, but it governs a person. Hence the direct object pointer is required. Kalmamanızı istiyoruz - We want you not to stay - [Kalmama-nız [Kalmama-nız--ı] Kalmanızı istemiyoruz - We do not want you to staystay - [Kalma-nız [Kalma-nız--ı] Kalmasını istemiyorlar - They don't want him to stay stay - [Kalma-sı [Kalma-sı-n-n-ı] ı] Kalmamalarını istemiyorum - I - I don't want them not to stay stay - [Kalmama-ları [Kalmama-ları-n-n-ı] ı]
Formation of the Short Infinitive Verbal Noun To effect the addition of the suffixes to the t he infinitive - as an example içmek , the final -k of -mek or or -mak is is dropped and the resulting verbal noun then ends in i n -ma or -me becoming içme in this case. It is treated as a normal object the addition of the suffix -(y)i etc. - thus becoming - içmeyi - [içme-y-i uses buffer letter -y-]. Similarly the Movement Toward Object is formed in the same manner: The Infinitive - yazmak - to write write forms Verbal Noun - yazma - the writing - thence forms the Movement Toward Condition Object yazmaya - to the writing .
Examples of Verbal Nouns in English Unfortunately we do not realize when we are using Verbal Nouns - but if you want to understand Turkish both written and spoken spoken then we must learn to recognize recognize them. The writing is on the wall. The drinking of this water is prohibited. Smoking is allowed. Leave your your suitcase in the waiting room. He is working in the drying drying shed. Explanation The Positive Verb içmek - to drink or or to smoke a cigarette cigarette - drops it final -k and and is used to form içme 57
drinking, smoking as as a noun. With the addition of the accusative case it becomes içmeyi - the drinking, the smoking - as the object of a verb. With the addition of the dative case it becomes içmeye - to the drinking, the smoking - as the dative object of a verb. The Negative Verb forms its Verbal Noun by dropping its terminal -k in in a similar fashion - içmemek - not to drink - forms - içmeme - not drinking, not smoking - as a noun. The Negative Accusative then becomes içmemeyi - the not drinking, the not smoking - as a direct object and the Movement Mo vement Toward Object becomes - içmemeye - to the not drinking, to the not smoking .
A note about Conversational Stress This could be mixed up with the negation suffix -me but the difference is hidden in the t he stress. When it is a Positive Verbal Noun then the stress is on itself as in - içMEyi. However when it is a Negative Verbal Noun, then the stress is on the preceding syllable - İÇmemeyi. We are already aware the negative suffix -me/-ma itself is never stressed in conversation but always throws the stress on to the previous syllable. Examples of Suffixed Infinitives Note that Vowel Harmony Harmony and Consonant Consonant Mutation rules are followed when adding adding the standard standard suffixes also the buffer letter -y- is used to keep vowel suffixes apart. gelmeye çalıştı - he tried [to] to come come - [Movement Towards Suffix as the verb çalışmak takes takes a Movement Toward Suffix = to try to..] to..] yüzmeyi severim - I - I like to swim swim - [I like the swimming] onu yapmaktayım - I - I am just doing it - [in/at doing it] sigara içmeyi bıraktım bıraktım - I - I have given up [the] smoking - [Direct Object suffix] Adding Suffixes to the Standard Infinitive in -mek The infinitive is a noun - then it can be suffixed with any of the case suffixes. We are taking for our model the Positive Infinitive - gelmek - to comecome- and the Negative Infinitive gelmemek - not to come.
The Extended Infinitive Forms Positive
Negative
gelmek
to come
gelmemek
not to come
gelmeye
to come
gelmemeye
to not to come
gelmeyi
to come (obj.) come (obj.) gelmemeyi
gelmekte in coming
not to come (obj.) come (obj.)
gelmemekte in not coming
gelmekten rom coming gelmemekten rom not comimg gelmekle by/with coming gelmemekle by/with not coming Examples of the various infinitive forms. f orms. Kesmeyi bıraktı bıraktı - He - He stopped [the] [the] cutting Sürmeyi öğreniyorum - I - I am learning [the driving] driving] to drive Gülmemeye çalışıyorlar - They are trying not to [to] laugh The Infinitive with Personal Pronoun Endings 58
When the standard infinitive takes the personal pronoun endings it drops its final -k of -mek or -mak in all persons. Positive
Negative
gitmek to go
gitmemek not to go
gitmem my going gitmemem my not going gitmen
our going gitmemen
our not going
gitmemiz our going gitmememiz our not going gitmeniz our going gitmemeniz our not going gitmeleri their going gitmemeleri their not going The Abilitative Infinitive Form gidebilmek - to be able to go gidememek - to not be able to go gidebilmem - my being able to go gidemememiz - our not being able to go gidebilmesi - his being able to go gidememeleri - their not being able to go These personal forms can further be extended by the addition of noun condition suffixes:
Gitmesini bekledim - I - I expected him him to go go - [gitme-si-ni - Objective Condition] Kalmanızı istiyorum - I - I want you to stay Kalabilmenizi istiyorum - I - I want you to be able to stay Kalmamanızı istiyoruz - We want you not to stay Kalmanızı istemiyoruz - We do not want you to stay Kalmasını istemiyorlar - They don't want him to stay Kalmamalarını istemiyorum - I - I don't want them not not to stay The Little Used Heavy Infinitive: This is formed by affixing -lık or or -lik to to the standard Infinitive for the positive verb. The final -k of -mek is is often dropped when adding the -lik suffix. suffix. The negative is slightly different in that the -mek or or -mak changes to -mez or -maz. gelmek becomes becomes gelme(k)lik bakmamak becomes akmazlık becomes bakmazlık The meaning of the heavy infinitive is the same as the standard infinitive and is only used when there may be ambiguity in the context. The heavy heavy infinitive is little used. used. The heavy heavy infinitive can also have personal personal pronouns and or case endings endings added to it. It does not however drop its final -k of of -lik as as does the common infinitive when suffixes are added although this final -k will will mutate to a final -ğ when necessary before an added vowel.
59
Positive gelme(k)lik
Negative to come
gelmezlik
not to come
gelme(k)liğim my coming gelmezliğimiz our not coming gelme(k)likleri their coming gelmezliği
his not coming
How to say - "To pretend (not) to" The heavy infinitive is little used except for the following "special case": The use of the Negative of the Heavy Infinitive in the ablative case followed by the verb - gelmek - means to pretend not to... to.. . This pretend This pretend not to form to form is a reduplicated negative ie: bakmazlık - becomes bakMAmazlık meaning meaning - to not NOT to see It see It is mentioned here because because in this form it is daily use. Bana bakmamazlıktan bakmamazlıktan geldi - He - He pretended pretended (not) to look at me Onu görmemezlikten geliyorsunuz - You are pretending (not) to see it Ayşe hanımı sevmemezlikten gelir misiniz? - Are you pretending pretending (not) to like Miss Ayşe? This construction is a special locution and only used with - gelmek - as an auxiliary verb. pr etend etend not to. to. It is used widely to mean - T o pr
görmemezlikten gelmek - ignore görmemezlikten gelmek - turn a blind eye görmemezlikten gelmek - overlook görmemezlikten gelmek - look through görmemezlikten gelmek - give - give someone the the go by görmemezlikten gelmek - close one's eyes to görmemezlikten gelmek - pretend - pretend not to see
Wide Tense Negative Tense Habitual Situations The negative of the Simple Present tense translates as: I don't go to work on Saturdays. He doesn't like ice cream. We don't keep a pet. They never take a holiday. We'll not see each other for some time. The simple present tense is used in situations in both the present and the future that are untimed.
Negative Form - Timless Tense The Negative Wide Tense tense sign is -mez but it has become abraded to -me in the first person singular and plural (no doubt for reasons of daily usage) -So we must accept this as an irregularity (or intrinsic historical variability of Turkish.) Let us take the word - gelmek - to come First of all we must understand that the that the Verbal Negative Infinitive is - gelmemek - to not come come - on 60
which most of the negative tenses are based. However the Negative Wide Tense Tense Infinitive is Infinitive is - gelmez - not to come, does not come. This come. This is based on this infinitive i nfinitive ending with the sign -mez. The negative tense sign is -z which is added to the negative verb stem -as an example: gitmemek - not to go, does not go - then adding -z to the verb stem after dropping -mek we we arrive at: gitmez - not to go, does not go go - to which the t he personal endings are added: added:
Some Examples of The Simple Present Negative The Wide Tense Negative Infinitive - gitmez - not to go go - Note the changes in First Persons Plural and Singular gitmem- I don't go go - [NOT gitmezim] gitmezsin - you - you don't go gitmez - he doesn't go gitmeyiz- we don't go go - [NOT gitmeziz] gitmezsiniz - you - you don't go gitmezler - they don't go Note that the first persons persons gitmem - I - I and and gitmeyiz - We drop We drop the -z when adding the personal endings to the negative verb stem, all other persons preserve the -z
tanımamak - not to know somebody Beni tanımazsınız - You don't know me Beni tanımaz mısınız? - Don't - Don't you know know me? içmemek - not to drink O bira içmez - He - He doesn't drink beer beer [generally?] [generally?] Mehmet, bira içmez mi? - Doesn't drink beer? beer? - [usually?] - Doesn't Mehmet drink If you were to use Accusative Case - birayı - in the example above , the object becomes a definite object, but here we are talking about generally generally the drinking of beer. beer. O birayı birayı içmez. - He - He doesn't drink the beer. beer. Mehmet birayı birayı içmez mi? - Doesn't - Doesn't Mehmet Mehmet drink the (or that) beer? konuşmamak - not to talk Onun hakkında konuşmayız konuşmayız - We don't talk about it giymemek - not to wear Genellikle bir bir şapka giymez misiniz? - Don't - Don't you generally generally wear a hat? seyretmemek - not to watch Televizyonu seyretmezler - They don't watch the television [in television [in particular] Televizyon seyretmezler - They don't watch television [generally] television [generally] See note above for Definite and Indefinite Objects. The Negative Interrogative Form 61
The interrogative is formed by adding the personalized question particles after the verb stem ending in -z. They are written separately, but follow vowel harmony rules. bakmamak
not to look
bakmaz mıyım?/bakmam mı?
don't I look?
kalmamak
not to stay
kalmaz mısın?
don't you stay?
bitirmemek
not to finish
bitirmez mi?
doesn't he finish?
yazmamak
not to write
yazmaz mıyız?
don't we write?
koşmamak
not to run
Koşmaz mısınız?
don't you run?
yürümemek
not to walk
Yürümezler mi?
don,t they walk?
Some examples Her gün saat beşte beşte seni görmez miyim? - Don't - Don't I see you every every day at five o'clock? o'clock? Londra'da oturmaz mısınız? - Don't - Don't you live in London? Ali bey bir bankada bankada çalışmaz mi? - Doesn't - Doesn't Ali Bey work in a bank? Hepimiz bir parti sevmez miyiz? - Don't - Don't we all love a party? Saying - "didn't used to" If the past tense t ense endings are added to the Wide Tense negative -mez verb stem then the meaning is habitual in the past. This translated by - didn't used to ...... - in English. However in Turkish the Simple Present Tense is used with the past tense personal endings habitual in the past : Sık sık buraya gelmezdim. - I - I didn't used to come here very often Genç iken o kadar gülmezdin - You didn't used to laugh very much when you were young. Kuşadada kalırken denizde yüzmezdi - He never used to swim in the sea when staying at at Kuşadası. 1950 yılından önce (1950'den önce) Türkiye'de kola içilmezdi. - Coca-cola did not used to be drunk in Turkey before 1950. Derslerimiz bittikten sonra yerterli zaman için beni beklemezdiniz - You didn't used to wait long enough for me after school finished. Tatilde kamp yaparken o kadar iyi uyumazdılar - They didn't used to sleep very well while on holiday while camping.
Question- "didn't you used to?" Gitmez miydim?- Didn't I used to go? Hatice'yi sevmez miydin? - Didn't - Didn't you used to love Hatice? Ummaz mıydı? - Didn't - Didn't he used to hope? Açmaz mıydık?- Didn't we used to open open Kazmaz mıydınız?- Didn't you used to dig? Soğan satmaz mıydılar? - Didn't - Didn't they used to sell onions? [note onions? [note that Soğan is not in the direct object case nor is it plural in i n Turkish, but it is a non-specific object of the family of "onion". In Turkish "things is" and "people are"] Çıkmaz mıydılar? - Didn't - Didn't they used to go go out? Her gün seni görmez miydim? - Didn't - Didn't I used to see you you every day? Bıkmaz mıydık?- Didn't we used to get fed up? 62
Londra'da oturmaz mıydın? - Didn't you used to live in London? London? [Note that oturmak means means - to sit (down) (down) - or - to live (at a place) Ali İstanbul'da İstanbul'da oturur - Ali - Ali lives in Istanbul.] Ben, mavi sandalyede oturuyorum - I - I am sitting in the blue chair. chair. Atlara binmez miydiniz?- Didn't you used to ride horses? Note that binmek - to get on, to ride, to board - takes the Dative Object -e or -a as "movement towards" is implied in the verb - binmek A final note on "used to" and and "didn't used to" In conversational Turkish the Past Imperfect Tense will often be used: Yıllar önce Manisa'da çalışıyordum - Many Many years ago I was was working in Manisa
Proverbs - "Atasözler" Turkish Proverbs are usually written in the Wide Tense habitual tense. Here are some examples in the negative form of the timeless tense. These translations are not literal showing the difficulty of such interpretation from Turkish to English.
Boş çuval ayakta durmaz.
An empty sack does stand up.
Emek ver, kulak ver, bilgi ver, ama hiçbir zaman b oş verme. - [only the final - verme - is negative]
Give labour, ear and knowledge, but never give take notice.
Mum dibine dibine ışık vermez.
The bottom of a candle sheds no light.
Havlayan köpek ısırmaz.
A barking dog does not bite.
Küçük suda büyük balık b alık olmaz.
There are no big fish in small pools.
Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
The Irregular Wide Tense Verb List The famous thirteen irregular single syllable verbs in the Simple Present. Twelve of them end their root i n -l or -r.The single exception which root ends in -n (of these famous 13 exceptions) is - sanmak - which has the form - sanır - to suppose Many of these verbs are in common daily use, and should be committed to memory.
Turkish Single Syllable Verbs - Undotted Vowel Group - A I O U 63
Regular verbs use the regular tense sign -ar - as an example - The Wide Tense Root of the Regular verb atmak at-ar-ım - I - to throwthrow- becomes - atar - as in - at-ar-ım - I throw
Infinitive Wide Tense Meaning
Causative Meaning
almak
to take/get
aldırmak to make take
bulmak bulur
to find
buldurmak to make find
durmak durur
to stop/to halt
durdurmak to make stop
kalmak kalır
to remain/to stay kaldırmak to take away/to lift
olmak
to be/to become oldurmak to make become
alır
olur
sanmak sanır
to suppose
(lacking)
varmak varır
to arrive
vardırmak to make arrive
vurmak vurur
to strike/to hit
vurdurmak to make strike
(no meaning)
Turkish Single Syllable Verbs - Dotted Vowel Group - E İ Ö Ü Regular verbs use the regular tense sign -er - as an example - The Wide Tense Root of geçmek - to passpass becomes - geçer - as in - geç-er-im - I - I pass
Infinitive Wide Tense Meaning
Causative Meaning
bilmek bilir
to know how to bildirmek to make know
gelmek gelir
to come
geldirmek to make come
görmek görür
to see
göstermek to show
ölmek
to die
öldürmek to kill, to murder
to give
verdirmek to make give
ölür
vermek verir Using the Causative
Note that one of the the duties that the Causative Causative Verb form carries carries out is to make intransitive intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take an object) into a transitive verb (verbs ( verbs that do take an object). The verb - durmak - to stop/to halt - is such a word: Araba caddede durdu - The car stopped in the street . - (No object in this sentence - it is intransitive) i ntransitive) Mehmet, arabayı arabayı caddede durdurdu - Mehmet - Mehmet stopped stopped the car in the street . - (The object in this sentence arabyı - the car is arabyı - it is a transitive sentence)
English may use a different verb for its causative form The translation of the Causative is literal here. We have to consider that in tr anslation we may use a different verb in English. If we look at the t he first example, the Causative of - to know know - has been literally translated tr anslated as 64
"to make know, to cause to know" know" - of course we may translate this verb into English as - to notify, to publish, etc.. etc.. We must always bear this in mind when translating Causative Verbs from Turkish into English.
The Formation of the Future Tense The future tense sign is -ecek- or -acak- to which the personal suffixes are attached. When a personal ending which begins in a vowel is suffixed then the final -k- of this tense sign is softened to a -ğ- thus -eceğ-- or -acağacağ producing the forms forms to -eceğ Note that we are showing the third person person singular pronoun pronoun - o - he/she/it - in the tables below.
Usages of the Future Tense The Future Tense is used for : Decisions Decisions - İlerde doktor olacağım. - I'm - I'm going to be a doctor. bisiklet alacağım. - I Offers and Promises Promises - Sana bisiklet - I will buy you a bicycle. bicycle. Predictions Predictions - Hava yarın çok güzel olacak. - The weather will be fine tomorrow. Commands Commands - İlk önce bunu bitireceksin. - First - First of all you will finish this. Obligations Obligations - Yarına ödeviniz bitecek. - By - By tomorrow our duty must must finish.
Conjugation of the Future Tense Positive Verb - gelmek - to come
come Negative Verb - gelmemek - not to come
geleceğim
I shall come
gelmeyeceğim
geleceksin
you will come
gelmeyeceksin
O gelecek
he will come
O gelmeyecek
he will not come
geleceğiz
we shall come
gelmeyeceğiz
we shall not come
geleceksiniz
you will come
gelmeyeceksiniz
gelecekler
they will come
gelmeyecekler
I shall not come ou will not come
ou will not come they will not come
In pronunciation the Future Negative is often pronounced gelmiyeceğim - that is: the Negative Particle -me-or -ma- abrades to -mi- or - mımıVerb Stem ends in a Vowel The buffer letter -y- is used if the verb stem ends in a vowel in order to keep the vowels apart when the ecek future future suffix is added the verb.
Positive Verb - aramak - to seek, look for Negative Verb - aramamak - not look for arayacağım [ara-y-acağım] [ara-y-acağım] - I shall look for aramayacağım [arama-y-acağım] [arama-y-acağım] - I shall not look for arayacaksın - you - you will look for
aramayacaksın - you - you will not look for
O arayacak - he will look for
O aramayacak - he will not look for 65
arayacağız - we shall look for
aramayacağız - we shall not look for
arayacaksınız - you - you will look for
aramayacaksınız - you - you will not look for
arayacaklar - they will look for
aramayacaklar - they will not look for
In Conversation If a verb stem ends in -a or -e as does ara-mak above, above, then the final -a or -e is somtimes pronounced as -ı and -i the positive future tense. eg: arıyacağım. Also as the stem of the positive verb ends in a vowel then a ara-y-acağım - (as written) or arı-yarı-y-acağım acağım - (as spoken) buffer letter -y- is inserted to separate two vowels ara-y-acağım
Some Examples of this Vowel Change söyleyecek - he wil speak - (as written), becomes - söyliyecek - he will speak - (as spoken) oksayacaklar - they will caress/stroke caress/stroke - (as written), becomes - oksıyacaklar - they will caress caress - (as spoken) However, the verb stems which end with a final vowel -ı or -i or -o or -ö or -u or -ü do not mutate and retain their original vowel when the future tense sign is added to the t he verb stem. For Instance yürümek - to walk - retains its final -ü in the future tense - yürüyecek and and uyumak - to sleep sleep - becomes - uyuyacak Also in fast, local talk (also in television programmes the -ecak/-acak future future suffix offen gets abraded in converstation thus: Gideceğim - gidicem gidicem - I I will go Gideceğiz- gidicez - we will go Yazacağım - yazıcam - I - I will write Yazacağız - yazıcaz - We will write Güleceğim - gülecem - gülecem - I I will laugh Güleceğiz - gülecez - gülecez - We will laugh
Uyuyakaldım koşa koşa ofise gidicem şimdi - I - I slept over, now I'll go to the office in a hurry hurry - kept on sleeping - running, running running The Interrogative of the Future Tense The interrogative is formed as usual by placing the interrogative i nterrogative personal pronouns after the future tense verb root written separately but observing vowel harmony rules.
The Positive Interrogative Future Tense yürümek - to walk - becomes - yürüyecek - future verb stem yürüyecek miyim? Shall I walk? - Am I going to walk? yürüyecek misin?
Will you walk? - Are you going to walk?
O yürüyecek mi?
Will he walk?- Is he going to walk?
yürüyecek miyiz?
Shall we walk? - Are we going to walk?
yürüyecek misiniz? Will you walk? - Are you going to walk?
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yürüyecekler mi?
Will they walk?- Are they going to walk?
The Negative Interrogative Future Tense to wr wr i te - becomes - yazmayacak - future verb stem yazmamak - not to
yazmayacak mıyım?
Shall I not write? - Am I not going to write?
yazmayacak mısın?
Will you not write?
O yazmayacak mı?
Will he not write?
yazmayacak mıyız?
Shall we not write?
yazmayacak mısınız? Will you not write? yazmayacaklar mı?
Will they not write?
The Future of the verb - "to be" In the Present Tense - hazırım - I - I am readyready- and the Past Tense - hazırdım - I - I was readyready- the verb "to be" is suffix, which is affixed to the word it modifies. However there is no future tense of the verb "to be" in suffix become - is employed to form the form, it does not exist. Therefore the Future of the verb - olmak - to become ready. As the verb - olmak - to becomebecome- is a Future Tense of the verb "to be" - hazır olacağım - I - I shall be ready. word in its own right, then it is NOT affixed as a suffix to the word it modified, but is written separately.
Positive Future Tense of the Verb - to be The Verb olmak - to be/to become become - One of its most important auxiliary functions is its use as the Future Tense of the Verb - to be.Olmak is is not a suffix, is written separately.
Present Tense hazırım zenginsin
Future Tense - with olmak I am ready ou are rich
hazır olacağım
I shall be ready
zengin olacaksın
you will be rich
yoksuldur
he is poor
yoksul olacak
he will be poor
yoksuldurlar
they are poor
yoksul olacaklar
they will be poor
bugün İstanbul'dayım today I am in Istanbul yarın İstanbul' da olacağım tomorrow I shall be in Istanbul Negative Future Tense of the Verb - to be become - One of its The Negative Verb olmamak - not to be/not to become it s most important auxiliary functions is its use as the Negative Future Tense of the Verb - not to be. be. Olmamak is is not a suffix, is written separately.
Present Tense
Future Tense - with olmak 67
hazır değilim
I am not ready
hazır olmayacağım
zengin değilsin
you are not rich
zengin olmayacaksın
yoksul değildi
he was not poor
yoksul olmayacak
he will not be poor
yoksul değiller
they are not poor
yoksul olmayacaklar
they will not be poor
Şimdi İstanbul'da değilim
I am not in Istanbul Yarın İstanbul' da now olmayacağım
I shall not be ready ou will not be rich
I shall not be in Istanbul tomorrow
Building Extended Verb Forms - The Active and Passive Mood Future Active - kesmek - to cut O, yarın onu kesecek - He - He will cut it tomorrow Passive - kesilmek - to be cut O, yarın kesilecek - It - It will be cut tomorrow Active Potential Future - kesebilmek - to be able to cut O, yarın onu kesebilecek kese bilecek - He, - He, will be able to cut cut it tomorrow Passive Potential Future - kesilebilmek - To be able to be to be cut O, yarın kesilebilecek kesilebilecek - It - It will be able to be cut cut tomorrow The Past Tenses Was it seen? or Was it heard? 1. The Definite Past Tenses There are two Past Tenses in Turkish. The Definite Past Tenses ("Seen Tenses") are used when you have personal knowledge knowledge and witness witness of the action. These Definite Past Past tenses are like the the English: Past Perfect Tense - I - I have made it Past Simple Tense - I - I made it Past Imperfect Tense (Past Continuous) - I was making it Past Pluperfect Tense - I - I had made it. 2. The Indefinite Past Tenses The Indefinite Past Tenses ("Heard Tenses") are used, by inference, to transfer information that you have not actually seen and witnessed yourself. There is no Inferential Tense as such in English, actually not many languages have one, consequently consequently the idea of inference is communicated by other ways. English speakers do this automatically and just a few of the ways are as follow: I think that I went out - [doubt] Presumably you have left - [possibility] He has left as far as I know know - [reportative] I think that we left at - [uncertainty] They say that you went out - [hearsay] Its pretty sure that they have have left - [probability] 68
All the examples above show that this tense is used whenever the speaker has not been an eyewitness to the t he past events. The Inferential Tense Tense used for reporting unwitnessed events, events, or implying possibility, possibility, doubt or uncertainty. It is often used in telling jokes as the content of the joke is just a story. The Inferential Tense is discussed in depth here: About the Inferential
A. Formation - Definite Past Tenses -dı-/-/-tı tı-, -, -dü-/-tü-, -du-/-tu- - according to The Sign of the Definite Past is the t he addition of the suffix -di-/-ti-, -dı Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules, to which the Personal suffixes are added. Continuous Past: Geliyordum [Gel-iyor-dum] - I - I was coming Simple Past: Gelirdim [Gel-ir-dim] - I - I used to come Future Past (Future in the Past): Gelecektim [Gel-ecek-tim] - I - I was going to come Pluperfect (Past in the Past): Gelmiştim [Gel-miş [Gel-miş-tim] -tim] - I - I had come - Note that the -miş suffix here does not convey any inferential meaning in the Pluperfect Tense. Necessitative Past Past (Obligation in the Past): Past): Gelmeliydim - I - I had to come Conditional Past: Gelseydim [Gel-se-ydim] - If - If only I had come
B. Definite Past Tense - Examples This Tense Sign is -di- or -ti- [when added to verb root ending in p, ç, k, t, ş dı-, -di-, -du-, -dü- or -tı-, tı-, -ti-, -tu-, -tü- - and the personal ending are added to the verb The suffixes - -dı-, stem, in all cases Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are applied
gelmek (Stem -e-)
to come
anlamak (Stem -a-)
to under under stand
geldim (gel-di-m)
I came
anladım (anla-dı (anla-dı-m) -m)
I understood
geldin (gel-di-n)
you came
anladın (anla-dı (anla-dı-n) -n)
(o) geldi (gel-di)
he/she/it came
(o) anladı (anla-dı) (anla-dı)
he understood
geldik (gel-di-k) (gel-di-k)
we came
anladık (anla-dı (anla-dı-k) -k)
we understood
geldiniz (gel-di-niz)
you came
anladınız (anla-dı (anla-dı--nız)
ou understood
geldiler (gel-di-ler)
they came
anladılar (anla-dı (anla-dı-lar) -lar)
they understood
ou understood
içmek (Stem -i-)
to dr i nk/ nk /smoke smoke
çıkmak (Stem -ı-)
to g o out/ out/e exi t
içtim (iç-ti-m)
I drank/smoked
çıktım (çık -tı-m) tı-m)
I went out
içtin
ou drank/smoked
çıktın
ou went out
(o) içti
he drank/smoked
(o) çıktı
he went out
içtik
we drank/smoked
çıktık
we went out
içtiniz
ou drank/smoked
çıktınız
ou went out 69
içtiler
they drank/smoked
çıktılar
they went out
görmek (Stem -ö-)
to see
koşmak (Stem -o-)
to r un
gördüm (gör-dü-m)
I saw
koştum (koş-tu-m) (koş-tu-m)
I ran
Gördün
ou saw
koştun
ou ran
(o) gördü
he/she/it saw
(o) koştu
he ran
Gördük
we saw
koştuk
we ran
Gördünüz
ou saw
koştunuz
ou ran
Gördüler
they saw
koştular
they ran
gülmek (Stem -ü-)
to laugh laug h
bulmak (Stem -u-)
to find fi nd
güldüm (gül-dü-m)
I laughed
buldum (bul-du-m)
I found
Güldün
ou laughed
buldun
ou found
(o) güldü
he/she/it laughed
(o) buldu
he found
Güldük
we laughed
bulduk
we found
Güldünüz
ou laughed
buldunuz
ou found
Güldüler
they laughed
buldular
they found
C. Definite Past Continuous Tense (the Imperfect Tense) This is formed in a similar way to English. But the Turkish Forms are suffixed as usual - Verb stem + present tense suffix + past tense suffix suffix (-di-) + personal ending.
Positive - gelmek
to come
Negative - gitmemek
to not go
geliyordum [gel-iyor-du-m]
I was coming
gitmiyordum [gitm-iyor-du-m]
I wasn't going
geliyordun
ou were coming
gitmiyordun
ou weren't going
(o) geliyordu
he/she/it was coming
(o) gitmiyordu
he/she/it wasn't going
geliyorduk
we were coming
gitmiyorduk
we weren't going
geliyordunuz geliyorlardı or - geliyordular
ou were coming they were coming
gitmiyordunuz gitmiyorlardı or - gitmiyordular
ou weren't going they weren't going 70
All the meanings above must be construed as witnessed (definite) - it is true.
Indefinite Past - (Inferential) - Tenses miş-, -mış -mış-, -, -müş -müş-, -, -muş -muş-- The Sign of the Indefinite (Inferential) Past is the addition of the suffix -miş-, according to Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules, to which the Past Tense Personal suffixes are added. coming Continuous Inferential: Geliyormuşum [Gel-iyor-muş [Gel-iyor-muş-um] -um] - It - It seems (they say) I am coming Future Inferential: Gelecekmişim [Gel-ecekm-iş [Gel-ecekm-iş-im] -im] - It - It seems I shall come Simple Inferential: Gelirmişim [Gel-ir-miş [Gel-ir-miş-im] -im] - It - It seems I come Necessitative Inferential: Inferential: Gelmeliymişim [Gel-meli-ymiş [Gel-meli-ymiş-im] -im] - They say I must have come The form "must have" has been used to give the sense of inference in these examples by showing that there is a doubt in what we are saying. There are many ways of modifying our speech in English to show these various nuances of doubt, uncertainty or hearsay. All these modifications and nuances are inherent in the t he miş- Tense itself - so the extra words of explanation are not required for clarification Turkish Inferential -miş purposes.
Indefinite Past Tense - Examples miş-, -mış -mış-, -, -müş -müş-, -, -muş -muş-- and the personal ending are added to the verb stem, in all The Tense Sign suffix -miş-, cases Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are applied. gelmek (Stem -e-)
to come
anlamak (Stem -a-)
to under under stand
gelmişim (gel-miş (gel-miş-im) -im)
I must have come
anlamışım (anla-mış (anla-mış--ım)
I must have understood understood
gelmişsin (gel-miş (gel-miş-sin) -sin)
ou must have come
anlamışsın (anla-mış (anla-mış--sın)
ou must have understood
(o) gelmiş(gel-miş) (gel-miş)
he/she/it must have come
(o) anlamış(anla-mış) (anla-mış)
he must have understood
gelmişiz (gel-miş (gel-miş-iz) -iz)
we must have come
anlamıanlamı-ız (anla-mış (anla-mış--ız)
we must have understood
gelmişsiniz (gel-miş (gel-miş-siniz)
ou must have come
gelmişler (gel-miş (gel-miş-ler) -ler)
they must have come
içmek (Stem -i-)
to dr i nk/ nk /smoke smoke
anlamışsınız (anla-mış (anla-mış-sınız)
ou must have understood
anlamışlar (anla-mış (anla-mış-lar) -lar)
they must have understood
çıkmak (Stem -ı -ı-)
to go out/e out/exi t
içmişim (iç-miş (iç-miş-im) -im) I must have drunk/smoked drunk/smoked
çıkmışım (çık -mışmış-ım) I must have gone out
içmişsin
çıkmışsın
(o) içmiş
ou must have drunk/smoked he must have drunk/smoked
(o) çıkmış
ou must have gone out he must have gone out
71
içmişiz
we must have drunk/smoked
içmişsiniz
ou must have drunk/smoked
içmişler
they must have drunk/smoked
çıkmışız çıkmışsınız çıkmışlar
we must have gone out ou must have gone out they must have gone out
görmek (Stem -ö)
to see
koşmak (Stem -o-)
to r un
görmüşüm (gör-müş (gör-müş-üm) -üm)
I must have seen
koşmuşum (koş(koş-muş-um) muş-um)
I must have run
görmüşsün
you must have seen
koşmuşsun
you must have run
(o) görmüş
he/she/it must have seen
(o) koşmuş
he must have run
görmüşüz
we must have seen
koşmuşuz
we must have run
koşmuşsunuz
you must have run
koşmuşlar
they must have run
görmüşsünüz görmüşler
ou must have seen they must have seen
gülmek (Stem -ü-)
to laugh laugh
bulmak (Stem -u-)
to find fi nd
gülmüşüm (gül-müş (gül-müş-üm) -üm) I must have laughed laughed
bulmuşum (bul-muş (bul-muş-um) -um) I must have found
gülmüşsün
bulmuşsun
ou must have laughed
(o) gülmüş
he/she/it must have laughed (o) bulmuş
gülmüşüz
we must have laughed
gülmüşsünüz
ou must have laughed
gülmüşler
they must have laughed
bulmuşuz bulmuşsunuz bulmuşlar
ou must have found he must have found we must have found ou must have found they must have found
Negative Forms of Past Tense dı-, -di--, -du-, -dü- is added to the negative verb For the Perfect Past Tense Definite (Seen) the suffix -dı-, mış-, -miş -miş-, -, -muş -muş--, müşmüş- is added to the form. For the Perfect Past Tense Indefinite (Heard) the suffix -mış-, negative verb form. In both tenses the person is then added to complete the personalized verb. under stand Verb stem ending in -aanlamamak [anlama-mak] - to not under
Past Definite - (Seen)
Past Inferential - (Heard)
have not understood understood anlamadım I didn't understand / I have
understood anlamamışım I must not have understood
anlamadın
ou didn't understand / you have not understood
anlamamışsın
ou must not have understood
(o)
he, she, it didn't understand /he has not
(o) anlamamış he must not have understood 72
anlamadı
understood we must not have understood
anlamadık we didn't understand / we have not understood anlamamışız anlamadınız
ou didn't understand / you have not understood
anlamamışsınız
ou must not have understood
anlamadılar
they don't understand / they have not understood
anlamamışlar
they must not have understood
Verb stem ending in -egitmemek [gitme-mek] - to not go Past Definite - (Seen)
Past Inferential - (Heard)
gitmedim
gitmemişim
gitmedin
I didn't go / I have not gone ou didn't go / you have not gone
gitmemişsin
I must not have gone gone ou must not have gone
(o) gitmedi
he, she, it didn't go / he has not gone
(o) gitmemiş
he must not have gone
gitmedik
we didn't go / we have not gone
gitmemişiz
we must not have gone
gitmediniz
ou didn't go / you have not gone
gitmediler
they don't go / they have not gone
gitmemişsiniz gitmemişler
ou must not have gone they must not have gone
An Example - A Joke in the Inferential Tense Here we have a joke told in the Inferential Tense. The joke is not a true event and the use of the inferential shows this. The joke may be considered a little sexist so please do not take offence, it is used merely to demonstrate the use of the inferential in Turkish. Sınıfta öğretmen sormuş - Dalda üç kus var, b irini vurdum kaç tane kalır? Çocuk cevaplamış - Hiç kalmaz öğretmenim. Olur mu oğlum? - demiş öğretmen - 2 tane kalır. Olmaz öğretmenim - demiş çocuk - siz birini vurunca diğerleri aptal değil ya sesten ürküp kaçarlar... Öğretmen sasırmış ve - Aferin oğlum! Ceva b Ceva bin in yanlış ama düşünce tarzını beğendim. beğendim. - demiş. Sonra çocuk - Öğretmenim, ben Öğretmenim, ben de size bir bir şey sormak istiyorum: isti yorum: Karsıdan üç tane bayan tane bayan geliyor, üçü üçü de dondurma yiyor, ama biri yalayarak, yalayarak, b iri ısırarak, diğeri de d e emerek yiyor dondurmayı. Sizce bunlardan Sizce bunlardan hangisi evlidir? Öğretmen kızmış ama, cevap veremedi dedirtmemek için belli etmemiş - Emerek yiyen evlidir - demiş. Çocuk - Olur mu öğretmenim ne alakası var, parmağında yüzük olan evlidir - demiş, - Ama düşünce tarzınızı b tarzınızı beğendim. eğendim. If you do want to see the English translation then hover your mouse here. Sınıfta öğretmen sormuş - Dalda üç kus var, birini vurdum kaç tane kalır? Çocuk cevaplamış - Hiç kalmaz öğr etmenim. etmenim.
In class a teacher asked - "There were three birds on a branch, I hit one - how many are left?" A child answered - "None at all remained, sir" 73
Olur mu oğlum? - demiş öğretmen - 2 tane kalır. Olmaz öğretmenim - demiş çocuk - siz birini vurunca diğerleri aptal değil ya sesten ürküp kaçarlar... Öğretmen sasırmış ve - Aferin oğlum! Cevabin yanlış ama düşünce tarzını beğendim. - demiş. Sonra çocuk - Öğretmenim, ben de size bir şey sormak istiyorum: Karsıdan üç tane bayan geliyor, üçü de dondurma yiyor, ama biri yalayarak, yalayarak, biri ısırarak, diğeri de emerek yiyor dondurmayı. Sizce bunlardan hangisi evlidir? Öğretmen kızmış ama, cevap veremedi dedirtmemek için belli etmemiş - Emerek yiyen evlidir - demiş. Çocuk - Olur mu öğretmenim ne alakası var, parmağında yüzük yüzük olan evlidir - demiş, - Ama düşünce tarzınızı beğendim.
"Really, my lad?" - said the teacher - "Two of them remain." "No way, sir" - said the child - "When you hit one of them, the others not being fools, were startled by the sound and flew off.." The teacher was surprised and - "Well done, my lad!" Your answer is wrong but I like your style." he said Then the child said - "Sir, I want to ask you something: There are three ladies coming opposite and they are eating ice cream, but one is licking, one eating and on sucking the ice cream. Which one do you think is married?" The teacher got angry but not to show that he could not answer - "The one sucking is married" - he said. The child - "Really sir? What a thing to say, the one with the ring on her finger is married" - he said "But I like your style."
Notes: Quotation marks (" ") are not use in the speech above. It is normal when writing Turkish to use the dash (-) instead. We will not translate this joke as it could be considered a little risqué. This is because in the last line the t he word - alaka - relevance also relevance also has a secondary meaning - "having a romantic interest in.." Some of the other Past Tenses in general use. Indefinite Past Continuous Tense (the Imperfect Inferential Tense) This tense has no direct English equivalent. But the Turkish Forms are suffixed as usual - Verb stem + miş- + personal ending. present tense suffix + inferential tense suffix -miş-
Positive - bilmek
to know
read d Negative - okumamak to not rea
biliyormuşum okumuyormuşum (it seems that) I was knowing [bil-iyor-muş [bil-iyor-muş-um] -um] [okum-uyor-muşum] [okum-uyor-muşum] biliyormuşsun
ou were knowing
okumuyormuşsun
(it seems that) I wasn't reading ou weren't reading
(o) biliyormuş
he/she/it was knowing
(o) okumuyormuş
he/she/it wasn't reading
biliyormuşuz
we were knowing
okumuyormuşuz
we weren't reading
biliyormuşsunuz
ou were knowing
biliyorlarmış they were knowing or - geliyormuşlar
okumuyormuşsunuz
ou weren't reading
okumuyorlarmış they weren't reading or - okumuyormuşlar
74
All the meanings above must be construed as "hearsay" (indefinite) - It may or may not be true. Examples of Indefinite Past/Present Continuous Tense - Negative (Hearsay) anlamamak - to not understand anlamıyormuşum - it seem that I was not understanding anlamıyormuşsun - it seem that you were not understanding anlamıyormuş - it seem that he was not understanding anlamıyormuşuz - it seem that we were not understanding anlamıyormuşsunuz - it seem that you were not understanding anlamıyorlarmış - it seem that they t hey were not understanding Thanks to Stan Sutherland for corrections to the above - JG, 5 December 2009
gitmemek - not to go gitmiyormuşum - I do not think that I was going going gitmiyormuşsun - I - I do not think that you you were going gitmiyormuş - I - I am pretty sure that he is not not going gitmiyormuşuz gitmiyormuşuz - I - I think that we are not going going gitmiyormuşsunuz - I - I believe that that you are not going gitmiyorlarmış - apparently they are not going Turkish Past Continuous Tense and Imperfect Tense ben -yordum sen -yordun o
-yordu
biz
-yorduk
siz
-yordunuz
onlar -yorlardı -yorlardı Turkish has separate tenses for past continuous and imperfect. To form the past continuous tense for Turkish verbs, after removing the infinitive suffix (-mek or -mak), take the present continuous tense suffix "-yor" without personal suffixes, and add the ending for the simple past plus the appropriate personal suffix:
Positive Examples: I was going, you were crying, he was waiting, we were arranging, you were saying, they were selling
gelmek
gitmek
ağlamak
beklemek
toplamak
söylemek söylemek
satmak
ben geliyordum gidiyordum ağlıyordum bekliyordum topluyordum söylüyordum satıyordum sen geliyordun gidiyordun
ağlıyordun bekliyordun
topluyordun
söylüyordun
satıyordun
75
o
geliyordu
gidiyordu
ağlıyordu
bekliyordu
topluyordu
söylüyordu
satıyordu
biz
geliyorduk
gidiyorduk
ağlıyorduk bekliyorduk
topluyorduk
söylüyorduk
satıyorduk
siz
geliyordunuz gidiyordunuz ağlıyordunuz bekliyordunuz ağlıyordunuz bekliyordunuz topluyordunuz topluyordunuz söylüyordunuz söylüyordunuz satıyordunuz
onlar geliyorlardı gidiyorlardı ağlıyorlardı bekliyorlardı topluyorlardı söylüyorlardı satıyorlardı
Negative Examples: To form the negative of the past continuous tense, the negation suffix "-ma/-me", which becomes "-mi", "mı", "-mu", "-mu", or "-mü" because of the closed auxiliary vowel and the vowel harmony, must be added before "yor". I was not going, you were not crying, he was not waiting, we were not arranging, you were not saying, they were not selling
gelmemek ben
gitmemek
ağlamamak
beklememek toplamamak söylememek
satmamak
gelmiyordu gitmiyordu ağlamıyordu beklemiyordu toplamıyordu söylemiyordu satmıyordu m m m m m m m
sen gelmiyordun gitmiyordun ağlamıyordun beklemiyordun toplamıyordun söylemiyordun satmıyordun o
gelmiyordu gitmiyordu ağlamıyordu beklemiyordu toplamıyordu söylemiyordu satmıyordu
biz gelmiyorduk gitmiyorduk ağlamıyorduk beklemiyorduk toplamıyorduk söylemiyorduk satmıyorduk siz
gelmiyordun gitmiyordun ağlamıyordun beklemiyordun toplamıyordun söylemiyordun satmıyordun uz uz uz uz uz uz uz
onla gelmiyorlard gitmiyorlard ağlamıyorlard beklemiyorlard toplamıyorlard söylemiyorlard satmıyorlard r ı ı ı ı ı ı ı
Interrogative Form ben muydum? sen muydun? o
muydu?
biz
muyduk?
siz
muydunuz?
onlar -lar -lar mıydı To form the interrogative of the past continuous tense, after adding "-yor", add the question "suffix" "-mu", which is written as if it was a separate word even though it's not counted as one. "-du" and the personal suffixes are added to the question "suffix", not to "-yor": 76
Positive Interrogative Examples: Was I going?, Wre you crying?, Was he waiting?, Were we arranging?, Were you saying?, Wre they selling?
gelmek
gitmek
ağlamak
beklemek
toplamak
söylemek
satmak
ben
geliyor muydum?
gidiyor muydum?
ağlıyor muydum?
bekliyor muydum?
topluyor muydum?
söylüyor muydum?
satıyor muydum?
sen
geliyor muydun?
gidiyor muydun?
ağlıyor muydun?
bekliyor muydun?
topluyor muydun?
söylüyor muydun?
satıyor muydun?
o
geliyor muydu?
gidiyor muydu?
ağlıyor muydu?
bekliyor muydu?
topluyor muydu?
söylüyor muydu?
satıyor muydu?
biz
geliyor muyduk?
gidiyor muyduk?
ağlıyor muyduk?
bekliyor muyduk?
topluyor muyduk?
söylüyor muyduk?
satıyor muyduk?
siz
geliyor muydunuz?
gidiyor muydunuz?
ağlıyor bekliyor muydunuz? muydunuz?
topluyor muydunuz?
söylüyor muydunuz?
satıyor muydunuz?
onlar
geliyorlar mıydı?
gidiyorlar mıydı?
ağlıyorlar mıydı?
topluyorlar mıydı?
söylüyorlar mıydı?
satıyorlar mıydı?
söylemiyor muydum?
satmıyor muydum?
bekliyorlar mıydı?
Negative Interreogative Example: Wasn't I coming?, Weren't you going?, Wasn't she crying? etc. ben
gelmiyor muydum?
gitmiyor muydum?
ağlamıyor muydum?
beklemiyor muydum?
toplamıyor muydum?
Some Examples of the Definite -di and Indefinite -miş - miş Past Tenses Turkish Verb
English Verb
Positive Definite
Positive Indefinite
Negative Definite
Negative Indefinite
almak
to take
aldı
almış
almadı
almamış
aramak
to look for
aradı
aramış
aramadı
aramamış
bitmek
to end
bitti
bitmiş bitmiş
bitmedi
bitmemiş
içmek
to drink/smoke drink/smoke
içti
içmiş içmiş
içmedi
içmemiş
başlamak
to start
başladı
başlamış
başlamadı
başlamamış
çalışmak
to work
çalıştı
çalışmış
çalışmadı
çalışmamış
gelmek
to come come
geldi
gelmiş gelmiş
gelmedi
gelmemiş
77
görmek
to see see
gördü
görmüş görmüş
görmedi
görmemiş
gülmek
to laugh laugh
güldü
gülmüş gülmüş
gülmedi
gülmemiş
kızmak
to get angry
kızdı
kızmış
kızmadı
kızmamış
okumak
to read
okudu
okumuş
okumadı
okumamış
vermek
to give give
verdi
vermiş vermiş
vermedi
vermemiş
yapmak
to do/make
yaptı
yapmış
yapmadı
yapmamış
Examples of Questions in the Definite Past Tenses Note that the mi? question particle follows the full verb in the Past Tense. Okula gittin mi? - Did - Did you go to school? school? - [Eng: Have you been to school?] Okula gitmeli miydin? [git-meli-m-y-din, the Necessitative] - Did - Did you have go to school? school? - [Eng: Did you have to go to school?] Ayşe ders çalıştı mı? - Has - Has Ayshe done her lesson? Mehmet televizyon seyrediyor muydu? - Was Mehmet watching television? Mehmet televizyonu seyrediyor muydu? - Was Mehmet watching THE television? Kemal gazete okudu mu? - Did - Did Kemal read a newspaper? newspaper? - [unspecified object] E newspaper? Kemal gazeteyi okudu mu? - Did - Did Kemal read TH E newspaper? - [specified object] S newspaper? Kemal bu gazeteyi okudu mu? - Did - Did Kemal read T H I S newspaper? - [demonstrated [ demonstrated specific specific object] Serhan içki içti mi? - Did - Did Serhan drink alcohol? alcohol? - [içki = alcoholic = alcoholic drink ] Serhan içki içiyor muydu? - Was Serhan drinking alcohol? Faruk Ankara'ya gitti mi? - Has - Has Faruk gone Ankara? Faruk Ankara'ya gidebildi mi? - Was Faruk able to go Ankara? Thanks to Nurcan Akaltun Çiftçi for corrections to the section above - JG - May 2008 and June 2009
The Past Perfect Tense - "I had written, etc" This tense signifies the Past in The Past. In English we say "I had done it". As it". As an example of the Past perfect Definite Tense, Tense, or "I thought I had done it " it " as an example of the Past perfect Indefinite Tense. The Past Perfect Definite is formed by adding the Definite past tense suffix to the Past Tense -miş form of the verb. Note that there is no hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made definite and specific by the addition of the Past definite suffix in -di
Definite Past Perfect
gelmiştim [gelmiş-tim] [gelmiş-tim] - I - I had come
unutmuştun [unutmuş-tun] [unutmuş-tun] - you - you had forgotten
yürümüştü [yürümüş-tü] [yürümüş-tü] - he had walked
bilmiştik [bilmiş [bilmiş-tik] -tik] - we had known
çıkmıştınız [çıkmış[çıkmış-tınız] - you had gone gone out 78
anlamıştılar [anlamış[anlamış-tılar] - they had understood
- Th The Pa Past Ten Tensses Was it seen? or Was it heard? The Definite Past Tenses There are two Past Tenses in Turkish. The Definite Past Tenses ("Seen Tenses") are used when you have personal knowledge knowledge and witness of the action. These These Definite Past tenses tenses are like the English: Past Perfect Tense - I - I have made it Past Simple Tense - I - I made it Past Imperfect Tense (Past Continuous) - I was making it Past Pluperfect Tense - I - I had made it. The Indefinite Past Tenses The Indefinite Past Tenses ("Heard Tenses") are used, by inference, to transfer information that you have not actually seen and witnessed yourself. There is no Inferential Tense as such in English, actually not many languages have one, consequently consequently the idea of inference is communicated by other ways. English speakers do this automatically and just a few of the ways are as follow: I think that I went out - [doubt] Presumably you have left - [possibility] He has left as far as I know know - [reportative] I think that we left at - [uncertainty] They say that you went out - [hearsay] Its pretty sure that they have have left - [probability] All the examples above show that this tense is used whenever the speaker has not been an eyewitness to the t he past events. The Inferential Tense Tense used for reporting unwitnessed events, events, or implying possibility, possibility, doubt or uncertainty. It is often used in telling jokes as the content of the joke is just a story. The Inferential Tense is discussed in depth here: About the Inferential
Formation - Definite Past Tenses -dı-/-/-tı tı-, -, -dü-/-tü-, -du-/-tu- - according to The Sign of the Definite Past is the t he addition of the suffix -di-/-ti-, -dı Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules, to which the Personal suffixes are added. Continuous Past: Geliyordum [Gel-iyor-dum] - I - I was coming Simple Past: Gelirdim [Gel-ir-dim] - I - I used to come Future Past (Future in the Past): Gelecektim [Gel-ecek-tim] - I - I was going to come Pluperfect (Past in the Past): Gelmiştim [Gel-miş [Gel-miş-tim] -tim] - I - I had come - Note that the -miş suffix here does not convey any inferential meaning in the Pluperfect Tense. Necessitative Past Past (Obligation in the Past): Past): Gelmeliydim - I - I had to come Conditional Past: Gelseydim [Gel-se-ydim] - If - If only I had come Definite Past Tense - Examples This Tense Sign is -di- or -ti- [when added to verb root ending in p, ç, k, t, ş dı-, -di-, -du-, -dü- or -tı-, tı-, -ti-, -tu-, -tü- - and the personal ending are added to the verb The suffixes - -dı-, stem, in all cases Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are applied 79
gelmek (Stem -e-)
to come
anlamak (Stem -a-)
to under under stand
geldim (gel-di-m)
I came
anladım (anla-dı (anla-dı-m) -m)
I understood
geldin (gel-di-n)
you came
anladın (anla-dı (anla-dı-n) -n)
(o) geldi (gel-di)
he/she/it came
(o) anladı (anla-dı) (anla-dı)
he understood
geldik (gel-di-k) (gel-di-k)
we came
anladık (anla-dı (anla-dı-k) -k)
we understood
geldiniz (gel-di-niz)
you came
anladınız (anla-dı (anla-dı--nız)
ou understood
geldiler (gel-di-ler)
they came
anladılar (anla-dı (anla-dı-lar) -lar)
they understood
ou understood
içmek (Stem -i-)
to dr i nk/ nk /smoke smoke
çıkmak (Stem -ı-)
to g o out/ out/e exi t
içtim (iç-ti-m)
I drank/smoked
çıktım (çık -tı-m) tı-m)
I went out
içtin
ou drank/smoked
çıktın
ou went out
(o) içti
he drank/smoked
(o) çıktı
he went out
içtik
we drank/smoked
çıktık
we went out
içtiniz
ou drank/smoked
çıktınız
ou went out
içtiler
they drank/smoked
çıktılar
they went out
görmek (Stem -ö-)
to see
koşmak (Stem -o-)
to r un
gördüm (gör-dü-m)
I saw
koştum (koş-tu-m) (koş-tu-m)
I ran
gördün
ou saw
koştun
ou ran
(o) gördü
he/she/it saw
(o) koştu
he ran
gördük
we saw
koştuk
we ran
gördünüz
ou saw
koştunuz
ou ran
gördüler
they saw
koştular
they ran
gülmek (Stem -ü-)
to laugh laug h
bulmak (Stem -u-)
to find fi nd
güldüm (gül-dü-m)
I laughed
buldum (bul-du-m)
I found
güldün (o) güldü
ou laughed he/she/it laughed
buldun (o) buldu
ou found he found
80
güldük
we laughed
bulduk
we found
güldünüz
ou laughed
buldunuz
ou found
güldüler
they laughed
buldular
they found
Indefinite Past - (Inferential) - Tenses miş-, -mış -mış-, -, -müş -müş-, -, -muş -muş-- The Sign of the Indefinite (Inferential) Past is the addition of the suffix -miş-, according to Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules, to which the Past Tense Personal suffixes are added. Continuous Inferential: Geliyormuşum [Gel-iyor-muş [Gel-iyor-muş-um] -um] - It - It seems (they say) I am coming coming Future Inferential: Gelecekmişim [Gel-ecekm-iş [Gel-ecekm-iş-im] -im] - It - It seems I shall come Simple Inferential: Gelirmişim [Gel-ir-miş [Gel-ir-miş-im] -im] - It - It seems I come Necessitative Inferential: Inferential: Gelmeliymişim [Gel-meli-ymiş [Gel-meli-ymiş-im] -im] - They say I must have come The form "must have" has been used to give the sense of inference in these examples by showing that there is a doubt in what we are saying. There are many ways of modifying our speech in English to show these various nuances of doubt, uncertainty or hearsay. All these modifications and nuances are inherent in the miş- Tense itself - so the extra words of explanation are not required for clarification Turkish Inferential -miş purposes.
Indefinite Past Tense - Examples miş-, -mış -mış-, -, -müş -müş-, -, -muş -muş-- and the personal ending are added to the verb stem, in all The Tense Sign suffix -miş-, cases Vowel harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are applied. gelmek (Stem -e-)
to come
anlamak (Stem -a-)
to under under stand
gelmişim (gel-miş (gel-miş-im) -im)
I must have come
anlamışım (anla-mış (anla-mış--ım)
I must have understood understood
gelmişsin (gel-miş (gel-miş-sin) -sin)
ou must have come
anlamışsın (anla-mış (anla-mış--sın)
ou must have understood
(o) gelmiş(gel-miş) (gel-miş)
he/she/it must have come
(o) anlamış(anla-mış) (anla-mış)
he must have understood
gelmişiz (gel-miş (gel-miş-iz) -iz)
we must have come
anlamıanlamı-ız (anla-mış (anla-mış--ız)
we must have understood
gelmişsiniz (gel-miş (gel-miş-siniz)
ou must have come
gelmişler (gel-miş (gel-miş-ler) -ler)
they must have come
içmek (Stem -i-)
to dr i nk/ nk /smoke smoke
anlamışsınız (anla-mış (anla-mış-sınız)
ou must have understood
anlamışlar (anla-mış (anla-mış-lar) -lar)
they must have understood
çıkmak (Stem -ı-)
to go out/e out/exi t
içmişim (iç-miş drunk/smoked (iç-miş-im) -im) I must have drunk/smoked
çıkmışım (çık -mışmış-ım) I must have gone out
içmişsin
çıkmışsın
ou must have drunk/smoked
ou must have gone out 81
(o) içmiş
he must have drunk/smoked
(o) çıkmış
he must have gone out
içmişiz
we must have drunk/smoked
çıkmışız
we must have gone out
içmişsiniz
ou must have drunk/smoked
içmişler
they must have drunk/smoked
çıkmışsınız çıkmışlar
ou must have gone out they must have gone out
görmek (Stem -ö)
to see
koşmak (Stem -o-)
to r un
görmüşüm (gör-müş (gör-müş-üm) -üm)
I must have seen
koşmuşum (koş(koş-muş-um) muş-um)
I must have run
görmüşsün
you must have seen
koşmuşsun
you must have run
(o) görmüş
he/she/it must have seen
(o) koşmuş
he must have run
görmüşüz
we must have seen
koşmuşuz
we must have run
koşmuşsunuz
you must have run
koşmuşlar
they must have run
görmüşsünüz görmüşler
ou must have seen they must have seen
gülmek (Stem -ü-)
to laugh laugh
bulmak (Stem -u-)
to fi nd
gülmüşüm (gül-müş (gül-müş-üm) -üm) I must have laughed laughed
bulmuşum (bul-muş (bul-muş-um) -um) I must have found
gülmüşsün
bulmuşsun
ou must have laughed
(o) gülmüş
he/she/it must have laughed (o) bulmuş
gülmüşüz
we must have laughed
gülmüşsünüz
ou must have laughed
gülmüşler
they must have laughed
bulmuşuz bulmuşsunuz bulmuşlar
ou must have found he must have found we must have found ou must have found they must have found
Negative Forms of Past Tense dı-, -di--, -du-, -dü- is added to the negative verb For the Perfect Past Tense Definite (Seen) the suffix -dı-, mış-, -miş -miş-, -, -muş -muş--, müşmüş- is added to the form. For the Perfect Past Tense Indefinite (Heard) the suffix -mış-, negative verb form. In both tenses the person is then added to complete the personalized verb. under stand stand Verb stem ending in -aanlamamak [anlama-mak] - to not under
Past Definite - (Seen)
Past Inferential - (Heard)
have not understood understood anlamadım I didn't understand / I have
understood anlamamışım I must not have understood
anlamadın
ou didn't understand / you have not understood
anlamamışsın
ou must not have understood 82
(o) anlamadı
he, she, it didn't understand /he has not understood
(o) anlamamış he must not have understood we must not have understood
anlamadık we didn't understand / we have not understood anlamamışız anlamadınız
ou didn't understand / you have not understood
anlamamışsınız
ou must not have understood
anlamadılar
they don't understand / they have not understood
anlamamışlar
they must not have understood
Verb stem ending in -egitmemek [gitme-mek] - to not go Past Definite - (Seen)
Past Inferential - (Heard)
gitmedim
gitmemişim
gitmedin
I didn't go / I have not gone ou didn't go / you have not gone
gitmemişsin
I must not have gone gone ou must not have gone
(o) gitmedi
he, she, it didn't go / he has not gone
(o) gitmemiş
he must not have gone
gitmedik
we didn't go / we have not gone
gitmemişiz
we must not have gone
gitmediniz
ou didn't go / you have not gone
gitmediler
they don't go / they have not gone
gitmemişsiniz gitmemişler
ou must not have gone they must not have gone
An Example - A Joke in the Inferential Tense Here we have a joke told in the Inferential Tense. The joke is not a true event and the use of the inferential shows this. The joke may be considered a little sexist so please do not take offence, it is used merely to demonstrate the use of the inferential i nferential in Turkish. Sınıfta öğretmen sormuş - Dalda üç kus var, b irini vurdum kaç tane kalır? Çocuk cevaplamış - Hiç kalmaz öğretmenim. Olur mu oğlum? oğlum? - demiş öğretmen - 2 tane kalır. Olmaz öğretmenim - demiş çocuk - siz birini b irini vurunca diğerleri aptal değil ya sesten ürküp kaçarlar... Öğretmen sasırmış ve - Aferin oğlum! Ceva b Ceva bin in yanlış ama düşünce tarzını beğendim. beğendim. - demiş. Sonra çocuk - Öğretmenim, ben Öğretmenim, ben de size bir bir şey sormak istiyorum: isti yorum: Karsıdan üç tane bayan tane bayan geliyor, üçü üçü de dondurma yiyor, ama biri yalayarak, yalayarak, b iri ısırarak, diğeri de d e emerek yiyor dondurmayı. Sizce bunlardan Sizce bunlardan hangisi evlidir? Öğretmen kızmış ama, cevap veremedi dedirtmemek için belli etmemiş - Emerek yiyen evlidir - demiş. Çocuk - Olur mu öğretmenim ne alakası var, parmağında yüzük olan evlidir - demiş, - Ama düşünce tarzınızı b tarzınızı beğendim. eğendim. If you do want to see the English translation then hover your mouse here. Sınıfta öğretmen sormuş - Dalda üç kus var, birini vurdum kaç tane kalır?
In class a teacher asked - "There were three birds on a branch, I hit one - how many are left?" 83
Çocuk cevaplamış - Hiç kalmaz öğretmenim. Olur mu oğlum? - demiş öğretmen - 2 tane kalır. Olmaz öğretmenim - demiş çocuk - siz birini vurunca diğerleri aptal değil ya sesten ürküp kaçarlar... ka çarlar... Öğretmen sasırmış ve - Aferin oğlum! Cevabin yanlış ama düşünce tarzını beğendim. - demiş. Sonra çocuk - Öğretmenim, ben de size bir şey sormak istiyorum: Karsıdan üç tane bayan geliyor, üçü de dondurma yiyor, ama biri yalayarak, yalayarak, biri ısırarak, diğeri de emerek yiyor dondurmayı. Sizce bunlardan hangisi evlidir? Öğretmen kızmış ama, cevap veremedi dedirtmemek için belli etmemiş - Emerek yiyen evlidir - demiş. Çocuk - Olur mu öğretmenim ne alakası var, parmağında yüzük yüzük olan evlidir - demiş, - Ama düşünce tarzınızı beğendim.
A child answered - "None at all remained, sir" "Really, my lad?" - said the teacher - "Two of them remain." "No way, sir" - said the child - "When you hit one of them, the others not being fools, were startled by the sound and flew off.." The teacher was surprised and - "Well done, my lad!" Your answer is wrong but I like your style." he said Then the child said - "Sir, I want to ask you something: There are three ladies coming opposite and they are eating ice cream, but one is licking, one eating and on sucking the ice cream. Which one do you think is married?" The teacher got angry but not to show that he could not answer - "The one sucking is married" - he said. The child - "Really sir? What a thing to say, the one with the ring on her finger is i s married" - he said "But I like your style."
Notes: Quotation marks (" ") are not use in the speech above. It is normal when writing Turkish to use the dash (-) instead. We will not translate this joke as it could be considered a little risqué. This is because in the last line the t he word - alaka - relevance also relevance also has a secondary meaning - "having a romantic interest in.." Some of the other Past Tenses in general use. Definite Past Continuous Tense (the Imperfect Tense) This is formed in a similar way to English. But the Turkish Forms are suffixed as usual - Verb stem + present tense suffix + past tense suffix suffix (-di-) + personal ending.
Positive - gelmek
to come
Negative - gitmemek
to not go
geliyordum [gel-iyor-du-m]
I was coming
gitmiyordum [gitm-iyor-du-m]
I wasn't going
geliyordun
ou were coming
gitmiyordun
ou weren't going
(o) geliyordu
he/she/it was coming
(o) gitmiyordu
he/she/it wasn't going
geliyorduk
we were coming
gitmiyorduk
we weren't going
geliyordunuz geliyorlardı or - geliyordular
ou were coming they were coming
gitmiyordunuz gitmiyorlardı or - gitmiyordular
ou weren't going they weren't going
84
All the meanings above must be construed as witnessed (definite) - it is true. Indefinite Past Continuous Tense (the Imperfect Inferential Tense) This tense has no direct English equivalent. But the Turkish Forms are suffixed as usual - Verb stem + miş- + personal ending. present tense suffix + inferential tense suffix -miş-
Positive - bilmek
to come
read d Negative - okumamak to not rea
biliyormuşum okumuyormuşum (it seems that) I was knowing [bil-iyor-muş [bil-iyor-muş-um] -um] [okum-uyor-muşum] [okum-uyor-muşum] biliyormuşsun
ou were knowing
okumuyormuşsun
(it seems that) I wasn't reading ou weren't reading
(o) biliyormuş
he/she/it was knowing
(o) okumuyormuş
he/she/it wasn't reading
biliyormuşuz
we were knowing
okumuyormuşuz
we weren't reading
biliyormuşsunuz
ou were knowing
biliyorlarmış they were knowing or - geliyormuşlar
okumuyormuşsunuz
ou weren't reading
okumuyorlarmış they weren't reading or - okumuyormuşlar
All the meanings above must be construed as "hearsay" (indefinite) - It may or may not be true. Examples of Indefinite Past/Present Continuous Tense - Negative (Hearsay) anlamamak - to not understand anlamıyormuşum - it seem that I was not understanding anlamıyormuşsun - it seem that you were not understanding anlamıyormuş - it seem that he was not understanding anlamıyormuşuz - it seem that we were not understanding anlamıyormuşsunuz - it seem that you were not understanding anlamıyorlarmış - it seem that they t hey were not understanding Thanks to Stan Sutherland for corrections to the above - JG, 5 December 2009
gitmemek - not to go gitmiyormuşum - I do not think that I was going going gitmiyormuşsun - I - I do not think that you you were going gitmiyormuş - I - I am pretty sure that he is not not going gitmiyormuşuz - I - I think that we are not going going gitmiyormuşsunuz - I - I believe that that you are not going gitmiyorlarmış - apparently they are not going Turkish Past Continuous Tense and Imperfect Tense ben -yordum sen -yordun 85
o
-yordu
biz
-yorduk
siz
-yordunuz
onlar -yorlardı -yorlardı Turkish has separate tenses for past continuous and imperfect. To form the past continuous tense for Turkish verbs, after removing the infinitive suffix (-mek or -mak), take the present continuous tense suffix "-yor" without personal suffixes, and add the ending for the simple past plus the appropriate personal suffix:
Positive Examples: I was going, you were crying, he was waiting, we were arranging, you were saying, they were selling
gelmek
gitmek
ağlamak
beklemek
toplamak
söylemek söylemek
satmak
ben geliyordum gidiyordum ağlıyordum bekliyordum topluyordum söylüyordum satıyordum sen geliyordun gidiyordun
ağlıyordun bekliyordun
topluyordun
söylüyordun
satıyordun
o
geliyordu
gidiyordu
ağlıyordu
topluyordu
söylüyordu
satıyordu
biz
geliyorduk
gidiyorduk
ağlıyorduk bekliyorduk
topluyorduk
söylüyorduk
satıyorduk
siz
geliyordunuz gidiyordunuz ağlıyordunuz bekliyordunuz ağlıyordunuz bekliyordunuz topluyordunuz topluyordunuz söylüyordunuz söylüyordunuz satıyordunuz
bekliyordu
onlar geliyorlardı gidiyorlardı ağlıyorlardı bekliyorlardı topluyorlardı söylüyorlardı satıyorlardı
Negative Examples: To form the negative of the past continuous tense, the negation suffix "-ma/-me", which becomes "-mi", "mı", "-mu", "-mu", or "-mü" because of the closed auxiliary vowel and the vowel harmony, must be added before "yor". I was not going, you were not crying, he was not waiting, we were not arranging, arr anging, you were not saying, they were not selling
gelmemek ben
gitmemek
ağlamamak
beklememek toplamamak söylememek
satmamak
gelmiyordu gitmiyordu ağlamıyordu beklemiyordu toplamıyordu söylemiyordu satmıyordu m m m m m m m
sen gelmiyordun gitmiyordun ağlamıyordun beklemiyordun toplamıyordun söylemiyordun satmıyordun o
gelmiyordu gitmiyordu ağlamıyordu beklemiyordu toplamıyordu söylemiyordu satmıyordu
biz gelmiyorduk gitmiyorduk ağlamıyorduk beklemiyorduk toplamıyorduk söylemiyorduk satmıyorduk
86
siz
gelmiyordun gitmiyordun ağlamıyordun beklemiyordun toplamıyordun söylemiyordun satmıyordun uz uz uz uz uz uz uz
onla gelmiyorlard gitmiyorlard ağlamıyorlard beklemiyorlard toplamıyorlard söylemiyorlard satmıyorlard r ı ı ı ı ı ı ı
Interrogative Form ben muydum? sen muydun? o
muydu?
biz
muyduk?
siz
muydunuz?
onlar -lar -lar mıydı To form the interrogative of the past continuous tense, after adding "-yor", add the question "suffix" "-mu", which is written as if it was a separate word even though it's not counted as one. "-du" and the personal suffixes are added to the question "suffix", not to "-yor":
Positive Interrogative Examples: Was I going?, Wre you crying?, Was he waiting?, Were we arranging?, Were you saying?, Wre they selling?
gelmek
gitmek
ağlamak
beklemek
toplamak
söylemek
satmak
ben
geliyor muydum?
gidiyor muydum?
ağlıyor muydum?
bekliyor muydum?
topluyor muydum?
söylüyor muydum?
satıyor muydum?
sen
geliyor muydun?
gidiyor muydun?
ağlıyor muydun?
bekliyor muydun?
topluyor muydun?
söylüyor muydun?
satıyor muydun?
o
geliyor muydu?
gidiyor muydu?
ağlıyor muydu?
bekliyor muydu?
topluyor muydu?
söylüyor muydu?
satıyor muydu?
biz
geliyor muyduk?
gidiyor muyduk?
ağlıyor muyduk?
bekliyor muyduk?
topluyor muyduk?
söylüyor muyduk?
satıyor muyduk?
siz
geliyor muydunuz?
gidiyor muydunuz?
ağlıyor bekliyor muydunuz? muydunuz?
topluyor muydunuz?
söylüyor muydunuz?
satıyor muydunuz?
onlar
geliyorlar mıydı?
gidiyorlar mıydı?
ağlıyorlar mıydı?
topluyorlar mıydı?
söylüyorlar mıydı?
satıyorlar mıydı?
bekliyorlar mıydı?
Negative Interreogative Example: Wasn't I coming?, Weren't you going?, Wasn't she crying? etc. 87
ben
gelmiyor muydum?
gitmiyor muydum?
ağlamıyor muydum?
beklemiyor muydum?
toplamıyor muydum?
söylemiyor muydum?
satmıyor muydum?
Some Examples of the Definite -di and Indefinite -miş - miş Past Tenses Turkish Verb
English Verb
Positive Definite
Positive Indefinite
Negative Definite
Negative Indefinite
almak
to take
aldı
almış
almadı
almamış
aramak
to look for
aradı
aramış
aramadı
aramamış
bitmek
to end
bitti
bitmiş bitmiş
bitmedi
bitmemiş
içmek
to drink/smoke drink/smoke
içti
içmiş içmiş
içmedi
içmemiş
başlamak
to start
başladı
başlamış
başlamadı
başlamamış
çalışmak
to work
çalıştı
çalışmış
çalışmadı
çalışmamış
gelmek
to come come
geldi
gelmiş gelmiş
gelmedi
gelmemiş
görmek
to see see
gördü
görmüş görmüş
görmedi
görmemiş
gülmek
to laugh laugh
güldü
gülmüş gülmüş
gülmedi
gülmemiş
kızmak
to get angry
kızdı
kızmış
kızmadı
kızmamış
okumak
to read
okudu
okumuş
okumadı
okumamış
vermek
to give give
verdi
vermiş vermiş
vermedi
vermemiş
yapmak
to do/make
yaptı
yapmış
yapmadı
yapmamış
Examples of Questions in the Definite Past Tenses Note that the mi? question particle follows the full verb in the Past Tense. Okula gittin mi? - Did - Did you go to school? school? - [Eng: Have you been to school?] Okula gitmeli miydin? [git-meli-m-y-din, the Necessitative] - Did - Did you have go to school? school? - [Eng: Did you have to go to school?] Ayşe ders çalıştı mı? - Has - Has Ayshe done her lesson? Mehmet televizyon seyrediyor muydu? - Was Mehmet watching television? Mehmet televizyonu seyrediyor muydu? - Was Mehmet watching THE television? Kemal gazete okudu mu? - Did - Did Kemal read a newspaper? newspaper? - [unspecified object] E newspaper? Kemal gazeteyi okudu mu? - Did - Did Kemal read TH E newspaper? - [specified object] S newspaper? Kemal bu gazeteyi okudu mu? - Did - Did Kemal read T H I S newspaper? - [demonstrated [ demonstrated specific specific object] Serhan içki içti mi? - Did - Did Serhan drink alcohol? alcohol? - [içki = alcoholic = alcoholic drink ] Serhan içki içiyor muydu? - Was Serhan drinking alcohol? Faruk Ankara'ya gitti mi? - Has - Has Faruk gone Ankara? Faruk Ankara'ya gidebildi mi? - Was Faruk able to go Ankara? 88
The Past Perfect Tense - "I had written, etc" This tense signifies the Past in The Past. In English we say "I had done it". As it". As an example of the Past it " as an example of the Past perfect Indefinite Tense. perfect Definite Tense, Tense, or "I thought I had done it " The Past Perfect Definite is formed by adding the Definite past tense suffix to the Past Tense -miş form of the verb. Note that there is no hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made definite and specific by the addition of the Past definite suffix in -di
Examples of the Past Perfect Tense
Definite Past Perfect
gelmiştim [gelmiş-tim] [gelmiş-tim] - I - I had come
unutmuştun [unutmuş-tun] [unutmuş-tun] - you - you had forgotten
yürümüştü [yürümüş-tü] [yürümüş-tü] - he had walked
bilmiştik [bilmiş [bilmiş-tik] -tik] - we had known
çıkmıştınız [çıkmışgone out [çıkmış-tınız] - you had gone
anlamıştılar [anlamış[anlamış-tılar] - they had understood
The Inferential Past Tense Inferential: [adjective] - of reasoning; proceeding from general premises to a necessary and specific conclusion Inference: [noun] - The reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation. observation. In short: - Based on interpretation; not directly expressed. Thanks to audioenglish.net The Inferential Tense This tense is used where doubt or hearsay is in the speaker's mind. It is often used in jokes and story telling as a reportative form. The Inferential Suffix is -miş which is suffixed to the verb stem and the personal endings are then added to complete the meaning. In English this tense can be translated as: I believe that he that he went out. We think that he that he has arrived. Presumably the train will be on time. All showing some uncertainty or lack of prior knowledge. This tense is widely used on a daily basis in spoken and written Turkish. It is used all the time in daily conversation. We can show some of the (English) shades of meaning by example: çıkmışım - I - I think that I went out out - [doubt] çıkmışsın - Presumably - Presumably you have left - [possibility] çıkmış - He - He has left as far as I know know - [reportative] çıkmışız - I - I think that we left at.. at.. - [uncertainty] çıkmışsınız - They say that you went out - [hearsay] çıkmışlar - Its - Its pretty sure that they have have left - [probability] 89
All the examples above show that this tense is used whenever the speaker has not been an eyewitness to the t he past events.
As an example Mehmet çıktı mı? - Has - Has Mehmet gone out? out? - then we could answer in the Past Definite Tense - O çıktı. He has gone out. out.-- meaning - Yes he has gone out for suresure - (I saw him go). Or (in Turkish) we may answer in the Past Inferential Tense: O çıkmış. - He - He has gone out. out. - meaning - As - As far as I know he has has left.left. - (but I did not actually see him go myself.) - All this meaning is within the -miş Inferential Past Tense itself. Negative Forms Examples of the Negative Verb - yapmamak - to not do In all the examples below the words in brackets - I think that are are not required in Turkish as the Inferential Tense (The -miş Tense already says it all Ben yapmamışım ki - (I think that) I that) I did not do it. Sen yapmamışsın ki - (They say that) You that) You did not do it. O yapmamış ki - (It seems that) He that) He did not do it. Biz yapmamışız ki - (They say that) We that) We did not do it. Siz yapmamışsınız ki - (It is reported that) You that) You did not do it. Onlar yapmamışlar ki - (Apparently) They (Apparently) They did not do it. (but they might have). have) . Note: In the above above example - ki - is an object - it or or - that - to complete the sentence with an object for a transitive verb. Question Forms and Meanings The Interrogative Particle -mi, subject to Vowel Harmony, follows the verb and is written separately together with the relevant Personal Pronoun:
Example Conjugation of the Positive Interrogative Inferential Note: - That all the ways ways of stating English inference which are are shown in the square square brackets do not need to be said in Turkish Turkish as they are already understood understood by usage of the Inferential Inferential Tense Note: To show these these examples clearly clearly we have supplied an Object Object - Onu - It - It in in each case: Onu yapmış mıyım? - Have - Have I done it [I [I wonder]?/ Did wonder]?/ Did I do it, [I'm it, [I'm not sure]? Onu yapmış mısın? - Have - Have you done done it [at [at all]? / Did / Did you do it [anyrate]? [anyrate]? Onu yapmış mı? - Has - Has he done it [then]? [then]? / Did / Did he do it [yet]? [yet]? Onu yapmış mıyız? - Have - Have we done done it [I [I wonder]? / Did / Did we do it, [I'm it, [I'm not sure]? Onu yapmış mısınız? - Have - Have you done it [at [at all]? / Did / Did you do it [anyrate]? [anyrate]? Onu yapmışlar mı? - Have done it [surely]? - Have they done [surely]? / Did / Did they do it [yet]? [yet]? Example Conjugation of the Negative Interrogative Inferential Note: - Of course there are many ways ways of showing inference inference in English, even even the tone of the voice can be enough, and we have only shown a few ways in these examples above and below to show doubt, uncertainly and lack of prior knowledge which the Turkish Inferential Tense already inherently contains within itself. To show these examples clearly we have supplied an Object O bject - Onu - It in in each case: Onu yapmamış mıyım? - Haven't - Haven't I done it [I [I wonder]? / Didn't / Didn't I do it, [I'm it, [I'm not sure..]? Onu yapmamış mısın? - Haven't you done it [at [at all]? / Didn't / Didn't you do it [anyrate]? [anyrate]? Onu yapmamış mı? - Hasn't he done it [then]? [then]? / Didn't / Didn't he do it [yet]? [yet]? Onu yapmamış mıyız? - Haven't - Haven't we done done it [I [I wonder]? / Didn't / Didn't we do it, [I'm it, [I'm not sure]? Onu yapmamış mısınız? - Haven't - Haven't you done it [at [at all]? / Didn't / Didn't you do it [anyrate]? [anyrate]? Onu yapmamışlar mı? - Haven't they done it [surely]? [surely]? / Didn't / Didn't they do it [yet]? [yet]?
90
A few more examples Çıkmış mi? - Has - Has he (seemingly) left?left?- [would you know? - possibility.] Gülmüşler mi ? - Did - Did they laugh? (at all?) all?) - [a question asking for a report.] Onu yapmamış mısınız? - Haven't - Haven't you done it? - [at all? - uncertainty.] Onu yapmamış mısınız? - You haven't (gone and) done it have you? - [doubt and incredulity] The Conditional Tenses In English the Conditional Tenses are formed with that very important little word - if Conditional - if - sentences are often introduced with the word - eğer - if or or less commonly - şayet - lest, unless In unless In Turkish these words are pointers alerting the listener that a Condition and Result are following. But they do not have any direct meaning, they are "alerters"
Condition, Result Here are a few examples of Conditional Sentences. We recognize them and use them with ease in our Mother Tongue- English. As we shall see below Conditional Sentences are not so easy to recognize in Turkish, as they appear as a Mood of the verb itself. It needs practice! If we leave at noon, noon, we will arrive on time. If you hit me, I shall tell my mother. If we had left at noon, noon, we would have arrived on time. If (ever) you join the club we would welcome welcome you. Unless you work hard, you will not be successful. If you do not work hard you may not not be successful. We can not go to the races whenever it rains. rains . We can not go to the races if it rains. If it had not rained we could could have gone gone to the races. If ever you go to London you must must visit Bucking ham Palace. Palace. When(ever) you go to London you can visit Bucking ham Palace. [If ever you go] Please take whichever whichever one that you you want. want. - [If you want that one then take it.] If the sweets are not too dear dear then we will buy them them Sometimes in the place of - if not we we can use - unlessand unlessand in the place of if we we can use - if ever, whenever, whatever, whichever, however, or even the simple forms - when, what, which, how, etc. how, etc. All the modal forms of the verb can be used - can, must, would, might, may, should, s hould, etc. etc. The same of course is true for Turkish as we shall see.. However these pages on the Conditional Tense are not written to teach the use of that tense in English so Manisa Turkish is appending a short overview of the Conditional to make it more understandable for our fellow Turkish Learners.
English Methods The Real Conditional is used to express condition and result based on fact in both the Present and the Future. If the kettle gets too hot hot then it boils. boils. - [Present [ Present Tense Condition and Result] Whenever the kettle gets gets too hot it boils. boils. - [Simple Present Condition - Wide Tense Habitual- Result] It the kettle gets too hot hot it will boil. boil. - [Future Result of Present Condition] If you practice hard hard you will win a prize. prize. - [Future Result of Present Condition] If you do not practice practice hard you will not win a prize. prize. - [Future Result of Present Condition - Negative] The Unreal Conditional used to express unreal results or wishes and desires in the Present and Future. If I practice hard I might win a prize. prize. - [Result - Present Desire] If I was richer I would buy a new house. house. - [Result - Future Wish] If I were you I would stay in England. England. - [Result Future Habitual] 91
The Past Conditional is used to state Conditions in the Past that did not happen. often use to express criticism or regret. If I had practiced harder harder I would have won a prize. prize. - [Regret] If I had been richer, richer, I would have bought bought a bigger house. house. - [Unrealized due to Condition] If I were you I would not not have stayed in England. England. - [Criticism of Past Condition] It can be seen that the changes of tense and mood of the verbs show our meaning in English. The same is of course true for Turkish - the Correct tenses and mood of Condition and Result must be used to adequately communicate the correct meaning of the statement. We can see from the above that English uses its normal tenses and the condition is produced by insertion of that little word - if . Turkish however, (along with many other languages) has a special Conditional Tense Form.. The Conditional Suffix. The Turkish Conditional is characterized by the suffix -se- or -sa- (according to Vowel Harmony rules). A simple example is - var - there is, there are are - which becomes varsa - if there is, if there are are - with the addition of the -sa Conditional Suffix. The negative of course is based on: yok - there isn't, there aren't - which becomes: yoksa - if there isn't, if there aren't Paranız varsa bana verin.- If you have (any) (any) money (then) give give it to me. Bir taksi yoksa burada burada kalalım. - If - If there isn't a taxi (then) let's let's stay here. We can extend this simple example to verb formations as follows: The Conditional Tenses are formed by adding the Conditional Personal endings to the -(y)se- or -(y)sasuffix to the verb in any suitable tense or mood. The mark of the Conditional Suffix follows Vowel Harmony Rules, therefore there are two forms -se or -sa to choose from. Some examples in differing Tenses and Moods are shown below to exhibit how Vowel Harmony affects the -se, -sa Conditional Suffix.
The Conditional Suffixes -sem or -sam example yaparsam - if I do If I -sem If you-sen or -san example giriyorsan - if you are entering If he-se or -sa example kesilecekse - if it will be cut, if it i t is to be cut [In our example above the verb is in its passive form - kesilmek - to be cut - from - kesmek - to cut ] If we-sek or or -sak example example anlaşmıyorsak - if we are not agreeing If you-seniz or -saniz example mutlu olmayacaksanız - if you will not be happy If they-seler or -salar example gelebilecekseler- if they will be able to come The Simple Present Conditional The Present Continuous Conditional gelsem
If I come
geliyorsam
If I am coming
yazsan
If you write
yazmıyorsan
If you are not writing
gülse
If he laughs
gülecekse
If he will laugh
içsek
If we drink
içiyorsak
If we are drinking
görebilirseniz I f f you can see
seeing görmüyorsanız If you are not seeing
yapıyorsalar If they are doing yapabilirseler If they can do The Conditional Positive 92
Here are some examples of the main tenses in use of gelmek - to come come - and - gelmemek - not to come
Simple Actual Conditional gelsem if I were to come gelsen if you were to come gelse
if he were to comes
gelsek if we usually come gelseniz if you were to come gelseler if they were to come Present Continuous geliyorsam if I am coming geliyorsan if you are coming geliyorsa
if he is coming
geliyorsak if we coming geliyorsanız if you are coming geliyorsalar if they are coming Simple Habitual gelirsem if I (usually) come gelirsen if you (usually) come gelirse
if he (usually) comes
gelirsek if we (usually) come gelirseniz if you (usually) come gelirseler if they (usually) come Future Intention geleceksem if I (will) come geleceksen if you (will) come
93
gelecekse
if he (will) come
geleceksek if we (will) come gelecekseniz if you (will) come gelecekseler if they (will) come Past Reality geldiysem if I came geldiysen if you came geldiyse
if he came
geldiysek if we came geldiyseniz if you came geldiyseler if they came Past Unreality come gelseydim If only I had come come gelseydin If only had come
gelseydi
If only had come come
come gelseydik If only we had come had come gelseydiniz If only you had
gelseydiler If only they had come Conditional Negative Tenses Negative Simple Actual Conditional gelmesem if I were not to come gelmesen if you were not to come gelmese
if he were to not comes
gelmesek if we usually do not come gelmeseniz if you were not to come 94
gelmeseler if they were not to come Negative Present Continuous Conditional gelmiyorsam
if I am not coming
gelmiyorsan
if you are not coming
gelmiyorsa
if he is not coming
gelmiyorsak
if we are not coming
gelmiyorsanız
if you are not coming
gelmiyorsalar
if they are not coming
Negative Simple Habitual Conditional gelmezsem if I (usually) do not come gelmezsen if you (usually) do not come gelmezse
if he (usually) do not comes
gelmezsek if we (usually) do not come gelmezseniz if you (usually) do not come gelmezseler if they (usually) do not come Negative Future Conditional gelmeyeceksem if I (will) not come gelmeyeceksen if you (will) not come gelmeyecekse
if he (will) not come
gelmeyeceksek if we (will) not come gelmeyecekseniz if you (will) not come gelmeyecekseler if they (will) not come Negative Past Real Conditional gelmediysem if I had not come gelmediysen if you had not come 95
gelmediyse
if he had not come
gelmediysek if we had not come gelmediyseniz if you had not come gelmediyseler if they had not come Negative Past Unreal Conditional come gelmeseydim If only I had not come
gelmeseydin If only you had not come gelmeseydi
If only he had not not come
not come gelmeseydik If only we had not had come gelmeseydiniz If only you not had
gelmeseydiler If only they had not come Examples in other tenses There are other tense form (such as the Inferential Tense) which are used in conditional sentences and one should learn to recognize the -se- or -sa- form of the verbal suffix to realize that the conditional - if - should be used. Erken varırsanız, beklemelisiniz. - If - If you arrive early, you you will have to wait. Erken varırsanız, beklersiniz. - If - If you arrive early, you you would have to wait. Erken varsaydınız, bekleyecektiniz. - If early, you would have have had to wait. - If you had arrived early, Sana yardım edebilirlerse, edebilirlerse, yardım yardım edecekler. - They will help you if they can. Sana yardım etseler, yardım ederler. - They would help you if they could. Sana yardım edeb edebilseydiler, (yardım) ederlerdi. - [or edeceklerdi] -They - They would have helped you if they could have. Fazla içersen sarhoş sarhoş olursun. - If - If you drink too much much you get drunk. drunk. Çok çalışmazsan, sınavı geçemeyeceksin - Unless you work hard you will not be able to pass your test . test . Sigara içmeyi bırakırsan, bırakırsan, daha uzun yaşarsın. - If - If you stop smoking you you will live longer. Yağmur yağmasaydı dışarı çıkacaktık. - We would have gone out if it had stopped raining. Eğer buradan gitseydim sana yazardım. - If - If I had gone away, away, I would have written to you.
Verbs of Condition There are some verbs in the Turkish vocabulary that already have a "conditional feeling" within themselves. The can be recognized as they contain "-sa-/-se-" " -sa-/-se-" conditional sign within the verb stem itself. The meaning of these verbs is best translated as "to regard as.. + verb". smile which becomes gülümsiyorum - I An example of this effect is the verb gülümsemek - to smile which - I am smiling . The "conditional sign" -se- is part of the verb stem, so the verb itself can have the meaning "to regard as laughing" . If this method is applied to other "conditional verb stems", then very often we can translate the Turkish easily. 96
küçümsemek - to belittle [to belittle [to consider as small] kötümsemek - to disparage [to disparage [to consider as bad] benimsemek - to appropriate [to appropriate [to consider as personal] çekimsemek - to refrain from [to consider as absent] gereksemek - to consider as necessary hafifsemek - to take so lightly [to lightly [to consider as light] converge [to consider as nearing] yakınsamak - to converge [to umursamak - to care [to care [to have consideration] çıkarsamak - to infer, to deduce [to consider as resulting in…] The resemblance between the conditional structure and the suffix "-m-semek" " -m-semek" in Turkish is quite by chance. Although this is not really part of the conditional tense itself, it is mentioned here as an aid for understanding when reading Turkish.
Some Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs There are two main auxiliary verbs in Turkish: (1) etmek - to do, to make, to perform . This auxiliary is used to make Active Tenses. Babamı Babamı mutlu ettim - I - I made my father father happy.
(2) olmak - to be, to become, to happen, to occur. This auxiliary is used to make Passive Tenses. Seni görünce mutlu oldum. - I happy on seeing you. you. - I became happy Remind me about the ince/ince/-ınca/ ınca/-ünce/-unca -ünce/-unca time suffix. do/to to per perfform or m etmek - to do/
etmek - is not usually used alone as a verb. Generally it is used an auxiliary verb used with nouns. For example: telefon etmek - to telephone dans etmek - to dance şikâyet etmek - to complain tereddüt etmek - to hesitate zannetmek - to suppose sabretmek - to be patient affetmek - to pardon seyretmek - to watch kaybetmek - to lose hissetmek - to feel - etc. Note that -etmek is is directly joined to single syllable word stems otherwise etmek is is written separately. The verb dans etmek is is an irregularity (being added to a foreign imported word), as is park etmek , these are written separately. etmek is is also used to make verbs from nouns of foreign f oreign import into Turkish: izole etmek - to - to isolate, to insulate insulate - fişi izole ettim - I - I isolated the plug . etmek is is also used with many Arabic and Persian words to form verbs where none exist in modern Turkish: teşekkür (arabic) - a thanking teşekkür etmek - to thank somebody somebody - teşekkür ederim - (I) thank you It should be noted that many Arabic words do not follow the rules of vowel harmony within themselves but any Turkish suffixes added will always be governed by the final vowel in the word, although there are a few exceptions to this. One we have already met saat hour saatler hours. Sometimes in Turkish there are two words in general use for the same meaning, one Arabic using - etmek 97
to form its verb, whilst the Turkish rooted word will follow normal rules of conjugation. tamir etmek - to repair [arab] [arab] or onarmak - to repair [turk] [turk] The policy has been to attempt to gradually purify the language by replacing foreign words with a native Turkish vocabulary, vocabulary, but it should be realized that there are many words in daily use where both Arabic or Turkish vocabulary may be used. e.g. kara - black [turk] [turk] or siyah -black -black [arab] [arab] yıl - year - year [turk] [turk] or sene - year - year [arab] [arab]
According to the Redhouse Dictionary - etmek - has nine meanings: 1. - to do, make - kâr etmek - to make a profit 2. - to do well or wrong - Ne iyi ettin. - How - How well you did!did!- iyi etmedin - you - you did not do well! 3. - reach (a time) - Ay sonunu etmek - To reach the end of the month etmek) - This job wore me out. 4. - to deprive (someone) of (something) - Bu iş beni sağlığımdan etti. (-den etmek) 5. - to equal, make - Dört üç daha yedi eder. - Four - Four plus three makes makes seven 6. - to be worth - O kitap yüz elli lira eder. - That book is worth 150 lira. 7. - to amount to, make - Toplam sekiz dolar ediyor. - The total amounts to 8 dollars 8. - to wrong, treat (someone) unjustly - Bana neler etti. - What (bad things) he did to me. 9. - to soil or wet (one's underpants, bed etc.) - donuna etmek ; yatağına etmek
Single Syllable Verb Roots with etmek If verbs are formed with a single syllable root then etmek is is affixed directly to that root, which if it ends in a consonant will generally double that consonant. af - pardon - pardon [Arabic] [Arabic] affetmek - to beg pardon pardon - affedersiniz! - Pardon! - Pardon! ret - a refusal [Arabic] [Arabic] This being an arabic root takes a doubled "-dd" when adding a verb form reddetmek - to refuse refuse - reddederim! - I - I refuse! etmek - as a verb of completion The following contribution was written by one of our Turkish readers.
Etmek - is essentially an auxiliary verb in Turkish, which helps the completing of other verbs. The ver y do -or - to commit basic meaning though, when it is used used alone, is - to do -or - (like intihar etmek - to commit suicide). suicide). For this usage, here goes a example Ben ettim, sen etme, ne olur! - I - I did, (but) please you, you, don't, whatever whatever happens! Here the meaning is quite negative, what has been "done" has a negative implication, so it actually bears a meaning of committing something bad or negative as it does with usages alone. The second main usage is to be an auxiliary word for the compound compound verb structures and used quite quite frequently like the following following examples, in which it can mean anything complementary. kastetmek - to intend,to mean bahsetmek - to mention terketmek - to leave, to quit yardım etmek - to help, to aid kabul etmek - to accept farketmek - to notice, to realize realize - and very many others The third usage is to utilize the foreign words. For better understanding, understanding, here are a few examples. Bunu da download edelim. - Let's - Let's download this as well. well. - (download etmek - to download ) Some words 98
are very well settled in the language but the auxiliary hints the foreign ori gin. Arkadaşlarımla saatlerce muhabbet muha bbet ettim. - I - I conversed with my friends for hours. ( hours. (Muhabbet is an Arabic word, meaning conversation) conversation) Arabayı Arabayı tam buraya park etmiştim. - I - I had just parked my car right here. ( here. (Park etmek - to park ), ), Sometimes you can find park yapmak which which means exactly the same thing, Turkish has not yet settled on which auxiliary verb should be in general use but park etmek seems seems to be winning. Since - etmek - is an auxiliary, it is used like the auxiliary verbs in English. See the following example am. English: Are English: Are you coming to the party tonight? - Yes I am. Turkish: Bu aksamki partiye geliyor musun? - Evet geliyorum. am - without the verb - coming . Turkish, however, has to Here, the English short answer includes only - I am include the - geliyorum - part since it does not include an auxiliary like the - to be - verb form of English. English: Did English: Did you accept accept this after all? - Yes I did. kabul ettin mi onu? - Evet ettim. Turkish: Herşeye rağmen kabul The short answer in English is - I - I did - without the verb - accept - just like the short answer in Turkish is ettim - without - kabul. So when - etmek - is used, it is used like an auxiliary.
About Vowel Harmony - Auxiliary verb is not affected etmek being being a verb in its own right does not change its own vowels when so affixed to a foreign root. When it is used as an auxiliary to nouns of more than one syllable then it is written separately and conjugated conjugated in the normal manner: End of Turkish reader's reader's contribution.
Some examples of Transitive Verbs formed with - etmek Transitive verbs have an Object In these examples onu can either mean it (object) it (object) - [from Personal pronoun, "he/she/it"] "he/she/it"] or that (object) that (object) [from Demonstrative Pronoun - "that yonder"] ayıp - a shaming ayıp etmek - to cause/make a shame Onun için Mehmet bana bana ayıp etti - Because - Because of it/that Mehmet Mehmet shamed me. ["ayıp etmek" takes a Motion Toward (Dative Object). In this case "bana - me"] teslim - a delivering [Arabic] [Arabic] teslim etmek - to deliver Mektubu teslim ettim - I - I delivered the letter Koliyi teslim ettirdiniz - you - you had the the parcel delivered (Causative (Causative Verb form) tamir - a repairing [Arabic] [Arabic] tamir etmek - to repair Onu tamir etsek - If - If we repair it/that Onu tamir edemem - I - I can't repair it/that kontrol - a checking [Eng. [Eng. Fr.] kontrol etmek - to check Onu kontrol ettiler - They checked it/that Onu kontrol edebilir misiniz? - Would you check it/that? ret - a refusing [Arabic] [Arabic] reddetmek - to refuse 99
Onu reddedeceğiz - We shall refuse it/that Onu reddedelim - Let's - Let's refuse it/that takdir - an appreciation [Arabic] takdir etmek - to appreciate Ahmet, onu takdir etti - Ahmet - Ahmet appreciated appreciated it/that Ali, onu takdir edememiş - Ali - Ali couldn't have appreciated it/that Note: - that etmek - to do, to perform, to make make - forms verbs which are transitive (ie verbs which have a direct object), whereas the use of olmak - to be, to become causes causes the same verb to be intransitive (ie. a verb which does not have an object). The Passive can be formed with the Passive of etmek - edilmek but but is often replaced by the The verb of become - or its Passive Form - olunmak become - without any change in meaning. olmak - to become - to become -
olmak - to be/become This verb meaning to be or to become is also used as an auxiliary with foreign for eign loan words. It is also attached directly to single syllable roots or written separately when used with roots of more that one syllable. It does not change its own vowels as it is a verb in its own right. One of its most important auxiliary functions is its use as the Future Tense and Potential Mood of the verb - to be
hazır - ready hazırım - I - I am ready hazır olacağım - I - I shall be ready [Future] ready [Future] zengin - rich zenginsiniz - you - you are rich zengin olsaydınız - If - If you had been rich [Conditional] rich [Conditional] yoksul - poor - poor O yoksul - he is poor O yoksul olabilir - He - He may be poor [Potential] [Potential] If we now show the examples from etmek - the transitive t ransitive auxiliary verb form above, but with the auxiliary verb as edilmek - the intransitive intr ansitive auxiliary verb - then we can see that the sense has become Passive as opposed the Active sense: teslim - a delivering teslim etmek - to delivered - [Transitive form takes an object] Ali, mektubu teslim etti [Active Sense] - Ali - Ali delivered the the letter. [Transitive letter. [Transitive with mektubu in the objective case.]
teslim edilmek - to be delivered - [Intransitive form - takes no object] dün teslim edildi - It - It was delivered yesterday. yesterday. [Intransitive [Intransitive - no object] mektup teslim edildi - The letter has been delivered [Passive [Passive with edilmek and and mektup as the subject] These examples show that the main verb can also be made passive by the use of edilmek - to be performed the passive form of etmek itself. itself. tamir - a repairing tamir edilmek - to repair [passive] [passive] O tamir edilecek - It - It (as subject.) will be repaired O tamir edilemedi - (ed-il-e-me-di) - It - It (as subject) could not not have been repaired
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kontrol - a checking kontrol edilmek - to be checked O kontrol edildi - It It has been checked Onu kontrol edilebilcek mi?- (ed-il-ebil-ecek mi?) - Can it be repaired? ret- a refusing reddedilmek - to be refused Ben, reddedildim - I - I was refused O, reddedilince - On it being refused takdir - an an appreciation takdir edilmek - to be appreciated appreciated Ahmet, takdir edildi - Ahmet - Ahmet was appreciated Ali, takdir edilecek - Ali - Ali will be appreciated The Passive use of - olmak When used with loan word to form verbs it gives the sense of being in a state of.. pişman - a regretting - pişman oldum - I - I regret/I was sorry sorry - [Lit: I was sorry] fena - bad/ill - fena oluyorum - I - I feel ill memnun - pleased - pleased - memnun oldum - I'm - I'm pleased - [Lit: I was pleased]
Other Auxiliaries These include: yapmak - to do as an action gelmek - to come kalmak - to remain/stay bulunmak - to be found/to be be - [Passive of bulmak ] eylemek - to carry out - [equates with etmek but but not common.] eylemek can can be used as a substitute for etmek and and serves the same purpose. It is usually restricted to the written writt en word and is seldom used in conversation demek - to say dilemek - to wish söylemek - to speak durmak - to stop vermek - to give give - [used as an Accelerative Auxiliary thus speeding the action of the verb] yazmak - to write write - [but means - "almost to.." - when used as an auxiliary verb] - düşeyazdım - I - I almost fell . The usage of the main verbs as auxiliaries is discussed below:
Continuative Verbs
-akalmak - "continue, keep on doing" -adurmak - "continue, keep on doing: -ayazmak - "almost to" -ivermek - "to act hurriedly, urgently"
Only the first vowel follows the vowel harmony rules. Hence "-ekalmak, -edurmak, -eyazmak, - ıvermek, uvermek, -üvermek etc". As these are verbs in their own right they retain their spelling. This is simi lar to the Potential Verb Suffix "-abilmek/-ebilmek". .
kalmak and and durmak are are used to form a continuing action of the main verb giving the sense - to keep on doing.. or doing.. or to remain in a condition of. To of. To form the Continuative Verb the Infinitive of kalmak or or durmak is is 101
added directly to the Subjunctive Root of the main verb. The Subjunctive Root is formed by suffixing -e or a to the basic Verb Stem yüzmek to to swim yüze- Subjunctive stem. Then with the direct addition of kalmak - to remain: remain: yüzekalmak - to keep on swimming - yüzekaldı - He - He kept on swimming swimming alakalmak - to keep on taking - alakalacağım - I - I will keep on taking durakalmak - to keep on stopping - durakalıyorsun - You keep on stopping bekleyedurmak - to keep on waiting - bekleyedurabilecek misiniz? - Will you be able to keep on waiting? uyuyakalmak - to oversleep oversleep - uyuyakalmak - I - I overlept kalakalmak - to stand aghast, to be astounded - kalakaldım - I - I was astounded donakalmak - to petrify petrify - donakaldım - I - I was petrified, I was scared stiff
The Accelerative Verb Formation of the Subjunctive Mood The Subjunctive Mood Sign is -a or -e which is added to the basic verb stem - according to Vowel Harmony Rules: If the bare verb stem ends in a vowel then the Subjunctive Mood Sign becomes -ya or -ye (Uses buffer letter -y-). However when adding the auxiliary vermek the the the -a/-e subjunctive ending often abrades according to vowel harmony rules. This can be seen in the examples below - for instance - koşa - [the subjunctive root of koşmak - to run] run] follows vowel harmony and abrades to koşuvermek See full discussion on Subjunctive Mood The verb - vermek - to give give - can also be added to the t he subjunctive verb stem and in this case it gives a sense of urgency and speed of action to the main verb. In this case - vermek - loses its meaning - to give. Then give. Then with the direct addition of vermek - to "get a move on.." - [lit: to give]: koşmak - to run run - koşuvermek - to hurry up and run yazmak write - yazıvermek - to write - to scribble/scrawl koşuverin! - Hurry - Hurry up and run! run! - Imperative Imperative içkisini içiverdi - He - He gulped his drink down down gelivereceğim - I'll - I'll dash along and come come When adding the Accelerative - vermek to to a verb then the t he vowel of the subjunctive ending -e narrows to -i or -ü thus: (güle becomes (güle becomes gülüverin gülüverin and and kese becomes kese becomes kesiverin), kesiverin), while that of the subjunctive ending -a narrows to -ı or -u thus: (baka becomes (baka becomes bakıverin and tuta becomes tuta becomes tutuverin)
The Imperative The Imperative Mood is used in issuing commands. It is formed by using the verb in it s simplest root form: Listen!, Sit!, Eat! The Eat! The Imperative Mood in English occurs only in the second person, and the subject su bject - you is generally not expressly stated, because it is i s implied. When the speaker gives a command regarding anyone else, it is still directed at the second person as though it were a request for permission, although it may be a rhetorical statement. This form of the verb is used mainly for giving direct orders, requests, suggestions and and in some cases warnings, or even a mixture of all these to a second person. Some examples in English might be: (You) Look at that.). that. ). [order] Don't (you) leave leave your valuables in the car. [suggestion] car. [suggestion] Bring me another fork please. [request] please. [request] Take us to Taksim Square. [order] Square. [order] (You) Be careful in the traffic. [warning] traffic. [warning] he Imperative does not seem so abrupt in Turkish as it is in English, and it would be difficult to upset anyone when using the Imperative. 102
Formation of the Imperative Vowel harmony operates on the Imperative Suffixes.
The First Person - let me, let us (y)ayım/-(y)eyim, - as examples - alayım - let The Imperative in the first person singular adds the suffix - (y)ayım/-(y)eyim, (y)alım/-(y)elim, me buy, buy, bekleyeyim - let me wait. The wait. The first person plural adds - (y)alım/-(y)elim,
alayım - let me buy/take (from buy/take (from almak - to take)
bekleyelim - let us wait. (from wait. (from beklemek - to wait)
bakayım - let me look. (from look. (from bakmak - to look )
see. (from görmek görmek görelim - let's see. (from - to see)
These forms are not considered true imperatives by the grammar experts , they categorise them elsewhere, but I include them here as they are heavily used in daily speech
The Second Person - let you The second person singular (Familiar and Immediate - for addressing friends or showing urgency) is just the basic verb stem stem after removing the Infinitive Sign Sign -mek or or -mak . This forms The Direct Imperative - the most direct form uses the basic verb stem itself formed by dropping the -mek or or -mak suffix suffix from the Infinitive. Positive Verb (Direct Form)
Negative Verb (Direct Form)
Bak - Look! - Look!
Bakma - Don't - Don't look!
Gel - Come!
Gelme - Don't - Don't come!
This is the most direct form, it is usually used to children or for f or warnings and in some daily "Formula "Formula Speak" Polite Imperative There are two forms of the second person plural - Formal Imperative (addressing strangers or being polite) adds -in to the verb stem and Public and Public Imperative( Imperative( for notices etc. or being extra polite) adds -iniz to the verb stem. If, however, you are speaking to someone that you do not know then the direct form is softened by the addition of the suffix -in which is subject to t o vowel harmony. Then the above examples thus become:
Positive Verb (Polite Form)
Negative Verb (Polite Form)
Bakın - Look! - Look!
Bakmayın - Don't - Don't look!
Gelin - Come!
Gelmeyin - Don't - Don't come!
This Polite Form is used for addressing one person or a number of people in a group. In all the above forms the Negative Particle -me or -ma - ma always remains in it absolute form - ( it does -mi or not close to -mi or -mı etc.) and the Verb Stem is always accented in speech. 103
Public Imperative This form is characterized by the addition of the suffix -iniz in its various forms. It is used mainly in Public Notices and signs signs and also in newspapers newspapers and and on the television. The examples then become:
Positive Verb (Public Form)
Negative Verb (Public Form)
Bakınız - Look! - Look!
Bakmayınız - Don't - Don't look!
Geliniz - Come!
come! Gelmeyiniz - Don't - Don't come!
The Public Form is the most polite of all, and can also be used in direct conversation if you wish to be extra polite. In all the above forms the Negative Particle -me or -ma - ma always remains in it absolute form - ( it does not close to -mi or -mı etc.) and the Verb Stem is always accented in speech. -mi or Some Examples When speaking the Imperative there is always heavy vocal vocal stress on the Verb Stem as shown below in capital letters. Yapmayın onu - Don't - Don't do that! that! - Spoken - YAPmayın onu! - Don't - Don't DO that! Çiçeklere doKUNmayınız - Don't - Don't touch the flowers. flowers. - (Note that this verb - dokunmak - takes a Dative Object in -e or -e or -a) -a)
Third Person Imperative - "Let him do, let him not do" The Third Person - let him, her The third person singular adds -sin directly to the verb stem and the third person plural adds -sinler directly to the verb stem - as in the examples below. (You) Let him do the talking . (You) Let them build the bridge. (You) Give him an allowance. (You) Let sleeping dogs lie. -sin/-sın/-sün/-sun -sün/-sun and its plural forms -sinler/Turkish is similar as it also uses the t he second person endings -sin/-sın/ sınlar/-sünler/-sunlar sınlar/-sünler/-sunlar as a request for the third person imperative by attaching this suffix directly to the -ar etc.. used) Verb stem (ie. stem (ie. there are no tense signs like -iyor- or -ar baksın - (You) let him look bakmasın - (You) let him not look girsin - (You) let him enter girmesinler - (You) let them not enter The third person form of verbs which is in wide use - especially in "formula speak". We re-iterate that this t his is formed by adding -sin (singular) or -sinler (plural) directly to the basic verb stem -(there is no tense sign intervening). Although this form of the verb appears to be of the second person in -sin it actually is not, and also it cannot be construed as as so because the -sin suffix is added directly to the verb stem and not to a verb tense base.
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olmak - to become, to happen olsun - let it be olmasın - let it not be run - Singular Forms koşmak - to run koşsun - let him run koşmasın - let him not run
koşmak - to run run - Plural Forms koşsunlar - let them run koşmasınlar - let them not run While in the Hamam - (Turkish Bath) you Bath) you might say - Keseci gelsin- I am ready for the masseur. masseur. - [Lit: Let the masseur come] The Third Person Imperative ending is added directly to the verb stem - Yazsın - Let - Let him write write - but if it is added to a tense sign as in - yazıyorsun - then it is the Second Person tense sign - You are writing - Don't get mixed up.!
Some "Daily Turkish" and "Formula Speak" Examples (1) Sağ ol (Sağol), Sağ olun, Sağ olunuz - Thanks very much [Lit: much [Lit: Be healthy.] - This form is used a lot to thank some one for some extra service or for something that has put them out. It is far more stronger than - Teşekkür ederim - Thank you. If you. If for instance you ask a stranger for the time you could answer - Sağol - Stay healthy! healthy! - As a thank you for his trouble. (2) Eksik olmayın(ız) - [Lit: Don't go missing!] This is used for telling someone you like their company and they should "stick around". (3) Sakın!, Sakınınız!, - Be careful! Watch out! out! Protect youself! The Imperative of the reflexive verb - sakınmak - to avoid, to beware beware - is used as an interjection to warn or advise. Sakın ha! - Just - Just mind out!, Just watch it! Onu yapmaktan sakınınız - Be - Be careful of doing that! Sakın bunu bir daha yapma! - Don't - Don't you ever ever do that (this) again! [This again! [This is said to warn somebody of a disaster waiting to happen!] Do not mix - sakın! - Mind! - Mind! Beware! (undotted I) - with - sakİn (Dotted İ) - calm, quiet - as in sakİn olun! - calm down..! quieten down.! Listen to the difference in pronunciation: Undotted letter "ı" in this word: Sakın! - "Watch out! Dotted letter "i" in this word: Sakin! - "Calm Down!" (4) Geçmiş olsun - May - May it pass (from you) A formula used to people who are ill - ie: Get better soon soon - or to people who have had an accident or encountered a problem in life - ie: Bad ie: Bad luck (5) Kolay gelsin - May - May it come easy, easy, Take it easy This is usally said to people who are carrying out a duty or their work.. (6) Neden olmasın? - Why let it not be? This is the same as - Why not? not? - in English - See note below: I myself used to say - Neden yok - for - Why not? not? - until it i t was pointed out to me the this actually means There is no reason! 105
The Imperative form of - "gelmek - to come" Singular Persons come! - Kasabaya seninle geleyim - Let you to the shops 1st. geleyim - let me come! - Let me come with you (you)! (familiar) - Buraya gel! - Come (to) here! 2nd. gel - come (you)! (familiar) come! - Mehmet, pikniğe arabayı the car to the picnic. arabayı sürsün - Let 3rd. gelsin - let him come! - Let Mehmet drive the Plural Persons 1st. gelelim - Let - Let us come! come! - Bu akşam televizyonu seyredelim - Let's - Let's watch TV this evening evening 2nd. gelin (formal) or geliniz (public and more polite) - (you) come..! 3rd. gelsinler - let them come! come! - Kızlar dans etsinler. - Let - Let the girls dance. The Accelerative Imperative Another form of the imperative involves the use of an auxiliary verb vermek - to give give - this is dealt with on the auxiliary verb page. Postaneye koşuverin - Run - Run to the Post Office. koşuvermek - [The Accelerative verb formed from koşmak - to run + vermek - to give] - to run hurriedly Onu yapıver! - Do - Do it quickly! [English quickly! [English would say "Just get it done right now!"] from yapmak + vermek See about the Accelerative.
The Imperative form of - "gitmemek - not to go" Singular Persons 1st. gitmeyeyim - Let - Let me not go! go! - Saçımı kestireyim mi kestirmeyeyim mi? - Should I get my hair cut or not? {Let not? {Let me, Let me not] 2nd. gitme - don't go (you)! (familiar) (you)! (familiar) - Sakın ha, onu yapma! - Careful, don't do that! 3rd. gitmesin - let him not go! go! - Mehmet, Ayşe'yi öpmesin. - Don't - Don't let Mehmet kiss Ayshe Ayshe Plural Persons go! - Bugün yüzmeyelim. - Let's today. 1st. gitmeyelim - let us not go! - Let's not go simming today. go..! - Sigara İçmeyiniz - No 2nd. gitmeyin (formal) or gitmeyiniz (public and more polite) - (you) do not go..! - No Smoking - [on a public sign] 3rd. gitmesinler - let them not go! go! - Çocuklar mesajımı görmesinler. - Don't - Don't let the children see see my message. Vowel Harmony operates on the Imperative Suffixes görsün - let him see! alın - Take (you)! bulsunlar - let them find! bulmasınlar - let them not find! onu yapmayın - Don't - Don't do it (you)! (you)! gülünüz - Laugh - Laugh (you)! (you)! More About "Formula Speak" There are many other Formula Speak with this aspect of the verb in daily dail y use in Turkey and a good dictionary or phrase book will always contain them. As the barber might say to you when he has finished cutting your hair - Sıhhatler olsun! - Good health to you! you! - said to one who is having a bath, a haircut or a shave. 106
I think this is most known expression which is used wrongly wrongly by a lot of people. It should be - Sıhhatler olsun. Sıhhat- is the Arabic for - Sağlık . When people say this expression quickly, it sounds like - Saatler olsun olsun - "May the hours (pass)", but it should definitely be - Sıhhatler olsun!
Present Continuous Tense Base Example - yazıyorsun - you - you are writing them.. - form of the verb. But attached directly to the Basic verb Stem it becomes the - Let - Let him.. let them.. yazsın - Let him writeyazmasın - Let him not write.. Simple Present Tense Base Example - beklersiniz - you - you usually wait Again here attached directly to the Basic verb Stem it becomes the - Let him.. let them.. them.. - form of the verb. beklesinler - let them wait beklemesinler - let them not wait These are just a few of the many "Formula Speak" Imperatives in The . Extended Form of the Imperative - Showing Impatience There is another form of the imperative which can be a little lit tle petulant or sound impatient. It may be used if you have been waiting too long or in cases where notice has not been taken. This form should be used with care by the learner. It is at first best translated as: Why do you? or you? or Why don't you?
Formation of the Extended Imperative (Showing Impatience) The suffix -sana or -sene is added to the Positive Verb stems, this becomes -sanıza or -senize when addressing a group of people. Positive Verb - (Impatient Form) Baksana - Now - Now look here! here! Gelsene - Come on then! or then! or Come along! Otursanıza - Oh DO sit down! or down! or Why don't (you all) sit down!! Here we can see that although there is only a Positive Form in Turkish we can sometimes translate it as negative in English to arrive at the meaning. The Passive Mood The Passive Mood: signifies that the verb acts upon the subject of the sentence: " T he man (subj.) (subj. ) was bitten by the dog." The Active Mood: signifies that the verb acts on the object of the sentence: "The dog bit the man (obj.)." (obj.) ." Order of Verbal Mood Suffixes The order that the suffixes are added to the verb as as follows: 1. Reflexive 2. Reciprocal 3. Causative 4. Passive
acımak - to feel pain (active) pain (active) acınmak - to feel pain in oneself, to grieve (reflexive) grieve (reflexive) acındırmak - to cause to grieve (causative) grieve (causative) acındırılmak - to be made to grieve (passive) grieve (passive) 107
tanımak - to know (active) know (active) tanışmak - to know one another (reciprocal) another (reciprocal) tanıştırmak - to introduce (causative) introduce (causative) tanıştırılmak - to be introduced (passive) (passive) Negation, -me-, plus ability, -ebil-, and inability, -eme-are added after these. After which the tense suffixes: -iyor-, -ir-, -ecek-, -di-, -mişmiş- are further added to complete the verb. yapmak do, yapıyorum - I - to do, - I am doing [Active [Active Present Continuous] yapılmak done, yapılıyor - It done [Passive Present Continuous] - to be done, - It is being done [Passive yapabilmek do , yapabilirim - I do [Active Potential Simple Present] - to be able do, - I can do [Active yapılabilmek yapılabilmek yapılabilir - it can be done [Passive done [Passive Potential Simple Present] - to be able to be done , yapılabilir yapmamak - to not do, do, yapmıyorum - I - I am not doing [Negative [Negative Active Present Continuous] yapılmamak - to not be done, done , yapılmıyor - it is not being done [Negative done [Negative Active Present Continuous] yapılamamak - to not be able to be done, done , yapılamayacak - it will not be able to be done [Negative done [Negative Passive Potential Future] Onu yapabileceğiz yapabileceğiz - we will be able to do it [Active [Active Future Potential] Onu yaptırab yaptırabileceğiz [yap-tır done [Causative Future Potential] [yap-tır -abil-eceğ -abil-eceğ-iz] -iz] - we will be able to get it done [Causative There are many other tenses and persons that can be built up using the causative and cooperative verbs in all tenses and persons. This is one of the difficulties for Turkish learners - using and recognizing the verb forms and their meanings easily, it takes practice for us, but of course it is second nature to a Turkish national.
Verb Forms of the Passive Mood The Passive Mood signifies that the verb acts upon the subject of the sentence whereas in the Active Mood the verb acts on the object of the sentence. The Active Sentence The Active Verb (in Past Tense) with the subject - Kemal - and the object - the street . Kemal swept the street yesterday. yesterday.
The Passive Sentence The Passive Verb (in Present Continuous tense) here - The street - is the subject and - Kemal - Kemal - (the person doing the sweeping) is called the agent in grammar. The street is being swept by Kemal The Impersonal Passive The Passive Verb (in Future Tense here) - the street - is the t he subject without any agent operating on it. The street will be swept s wept every day Or in the Past Tense: The street was swept yesterday Formation of the Passive In Turkish the passive verb stem is formed by adding the passive suffix -il or -in to the basic verb stem. The verb stem of course can be an indicative, co-operative or a causative verb stem.
Examples of verbs ending in a consonant
108
For verbs Stems ending in a consonant (Except -l) the suffix -il [subject to Vowel Harmony] is added to the verb stem. For those verb stems which themselves end on -l then the suffix -in [subject to vowel harmony] is added.
Active Mood Positive Passive Mood Positive yapmak
to do
yapılmak to be done
kesmek
to cut
kesilmek to be cut
kırmak
to break kırılmak to be broken
Active Mood Negative Passive Mood Negative yapmamak to not do
yapılmamak to be not done
kesmemek to not cut kesilmemek to be not cut kırmamak to not break kırılmamak to be not broken Examples of Causative and Potential Passive Verbs - Positive The Causative and Co-operative verbs form their Passive P assive with -il in the usual way
Active Verb
Passive Verb
yapmak - Active
to do
yapılmak - Passive
to be done
yaptırmak Active Active Causative
to get something done
yaptırılmak - Passive Causative
to be done
yapabilmek - Active Potential
to be able to do s.o.
yapılabilmek - Passive Potential
to be able get s.o. done
Examples of Causative and Potential Passive Verbs - Negative Active Verb yapmamak
Passive Verb not to do
yapılmamak not to be done
yaptırmamak not to get something done yaptırılmamak not to get s.o. done s .o. yapamamak not to be able to do s.o.
yapılamamak not to be able get s.o. done
Some Causative Passive Verbs anlamak - to understand - Active Verb anlatmak - to explain explain - Active Mood Causative anlatılmak - to be understood - Passive Verb Causative
109
kırmak - to break - Active Verb kırdırmak - to break something - Active Mood Causative kırılmak - to be broken (itself broken (itself in a broken state) - Passive Verb kırdırılmak - to be broken by somebody somebody - Passive Mood Causative Some Co-operative Passive Verbs bulmak - to find - Active Verb buluşmak - to meet/to find each other - Co-operative Active buluşulmak - to be met/to be found together - Co-operative Co- operative Passive anlamak - to understand - Active Verb anlaşmak - to agree/to understand each other other - Co-operative Active anlaşılmak - to be agreed çarpmak - to hit, collide collide - Active Verb çarpışmak - to collide with something - Co-operative Active çarpışılmak - to be in collision with something - Co-operative Passive None of the Causative Causative or Co-operative Co-operative Verb in the table above above have a stem which ends in -l, therefore the -il passive suffix is used. used. From the examples examples above it can can be seen that by the use of short short suffixes Turkish can say in one word which would take many more in English. The use of the differing d iffering verb forms is rather difficult at first, but by practice and reading the logic of them quickly becomes clear to the student.
Verbs whose stem ends in -L When the verb stem ends in -L then the passive mood is formed by the addition -in (subject to vowel harmony)
Active Mood
Passive Mood
delmek to pierce delinmek to be pierced bilmek to know bilinmek to be known almak to take
alınmak to be taken
bulmak to find bulunmak to be found Verbs whose stem ends in a vowel When the verb stem ends in a vowel then the passive sign is simply -n
Active Mood
Passive Mood
beklemek to wait/to expect beklenmek to be waited for/to be expected kapamak to close
kapanmak to be closed
yemek
yenmek
to eat
to be eaten
Examples of the Passive 110
Active Verb - Ali, pencereyi kapadı - Ali - Ali closed the window window . Impersonal Passive Verb - Pencere kapandı - The window was closed - (ie. not open) Passive Verb - Ali tarafından pencere kapandı - The window was closed by Ali. In the last example above we can see that it was Ali who closed that window: ...by Ali.. Ali.. Ali is the agent by which the window was closed. Turkish has a particular construction in the Passive to denote the agent acting on the subject. For pronouns such as - my, your, his, our their - the agent (the pronoun itself) is placed in the Genitive Case and followed by tarafından - by... by... But nouns - in this case - Ali tarafindan - by Ali. are Ali. are NOT suffixed by the genitive -in.. Causative Forms An Example in the Causative Active Pencereyi kapattı - He - He closed the window window Here (above) the object is "window" and the verb is Causative Active An Example in the Causative Passive Pencere onun tarafından kapatıldı - The window was closed by him. Pencere Mehmet tarafından kapatıldı - The window was closed by Mehmet . Here the subject is "window" and the verb is Causative Passive. The Proper Noun - Mehemet - is not suffixed with the genitive -in as he is just the t he agent who is "closing the window". A Reminder about the agent In the last two examples the agent "who closes" the window is mentioned. Turkish has a particular construction in the Passive to denote the agent acting on the subject. For pronouns such as - my, your, his, our their - the agent (the pronoun itself) is placed in the Genitive Case and followed by tarafından - by. by. However nouns are NOT suffixed with the genitive -in
Pronouns - Examples including the agent in the Genitive. Hesap, benim benim tarafımdan ödenecek - The bill will be paid by me. me. Kitap, onların tarafından yazılacak - The book will be written by them. Proper Nouns - Examples including the agent in i n the Nominative. Top, Mustafa tarafından bulundu - (NOT - Mustafa 'nın) - The ball was found by Mustapha. Araba, Araba, Ali tarafından temizleniyor- The car is being cleaned by Ali. If the agent is a Proper Noun then it is just in the Nominative (subject) Case - the t he Genitive is not used. Note that the subject subject is followed by a comma, comma, this is a good good policy to follow when when writing Turkish. There There is also the possibility of these being understood a "nicknames" if a break is not put after the subject. For Ali - may be a name so used and as far a Top Musafa - Ball Mustafa - this is the instance: Araba Ali - Auto - Auto Ali - Ball Mustafa sort of nickname used in the "Gay Community!". The agent is placed in the Genitive Case and followed by tarafından - by but by but the Genitive Case is used only for Pronouns. For Nouns the Nominative Case is used, just like the preposition - ile - with, also, and - so it becomes - benimle - with meme- but - with Ahmet - Ahmet'le(not Ahmet'inle)
The Reflexive Form of the Verb The reflexive form of the verb is used when the action of the verb refers back to the subject as opposed to the object. In English this is usually shown by the use of the reflexive pronouns - myself, yourself, ourselves 111
etc. However etc. However in Turkish the feeling of "self" is understood by using the reflexive form of the verb. Mehmet yıkandı - Mehmet - Mehmet washed himself. himself.
Other Examples of Reflexive Forms in English I shaved myself He washed himself You have cut yourself We helped ouselves This reflexive form of the verb stem is used to convey the reflexive meaning and takes the form of the suffix -in (subject to vowel harmony) or -n after verb stems ending in a vowel. As can be seen the reflexive sign -n is the same as the passive form for those verbs whose stems end in a vowel but the context of the sentence is usually enough to make the meaning passive or reflexive quite evident. Rarely, the -il suffix is used for the reflexive meaning. The verb üzmek is is to make someone sad and and its reflexive/passive üzülmek is is to get sad (oneself). (oneself) . Katmak is is to add/join and add/join and its reflexive/passive katılmak is to get added, hence to join, to attend . attend . This is really a "grey area" between passive and/or reflexive.
Examples of Use for the Reflexive Verb If we take the verb yıkamak - to wash wash - we would say: çamaşırı yıkadım - I - I washed the shirt However - if we say - I - I washed myself, I had a wash wash - then the reflexive form must be used: yıkandım - I - I had a wash, I washed myself Similarly the verb soymak - to undress soymak - to undress somebody somebody - [Active] soyunmak - to undress oneself - [Reflexive] The Causative Verb The active form of the verb gives the sense of: "doing something" and the passive form "something is being done". The Causative sense is "to have something done by b y somebody, to get something done by something." In the case where English uses "get done by" or "to have done by" Turkish uses the Causative form of the verb. In English one might say: The Active Verb - I'm - I'm going to clean the car - [to clean it myself] The Causative Form - I'll - I'll get John to clean the car - [to get, to cause John to clean it.]
Use of the Causative One of the duties that the Causative Verb form carries out is to make intransitive verbs (which do not take an object) into a transitive verbs (which do take an object). The verb - durmak - to stop/to halt - is such a word: Araba caddede durdu - The car stopped in the street . - (There is no object in i n this sentence , it is intransitive) Mehmet, arabayı arabayı caddede durdurdu - Mehmet - Mehmet stopped stopped the car in the street . - (The object in this sentence arabyı - the car is arabyı - it is a transitive sentence)
English may use a different verb entirely for its causative meaning 112
The translation of the Causative is literal here, but in translation a different verb may be used in English. In first example, the Causative of "to know" has been literally translated as "to make know, to cause to know". In English this may be "to notify, notif y, to publish, etc." This diffence in English verb use must be considered when translating Causative Verbs from Turkish into English and vice versa.
Causative Verb Form The Causative verb stem is usually formed by adding -dir to the basic verb stem or -tir if the verb stem st em ends in an unvoiced consonant . The suffix follows Vowel Harmony Rules and is subject to Consonant Mutation Therefore the Causative Suffix possibilities due to the above rules are: -dir-/-tir-, -dır -dır-/-/-tır tır-- , -dur-/-tur-, -dür-/-türThe resulting causative verb stem can have all mood and tense endings added as required. There are some exceptions to the above rule which will be discussed later.
Regularly Formed Examples - Causative Verbs Basic Verb
Causative Form
gülmek - to laugh ona güldüm - I - I laughed at him ["Gülmek" him ["Gülmek" takes a Motion Towards (dative) object] bana güldü - He - He laughed at at me
güldürmek - to make laugh/cause to laugh onu güldürdüm - I - I made him laugh beni güldürdü - He - He made me laugh
bilmek - to know onu biliyorum - I - I know that .
bildirmek - to make known Mehmed' e haberi bildirdik - We made the news known to Mehmet
çalışmak - to work Bugün çalışıyorum - I - I am working today
çalıştırmak - to to cause to work Bugün, Mehmed'e çalıştırıyorum - I - I am getting Mehmet to work today today
unutmak - to forget Çantamı unuttum unuttum - I - I forgot my bag
unutturmak - to cause to forget Mehmed'e çantasını unutturduk - We've let Mehmet forget his bag. bag.
Examples in the Potential Mood onu güldürebilirsiniz - you - you can make make her laugh beni güldüremeyecek - he will not be able to make me laugh bizi güldüremediler - they couldn't make us laugh Examples in the Necessitative Mood Mehmet seni güldürmeliydi. - Mehmet - Mehmet must have have made you laugh. onu yaptırmalıyım. - I - I must have it done. Irregular Causative Forms Basic verb Stems ending in a vowel or -r form their causative by the addition of the t he suffix -t to produce the causative verb stem 113
Active Verb
Causative Verb
oturmak to sit
oturtmak to seat somebody
anlamak to understand anlatmak boyamak to paint
to make understand (to explain)
boyatmak to get something painted
Single Syllable Causative Verb Forms Some verbs mainly of a single syllable root form their causative by the addition of -ır, that is the initial - -dor -t- of the causative verb sign is dropped. This generally happens when the basic verb stem terminates in -ç -ş but there are other verbs included in this group. It should be noted that some verbs which end in -ç or -ş or -ş take the full -tir suffix. However the problem of these irregularities is not too great as the number of verbs involved is quite small although some of them are fairly fairl y common. These are best learned separately.
A list of the verbs which change Basic Verb
Causative Verb
artmak to increase
artırmak to cause to increase
batmak to sink
batırmak to cause to sink
bitmek to finish
bitirmek to finish off
doğmak to be born
doğurmak to give birth
doymak to be filled
doyurmak to fill up s.o.
düşmek to fall
düşürmek to cause to fall/to drop s.o
geçmek to pass
geçirmek to cause to pass
göçmek to move/migrate göçürmek to evict içmek to drink/smoke
içirmek
kaçmak to escape
kaçırmak to miss/let escape
to cause to drink
(by itself) pişirmek to cook something pişmek to cook (by
şaşmak to be surprised
şaşırmak to surpise s.o.
şişmek to swell
şişirmek to cause to swell
taşmak to overflow
taşırmak to cause to overflow
uçmak to fly
uçurmak to cause to fly 114
Causative Uses One of the duties of the Causative is to make a Transitive Verb (one ( one which takes an Object) out of an Intransitive Verb (which has no Object). This can readily be seen in the examples above: itself) - i.e. The eggs are cooking in the pan. - which is Intransitive as it has no object. Pişmek - to cook (by itself) pan. - which is Transitive as Ali (the Pişirmek - to cook something - i.e. Ali is cooking the eggs in the pan. subject) is cooking the eggs (the Object) - and therefore the Verb is the T ransitive form. If you inspect the examples you will see that some of the Active forms are Intransitive whilst their Causative Form is the Transitive Verb. We should note that this is the reason that the Turkish verb for - to eat - is - yemek yemek - The first yemek - means - food - food - and the second - yemek - means - to eat . Yemek - is a Transitive verb in Turkish so therefore must always take an Object, whereas in English the verb - to eat - can be Transitive or Intransitive. Ali, lokantada yemek yiyor - Ali - Ali is eating food in the cafe cafe - (must - (must be Transitive), whereas in English we just say - Ali - Ali is eating in the cafe. cafe. - (Intransitive).
Regular Causative Verb Formation Other verbs are regular in their causative formation even if they are single syllable and end in an unvoiced consonant - some examples:
Active Verb
Causative Verb
bakmak to look baktırmak to cause to look itmek to push ittirmek
to cause to push
koşmak to run koşturmak to cause to run satmak to sell sattırmak to cause to sell sevmek to love sevdirmek to cause to love A few verbs ending in -k take -ıt - ıt as their causative sign. Active Verb
Causative Verb
akmak to flow
akıtmak to cause to flow
sarkmak to hang down sarkıtmak to hang s.o. up ürkmek to have a scare ürkütmek to startle There are few verbs which take -ar or -er as their causative sign Active Verb
Causative Verb
çıkmak to go out/to exit çıkarmak to send out gitmek to go
gidermek to send away/to remove 115
kopmak to snap itself
koparmak to break s.o.off
onmak to mend
onarmak to have repaired
One verb is completely irregular Active Verb
Causative Verb
görmek - to see göstermek - to show All these are common verbs and should be learnt as irregularities Verb differences to English It can be seen from the meanings in English of the Causative Verb that it is used when an instrument or a person causes causes a verb action, and as such such can have a different verb used in English to show the causative sense. It is therefore sometimes difficult to select the correct English verb in t ranslation from Turkish. Practice and observation are necessary to ensure correct understanding and use of this verb form. For instance if we say: Mutfakta yemek pişiyor - The food - (the subject) - is cooking in the kitchen. - [the food is cooking by itself] Mehmet, mufakta yemeği pişiriyor - Mehmet - Mehmet - (the subject) subject) - is cooking the food - [Causative Verb Mehmet is cooking the food.] In the case above the same verb - to cook - is used in English for both basic and causative verbs. But in the following a different verb is used in English: Cevabı anladım - I Active Verb -anlamak - to understand - Cevabı - I understood the answer. answer. Cevabı anlattım - I Causative Verb - anlatmak - to explain explain - [Lit: to cause to understand] - Cevabı - I explained the answer. We have to realise that in English the Causative Verb is often a dif ferent verb altogether from the Active Verb whereas Turkish uses its Causative form of the Active Form.
Examples of Different Verb Use in English Active Causative
Literal
to die to kill/to murder [Lit: [Lit: to cause to die] to see to show
[Lit: to cause to see]
to halt to stop
[Lit: to cause to halt]
Causing a Third Party to Act This is basically a doubled causative verb formed by adding -t or sometimes -tir to the regular causative verb. I made him paint the car. I got him to paint the car. I had him paint paint the car arabayı ona boyattırdım [ boya-t-tır All the above are translated: arabayı boya-t-tır -dım]. In this case we are causing a third party to act as an an agent. In these these type of sentences sentences the agent agent has the -a or -e (indirect object) case endings: ie. 116
I caused FOR him to paint the car. The verb is basically a doubled causative form. boya -t -tir -mak . Other doubled causatives are formed similarly:
The Doubled Causative The Doubled Causative is used when you get someone else else to do the job ie. You cause them to have the job done. Arabamı garajda tamir ettirdim - uses a Single For instance - I - I got my car repaired at at the garage garage - Arabamı Arabamı garaja tamir ettirttim - uses a Double Causative, whereas - I - I got the garage to repair my car - Arabamı Causative. anlattırmak [anla-t-tır [anla-t-tır -mak] -mak] - to have something explained tamir ettirtmek [et-tir-t-mek [et-tir-t-mek ] - to have something repaired yaptırtılmak [yap-tır [yap-tır -t-ıl -t-ıl-mak] -mak] - to have something done If two letters -tt- occur together, then they are both pronounced individually. These forms do crop up quite regularly, especially in newspaper reports about agencies, ministers, governments etc. having something carried out by a third party
The Co-operative Verb Form The Co-operative form of the verb is where the sense given is that the t he action is performed with another person or persons. persons. The co-operation co-operation may be contrary contrary in meaning. - ie. ie. They fought EACH OTHER . In this case Turkish will use its co-operative form of the verb vuruşmak - meaning - to fight EACH OTHER - as opposed to the basic verb - vurmak - to hit . - Many commonly daily used words are of the Co-operative form, and as we learn them we may not realize this.
The Co-operative Verb In English it is not always apparent when a verb is co-operative, for instance the verb to collide. collide. You can collide with a wall - (a ( a single occurrence) or with another car - (co-operative occurrence). Turkish does make this distinction: In the first case: - çarpmak - to bump, collide Bir duvara çarptım - I - I bumped a wall In the second case: case: - çarpışmak - to bump, collide with. Bir arabayla arabayla çarpıştım. - I - I collided with a car
Co-operative Verb Formation The Co-operative verb sign is -iş which is added to the verb stem and it is subject to Vowel harmony so the suffix can take the following forms: -ış or -iş or -uş or -üşand -ş is added to verb stems which end in a vowel.
Active Verb
Co-operative Verb
vurmak - to hit ona vurdum - I - I hit him
vuruşmak - to hit Birbirleriyle vuruştular - They fought each other. [Lit: hit each other]
görmek - to see Memet'i gördüm - I - I saw Mehmet
görüşmek - to see each other/to meet Mehmet ile görüşeceğim - I'm - I'm going to meet Mehmet Mehmet 117
[Lit: I will meet (see each other) with Mehmet.]
anlamak - to understand Ali'yi anlıyoruz - We understand Ali
anlaşmak - to understand each other/to agree Anlaşıyoruz, değil mi? - We agree, don't we? Ali ile anlaşıyoruz. - We agree with Ali. [Lit: understand each other]
Birbirleriyle - with each other - We should use always - ile - with - with co-operative verbs, since the action is done by at least two persons. A note about the the verb - vurmak
When used with The Motion Toward (Dative Suffix -a/-e) - it means - to strike, to hit Mehmet bana vurdu - Mehmet - Mehmet hit me me - [to me]
ı/-i/-u/-ü)- it means - to shoot dead, to kill When used with Direct Object (Accusative Suffix -ı/-i/-u/-ü Mehmet kuşu vurdu - Mehmet - Mehmet shot the bird [dead]
Co-operative Form usage As we mentioned in the heading of this section many Co-operative forms are in regular use and one should begin to get the feeling in Turkish that that the -iş suffix concerns something that is done in concert (either with or against.) - and can be used with certain nouns to show "a doing together". This "in concert" suffix also shows up in some nouns - for instance - giriş - means - entrance entrance - but can be construed to mean - [Lit: - an entering in concert]. Similarly - çıkış - exit - [Lit: - a leaving in concert]
Common Co-operative verbs Also as previously mentioned many verbs with regular use are in the Co-operative form: agree - [to understand together] anlaşmak - to agree together] sevişmek love - [with each other] - to make love öpüşmek kiss - [with each other] - to kiss Although konuşmak - to speak - [with each other] and çalışmak - to work - [with or at something or other] iş- shows that these verbs show "a doing together" are not really co-operative verbs we can see that -iş-
The Subjunctive Mood This mood is used quite widely in daily conversation, especially the first person singular and plural forms. The Subjunctive Mood gives a sense of doubt, uncertainty or wish. - Let me, Let us or us or in the negative - Let - Let me not, Let us not The third person forms are also used regularly. Should a secretary say to the boss that Ahmet bey has arrived then the answer might be - Let - Let him wait or Let or Let him come in then in then in these cases the Subjunctive Mood would be used. The special third person form of the Imperative is also used quite a lot for wishes and desire, especially in Formula Speak - For instance if a person is ill we will say - I - I hope he gets gets better soon. Turkish however will say - Geçmiş olsun - I - I hope it passes quicklyquickly- [Lit: May it pass (from you)] 118
Subjunctive - formation The Subjunctive Mood Sign is -a or -e which is added to the basic verb stem - according to Vowel Harmony Rules: If the bare verb stem ends in a vowel then the Subjunctive Mood Sign becomes -ya or -ye (Uses buffer letter -y-)
The Personal Endings for the Subjunctive mood are as follows: Subjunctive Mood Sign is -e for verbs whose last vowel is -e, -i, -ö, -ü -ı, -o, -u Mood Sign -a is used for verbs whose last vowel is -a, -ı, As the Mood Sign is -a or -e - Then it follows that there are only two forms of the Personal Endings as shown above for the Subjunctive (again due to vowel harmony rules). The Singular Personal Endings - Subjunctive -eyim- let me or -ayım- let me -esin - let you or -asın - let you -e - let him or -a - let him The Plural Personal Endings - Subjunctive -elim- let us or -alım - let us -esiniz - let you or -asınız - let you -eler- let them or -alar- let them All the above will use buffer letter -y- when being added to a verb stem ending in a vowel. Thus -eyim becomes -yeyim [after a vowel] etc bekleyeyim - [bekle-y-eyim] - let me wait almayalım - [alma -y -alım] -alım] - let us not take Consequently it can be seen that all negative verbs will have this buffer letter as the negative verb end in a vowel. Special Case The third person singular and plural also have an ending suffix -sin and -sinler. This is discussed in The Imperative Mood.
E-Dotted Vowel Group come - becomes - gel-e-yim - I gelmek - to come - I better come geleyim - let me come, I better come gelesin - let you come, you should come along gele - let him come, he should come gelelim - let us come, we better come gelesiniz - let you come, you come along geleler - let them come, they ought to come too
A-Undotted Vowel Group bakmak bak-a-yım - let me look - to look - becomes - bak-a-yım koşmak - to run run - koşasın - let him run bulmak - to find - bula - let him find 119
çıkmak - to leave leave - çıkalım - lets go! kaçmak - to escape, to leave leave - kaçasınız - off you go! korkmak - to be afraid - korkalar - let them fear Verb Stems ending in vowels In the case of verb stems which end in a vowel -(including -( including all negative verbs) - then -ye or -ya is used (buffer letter -y) aramak - to look for - arayalım - [ara -ya -lım] - lım] - let us look for (it) beklemek - to wait, to expect - bekleyeyim - [bekle -ye -yim] - let me wait etc.
The Negative Form of all the above then become: gitmemek - not to go go - gitmeyelim - lets not go bakmamak - not to look - Ahmet mektuba bakmaya - Let - Let Ahmet not look at the letter -This is not an order but a wish - Hopefully - Hopefully Ahmet will not not look at the letter, but bulmamak - not to find - bulmayalar - Hopefully - Hopefully they won't won't find it. beklememek - not to wait - beklemeyeyim - I'd - I'd better not wait. Subjuctive - Interrogative The Interrogative Particle mi? or mı? is written separately but obeys Vowel Harmony Rules: geleyim mi? - should - should I come (too)? yürüyelim mi? - should - should we walk? yürümeyelim mi? - shouldn't - shouldn't we walk? gideler mi? - Should they go (then)?
Subjunctive - Past Tense The Past tense of the Subjunctive Mood gives the sense of: I wish that I had, If only we had, etc. And etc. And the negative: I negative: I wish that I hadn't, If only they they hadn't.etc. hadn't. etc. Then adding the Definite Past Tense personal endings the to Subjunctive Mood base we arrive at: gideydim [gide -idim] - if only I had gone Ahmet gelmeyeydi [gelmeye -idi] - If - If only Ahmet hadn't hadn't come (along) (along) - The spelling gelmiyeydi spelling gelmiyeydi is is also found. arayaydık [araya [araya -idik] - If - If only we had looked looked for (it) Si nce e ^^^How to say - Sinc This structure has the suffix -li - containing - added to the Subjunctive Verb Stem i.e. Gide plus -li becomes gideli. The subject person is also stated and the tense is taken from the final main verb since are as follows: Other ways of saying since -eli, -eli beri, -eliden beri - since - since All these mean - Since we came to Istanbul it has not rained. except rained. except the last example - Since they came to Istanbul it has not rained. Biz İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı. Biz İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geleli beri hiç yağmur yağmadı. Biz İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geleliden beri hiç yağmur yağmadı .
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"since" can also be translated as -di(X) -eli where the person is taken from the tense sign: Mehmet İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geldi geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı. (Ben) (Ben) İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geldim geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı. (Siz) İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geldiniz geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı. (Biz) (Biz) İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geldik geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı. (Onlar) İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geldiler geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı The last five examples do not really need the subject - Ben, Siz Biz or Onlar stated as it is already evident from the verb endings - geldi, geldim, geldiniz, geldik and and geldikler. From the meanings given above it can be seen that this mood can have a wide interpretation in usage and translation which can only be obtained by b y practice and observation.
The Necessitative Mood Simple Tense of Obligation I must go I ought to go I should go I have to go I have got to go This Mood is formed by attaching the -li Suffix of Obligation to the t he short infinitive form of the verb. The suitable to be personal be personal suffix is then added to denote the number of the person - I, you, he, we, we, you, they.. Expressing Obligation. There are a number ways to express obligation in Turkish. The first way is to use the noun zor - trouble, difficulty, worry, problem,difficult, hard zorunda kalmak [zor-u-nda [zor-u-nda - "in the problem"] - to be left no choice but (to do something) zorunda olmak - to have to, be obliged to (do something) Or one can use an arabic word mecbur - necessity, need to.. mecbur olmak /-a/ /-a/ (demands a Motion Towards Object) - to be forced to, be obliged to, have to (do something). something). mecbur kalmak -/a/ (demands a Motion Towards Object) - to feel obliged to, feel that one has to (do something). something). (Bakmaya mecbur oldum - I felt (that) I had to look)
zorunda - to be compelled to do something zorunda is conjugated with the Infinitive oynamak - to play oynamak zorundayım - I - I have to play oynamak zorundasın o oynamak zorunda oynamak zorundayız oynamak zorundasınız oynamak zorundalar mecbur - to commit to do something mecbur is conjugated with Motion Towards (dative) düşünmek - to think düşünmeye mecburum mecburum - I - I must think 121
düşünmeye mecbursun mecbursun o düşünmeye mecbur mecbur düşünmeye mecburuz mecburuz düşünmeye mecbursunuz mecbursunuz düşünmeye mecburlar mecburlar Use of -meli/-mali as a tense mood Here "I, you, she etc.." is is subject in i n sentence so no need to use the Possessive "-in" ben kitap okumalıyım sen kitap okumalısın ali kitap okumalı biz kitap okumalıyız siz kitap okumalısınız onlar kitap okumalı(lar)
Use of lâzım - need or or gerek - necessity as as an auxiliary. Benim kitap okumam lâzım - [lit: [lit: My reading r eading book is needed] needed] - means - I - I should read a book book - that's why we use "-im" - "my" to to personalize the sentence. Benim kitap okumam lâzım or Benim kitap okumam gerek Senin kitap okuman lâzım or Senin kitap okuman gerek Ali'nin kitap okuması lâzım or Ali'nin kitap okuması gerek Bizim kitap okumamız lâzım or Bizim kitap okumamız gerek Sizin kitap okumanız lâzım or Sizin kitap okumanız gerek Onların kitap okuması (or okumaları) lâzım or Onların kitap okuması (or okumaları) gerek -meli,-malı tense suffix. The Possessive Personalized "-in" is used with both gerek and and lâzım but not with -meli,-malı Turkish gerek is is now used in preference to the Arabic lâzım, although the latter is often used in daily dail y conversation. These methods are widely used especially in notices and newspapers, but the verb itself has a Mood of Obligation which is explained below. There may be some fine differences dif ferences in meaning and intent within these various methods of expressing obligation, but they can only be learned by b y experience and observation. do/to to per perfform or m A full example with the verb - etmek - to do/ In the table below we show all the meanings in English which the Turkish Necessitative replaces. We realize that the English method have slightly slightl y differing meanings which are better explained by a grammarian. Suffice it to say that these fine meaning are understood "in context" when speaking Turkish.
Necessitative Mood Tenses Positive forms Statement
Negative forms Interrogative
Statement
Interrogative
Simple Tense of Obligation - I must, I ought to, I should, I have (got) to, do it.. ben etmeliyim
ben etmeli miyim?
ben etmemeliyim etmemeliyim
ben etmemeli miyim? miyim? 122
sen etmelisin
sen etmeli misin?
sen etmemelisin
sen etmemeli misin?
o etmeli(dir)
o etmeli mi?
o etmemeli
o etmemeli mi?
biz etmeliyiz
biz etmeli miyiz?
biz etmemeliyiz
biz etmemeli miyiz? miyiz?
siz etmelisiniz
siz etmeli misiniz?
siz etmemelisiniz
siz etmemeli misiniz?
onlar etmeli(dir)ler
onlar etmeliler mi?
onlar etmemeliler
onlar etmemeliler mi?
I must not do I ought not to to.. I should not do I have not (got) to do
Must I not do? (Mustn't I do?) Ought I not to do? (Oughtn't I to do?) Should I not do? (Shouldn't I do?) Have I not (got) to do? (Haven't I (got) to do?)
I must do I ought to do I should do I have (got) to do
Must I do..? Ought I to do? Should I do? Have I (got) to do?
Obligation Mood - Formation Example of an A-Dotted Verb bakmak - to see The Short infinitive is formed by dropping the final -k from from the Full Infinitive thus giving bakma for the Positive Verb stem while the t he Negative Verb Stem produces bakmama-(from bakamamak - not to see) see) Then with the addition of the undotted form of the t he -lı Suffix of Obligation we arrive at the necessitative akmalı-for the Positive and bakmamalıakmamalı - for the Negative.. mood verb roots bakmalıThe verb form is completed by adding the personal endings of the verb - to be
The Mood of Obligation - A-Undotted Verbs adds -malı - malı-- Suffix bakmalıyım
I ought to see/I must see
bakmamalıyım
I ought not to see
bakmalısın
You ought to see/You must see
bakmamalısın
You ought not to see
O bakmalı(dır)
He ought to see/He see/He must see
O bakmamalı(dır)
He ought not to see
bakmalıyız
We ought to see/we must see
bakmamalıyız
We ought not to see
bakmalısınız
You ought to see/you must see
bakmamalısınız
You ought not to see
bakmalı(dır)lar
They ought to see/They must see
bakmamalı(dır)lar
They ought not to see
Example of an E-Dotted Verb girmek - to enter Similarly for the E-Dotted Group of Verbs (where ( where because of Vowel Harmony Rules the Suffix of Obligation takes its dotted form -li-) - girmek - to enter - will become girmeli- for the Positive and girmemeli- for the Negative
The Mood of Obligation - E-Ddotted Verbs add -meli- Suffix 123
girmeliyim
I ought to enter
girmemeliyim
I ought not to enter
girmelisin
You ought to enter
girmemelisin
You ought not to enter
O girmeli(dir)
He ought to enter enter
O girmemeli(dir)
He ought not to enter enter
girmeliyiz
We ought to enter
girmemeliyiz
We ought not to enter
girmelisiniz
You ought to enter
girmemelisiniz
You ought not to enter
girmeli(dir)ler
They ought to enter
girmemeli(dir)ler
They ought not to enter
Conjugation Examples Mood of Obligation - Positive Form - Statement Present Tense Ben gitmeliyim
I must go
Sen gitmelisin
You ought to go
O gitmeli(dir)
He, She, It should should go
Biz gitmeliyiz
We have to go
Siz gitmelisiniz
You have got to go
Onlar gitmeli(dir)ler
They have to go
Mood of Obligation - Positive Form - Interrogative Present Tense Ben gitmeli miyim?
Must I go?
Sen gitmeli misin?
Ought you to go?
O gitmeli mi?
Should he go?
Biz gitmeli miyiz?
Have we to go? go?
Siz gitmeli misiniz?
Have you got to go?
Onlar gitmeliler mi?
Have they got got to go?
Mood of Obligation - Negative Form - Statement Present Tense Ben gitmemeliyim
I must not go
Sen gitmemelisin
You ought not to go
O gitmemeli
He should not go
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Biz gitmemeliyiz
We have not to go
Siz gitmemelisiniz
You have not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliler
They have not got to go
Mood of Obligation - Negative Form - Interrogative Present Tense Ben gitmemeli miyim?
Must I not go? (Mustn't I go?) go?)
Sen gitmemeli misin?
Ought you not to go? (Oughtn't you to go?)
O gitmemeli mi?
Should he not go? (Shouldn't he go?)
Biz gitmemeli miyiz?
Have we not not got to go? (Haven't (Haven't we (got) to go?)
Siz gitmemeli misiniz?
Have you not to go? (Haven't you you to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler mi?
Have they not not got to go? (Haven't (Haven't they got to go?) go?)
Past Definite Necessitative Past Past Definite - Relates to an actual situation - I - I should have gone.., gone.., He must have have gone.., etc..
Mood of Obligation - Positive Form - Statement Past Tense Definite Ben gitmeliydim
I must have gone gone
Sen gitmeliydin
You ought to have gone
O gitmeliydi
He should have have gone
Biz gitmeliydik
We had to go
Siz gitmeliydiniz
You had got to go
Onlar gitmeliydiler
They had to go
Mood of Obligation - Positive Form - Interrogative Past Tense Definite Ben gitmeli miydim?
Must I have gone? gone?
Sen gitmeli miydin?
Ought you to have gone?
O gitmeli miydi?
Should he have gone?
Biz gitmeli miydik?
Had we to go?
Siz gitmeli miydiniz?
Had you got got to go?
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Onlar gitmeliler miydi?
Had they got got to go?
Mood of Obligation - Negative Form - Statement Past Tense Definite Ben gitmemeliydim
I must not have gone gone
Sen gitmemeliydin
You ought not to have gone
O gitmemeliydi
He should not have have gone
Biz gitmemeliydik
We had not to go
Siz gitmemeliydiniz
You had not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliydiler
They had not got to go
Mood of Obligation - Negative Form - Interrogative Past Tense Definite Ben gitmemeli miydim?
Must I not have gone? gone? (Mustn't I have gone?)
Sen gitmemeli miydin?
Ought you not to have gone? Oughtn't you to have gone?)
O gitmemeli miydi?
Should he not have gone? (Shouldn't he have gone?)
Biz gitmemeli miydik?
Had we not got got to go? (Hadn't we got to go?)
Siz gitmemeli miydiniz?
Had you not not got to go? (Hadn't you you got to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler miydi?
Had they not not got to go? (Hadn't they they got to go?)
Obligation in the Future -meli/-malı necessative has no future form. If you want to say in English "I The -meli/-malı " I will have to do it", then you -meli/-malı in Turkish. cannot use -meli/-malı Instead gerek, zorunda is used for the Future Bunu yapmak zorunda olacağım. - I - I will have to do this. Onu yapman gerekecek. - You will have to do that. Past Indefinite Necessitative Past Past of Presumption - relates relates to an assumption assumption - I suppose that I should have have gone, I suppose that he should have gone, etc.
Mood of Obligation - Positive Form - Statement of Presumption Ben gitmeliymişim
(I suppose that) I must have gone
Sen gitmeliymişsin
(I believe that) you ought to have gone
O gitmeliymiş
(Presumably) he should have gone 126
Biz gitmeliymişiz
(In reality) we had got to go
Siz gitmeliymişsiniz
(It seems that) you had to go
Onlar gitmeliymişler
(Probably) they had got to go
Mood of Obligation - Positive Form - Question of Presumption Ben gitmeli miymişim?
Ought I to have gone? (at all?)
Sen gitmeli miymişsin?
Should you have gone? (possibly?)
O gitmeli miymiş?
(I wonder?) Did he have to go?
Biz gitmeli miymişiz?
(I wonder?) Did we have to go?
Siz gitmeli miymişsiniz?
(It seems that?) Did you have to go?
Onlar gitmeli miymişler?
(Surely by now?) Must they t hey have gone?
Mood of Obligation - Negative Form - Statement of Presumption Ben gitmemeliymişim
(I suppose that) I must not n ot have gone.
Sen gitmemeliymişsin
(I believe that) you ought not to have gone.
O gitmemeliymiş
(Presumably) he should not have gone.
Biz gitmemeliymişiz
(In reality) we had not got to t o go.
Siz gitmemeliymişsiniz
(It seems that) you had not to go.
Onlar gitmemeliymişler
(Probably) they did not have to go.
Mood of Obligation - Negative Form - Interrogative of Presumption Ben gitmemeli miymişim?
Ought I not to have gone? (at all?)
Sen gitmemeli miymişsin?
(I think that?) Should you not have gone?
O gitmemeli miymiş?
(I wonder?) Did he not have to go?
Biz gitmemeli miymişiz?
(I wonder?) Had we not got to go?
Siz gitmemeli miymişsiniz?
(It seems that? ) Did you not have to go?
Onlar gitmemeli miymişler?
(Surely?) must they not have gone?
The Verb "Gerekmek"
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Gerekmek - to need, to want to - is a verb in Turkish. As such it can be used in all tenses and moods as thes examples show: Present Continuous Saatimin ayarlanması gerekiyor. - My - My watch needs needs adjusting. Otobüse binmem gerekiyor mu? - Do - Do I have to get get on a bus? Mehmet'e yardım gerekiyor. - Mehmet - Mehmet needs needs help. Bir vize gerekiyor mu? - Is - Is a visa necessary? Kışın kar yağması gerekmiyor mu? - It's - It's supposed to snow in winter, winter, right? Hakkımda hiçb hiçbir şey öğrenmen gerekmiyor. - You do not need to learn anything about me. Ondan korkmamız gerekmiyor. - We have no need to be frightened of that/it. Simple Present İstanbul'a İstanbul'a gitmek gerekmez. - It - It is not necessary to go to Istanbul. Bunun üzerinden gümrük ödemeniz gerekir. - Because - Because of this it will be necessary necessary to pay Customs Customs Duty. Gülmek gerekir bazen - One should laugh sometimes. On dakika beklemeniz gerekebilir. - It - It may be necessary necessary for you to wait ten minutes. minutes. Indefinite Past Tense Mutlu olmak için mutlu etmek gerekmiş. - In - In order to be happy happy it is necessary to make make happiness. Bir bilene bilene sormak gerekmiş. - It seem it is necessary to ask someone who knows. knows. Çok şey gerekmezmiş mutlu olmaya. - Many - Many things are not needed needed to become become happy. Sevmek için sebep sebep gerekmezmiş. - No - No reason is necessary to love. Hatta kimseye bir bir şey anlatması gerekmezmiş. - It necessary to let anybody anybody know. - It seems it is not even necessary Definite Past Tense Kalemler pahalı olunca, ek iş bulma gerektı. - A expensive, a spare time job was - A the items were expensive, necessary. Öyle olması gerekti. - It - It had to be like that. Başarmamız gerekti aslında. - Really, - Really, we had to succeed. Oraya buraya gitmem gerekti. - I - I had to go here and and there. Senin iyi olduğunu görmem gerekti. - I had to see that you you were alright. 3 uncu kez denemem gerekmedi. - I - I did not have to try a third time. 4.vitesten yukarı çıkmam gerekmedi. - It - It wasn't necessary to change change up to 4th gear. gear. Bir defa bile kutusunu açmam gerekmedi. - I - I did not even have have to open the box. box. Future Tense Bu adamların adını hatırlamam gerekecek. - I - I will have to remember remember these gentlemen's names. names. Eşme'ye yeni bir yαtαk αlmαm gerekecek - I - I will have to get a new new bed for Esme. İlk önce siteden şifre almanız gerekecektir. - Firstly - Firstly you must obtain a password password from the site. Boyut değiştirmemiz gerekecektir - We will have to change the dimensions. Kutuyu bitirdikten sonra yeniden doktorunuza görünmeniz gerekecektir. - After - After finishing the box it will be necessary to see the doctor again. Present Participle in -en 128
İzlenilmesi gerekilen bir Filim - A - A film which must be seen. seen. Ankara'ya gidince uğranılması gerekilen bır yer olduğunu düşünüyorum. düşünüyorum. - I - I think that it is a place that that must be visited when going to Ankara.. gerçekten öğrenmesi gerekilen çok şeyler var. - Truly there are many things which are necessary to be learned. Gümrük vergisi ödenmesi gerekmeyenki arabamla geldim. - I - I came in my car car for which customs duty was not necessary. Sebzelerin tüketiminde dikkat edilmesi gerekilen konusu. - The steps that are necessary for the conservation of vegetables. Conditional mood - "if, whether" O an ne yapılması gerekiyorsa onu yaparım. - I'll - I'll do whatever is necessary necessary to do at that moment. moment. Eğer gitmem gerekiyorsa giderim - I will go if it is necessary Her ne gerekiyorsa yaparım - I - I will do whatever is necessary. necessary. Öyle olması gerekiyorsa öyle olur. - If - If it has to be like that then let it be so. Her Türk asker doğar, gerekirse vatan için şehit olur. - All - All Turks are born soldiers and if necessary will die as a martyr for the country. Kısaca anlatmak gerekirse böyle onu yazayım. - Let - Let me write it like this if it need to be explained in short. short. Gerekmezse konuşmam - If - If it is not necessary, I will not speak. speak. gerek ... gerek ise English translation: "as well as.." gerek göklerdeki kuşlar, gerek denizdeki balıklar, gerek yerdeki hayvanlar, ... It is not "whether" in English, there is not a choice between them. Here the writer wants to say all of them. "The birds in the sky, the fishes in the sea and also the animals on land, l and, all of them" it is similar to "not only but also" in English. English.
The Potential Mood - Positive The Potential Mood (tense) indicates: ability - to be able, can or disposition - may, might yetenek - ability, abilit y, accomplishment, acumen, adequacy, adequacy, aptitude, aptness, artistry, bent, calibre, capability, capacity, competence, competency, competency, dexterity, disposition, efficiency, endowment, facility, faculty, fitness, flair, genius, gift, instinct, knack, merit, predisposition, prerogative, qualification, quality, resource, skill, talent, turn, vocation The Potential Mood uses the addition of bilmek - to know know - to form its sense of meaning, therefore it always takes the form with a dotted i - and is not subject to vowel harmony, as bilmek is is a word in its own right. This is similar to the t he Scottish use of - ken ken - can, be able to to - where they can say - Do - Do you ken the the swimming? - "Do you know how to swim?"
Positive Potential Mood Verb Stems ending in a Consonant The suffix -ebil- or -abil- is affixed to the positive verb stems which end in a consonant, gelmek - to come forms come forms a new verb and becomes gelebilmek - to be able to come yazmak - to write forms write forms a new verb and becomes yazabilmek - to be able to write 129
yazılmak yazılabilmek - to be written [Passive written [Passive Mood] forms a new verb and becomes yazılabilmek - to be able to be written gülmek - to laugh forms laugh forms a new verb and becomes gülebilmek - to be able to laugh güldürmek - to make s.o. laugh [Causative laugh [Causative Verb] forms a new verb and becomes güldürebilmek - to be able to make s.o. laugh Verb Stems ending in a Vowel Verb Stems ending in a vowel add -yebil- or -yabil- - (buffer letter -y-) yürümek - to walk forms forms a new verb and becomes yürüyebilmek - to be able to walk taşımak taşıyabilmek carry forms a new verb and becomes taşıyabilmek - to carry forms - to be able to carry In short The various tenses can be formed as normal after dropping -mek or or -mak - which are replaced by -e- or -ato which the verb bilmek - to know know - is affixed - thus forming -ebil- or -abil- as the Potential Mood Suffix. In essence what is really being formed is a new verb altogether, which is different from English which uses the auiliary verb - "to be able.."
Potential Mood Examples Potential Mood -Present Continuous Tense: gelebiliyorum - I - I can come, I am able to come, I may come, I might come come Potential Mood - Present Simple Tense: gelebilirim - I - I can come, I am able to come, I may may come, I might come come Potential Mood - Future Tense: gidebileceksiniz - you - you will be able to go, etc. Potential Mood - Past Tense: başlayabildik aşlayabildik etc. . - we could have started, etc.. Present Continuous görmek - to - to see see - becomes in the Potential Form - görebilmek - to be able to see görebiliyorum - I - I can see, I am able able to see, I may see, I might see görebiliyorsun - you - you can see, see, you are able to see görebiliyor - he can see, he is able to see görebiliyoruz - we can see, we are able to see görebiliyorsunuz - you - you can see, see, you are am able able to see görebiliyorlar - they can see, they are able to see Present Interrogative The Interrogative is formed in a similar manner as the Basic Verb by using the correct question tag according to the number of the personal pronoun: gelebiliyor muyum? - Can I come? gelebiliyor musunuz? - Can you come?
Future Tense Potential 130
kalmak - to stay, to remainremain- becomes in the Future Potential Form - kalabilmek - to be able to stay, remain r emain kalabileceğim kalabileceğim - I - I will be able to stay kalabileceksin - you - you will be able able to stay kalabilecek - he will be able to stay kalabileceğiz kalabileceğiz - we will be able to stay kalabileceksiniz - you - you will be able to stay kalabilecekler - they will be able to stay Future Interrogative gidebilecek misiniz? - will you be able to go? Past Definite Tense beklemek - to wait, to expect - becomes in the Past Definite Potential Form - bekleyebilmek - to be able to wait, expect bekleyebildim - I - I could wait bekleyebildin - you - you could wait wait bekleyebildi - he could wait bekleyebildik - we could wait bekleyebildiniz - you - you could wait bekleyebildiler - they could wait If we insert the -ir of the Habitual present (aorist wide tense), t ense), then the meaning becomes "unreal" beklemek - to wait, to expect - becomes in the Past Definite Potential Unreal - bekleyebilirmek - to be able to wait, expect bekleyebilirdim - I - I could have waited bekleyebilirdin - you - you could have have waited bekleyebilirdi - he could have waited bekleyebilirdik - we could have waited bekleyebilirdiniz - you - you could have have waited bekleyebilirdiler - they could have waited
Past Indefinite Tense düşünmek düşünebilmek - to be able to think - to think - becomes in the Past Indefinite Potential Form - düşünebilmek düşüneb düşünebilmişim - it seems I was able to think düşüneb düşünebilmişsin - it seems you were able to think düşüneb düşünebilmiş - it seems he was able to think düşüneb düşünebilmişiz - it seems we were able to think düşüneb düşünebilmişsiniz - it seems you were able to think düşüneb düşünebilmişler - it seems they were able to think Past Interrogative bekleyebildi mi? - could he have waited? Past Continuous yapmak - to do, to make make - becomes in the Imperfect Past Potential Form - yapabilmek - to be able to do yapabiliyordum - I - I was able to do 131
yapabiliyordun - you - you were able to do yapabiliyordu - he was able to do yapabiliyorduk - we were able to do yapabiliyordunuz - you - you were able to do do yapabiliyorlardı yapabiliyorlardı - they were able to do Imperfect Interrogative durabiliyorlardı durabiliyorlardı mı? - were they able to stop, halt ? We can see clearly in this example where the verb - bilmek - to know know - keeps its dotted i - as it is not subject to vowel harmony rules, being a separate word in its own right. The Negative Potential Verb Negative Potential Formation This mood is easily formed in all tenses just by b y inserting an -e- or -a- before the negative suffix of any negative verb whether it be active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal,or reciprocal,or causative - (in effect we form a completely new verb - with its own infinitive): infinit ive):
A-UnDotted Verbs bakmamak - to not look becomes: becomes: bakamamak - not to be able to look bakamıyorum - I - I can't look bakamadın or bakamıyordun - you - you could not not look bakamıyordu - he was not able to look bakamazsak - if we cannot look - (Conditional form) bakamayacaksınız - you - you will not be able to look look bakamadılar or bakamıyorlardı - they could not look It can be seen above that the tense and personal endings are added to make the full verb form - this includes the "if" forms of the Conditional Mood. E-Dotted Verbs çekmemek - to not pull becomes: becomes: çekememek - not to be able to pull çekemem - I - I can't come çekemiyorsun - you - you cannot pull çekilemedi - it could not be pulled - (Passive form) çekemeyeceğiz - we will not be able to pull çekememiştiniz - you - you had not been been able to pull A-UnDotted Verbs ending in a Vowel The buffer letter -y- is used to keep the last vowel of the verb stem separate from the -e- negative potential particle that has been been added to the normal negative infinitive. infinitive. anlamamak - to understand becomes: becomes: anlayamamak - (anla-y-a-ma-mak)- not to be able to understand anlayamadım - I - I could not understand understand anlamasaydın anlamasaydın - if you did not understand anlayamasaydın - if you could not understand - (adding the Negative Potential) anlayamamış - it seems he could not understand - (Inferential Tense) anlaşılamayacaksak - if we will not be able to understood - (Passive form) 132
anlayamazsınız - you - you cannot understand understand anlaşamadılar - they could not agreeagree - [lit: understand each each other] - (Reciprocal form) E-Dotted Verbs ending in a Vowel beklemek - to wait, expect - becomes: bekleyememek - (bekle-y-e-memek) - not to be able to wait bekleyemesem - if I cannot wait - (Conditional tense) bekletemeyeceksin - you - you will not be able to let (it/him) wait - (Causative form) beklenemedi - it could not have been expected - [lit: awaited] - (Passive form) bekleyemeyeceğiz - we will not be able to wait bekleyemezdiniz - you - you couldn't have have waited bekleyememişler - it seems that they could not wait wait - (Inferential tense) In speech this negative potential particle -a- (-ya-) or -e- (-ye-) is heavily accented in order to draw the attention of the listener.
Relative Participles -an/-en, -yan/-yen Participles - Adjectives (and nouns) formed from verbs. (verbal adjectives, verbal nouns) "The most important function of participles is to form modifying phrases or adjectives equivalent equivalent to the relative clauses found in most European languages. languages. The use of participles in Turkish is rather different than in English and at first fi rst sight is difficult to understand. This is mainly due to the fact that the t he Relative Pronouns - who, what, which, where where - are not used in Turkish as in English. Instead, Turkish uses participles of its verbs as adjectives or nouns." Many thanks to Özer Özer Kaan for correcting my mistakes in basic grammar on this page. page. - August 2011 - JG JG
Formation of the Relative Participle. Strip the -mek or or -mak ending ending from the infinitive of any verb. Add -(y)en if the verb is from the -mek family family or -(y)an if it's from the -mak family family to he remaining verb stem. [The buffer -y- is only inserted if the t he verb stem ends in a vowel - to avoid the occurrence of two consecutive vowels.] Examples of Present Participle Construction
Infinitive
Participle Suffix
The Participle
English
Gelmek
-en
Gelen
coming (who [whom, that, which] is coming)
Sarılmak
-an
Sarılan
hugging (who [whom, that, which] is hugging)
Anlamak
-yan
Anlayan
understanding (who is [whom, that, which] understanding) understanding)
Beklemek
-yen
Bekleyen
waiting (who [whom, that, which] is waiting)
133
Gelmemek
-yen
Gelmeyen
not coming (who [whom, that, which] is not coming)
Sarılmamak -yan
Sarılmayan
not hugging (who [whom, that, which] is not hugging)
Anlamamak -yan
Anlamayan
not understanding (who [whom, that, which] is not understanding)
Beklememek -yen
Beklemeyen
not waiting (who [whom, that, which] is not waiting)
The buffer -y- is only inserted if the verb stem ends in a vowel - to avoid the occurrence of two consecutive vowels.
Examples: Öğle yemeğe gelen adamı tanırım. - I - I know the man who who is coming to lunch. lunch . Akşam yemeğe geleni tanır mısınız? - Do - Do you know who who is coming to dinner? dinner? Gelenlerden biri biri tanıyorum. - I - I know one of of those who are coming. coming. Bekleyenlere her şey gelir. - Everything - Everything comes comes to those who wait. Zengin olanlar çok şanslı. - Those who are rich are very lucky. The Relative Participle can be used as an adjective as in 1 above: gelen adamor as a noun as in 2 above: Geleni tanır mısınız? Participle Forms 1. Present/Past Relative Participle with the suffix -(y)en/-(y)an 2. Future Relative Paticiple with the suffix-(y)ecek/-(y)acak
-dik/-tik/-dık/--tık/-duk/-tuk/-dük/-tük tık/-duk/-tuk/-dük/-tük 3. Past Direct Participle with the suffix -dik/-tik/-dık/ mış/-miş/miş/-muş/muş/-müş 4. Past Indirect (Inferential) Participle with the suffix mış/-r/-er/-ar/-ir/-ır/-ur/-ür. -ur/-ür. 5. Simple Present Positive Participle (Simple tense) with the suffix -r/-er/-ar/-ir/-ır/ 6. Simple Present Negative Participle (Simple tense) with the suffix -mez/-ma. These forms can function as either adjectives: oynamayan çocuklar - children who do not play or play or as nouns: oynamayanlar - they/those who do not play. play . The most important function of participles is to form modifying phrases or adjectives equivalent to the relative clauses found in most European languages. The use of participles in Turkish is rather different than in English and at first fi rst sight is difficult to understand. This is mainly due to the fact that the t he Relative Pronouns - who, what, which, where where - are not used in Turkish as in English. Instead, Turkish uses participles of its verbs as adjectives or nouns.
Relative Participle Formation The suffix -an or -en is added to the verb stem - (or -yan or -yen after vowels): yürümek - to walk - yürüyen - who walks, who is walking yürümemek - not to walk - yürümeyen - who doesn't walk, who is not walking beklemek - to wait - bekleyen - who waits, who is waiting beklememek - not to wait - beklemeyen - who doesn't wait, who is not waiting bakmak - to look - bakan - which looks, who is looking 134
görmek - to see see - gören - who sees, who is seeing görmemek - not to see see - görmeyen - who doesn't see, who is not seeing s eeing
Relative Participle - an actual example of a shop window advertisement. len] lady Computer(s) who knows (about) [b (about) [bii len] lady worker is being sought [Lit: Lady worker who knows (about) computers is being sought.] Thanks to Kıvılcım Günbattı - August 2008
The Relative Participle Let us consider the sentence: I know the man who is sitting in the chair - or - I - I know the man sitting in the chair Here - who - is a Relative Pronoun referring to - the man - which may be omitted omitt ed in English - as in the second version above. While - sitting - is a Present Participle or Verbal Adjective to describe the state of the man. The sentence above can be broken down to: (1) The man is sitting in the chair. - (2) I know him. One could also say: I can see the bird that that is flying in the sky I pulled the rope which which was hanging down. down. In these cases which and which and that are are Relative Pronouns whilst flying whilst flying and and hanging down are down are Present Participles used as Adjectives. However, in Turkish the Present Participle does the job of both the Relative Pronoun and the Adjective.
Here is a sign in shop window in downtown Izmir - June 2006 "Experienced lady worker who knows [bilen] English is being sought." If we transpose the examples above to the form that Turkish exhibits, then they would convert as follows: Sandalyede oturan adamı tanıyorum - Chair-in sitting-who-is man-the know-I. Gökte uçan kuşu görebilirim göre bilirim - Sky-in flying-which-is bird-the see-can-I. Sarkan ipi çektim. - Hanging - Hanging down-which-was down-which-was rope pulled-I . This last example is in the the past past tense, tense, which is taken from the final the final verb of the sentence. sentence... - Then it can be seen that the Present Participle - sitting etc.. translates the Relative Pronoun by implication ie who is sitting.., which is flying.. etc.. etc. . Therefore in Turkish the Present Participle is used as a Relative Pronominal Adjective. 135
This point is important to understand and in translation to English it is i s always best to add who is, which is, that is, until is, until facility in understanding the Turkish point of view has been reached.
Some Examples Relative Participles The suffix -an or -en is added to the verb stem, (or either -yan or -yen after vowels) Arka bahçeye bakan bakan pencere kırıldı. - The window facing the back garden is broken. - [Lit: Back gardento looking-at-which-is (facing) broken-is.] Mektup yazan adam çok yaşlıdır - The man writing the letter is very old. old. - [Lit: Letter-the writing-who-is man-the old-is.] Examples in the Potential Mood: The suffix -an or -en is added to the verb stem, (or either -yan or -yen after vowels) yürüyebilmek - to be able to walk - produces: - yürüyebilen - who can walk yürüyememek - not to be able to walk - produces: - yürüyemeyen - who can't walk Thr Relative Participle As the Participle formed is a Verbal Noun, then we can add suffixes to it to change the meaning as we do with all Nouns in Turkish
Examples of a Positive and Negative Verbs Noun as Direct Object oturmak - to sit (or to live at) oturan - who is sitting / sitting (adj.) (adj.) oturanı - [oturan-ı] [oturan-ı] - who sits / sitter Noun in Movement Toward Condition (Dative)- Singular uçmak - to fly uçan - which is flying / flying (adj.) (adj.) uçana- [uçan a] - to that flying / to the flier Noun in Movement Toward Condition (Dative) - Plural yemek - to eat yiyen - who is eating / eater (adj.) (adj.) yiyenlere- [yiyen -ler-e] - to those eating / to those who eat Noun in Movement Away Condition (Ablative) sarkmak - to hang down (to dangle) sarkan - which is hanging down / hanging down (adj.) sarkandan - [sarkan-dan] - from - from that which is hanging hanging Example of a Causative Verb Noun in Ownership condition - (Genitive) güldürmek - to cause to laugh güldüren - which makes one laugh/comic, funny (adj.) güldürenin - [güldür - en -in] - of that which makes one laugh/comic, funny Example of a Passive Verb 136
Noun in Movement Toward Condition (Dative) - Plural kesilmek - to be cut kesilen - which is being cut (adj.) (adj.) kesilenlerinden - [kesilen-leri-nden] - from - from those that are being cut Adjectival Participle Then we can translate adjectivally, for the singular: Masaya oturan adamı tanırım - I - I know the man who who is sitting at the table. table. - [Lit: Table-to (at) sitting manthe know-I.] In this case - oturan - is an adjective describing - the man And in the plural: masaya oturan adamları tanırım - I know the men who who are sitting at the tabletable - [Lit: Table-to sitting menthe know-I.] Thus using - oturan - as an adjective describing - the men
The Participle as a Noun However we could say in Turkish - as a noun - for f or the singular: Masaya oturanı tanıyorum. - I - I know (he) who is sitting at this table. table. - [Lit: Table-to sitting-he-who-is know-I.] Thus using - oturanı - as a relative pronoun - (singular direct object) And in the plural: masaya oturanları tanırdım - I knew I knew those who were sitting at the table. table. - [Lit: Table-to sitting-they-whowere knew-I.] Thus using - oturanları - as a relative pronoun - (plural direct object.) Note that the Past tense of this sentence is taken from the final verb.
Modified Participles The Relative Participle can be declined in both Singular and Plural Positive and Negative and in the Passive and Potential Moods of the verbs. The suffix -an or -en is added to the verb stem, (or ( or either -yan or -yen after vowels). The Basic Verb Form Participle - vermek - to give
The Positive Verb
The Negative Verb
vermek - to give
vermemek - not to give
veren - who gives
vermeyen - who doesn't give
verenler - those who are giving vermeyenler - those who don't give
Oğluma, hediye veren adam onun amcasıydı. - The man who gave the present to my son was his uncle. [Lit: Son-my-to, present gave-who man-the his uncle-was.] Ankara'ya giden otobüslerin hepsi doludur. - All the buses which are going to Ankara Ankara are full up. up. - [Lit: Ankara-to going-which-are buses all full-are.] Ankara'ya gidenlerin hepsi erkek. - All are male. male. - [Lit: Ankara-to - All the those who are going to Ankara are going-those-who-are all male-are.] Passive Mood Examples - beklenmek - to be expected, hoped for, waited for 137
The Positive Verb
The Negative Verb
beklenmek - to be expected
beklenmemek - not to be expected
beklenen - which is expected
beklenmeyen - which is not expected
beklenenler - those who are expected
beklenmeyenler - those which are not expected
The resulting -an or -en Relative Adjective is used to describe nouns, and can be used as a noun in its own right. Potential Mood Active Examples - çalışabilmek - to be able to work
The Positive Verb
The Negative Verb
çalışabilmek - to be able to work
çalışamamak - not able to work
çalışabilen - who is able to work
çalışamayan - which is not able to work
çalışabilenler - those who are able to work çalışamayanlar - those who are not able to work
The resulting -an or -en relative adjective can be used as a noun in its own right. An actual example
Here we see a sign at Ladies B each in Kuşadası for restricted entry into the Güneş (Sun) Site of Apartments . This sign just shows how difficult Turkish can be to understand when you are first learning, as the grammatical construction is alien to speakers of English. So let us explain what is happening: Güneş sitesine (Güneş site-si-ne) site-si-ne) - (In)to the Güneş Site ait olmayan - who is not concerned - [with the site anyway] araçların park etmesi- their car's its-parking yasaktır. - is prohibited.
Some Further Examples Yüzebilenlere bir madalya verelim - Let us give a medal medal to those who can can swim. swim . In the above example the Relative Adjective is used as a noun with the Dative Suffix -e - to to - added - [yüz[ yüzebil-en-ler-e] Sokağımızda çalışamayan bir engelli oturuyor. - A - A disabled man who is unable to work is living in our street In the above example the Relative Adjective - [çalış-a-ma-y [çalış-a-ma-y an] - who is unable to work / who can not work - is used to describe the noun - engelli - invalid / cripple 138
Süremeyenlerden arabaları arabaları geri alınız. -Take -Take away the cars from those who can't drive. In the above example the Relative Adjective - [sür-e-me-y-en-ler-den] - from - from those who can not (are not able to) drive drive - is used as noun with the addition of the suffix -den - from - from Thanks to Nilda for correction to the above - Feb 2006.
Potential Mood - Passive Examples This is an example of Turkish turning everything into an adjectival description wherever possible. yapılabilmek yapılabilmek - to be able to be done / made yapılabilen yapılabilen - which can be done yapılabilenler yapılabilenler - [yapıla bil-en-ler] - those which can be done sürülememek - not to be able to be driven sürülemeyen - which can not be driven sürülemeyenler - [sürül-e-me-y-en-ler] - those which can not be driven Sürülemeyen arabaları arabaları çıkarınız - Take away the cars which can not be driven In the above example the Relative Adjective is used [sürül-e-me-yen] Yapılabilenleri Yapılabilenleri bitirelim - Let's - Let's finish those that can be be done In the above example the Relative Adjective - [yapıla bil-en-ler-i] - those that can be done (object) done (object) - is used as a direct object noun.
Special Cases The Verb - olmak - to be, become It can be deduced that the present participle of the verb - olmak - is - olan - meaning - which, is being or or if used in its Pronominal Form means - That, Who, Which, What is This is used with the Infinitive in the Locative Case to form a Present Continuous Participle: Yüzmekte olanlar - those who are presently swimming. Denizde yüzmekte olanları tanırım. - - I - I know those who are presently swimming in the sea. sea. Kalmakta olanlardan - from - from those who are presently presently staying. Hırsızlar, otelde kalmakta olanlardan para çaldılar. - - The thieves stole money from those who are staying at the hotel. Beklemekte olana - to he who is waiting and still is waiting. Bu koliyi, beklemekte olana verin. - Give this parcel to the man (he who is) is ) waiting.
olan - being Another use of - olan - is with normal adjectives to describe people and events as the following examples show. In these cases - olan - can sometimes be translated as - being, as a. [Lit: a. [Lit: who be's] Satılık olan bir ev arıyorum - I - I am looking for a house house which is for sale sale - [Lit: For sale being a house look for-I ] Çok pahalı olan bir fotoğraf makinesini aldım - I have bought bought a camera which was was very expensive. expensive. - [Lit: Very dear being a camera bought-I] Babası Babası kasap olan bir arkadaşım var - I - I have got a friend whose father is a butcher. butcher. - [Lit: Father-his butcher being a friend-mine there-is]
Use of - olan - to mean - the one that An explanation of - olan - the which one olanı - One [the one that..] that..] - [lit: that which is..] as an item 139
olanları - Ones [the ones that..] - [lit: those t hose which are..] as items Hangi tişörtü istiyorsunuz? - Which tee-shirt do you want? Mavi olanı(nı) lütfen - The blue one, please Hangi ayakkabıları ayakkabıları istiyorsunuz? - Which shoes do you want? Siyah olanları(nı) lütfen. - The black ones, please. The -ni as an accusative direct object ending is grammatically correct in the answers as the the verb istemek - to want - is understood. But as with all languages sometimes sometimes the easy way is used and the direct object suffix is discarded though constant constant daily conversational usage. bulunmak - to be found The Verb - bulunmak - to be found, to be This verb - to be found - is the Passive Form of bulmak - to find . It is used very much as in English - one might say to a friend you are meeting later on: When you get to to the hotel tonight, I'll be found in the bar. bar. - [i.e. I'll be in the bar.] Or you might say in a strange place something like: Are there any of today's newspapers to be found at at all? This construction is used (is to be found [sic.]) - a lot in Turkish and is often translated more easily by the verb - to be
Bankada çalışan elemanlar iyi değil - The staff working at the bank are no good Bankada çalışmakta bulunan elemanlar çok iyidir - The staff who are presently working in the bank are very good It has been pointed out that the example above is a little lit tle awkward - but I leave it in as it shows the usage of bulunmak . The following relative sentence sounds better however. Bankada çalışan elemanlar çok iyidir. - The staff who are working at the bank are really good . good . The use of - bulunan - with adjectives: Similarly another use of - bulunan - is with normal adjectives to describe describe people and events as the following examples show. In these cases - bulunan - can sometimes be translated as - having a.., containing a İçinde beş kitap bulunan kutuyu getirin. - Bring - Bring along the box containing the five books. books. - [Lit: Inside five books-the found-which-are-to-be (containing) bring along.] Bahçemizde bulunan güzel çiçekleri sana göstereyim. - Let - Let me show you the beautiful beautiful flowers (which are) in our garden. garden. - [Lit: Garden-ours-in found-which-are-to-be beautiful flowers you-to show-let-me.] Past Tense Participles There are two types of Past Participle in i n Turkish: Turkish :
The first type is formed by suffixing -miş to the verb stem and is used when the participle is subject of the sentence. The second type is formed by the addition of -dik to to the basic verb stem which is used as an Objective Participle for both the t he Present and Past Tenses.
The Object participle is discussed elsewhere.
The –miş Subject Past Participle The Subject Participle in -miş is discussed below. This Past Subject Participle is used when the action is definitely completed. It should be noted that the -miş suffix does not take on a dubative or reportative sense 140
when used as a participle. As with the present Continuous Participle the relation is completed by using the relative participle - olan - that, who, which, is.
Examples of Indicative and Passive Verbs vermiş olan - given - given , which is given given verilmiş olan - given, - given, which has been given given vermemiş olan - not given , which has not given verilmemiş olan - not been given, which has not been given boyamış olan - painted, - painted, which is painted painted boyanmış olan - painted, - painted, that has been been painted seçmiş olan - chosen, which is chosen seçilmiş olan - chosen , that has been chosen Seçilmiş olan şapkayı beğenirim - I - I like the hat that has been been chosen Seçmiş olanı beğenirim - I - I like the one who has chosen Henüz gelmiş olan adamı tanırım - I - I know the man who who has just come Official/Public Use The -miştir Past Participle is a happening which is definite in the t he past - kırılmıştır - which has been broken - although we usually say in English - which is broken Mavı kapı kırılmıştır - The blue door is broken - [Lit. - has been broken] The -miş Past Participle is also used with suffix -dir to make an official definite statement. Türkiye'de Türkiye'de yapılmıştır - Made in Turkey Turkey - [Lit: Turkey-in made-which-has-been-is.] Paslanmaz çelikten yapılmıştır - Made - Made from stainless steel - [Lit: [ Lit: Stainless steel-from made-which-hasmade-which-has been-is.] İzmir' de üretilmiştir - Produced - Produced in Izmir - [Lit: [ Lit: Izmir-in produced-which-has-been-is.]
General Examples Turkish to English kaptandı . 1. Batan gemiden ayrılan son adam kaptandı. The captain was the last man who left the sinking ship. 2. Bisikleti olan çocuk geç kalmadı. The boy who had a bicycle was not late.
Fabrikanın etrafında hızlı bir şekilde yayılan yangın altı saat sürdü. sürdü . 3. Fabrikanın The fire which (that) spread quickly round the factory lasted for six hours. bitirilen iş çok zor idi. idi. 4. Dün bitirilen The work which (that) was finished yesterday was very hard. kala balığı tarafından sarılmış olan polis çok kızdı. kızdı . 5. İnsan kalab The policeman who was surrounded by a crowd of people became very angry. 6. Kaçakçılık limanlarda sık sık görülen bir suçtur. Smuggling is a crime which (that) often takes place in seaports. 141
bu kısmında kullanılan tarım metotları çok eskidir. eskidir . 7. Memleketin bu The methods of agriculture (which/that) are used In this part of the country are very old. 8. Beni çok dikkatle gözetleyen kimseyi gördüm. I have seen the person who was watching me very carefully. carefully. 9. Aşağı yukarı 418 km. uzunluğunda olan Yeşil Irmak türkiye'nin nehirden önemli biridir. Yeşil Irmak, which is a bout 418 km. long, is an important river ri ver in Turkey. 10. Evi çocuklarla dolu olan Ayten Alpman profesyonel şarkıcıdır . Ayten Alpman, whose whose house is full of children, is a professional singer.
geldi . 11. İki yıldır İngiltere'de bulunan karım geçen hafta Türkiye'ye geldi. My wife, who has been been in England for two years, years, came to Turkey Turkey last week. English to Turkish 1. My 1. My friends, who had invited me to dinner, were waiting for me In front of the house . Beni akşam yemeğine davet etmiş olan arkadaşlarım beni evin önünde bekliyorlardı. bekliyorlardı. 2. The chair whose legs are broken must be thrown away. Ayakları kırılmış olan sandalye atılmalıdır. 3. Yaşar Kemal, whose n ovels are still very popular, was born in Hemite village in 1922. Romanları hâlâ çok popüler olan Yaşar Kemal 1922 yılında, Hemite köyünde doğudu. 4. The girl who is sitting outside is looking for a job. Dışarıda oturan kız iş arıyor. 5. I 5. I wrote a letter to the man who asked for information yesterday. Danışma isteyen adama dün bir mektup yazdım.
About Object Participles This Participle is used for both Present and Past Tenses. A participle is an adjective which is formed from a verb - and as such it precedes the noun which it describes. Being a relative participle then it can also serve as a noun and therefore have the personal suffixes and the suffixes of declension added thus forming a relative clause. It is used for both the present and past tenses, only the context of the situation pertaining will tell which tense to use in English.
Object Participle Formation The -mek or or -mak is is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -dik - which is subject to vowel harmony.
The E-Dotted Vowels gelmek - to come becomes come becomes geldik - that came/that which is coming gülmek - to laugh becomes laugh becomes güldük - that laughed/that which laughs 142
The A-UnDotted Vowels bakmak - to look becomes becomes baktık - that looked at/that which looks at çıkmak - to exit becomes becomes çıktık - that went out/that which is exiting Generally this participle is not used in its pure form as above but is always personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 1st Person Plural of the Simple Past Definite Tense - (with suffix -dik/-tik or or dık/dık/-tık or or -duk/-tuk or or -dük/-tük according according to Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules) - but as it seldom used in its pure form then it is not possible to mistake it. Also being a Participle [a [ a Verbal Adjective], it describes a noun so therefore it precedes its precedes its noun, and as it is not a verb then verb then it does not stand last in in final position in the t he sentence. From this is becomes easier to recognize it as a verbal adjective by its position in position in any sentence.
Past Participle with -dik, -dık, -dık, -dük, -duk Position in Sentences We must realize that a participle is actually an adjective made from a verb form. As an adjective in Turkish it must precede the noun which it qualifies.
This then is how to recognize that it is a an adjective - by its it s position in the sentence. It looks like a verb, but it is not a verb. The verb always comes last in a sentence, and hence is easy to recognize it as a verb. If it is not last in the sentence then generally generally speaking it will be an adjective (or sometimes an objective pronoun).
Formation; Participle + Possessive Suffix - Noun - Verb
Oturduğum [Otur-duğ [Otur-duğ-um] -um] ev budur. - This is the house in which I live.
En çok sevdiğin [sev-diğ [sev-diğ-in -in ] yemek nedir? - What is the food that you like best?
Yazdığı [Yaz-dığ mektubu aldım. - I [Yaz-dığ--ı] mektubu - I have received the letter that he wrote.
Geldiğimiz [Gel-diğ araba çalınmış. - The car in which we came has been stolen, they say. [Gel-diğ-imiz] -imiz] araba
material that you liked. Beğendiğiniz [Beğen [Beğen--diğ-iniz] diğ-iniz] kumaşı bulamadım. - I - I could not find the material
Yaptıkları [Yap-tık unutamayacağım. - I [Yap-tık -ları] -ları] iyiliği unutamayacağım. - I shall not be able to forget forget the kindness that they have shown.
This participle, which is used for present as well as past time, is identical with the first person plural of the past definite tense, tense, but a possessive possessive suffix (for person) is added to make make it equivalent to a relative relative pronoun. The final -k changes to -ğ - ğ before the possessive possessive suffix, except except in the plural.
Let is take the first example and personalize it for all persons: 1. Oturduğum ev budur. - This is the house in which I live. 2. Oturduğun ev budur. - This is the house in which you live. 3. Oturduğu ev budur. - This is the house in which he lives. 4. Oturduğumuz ev budur. - This is the house in which we live. 143
5. Oturduğunuz ev budur. - This is the house in which you live.
Oturdukları ev budur. - This is the house in which they live. 6. Oturdukları We already know that adjectives can stand in place of nouns in Turkish, so if we take a further example, showing how this happens: Mehmet, söylediğim cevab cevabı beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet seemed not to like the answer answer that I spoke. - here the participle - söylediğim - that which I spoke spoke - is used as an adjective to describe - cevap - answer (which (which is in cevabı, as an object of the final verb - beğenmemiş - not to like (apparently) the objective case - cevabı However we can make the relative adjective into a noun (a relative pronoun) and put this replacing noun into the objective case: Mehmet, söylediğimi beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet seemed not to like what I said.
The Participle used as a Noun Let us give some examples in all persons ( all these relative pronouns are in the objective case as a direct object of the verb - beğenmemiş:
Mehmet, seçtiğimi beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet did not like what what I chose. Mehmet, yaptığını beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet did not like what you did. Mehmet, söylediğini beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet did not like what he said. Mehmet, bulduğumuzu bulduğumuzu beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet did not like what what we found. Mehmet, aldığınızı beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet did not like what what you bought. Mehmet, değiştirdiklerini beğenmemiş - Mehmet - Mehmet did not like what what they changed. changed. Object Participle Usage This -dik suffix suffix is often difficult to recognize as it has so many forms due to Vowel Harmony operating in its internal vowel, and Consonant Mutation operating on both the initial -d and the terminal -k -dık, -dük The -dik, -duk, -dık, - Participle is subject to both Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules. -tık, -tük . If a further suffix with a vowel is added the the final -k is So you can find -tik, -tuk, -tık, is also subject to Consonant Mutation: -diği, -duğu, -dığı, -düğü or -tiği, -tuğu, -tığı, -tüğü
Examples of Use bulmak - to find - Bulduğum şapka - The hat which I found. seçmek - to choose choose - Seçtiğin kitap - The book that you are choosing/chose görmek araba - The car that he sees/saw - to see see - Gördüğü araba yazmak - to write write - Yazdığımız mektup - The letter that we are writ writing/that ing/that we wrote demek gibi - Like - to say say - Dediğiniz gibi - Like (what) you you say/said sevmek - to like like - Sevdikleri dondurma - The ice cream that they liked. Bulduğum mendil beyazdır - The handkerchief that I found is white. Yazdığımız mektuplar buradadır - The letters that we wrote are here. Çalıştığım büro (ofis) kapalı - The office where I work is closed/ The office where I worked is closed. Söyledikleri mantıklıdır - What they are saying/said is/was sensible. In the above example note the addition of -dır onto mantıklı - (lit: logical) logical) - as it is a Statement of Fact. To reiterate; a participle is an adjective so it describes a noun and therefore always precedes the noun (or noun phrase) that it describes. The subject participle describes or signifies the person/thing who is doing something, the subject of the sentence. Çalan zil - The bell which is ringing.. ringing. . 144
This description itself can be an Object of another verb: Çalan zili duyabiliyorum [zil-i] I can hear the bell (obj.) which is ringing. Çalan zili duyabildim I could hear the bell which was ringing. The passive of çalmak is is çalınmak so so the above sentence in the Passive is: Çalınan zili duyabiliyorum duyabiliyorum I can hear the bell that is being rung. Çalınan zili duydum I heard the bell that was was being rung. The -an/-en Subject Participle being an adjective does not show the tense. The tense is taken from the main verb at the end of the sentence.
Object Participle Description The Object Participle describes the person/thing that is actioned by something as an Object. Mehmet'in çaldığı zili duyabiliyorum duyabiliyorum I can hear the bell that Mehmet is/was ringing. Mehmet is actioning the "ringing". Similarly in the Passive Mehmet tarafından çalınan zili duyabiliyorum duyabiliyorum I can hear the bell that is/was being rung by Mehmet. Mehmet. The bell's ringing is being actioned by Mehmet. In Turkish if a Participle is put between the nouns composing "possessive construction" there is no need to use a "possessive suffix" at the end of the second noun. "Mehmet'in çaldığı zilini : This is WRONG - objective "-ni" is not used. Ayşe'nin okuduğu kita b kita bını ını sen de okumak istiyor musun? : Wrong Ayşe'nin okuduğu kita b kita bıı sen de okumak istiyor musun? : Correct If an adjective is put between the nouns composing "possessive construction" it is necessary to use a "possessive suffix" at the end of the second noun. Ayşe'nin kalın kitab kitabını bulamıyorum. - I - I cannot find Ayshe's Ayshe's thick book. Annesi, evin küçük odasını ailenin en küçük çocuğuna verdi . - The mother gave the house's small room to the smallest child.
Lack of Relative Pronouns in Turkish As there is NO Relative Participle in Turkish - that, who, which, when when - (Note: No question marks so they are relative pronouns ) then "Turkishified" English will say for these participles: çalan zil - the ringing bell/the bell which is/was ringing ( (-en/-an Subjective Participle - the bell.. is bell.. is the subject). çaldığı zil - the bell that he is ringing/that he rung rung ( (-dik Objective Objective Participle) çalındığı zil - the bell that is/was being rung ( (-dik Objective Objective Participle) A Further Explanation 145
So if use the Object Participle - geldiğim zaman - When I came came - ("time" is the object of "my coming") But the Subject Participle - gelen zaman - this means the - time itself is coming (i.e. (i.e. The future or next time) t ime)
Tense taken from main Verb Ali'nin geldiği zaman, çarşıya GİDİYORUZ - When Ali COMES we ARE GOING to the shops. Ali'nin geldiği zaman, çarşıya GİTTİK - When Ali CAME we WENT to the shops. Thus it becomes that both ideas - Ali and his "coming" both become a compound Participle (verbal adjective) to describe - zaman (time). This is more suitable to the Turkish point of view than t han the relative when.. construction when.. construction which English uses. The use of ki - that The Persian ki can be used to produce a relative clause in Turkish but it is alien to the language and this method should be avoided or you will be marked as a foreigner.. - Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun. - I - I know that you love me.me. - The Persian method - understandable but WRONG . This method is based on Persian Grammar and is more suitable to European thinking. However the construction shown below comes over over as more natural to the Turk. Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun. - NOT the natural Turkish method Beni sevdiğini biliyorum. - The CORRECT method according to Turkish Grammar - using the object participle: Beni sevdiğ-in-i sevdiğ-in-i biliyorum. - Lit: Me Lit: Me that-love-you know I Beni - me me - sevdiğini - that you love [ love [sevdik - that loves + loves + in - you/your - you/your + + i - object marker for the verb verb]] biliyorum- I know.. We can see that the correct method uses the -dik Relative Relative Object participle. becom come e obj obj ects of the ver ver b - I Thus it becomes that both ideas - the person and their loving be - I know. know. This is more suitable to the Turkish point of view.
***Future Objective Participle This Participle in its simple consists of the verb stem with the addition of the Future Tense Sign -ecek or or acak . The -mek or or -mak is is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -ecek which is subject to vowel harmony. come - gelecek gelmek - to come - that will come gülmek laugh - gülecek - to laugh - that will laugh bakmak - to look - bakacak - that will look çıkmak - to exit - çıkacak - that will go out This -ecek/-acak future future participle can be used in its i ts pure form and also personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 3rd person singular of the Future Tense but it is not possible to mistake it , as being an adjective adjective it is never last last in the sentence - but usually usually modifies a noun. Yarınki yapacağım iş önemli - The work that I will do tomorrow is (will be) important Yapılabilecek Yapılabilecek bir sey yok (yap yok (yap -il -ebil -ecek) - There is nothing (from a future aspect) that can be done oturacak değilim - I - I don't intend to sit [Lit: [Lit: to sit (as a future aspect) I am not]
An Actual Example - Future Participle
"Hayır" diyemeyeceğiniz tek lezzet.- [Lit: "No" that-you-will-not-be-able-to-say that-you-will-not-be-able-to-say only taste.]
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Here is a slogan from a famous Nut Spread bottle for sandwiches - it can be seen on all supermarket shelves. The only taste that you will not be able to say "No" (to) di-ye-me-yeceğ-iniz -iniz - precedes the noun - lezzet - taste We can see here that as - di-ye-me-yeceğ taste - that it is a Verbal Adjective or Future Participle describing this noun. If we break this Future Participle into its i ts components: di-ye-me - becomes - not to be able to say di-ye-me-yeceğ di-ye-me-yeceğ - becomes - will not be able to say di-ye-me-yeceğ di-ye-me-yeceğ-iniz -iniz- becomes - that you will not be able to say Thus the whole meaning becomes (if we accept that in Turkish the verb - demek - can mean to say, to tell In Turkish English:"No" English: "No" that-you-will-not-be-able-to-say only taste In English English: The only taste to which you will not be able to say "No" For an explanation of how the verb - demek - to, say, tell - is abraded to di- then look at our FAQ page here:
A "real life" example While walking around the market with my wife in Izmir one time, we were dragged into a carpet shop and plied with both cups of tea and a sales pitch from the carpet carpet seller. We only got got away by saying: saying: Bey effendi teşekkür ederiz fakat hiç bir şey alacak değiliz. Thank you sir but we are not about to purchase anything at all.
Another "real life" example Here is an actual email from the web where the writer is asking advice about his employment and it changes. there are many instances of Future Object Participles and Past Tense Object Participles. if you can translate this email into good English then you have understood the Future Relative Participle as it is used in the . A little vocabulary - tazminat - compensation, şartlar - conditions Merhaba, Ben 14 seneden beri b eri ayni firmada sistem mühendisi olarak çalışmaktaydım. Firmam başka başka bir bir firma ile birleşince birleşince iş hayatıma b hayatıma buu yeni firma altında devam ettim. çıkabileceğimiz ve tazminat alabileceğiz alabileceğiz söylendi. Bu geçiş surecinde istersek işten çıkab Biz istemedik. Aradan gecen 16 ayda yönetim tarafında bir bir çok değişiklik oldu ve b ve biz iz artık oluşan bu oluşan bu yeni yönetim yönetim organizasyonunda olmayacağımızı ve çıkmak istediğimizi söyledik. Fakat bize dedikleri - "Biz sizi b ırakmak istemiyoruz, siz b siz bize ize lâzımsınız. Bizler, sizlerden memnunuz." Biz, işe böyle işe böyle bir bir yönetim altında devam edemeyeceğimizden dolayı, ayrılmakta kararlı olduğumuzu söyledik. Onlarda bize bu b u şartlarda tazminat ve diğer haklarımızın yanacağını söylediler. Ne yapmamız lazım lazım lütfen yardim.
How to say - "Instead of" There is a special construction in Turkish when making a choice between future actions. This consists of The future Participle + Person + Dative (motion toward) Particle -a/-e oturacağıma [oturacağ[oturacağ-ım-a] ım-a] - instead of me sitting - (future participle + person + dative particle) Bahçede oturacağımıza salonda oturalım - Instead - Instead of sitting in the garden let us sit in the salon 147
Participle examples Relative Object Participles - showing English Object Participle - Past and Present tenses 1. Doğduğum şehri ziyaret ettim I visited the city where where I was born.
parayı kaybettim 2. Bana verdiğin parayı kaybettim I have lost the money money that you gave me. 3. Bu pencereden gördüğünüz evler çok iyi yapılmıştır The houses (which/that) you see from this window are very well built.
bir ağacın yanında duruyordu 4. Erkek kardeşimin binmiş olduğu bisiklet bir The bicycle (which/that) my brother had been riding was standing near a tree. 5. İlk karşılaştığımız yeri hatırlıyor musun? Do you remember remember the place where where we first met?
babası idi 6. Benim ofisimde gördüğün adam arkadaşımın babası The man (whom/that) you saw in my office offi ce was the father of my friend. 7. Erkek kardeşim için getirdiğin puroları nerede? Where are the cigars (that/which) you brought for my brother?. 8. Bu masanın üstüne bıraktığım parayı kim çaldı? Who stole the money (which/that) I left on this table? 9. Çocuk kaçırma zengin ailelerin korktuğu bir suçtur Kidnapping is a crime which which wealthy families families fear.
Babamın inşa ettiği evin iki yatak odası vardır 10. Babamın The house (which/that) my father built has two bed-rooms. Kaybetmiş olduğum dolma kalem bana ait değildi 11. Kaybetmiş The pen (which/that) I had lost did not belong to me. 12. Cüzdanımı bırakmış olduğum yere döndüm I went back to the place where I had left my wallet.
cebimden çıkartmış olduğum zamanı hatırlayamadım 13. Cüzdanımı ceb l couldn't remember the time when (at which) I had taken my wallet out of my pocket. kala balıktı 14. Bindiğim tren çok kalab The train (which/that) I took was very crowded. otomobilini satın almış olduğu yeri gösterdi 15. Mehmet, Ali'ye yeni otomobilini Mehmet showed (to) (to) Ali the place where he had bought his new car. 16. Geçen hafta sizi tanıştırdığım Mustafa ikinci romanını yeni neşretti Mustafa, to whom I introduced introduced you last week, week, has just published his second second novel.
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17. The plan on which my brother has been working for years is very interesting. Erkek k ardeşimin ardeşimin yıllardır üzerinde çalıştığı plan çok ilginçtir. 18. The electric toys with which the children are playing are extremely dangerous. Çocukların oynadıkları elektrikli oyuncaklar son derece tehlikelidir. 19. The wall over which the prisoners escaped in the middle of the night was twenty meters high. Gecenin ortasında mahkûmların üzerinden kaçtıkları duvar yirmi metre met re yüksekliğinde idi. 20. The shelter to which they ran is made of stones. Onların kaçtıkları sığınak taştan yapılmıştır. 21. The book out of which you took a page belongs to my brother. Bir sayfa koparttığın kitap erkek kardeşime aittir. 22. The men to whom the President spoke are very patriotic. Cumhurbaşkanının Cumhurbaşkanının konuştuğu adamlar çok vatanperverdirler. 23. The concert to which we listened last night was excellent. Dün akşam dinlediğimiz konser mükemmeldi. 24. This 24. This is the hotel in which I stayed. Kaldığım otel budur. 25. Who was the woman who you were talking to when I saw you? Seni gördüğüm zaman konuştuğun kadın kimdi? 26. This is where the accident took place. Bu kazanın olduğu yerdir. 27. I 27. I saw the man whose whose house my brother brother stayed at. Evinde erkek kardeşimin kaldığı adamı gördüm. 28. The day (when/on which) Deren came to Istanbul was very warm. Deren'in İstanb İstanbul'a geldiği gün çok ılıktı. 29. This is the street where I live. Oturduğum sokak budur. 30. The teacher with whom I studied last year was Huyla hanım. Geçen yıl birlikte çalıştığım öğretmen Huyla hanım ıdı. 31. The person for whom I am waiting is my boss. Beklediğim kimse benim patronumdur. 32. The house at which we are looking belongs to my friend. Baktığımız ev arkadaşıma aittir. 33. The sport in which I am interested is swimming. İlgilendiğim spor yüzmedir. 34. The book for which I asked is not in i n the library. Aradığım kitap kütüphanede değil. 149
35. I 35. I know the man man from whose son you bought bought the car. Oğlundan otomob otomobili satın aldığın adamı tanıyorum. morning when they left the city. 36. I 36. I remember the morning Onların şehirden ayrıldıkları sab sabahı hatırlıyorum. 37. I 37. I saw the house where where you live. İçinde yaşadığın evi gördüm. 38. Nejati 38. Nejati was born in February. February. Şub Şubat Nejati 'nin doğduğu ay 'dır.
Examples - Future Obj. Participle 1. Yola çıkacağımız liman İzmir 'dir. The port we will sail from is Izmir. 2. Kira ile tutacağın evi gördüm. [Kiralıyacağın evi gördüm.] I saw the house which you are going to rent. 3. Uçağın kalkacağı zamanı bilmiyorum. I don't know what time the plane will take off. 4. Evleneceğim kadını görmek isterim I would like to see the woman (that/with whom) I'm going to marry. 2. Tasvir edeceğim suç geçen kış bizim köyde vuku buldu The crime (which/that) I am going to describe took place in our village last winter.
göre bileceğim yeri ziyaret etmek istedim 6. Hastalığım için uygun tedavi göreb I wanted to visit a place where I could get get proper treatment for my illness. years ago, whom we thank. Manisa These examples have been previously published b y Faruk Ş. over 40 years Turkish seeks permission to use them for no profit.
An Example to work on Here is a joke containing various sorts of participles (highlighted). can you translate it correctly?
FAKİRLİK Günlerden bir gün bir baba bab a ve zengin ailesi oğlunu köye götürdü. Bu yolculuğun tek amacı vardı, insanların i nsanların ne kadar fakir olabileceklerini oğluna göstermek. Çok fakir bir ailenin çiftliğinde çift liğinde bir bir gece ve gün gün geçirdiler. Yolculuktan döndüklerinde baba baba oğluna sordu: -İnsanların ne kadar fakir olabildiklerini gördün mü? -Evet! - Ne Ne öğrendin peki? peki? Oğlu yanıt verdi: - Şunu gördüm: Bizim evde bir bir köpeğimiz var, onlarınsa dört. - Bizim bahçenin bahçenin ortasına kadar uzanan bir bir havuzumuz var, onlarınsa sonu olmayan bir dereleri. 150
- Bizim bahçemizde ithal lambalar lamb alar var, onlar inşa yıldızları. - Bizim Bizim görüş alanımız on avluya kadar, onlarsa bütün onlarsa bütün bir ufku görüyorlar. görüyorlar. Oğlu sözünü bitirdiğinde babası babası söyleyecek söyleyecek bir bir şey b şey bulamadı. ulamadı. Oğlu ekledi: -Teşekkürler, bab Teşekkürler, baba. a. Ne kadar fakir olduğumuzu gösterdiğin için!
Simple Present Tense Participles The Simple Present Tense is called "Geniş Zaman - Wide Tense" in Turkish. It is also known as the aorist or timless tense grammar. The Simple Present Tense is used for habitual situations. The Wide W ide tense participle also has this same sense for when used as an adjective and it precedes the noun which it describes. The -ır -ür -ur and negative - maz -mez participles is the same as their formation of both the positive -ir -ır respective Wide simple present tense bases.
Positive Timeless Participle The simple present tense positive sign -r is used to mark this type of participle. akmak - to flow - becomes akar - that which flows (continually, habitually) If we place the tense base after the noun then it is a verb: Nehir, denize kadar akar. - The river flows as far as the sea. However if we use it in front f ront of a noun then it is an adjective meaning - that which flows Yatak odasında akar odasında akar su var. - There is running water in the bedroom. [Meaning water is available in that room.] This is at variance with the Present Participle - akan - which is flowing . Here the meaning is different. Yatak odasında akan su var. - There is water (which is) flowing fl owing in the bedroom. bedroom. - [The meaning here is that there is leak or maybe the roof is i s leaking.] It is apparent that the Wide Tense Participle describes what generally happens as a rule and the Present Participle describes what is happening now.
Common Noun Forms Many Wide Tense Participles have entered the language as common nouns in their own right. Yazmak - to write. Wide write. Wide Tense tense base - yazar - which means - writer or author. Bu kitabın kitabın yazarı Orhan Kemal' dır. - This writer (author) of this book is Orhan Kemal. But if we were to use the Present Participle then the meaning changes. changes. Bu kitabı kitabı yazan Orhan Kemal' dır - It is Orhan Kemal who wrote this book. book.
Negative Forms This is also used as an adjective mainly to describe the general state of things. We also use this construction in English quite a lot. I saw an unbelievable film unbelievable film last night. night. - [which is not able to be believed.] It was an unforgettable film. unforgettable film. - [which is not able to be forgotten.] Here we in English are using the Negative Participle as an Adjective by placing it in front of its noun. But it can also take its verbal form as well: The film I saw last night was night was unbelievable. [It unbelievable. [It could not be believed..] - as a verb. The film was unforgettable. [It unforgettable. [It was not able to be forgotten..] - as verb. So we can see it is all a matter of position of the participle. Placed before its noun it is an adjectival 151
description - placed after its noun it becomes a verb. This then is the way Turkish uses these participles, in exactly the same manner as English.
Formation of the Negative The simple present tense negative sign -maz/-mez is used to mark this type of participle. akmak - to flow. flow. - becomes - akmaz - That which does not flow (continually, flow (continually, habitually) We can best show it use by example (these examples are in the negative potential form) : İnanılamaz bir şey oldu! - An - An unbelievable unbelievable thing has happened! happened! [inan [inan-ıl -a-maz -a-maz - that which is not able to be usually believed] believed] Dün akşam unutulamaz bir filim seyrettik. - We watched an unforgettable film last night. Garajınızda kullanılamaz olan eski bir bisiklet buldum.- I found an old unusable unusable bicycle in your your garage. This example shows the addition of - olan-The Present Participle of - olmak - meaning - which is. is. - thus helping the listener to discern that the participle is an adjective.
Common Nouns - Negative Many of these negative participles have also become nouns in their own right. The usual example of this is çıkmaz - that which does not exit . This has come to mean a "cul-de-sac" , so one can often see the sign ÇIKMAZ SOKAK - a street with no exit, cul-de-sac. cul-de-sac . It can also be found on doors which lead nowhere in public buildings - ÇIKMAZ - NO - NO EXIT [Lit [Lit Does not exit..]. A s soo soon as ***Saying - As There is one formula to translate - as soon as which as which uses both positive and negative Wide Tense participles come, lets eat (a meal). This formula is quite in apposition: Biz gelir gelmez yemek yiyelim - As - As soon as we come, heavily used in day to day speech. The translation of - as soon as I come/came. come/came. - Ben gelir gelmez As soon as is as is translated tr anslated by using the Wide Tense Positive and Negative Participles in apposition: ...ir ... mez, as in sen gelir gelmez - as soon as you come/came. come/came . 1. The person (subject) has to be stated as it is not apparent from the verb form. 2. The tense is taken from the verb of the final statement. 3. Very often the word - when when - can be substituted for - as soon as as - in English.
Examples showing changes in person: Ben gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu. - As - As soon as I came an accident happened. happened. Sen gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu. - As - As soon as you came came an accident accident happened. O gelir gelmez bir bir kaza olacakmış. - As - As soon as he comes comes an accident will probably happen. happen . Mehmet gelir gelmez bir kaza olabilir. - As - As soon as Mehmet Mehmet comes an accident accident may happen. happen. Biz gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu. - As - As soon as we came an accident happened. happened. Siz gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu. - As - As soon as you came came an accident accident happened. Onlar gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu. - As - As soon as they came an accident accident happened. Polis gelir gelmez başka başka bir kaza oldu. - As - As soon as the police police came another another Accident happened. happened. Biz çıkar çıkmaz annem gelecekmiş - As - As soon as (when) we go go out my mother may arrive. Onlar oraya varır varmaz partı başlayacak. - As - As soon as (when) they arrive there the party party will begin. - iken – iken – while.. 152
There are various ways of describing time relationships in English, consider: When I saw him, I waved at him When I see him, I shall wave at him As soon as I see him I shall wave wave at him Whenever I see him I wave at him Every time I see him him I wave at him If I see him, I shall wave at at him It can be seen from above that the Adverbial Clause of time has a slightly different sense in relation to tense, time and duration. The Adverbial Clause of Time are best studied by example, as it is sometimes rather difficult at first to relate the English Constructions to the corresponding Turkish ones. ones. Turkish uses the Relative Adjectival Participles widely and at first sight they may be difficult to analyze. They are logical constructions however, and as such a little reading and study will be rewarding in hastening understanding.
iken, -ken, -yken meaning while iken can stand alone or be suffixed as -ken (when added to consonants) or -yken (when added to vowels). It is invariable and does not follow the rules of vowel harmony. It does not t ake further suffixes. iken is used when the verb action is continuous at a point in time. It may also follow an adjective. iken - with the Present Tenses -ken is always suffixed to the verb tense sign. As the subject is not always evident, then it is normally stated as in the examples below. Mehmet kasabaya yürüyorken onu gördüm - I - I saw Mehmet while (he was) walking to town Sen kasabaya yürüyorken, seni gördüm - I saw you while (you (you were) walking to town Ben kasabaya yürüyorken, seni gördüm - I saw you while (I was) was) walking to town Biz kasabaya yürüyorken, onu gördük - We saw him while we were walking to town Biz kasabaya yürürken, onu her gün görürüz - Every day we see him when (while) we we walk to town. [Simple present habitual - yürü-r-ken - yürü-r-ken]] Siz dans ediyorken, dinleneyim - Let me rest while you you are dancing Onlar dans ederken, dinlenelim- Let's rest while they dance dance In the first three examples above it can be seen that the Personal Subject Pronouns have to be used to point to the subject, as iken can not be suffixed to pronouns. The last three examples show a slight difference in meaning due to the differing use in the Wide Wi de Tense and Present Continuous Tenses. Many thanks to A.E.T A.E.T for corrections to the above above section - J.G. J.G. 21 September 2009 2009
iken - with Adjectives iken can be used with adjectives, in this case it can stand alone or be suffixed: Ben, hasta iken (hastayken), uyurum - I - I sleep while (when) I am am ill Biz, o hastayken, merak ettik - While he was ill, we worried Onlar, siz uykuda iken, meşgul olacaklar - They will be busy while you are asleep Uykudayken, soyuldular - They were robbed while they were asleep - the 3rd Person Plural comes from the last verb - it is in in the Passive Mood thus states the subject. Note the use of of the Subject Pronouns Pronouns to make the meaning meaning clear iken - with the Past Tenses 153
If the action is continuous in the past then iken can be translated into English: - As - As -were -ing As I was going to town I saw him. As we were going to town I saw him.
Past Definite Tense: Ben İngiltere'deyken, yağmur yağdı - While I was in England, it rained Past Continuous Tense: Biz İngiltere'ye giderken, yağmur yağıyordu. - As - As we were going to England it was raining tam iken - just as A further construction with iken is - just - just as or right at the moment moment that . This construction uses the word tam - complete to complete to introduce the Adverbial Clause at the point in time: Biz tam evden çıkarken, yağmur yağmağa başladı - Just - Just as we were leaving leaving the house it started to rain. Onlar tam kapıyı açarken, anahtar koptu. - Just as they were opening the door door the key broke
iken - with Future Tense When attached to the Future Tense the meaning of iken becomes just becomes just as I was about to or instead of of İngiltere'ye gidecekken, Türkiye'de kaldık.- Instead of going to England England we stayed stayed in Turkey This may seem difficult to understand but it can be analyzed that iken - as/while as/while - is suffixed to the Future Participle - gidecek meaning meaning - that about to go/which will go go - and the Turkish aspect becomes apparent. We, while about to go to England, did something different different - (ie. We stayed sta yed in Turkey.) This sense is best translated into English as: instead of -ing Türkiye'de kalacakken, İngiltere'ye gidelim. - Instead - Instead of staying in Turkey let's go to England.
iken - with Past Participle in -miş - miş This construction produces -mişken - means - having done yapmışken - having done yapılmışken - having been done Bu iş bitirilmişken, eve gidelim - This job having been finished, lets go home.. Aklıma gelmişken, söyleyeyim - Having - Having come to (my) (my) mind, let me tell you.. Hazır gelmişken bir kahveni içelim - Having - Having already come, come, let us drink a coffee coffee of yours..
iken - with Negative Wide Tense -mezken, -mazken means though not or while it isn't (This (This is a kind of official language. You can only hear these sentences in news or commercials.) Galatasaray'ın yıldız futb futbolcularından Necati Ates, kendilerine ödeme yapılamazken, bazı yab yabancı oyuncuların alacaklarının verildiğini duymanın üzüntü verici olduğunu söyledi. One of the star players of Galatasaray, Necati Ates, has said that it was disappointing to hear that some foreign players' debts had had been paid while there can not be a payment for themselves. themselves. Konu hakkında henüz herhangi bir bilgiye bilgiye ulaşılamazken, araştırmaların devam ettiği bildirildi. Here is the "Turkish" English: While any information can't be reached yet about the subject, it has been told that the investigations keep on. Here is the "English" English: 154
Although as yet no information can be communicated communicated about about the subject, it has been been stated that investigations are continuing. We can see some differences of tense t ense and negation in the change from "Turkish" English to "English" English. This is because of: (1) Basic grammatical structure differences between the two languages. (2) The difference in local daily usage of each language. (3) It also underlines the fact that literal li teral translation between the two languages is often difficult - and it is better to arrive a suitable suitable translation in one's one's own language. language. Of course the above examples could be translated into English in a different way while still retaining the intended meaning in Turkish. Note that usually a positive statement follows this negative form.
The Conversational Method In order to get the meaning for - Though not... or while it isn't.. As we have noted above the following method is a little formal (although it is correct): Çalışmazken susuzum. - Although - Although I have not worked I am thirsty. thirsty . Sürmezken yolu bilirim.- Although I do not not drive I know the road. From the last two examples above it can be seen that - iken - takes its person from the main verb at the end of each sentence. In order to get the meaning for - though not or while it isn't we we use -a rağmen - in spite of, despite despite - so we can couch these sentences in this manner: Çalışmamama rağmen susuzum. - Despite not working I am thirsty. Ben sürmememe rağmen yolu bilirim. - Although - Although I do not not drive I know the road. road. Explanation: Sür-me-me-m-e 1st -me is negation suffix - (sür-me) 2nd -me is noun producing suffix - (sür-me-me) 3rd -m is suffix for 1st sing. Person - (sür-me-me-m). And Finally -e is suffix for movement towards (dative case) (sür-me-me-m-e). Conversational stress is on the first syllable, preceding the negation suffix.
A closer look didn't know, know , So let us look at this t his construction more closely bilmememe rağmen means Although means Although I don't / didn't and this is correct (although it may seem a little strange.) Let us break it down Bilmek - to know (something ) Bil - know Bilme - to know (short know (short infinitive positive from bilmek ) Bilmeme - to not know (short know (short infinitive negative from bilmemek ) Bilmemem- My not knowing - [lit: that (which) I don't know] -e rağmen - In spite of Bilmememe rağmen- Despite my not knowing knowing / Although I don't/didn't don't/didn't know
Another Example
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Mehmet sürememesine rağmen yolu bilirmiş. - Although - Although Mehmet Mehmet can not drive it seems seems that he knows the road. road. - {Inferential tense} bilirmiş. - It The basic sentence is - Mehmet yolu bilirmiş. - It seems Mehmet knows knows the road. road. - which we add "although he can not drive" Explanation: Sür-e-me-me-si-n-e 1st -e-me is negation suffix of inability - (sür-eme-mek) 2nd -me is noun producing suffix - (sür-eme-me) - this is the short Infinitive Verbal Noun from sürememek from sürememek - to not be able to drive 3rd -si is suffix for 3rd. sing. Person - (sür-eme-me-si) - [Mehmet in this case]. case] . And Finally -ne is suffix for movement towards (dative case, including the buffer letter -n-) (sür-eme-mesi-n-e) Adverbial Clauses Explained This page is something of a preparatory and important explanation of what is a wide subject and which is treated differently in Turkish than English as is explained below.
Order of Main and Subordinate Clauses In English we always put the main part of the meaning at the t he beginning of a sentence as below: I shall go home when the party is over. I went out to the library li brary after (eating) dinner. He put on his pyjamas before he went to bed. We can have supper as soon as we arrive at the hotel. All the above are ways of describing what will or did happen, with the adverb shown in -bold- print. Turkish as always says it backwards. So generally the Turkish construction construction to put the most important part last, with the main verb at the end of the sentence.
English Construction: I shall go home home - when the party is over. Turkish Construction: When the party is over, - I shall go home. home. - Parti bitince, eve gidiyorum. I went out to the library library - after (eating) dinner. library. - Yemek yedikten sonra, kütüphaneye kütüphaneye çıktım. After (eating) dinner, - I - I went out to the library. Ali put on his pyjamas pyjamas - before he went to bed. Before he went to bed, - Ali put on his pyjamas. pyjamas. - Ali, yatmadan önce, pijamasını giydi We can have supper - as soon as we arrive at the hotel. h otel. As soon as we arrive at the hotel, - we can have supper. - Otele varır varmaz (varınca), akşam yemeğini yeyebiliriz. This construction puts the main verb last in the sentence, which of course is one of the main rules of Turkish Grammar.
Differing Aspects of Adverbial Clauses " Who di di d or will do what? hat? and When?" We shall now look in greater detail how Turkish manages all these time modifying words and clauses (before, after, as soon as, etc.) One etc.) One of the problems that we have to contend with is the relationship of the 156
temporal adverb with the subjects and objects. This is best shown by example. Let us slightly change one of our examples viz. I went out to the library after dinner. dinner. English Construction - English After (eating) dinner, I went went out to the library library - Turkish Construction Yemek yedikten sonra, kütüphaneye çıktım. Let us show this example in some other forms. We can make the choice to change the subject or objects easily in English. So can, of course, Turkish - but we must be aware that Turkish treats this problem from another angle just because of the different diff erent constructions involved
Aspects of Time Clauses Note that -dikten sonra means after doing , as an example yazdıktan sonra means after writing . The tense Mektubu yazdıktan sonra çıktık - After and person is taken from the final verb - Mektubu - After writing the letter we went went mektubunu yazdıktan sonra çıkabilirsin çıka bilirsin - After out . Or to show a different tense t ense and person - Sen mektubunu - After writing your letter you can can go out
English Model: I went out to the library after (eating)dinner. (eating)dinner. Turkish Model: Yemek yedikten sonra, kütüphaneye çıktım. Mehmet went out out to the library after he had (eaten) (eaten) dinner. Mehmet, yemek yedikten sonra kütüphaneye çıktı. You went out to the library li brary after Mehmet had (eaten) dinner. Siz, Mehmet yemek yedikten sonra kütüphaneye çıktınız. He went out to the library after (eating/having eaten) eaten) dinner. O, yemek yedikten sonra kütüphaneye çıktı. I went out to the library after you you had (eaten) dinner . Ben, siz yemek yedikten sonra kütüphaneye çıktım. They will go out to the t he library after (having eaten) dinner. Onlar, yemek yedikten sonra kütüphaneye çıkacaklar. I used to out to the library after after we had (eaten) dinner. dinner. Ben, biz biz yemek yedikten sonra kütüphaneye çıkardım. You went out to the library li brary after we had (had) dinner . dinner . Siz, biz yemek yedikten sonra kütüphaneye çıktınız. In the examples above we can see that the changes in the t he final verb tense in i n Turkish changes the English tense of the actual aspect of "eating dinner". But of course it is i s not usual for us to state this "eating aspect" in English as it is normally understood and has become redundant. You can see there are many differing aspects of subject, object and tenses in this simple sentence and changes changes have to be made in Turkish - just as in English. The problem does not end here as it can be applied to any adverbial clause - but t he same rules apply. Wher e, Where Wher ever ver Clauses of Place - Whe
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English Model: I Model: I can not remember remember where I left my bicycle. bicycle. bıraktığım yeri hatırlayamıyorum. [hatırla-ya-mTurkish Model: Bisikletimi bıraktığım [hatırla-ya-m-ıyorum. ıyorum. = negative potential present continuous continuous = I can not remember(ing)] remember(ing)] In truth this example is a Noun Clause grammatically - I cannot remember remember where I left it - as the pronoun - it - replaces a noun - the bicycle. bicycle. I can not remember remember where you left my bicycle. Bisikletimi bıraktığınız bıraktığınız yeri hatırlayamıyorum. I can not remember remember where he left my bicycle. bicycle. Bisikletimi bıraktığı bıraktığı yeri hatırlayamıyorum. hatırl ayamıyorum. I can not remember remember where I left his bicycle. Bisikletini bıraktığım bıraktığım yeri hatırlayamıyorum. We will not remember wherever our bicycles are. Bisikletimizi bıraktığımız bıraktığımız yeri hatırlayamıyacağız. He can never never remember where to leave leave your bicycle. Her zamanki gibi (Asla) bisikletini bırakacağı bırakacağı yeri hatırlayamaz. You could not remember where you left my bicycle. Bisikletimi bıraktığın bıraktığın yeri hatırlayamadın. They can not remember where they left their bicycles. Bisikletlerini bıraktıkları bıraktıkları yeri hatırlayamıyorlar. We just need to be aware of what we are trying to say at the time, and use the Turkish Constructions accordingly
A Grammatical Note About - Noun clauses and Adverbial clauses cl auses Manisa Turkish is primarily a website to explain Turkish grammatical usage for English Speakers. Many of us do not really know the Grammatical Terms of our own language. However, to try to explain the difference between a Noun Clause and an Adverbial Clause we offer the following examples:
Example of a Noun Clause I can not remember where you left my bicycle. This is a Noun Clause as it can be replaced by pronoun it I can't remember it. Example of an Adverbial Clause I can shop where credit cards are accepted This is an Adverbial Clause - (can only be replaced by an adverb) I can shop there.
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Adverbial Clauses of Time Saying - when There are many ways of saying - when - in English and of course the same applies in Turkish. When I've painted the house, I am going on holiday. As soon as I have painted painted the house, I am am going on holiday. holiday. After I have painted painted the house I am going going on holiday. On the house being painted, I am going on holiday. We have all these choices in English to fine tune the meaning, and so does The . In some cases the choice is easy - in others it may alter the meaning slightly - so the choice of our expression always always relies on the circumstance appertaining appertaining at the time. As usual it is backwards in Turkish in order to have the main verb last in the sentence:
Further Examples of Construction I shall go to the cafe, when the job is finished - English Construction When the job is finished, I shall to the cafe. cafe. - Turkish Construction İş bitince, lokantaya gideceğim - [Lit: Work on-finishing, to-the-cafe I-will-go.] When I got up, it was raining hard. Yataktan kalktığım zaman çok yağmur yağıyordu. - [Lit: From-bed the-that-I-got-up time much rain was-raining.] When I was playing the piano, they were dancing. Ben, piyano çalarken onlar dans ediyorlardı. - [Lit: I, the t he piano while-playing they-were-dancing.] they-were-dancing.] I was very tired when when I returned from the party. Partiden döndüğümde çok yorgun idim. or (yorgundum) - [Lit: From-the-party at-my-returning very tired I-was.] My sister found the money money when she was was sweeping the carpet. carpet. Kız kardeşim halıyı süpürürken parayı buldu. - [Lit:My [ Lit:My sister the-carpet while-sweeping the-money found.] When the rain stopped we returned to our houses. Yağmur durunca evlerimize döndük - [Lit: The rain on-stopping to-our-house we returned.] returned.]
Common usage examples before -önce or -meden önce I went out to play before before I had dinner - English Construction Before I had dinner, dinner, I went out to playplay - Turkish Construction Akşam yemeğini yemeden önce dışarıya oynamaya çıktım. -[Lit: The evening meal from-the-eating before to-the-out to-the playing playing exited-I.] The sun had set in the west before we reached our destination. Biz hedefimize varmadan önce güneş batıdan batmıştı. We must go home before it gets dark. Hava kararmadan önce eve gitmeliyiz. 159
We shall have had lunch by the time that the train gets to London. Tren Londraya varmadan v armadan önce öğlen yemeğimizi yiyecektik. yi yecektik. My small brother had eaten eaten all the pie before I got back. Ben dönmeden önce küçük erkek kardeşim bütün böreği böreği yemişti. I will finish everything by the time my father comes comes home. Babam Babam eve gelmeden önce her şeyi bitireceğim. The party will be over by the time we get there. Biz oraya varmadan önce parti sona erecek. By the time we got got there, the meeting meeting had already started. Oraya varmadan önce toplantı başlamıştı bile. If there is no verb in the sentence : -dan önce/-tan önce or -den önce/-ten önce is used: Before May May - Mayıstan önce Before April - Nisandan önce beşten önce Before 5 o'clock o'clock - Saat beşten Before 2 o'clock o'clock - Saat ikiden önce. becaus be cause e of -dan dolayı or yüzünden Because of what what Mehmet has done we can never succeed. succeed. Mehmet'in yaptığından dolayı asla başaramayız - [Lit: Mehhmet's the-that-did-he-from thing reason-its ever to not succeeed-are-able we.] Because of what what Mehmet has done we can never succeed. succeed. Mehmet'in yaptığı şey yüzünden asla başaramayız Because of what what Mehmet has done we will never be able to succeed. succeed. Mehmet'in yaptığı şey yüzünden asla başaramayacağız [wıll not be not be able to]. afterr , after afte after wa warr ds - sonra or -dıktan - dıktan sonra, -dikten sonra I turned the lights off after my sister went to bed - English Construction After my sister went to bed, I turned turned off the lights. lights. - Turkish Construction Kız kardeşim yattıktan sonra ışıkları söndürdüm. - [Lit: My sister the-that-lied-down-from the-that-li ed-down-from after thelights extinguished-made-I. (Causative Verb Form)] After the plane took off, we ate our lunch. lunch. Uçak havalandıktan sonra öğle yemeğimizi yedik. I am going to ask the teacher a question question after the class is over . Ders bittikten bittikten sonra öğretmene bir soru soracağım. I will write to you after I leave leave Ankara. Ankara'dan ayrıldıktan sonra sana mektup yazacağım. They went to the theater after they had finished their work. İşlerini bitirdikten sonra tiyatroya gittiler. 160
We went to Italy after the war broke out. Savaş çıktıktan sonra İtalya'ya gittik. as-dığında, or -ınca or iken Müge went to bed bed as the clock struck ten - English Construction As the clock struck ten, Müge went to bed. bed. - Turkish Construction Saat onu vurunca Müge yattı. - [Lit: Hour the-ten on-stiking Müge down-lied-she. As we were standing on on top of the bridge, we saw a boat coming. coming. Köprünün üstünde ayakta dururken gelen bir gemi gördük. - [Lit: The bridge's top-on foot-on standingwhile, which-comes a boat saw-we.] As we went out of the house, we saw a man man running down the stairs . Evden dışarıya çıkınca merdivenlerden aşağı koşan bir adam gördük. - [Lit: House-from the-out-to onexiting, the stairs-from downwards who-runs a man m an saw-we.} As the snow was falling, the poor man was going home. Kar yağarken zavallı adam evine gidiyordu. - [Lit: Snow raining-while poor the man hous-his to goingwas-he.] As the boy was walking walking straight towards the seashore, he met a fisherman. Çocuk deniz kıyısına doğru yürürken bir balıkçıya balıkçıya rastladı. - [Lit: The-child sea edge-its-to stright walking-while a fisherman-to came-across-he.] just as - tam or iken The phone rang just as I was leaving the house. Just as I was leaving the house, the phone phone rang. Ben, tam evden ayrılırken telefon çaldı. - [Lit: I, just (completely) house-from leaving-while, thetelephone rang-it.] Mehmet opened opened the door just as I began to speak about him. him . Tam onun hakkında konuşmaya başladığım zaman Mehmet kapıyı açtı. Just as I was leaving home, home, it started to rain. Ben, tam evden ayrılırken yağmur yağmaya başladı. Just as the teacher teacher was cleaning the board, board, the inspector entered entered the class. Tam öğretmen tahtayı silerken müfettiş sınıfa girdi. as soon as ..ir ..mez We shall have tea as soon as my father comes home. As soon as my father comes comes home we shall shall have tea. Babam Babam eve gelir gelmez çay içeceğiz. They turned on the lights as soon as the film ended. Film biter bitmez bitmez ışıkları açtılar. We will come to see you as soon as the holidays start. Tatil başlar başlar başlamaz sizi görmeye geleceğiz. 161
As soon as Ayşe Ayşe had finished her homework, homework, she went out out to play . Ayşe ev ödevini bitirir bitirmez bitirmez dışarıya oynamaya çıktı. We shall go as soon as my father is ready. Babam Babam hazır olur olmaz gideceğiz. As soon as you buy this novel, I will borrow it from you. you . Sen bu bu romanı satın alır almaz onu senden ödünç alacağım. while - iken or esnasında We stayed at a hotel while we were in Istanbul While we were in Paris, we stayed st ayed at a hotel. Biz İstanbul İstanbul 'da iken bir bir otelde kaldık. While the children were playing in the garden it started start ed to rain. Çocuklar bahçede bahçede oynarken yağmur yağmaya başladı. While you are having your bath, I will listen to the radio. Sen banyo yaparken ben b en radyo dinleyeceğim. I will accompany the lady while she is singing. Bayan şarkı söylerken ona eşlik edeceğim. I read the book while I was in hospital. Kitabı Kitabı hastanede iken okudum. While you are in Ankara, I will visit my friends. Sen Ankara'dayken arkadaşlarımı ziyaret edeceğim. no sooner sooner than -masıyla masıyla bir oldu The dance had no sooner started than the lights went out. No sooner had the dance started then the lights went out. Dansın başlamasıyla ışıkların sönmesi bir oldu. No sooner had I returned returned from Ankara than l left for Paris. Paris . Ankara'dan geri dönmemle Paris'e hareket etmem bir oldu. He had no sooner sooner got into bed than the window was opened. opened. Yatağa girmesiyle pencerenin açılması bir oldu. Selda no sooner entered the room r oom than the telephone rang again. Selda'nın odaya girmesi ile telefonun tekrar çalması bir oldu. Hasan had no sooner sooner put down the receiver receiver than the telephone telephone rang again. Hasan'ın ahizeyi yerine koyması ile telefonun tekrar t ekrar çalması bir oldu. No sooner did I see him, than I recognized him. Onu görmemle tanımam bir oldu. No sooner had the stranger opened the gate than the dog dog barked at him. Yabancının Yabancının bahçe kapısını açmasıyla köpeğin ona havlaması bir oldu. 162
whenever - her ne zaman Whenever I started to speak English, my friend used to laugh. My friend used to laugh laugh whenever whenever I started to speak English. Her ne zaman İngilizce konuşmaya başlasam arkadaşım gülerdi. You may visit us whenever you come to Istanbul . Istanbul . Her ne zaman İstanbul'a İstanbul'a gelirsen bizi ziyaret edebilirsin. Whenever I sing a song, my sister goes out of the room right away. Her ne zaman şarkı söylesem kız kardeşim derhal odadan dışarı çıkar. Whenever we go to Bursa, we climb up the mountain. Her ne zaman Bursa'ya Bursa'ya gitsek dağa tırmanırız. I can't sleep whenever whenever I drink too much much coffee. Her ne zaman çok kahve içsem uyuyamam.
- her (zaman) ever ev eryy time ti me that Every time I meet her, her, she wants me to take her to the cinema. Ona her rastlayışımda kendisini sinemaya götürmemi ister. Every time we go to the circus, our children children buy Ice cream. cream. Sirke her gidişimizde çocuklarımız dondurma Satın alırlar. the moment that ..ir ..ir ..mez I'II ring you up the minute Meral comes comes here. Meral buraya buraya gelir gelmez sana telefon edeceğim. edeceği m. The moment I finished my homework, my father turned the radio on. Ev ödevimi bitirir bitirmez babam babam radyoyu açtı. dire dir ectly that that ..ir ..ir ..mez I will give him the message directly I get there. Oraya varır varmaz ona mesajı vereceğim. Directly I had finished my homework, I realized that that I had made a mistake. Ev ödevimi bitirir bitirmez bir bir yanlış yapmış olduğumu ol duğumu anladım.
..ir ..mez i mm mmed edii ate ately ly that that ..ir You are to come home immediately the dance ends. Dans biter bitmez eve geleceksin (gelmelisin). They are going to inform us immediately they hear the news. Haberi duyar duymaz bize bildirecekler. once, when ..ir ..mez Once my father leaves home, we can do the dishes. Babam Babam evden ayrılır ayrılmaz bulaşıkları yıkayabiliriz. yıkayabiliriz. 163
Once you have got the habit of playing cards, it is not easy for you to give up. İskamb İskambil oynama alışkanlığını elde ettiğiniz zaman, ondan vazgeçmeniz sizin için kolay değildir.
-diği zaman Now that, When that -diği Now (that) you mention mention it, of course I do remember. remember. Ondan bahsettiğiniz bahsettiğiniz zaman, elbet elbet hatırlıyorum.
About - K i In Turkish there are 3 types of - ki and its plural -kiler Conjunction:- that, so that, as, but what, but. Pronoun: - that/those which, which, who. Idiom:- thus, like that, so it is. Ki - as a Conjunction This word ki replaces the English words - who, that, whichwhich - when joining two ideas in relation to each other. There is only the one word ki in Turkish as of course Turkish has no gender. Note that it is i s mandatory to use a comma preceding ki in Turkish in this type of usage to show the subject of the sentence clearly. Oran, ki sen bugün gördün, benim b enim en iyi arkadaşım. - Oran, who you saw today, is my best friend Matematik, ki bir çok insan nefret eder, benim benim en sevdiğim derstir. Maths, Maths, which many people people hate, is my favorite class.
Ki is also used for joining two sentences together, but this method goes against Turkish Grammar Grammar rules. Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun . - I - I know that you love me. This method is based on Persian Grammar and is more suitable to European thinking. However the construction shown below comes over over as more natural to the Turk: Beni sevdiğini biliyorum. - The correct method according to Turkish grammar Whereas - Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun. - although understandable is NOT the natural Turkish method. The correct Turkish method uses the -dik Relative Relative Object participle: Beni sevdiğ-in-i sevdiğ-in-i biliyorum. - I me - [Lit: Me that-love-you knowing-am-I] - I know that you love me sevdiğsevdiğ- - that loves + loves + -in- you/your + + -i - object marker for the verb biliyorum - I - I know Thus it becomes that both ideas - "the person" and "their loving" become objects of the verb - I know. know. This is more suitable to the Turkish point of view. Ki - as a Suffix Most of the time the suffix ki again signifies - who, that, which which - is actually in a locative situation. In Turkish the addition of ki to the t he object located completes the meaning whereas in English the relative pronoun in this relationship relationship is glossed glossed over or not included included at all. Bahçedeki çocuk - The child (who is) in the garden. Note that the us of of the relative ki - who, which, that - is necessary in Turkish although in English it can be omitted. For instance if we omit the ki and say - Bahçede çocuk - then in reality it is meaningless, whereas Bahçedeki çocuk means means - The child WHO is in the garden. - showing that "the child" is specific. Elimdeki para - The money (that is) in my hand, The money (that) I've got. Yanımdaki para yok - I don't have money money with me me - [lit: money that is by my side.]
Ki - as an Idiom 164
This ki is often used in comparison as in: oysa ki - if it is thus, if that's the way it is, thus, so then hal bu ki - the condition is this, that is the way it is, so then These days these utterances utterances are regularly found written as a single word (in truth they are not), and have found a way into the language as such - oysaki - so, - so, then, then, halbuki - It's - It's this way, like this..
Ki - as a Relative Pronoun In the completion of descriptive nouns, the suffix -ki can be added to the completed noun and then used in place of the noun noun + noun completion. completion.
Ali'nin arabası, arabası, Ayşe'nin arab ara basından daha güzeldir. Ali's car is better better than Ayşe's car. Ali'nin arabası, arabası, Ayşe'ninkinden daha güzeldir. Ali's car is better better than Ayşe's (one). Bizim koltuklar [Koltuklarımız], Fatmaların koltuklarından daha yenidir. Our chairs are newer that Fatma's chairs. Bizimkiler, Fatmaların koltuklarından daha yenidir. Our ones are newer that Fatma's chairs. Bahçenin domatesi, seranın domatesinden daha lezzetlidir. Our tomatoes are tastier than the greenhouse tomatoes Bahçeninkiler, seraninkinden daha lezzetlidir. The garden ones are tastier than the greenhouse ones. Ahmet'in kitabi yerine Ahmet'inki. Ahmet's one in the place of Ahmet's book. Kiler - in the plural Just as an example: içindekiler - contents [Lit: those which are inside] Odanın içindekileri hepsi kiralamış - Apparently - Apparently all the room's contents contents are on hire
The Suffix -ki (by Omero) The following notes are thanks to - Omero (AllTheLyrics Forum)
-ki is really one of the strangest suffixes used in Turkish: -ki when used as suffix. It is used to create adjectives of words, which describe place or time sick. - Kedi hasta. - The sick cat 1. The cat is sick. - Hasta kedi. 2. The cat is at home. home. - Kedi evde. - The cat, (which is) at home home - Evdeki kedi. In No. 1. hasta is originally an adjective, so it can be used as an adjective without any change 165
In No.2 at home is home is an adverbial expression of place . If you want to use such an expression as an adjective, you have to put a -ki at it.
Another example: Sokakta yaşayan adam. - The man who lives on the street. (yaşayan is regarded as an adjective - it is the present participle - living ) Sokaktaki adam . - The man, who is on the street. st reet. (as sokakta is not an adjective, but a noun plus suffix, you have to add a -ki to -ki to make an adjective of it. If you say: Adam sokakta. - The man is on the street . street . Here, sokakta is not an adjective but a noun indicating the location - therefore no -ki here. -ki here. Vowel changes to ki -ki is not subject to the vowel changes changes but with one exception: -kü exists, so whenever it is added to a word, the last vowel of which is ö or ü , it has to be -kü. Bugün sinemaya gidelim - Let - Let us go to the cinema cinema today. Bugünkü planımız, sinemaya gitmek . - Our plan for today [Today's plan-our][ is to got to the cinema . Dünkü hava çok güzeldi. - Yesterday's weather was nice. nice . In both cases, the words bugün/dün are used in adjective-like functions. If you say the first one without wit hout -kü Dün hava çok güzeldi . it would mean Yesterday the weather was nice. Ki as a separate word What about the ki which is written separately, a big problem: The film was so sad, that I had to cry.cry. - Film o kadar üzücüydü üzücüydü ki, ağladım ağladım. The weather was so foggy, that I hardly saw anything. - Hava o kadar kadar sisliydi ki, hiç b ir şey göremiyordum. Herkes bilir bilir ki, dünya yuvarlaktır. - Everybody knows knows that the world is round. round. have a rest . Oturdum ki, biraz dinleneyim- I sat down (in order) to have There are alternatives to use instead. For example I example I sat down to rest could could also be Dinlenmek için oturdum Everybody knows knows that the world is round could could also be Herkes dünyanın yuvarlak olduğunu bilir My suggestion: avoid this separate ki if you are a beginner, until you get used to it. Native speakers speakers use it correctly, but but it is not easy to describe, describe, when exactly. exactly.
The various meanings of -ki (suffix) and ki (stand alone word) The English-Turkish dictionary says for ki : 1. who, which, that 2. so, 2. so, that, such, that 3. seeing, 3. seeing, considering that 4. as, though 5. when 6. ..?, I wonder?? wonder? ? 7. in, of Confused? Me too! 166
So just concentrate on the other -ki which is used to make an Adjective of Location, which is really much more important. Thanks to - Omero
How is -ki used - some examples -ki as a word: (mostly as conjuction) Odadan Odadan içeri girmişti ki telefon çaldı. - The phone rung as (as soon as; when; even as) he came into the room. İstanb İstanbul’un en büyük semti, ki yıllarca ben orada yaşadım, Kadıköy’dür. - The biggest town in (Lit: in (Lit: of) Istanbul is Kadıköy where I had live for years. Madem ki geldin o zaman konuşalım. - Now that you came, came, let’s talk then. İyi ki erken gelmişiz, yoksa yer bulamazdık. - Fortunately - Fortunately we came came early, otherwise we would would not have found any free seats. seats. Neden bu kadar sinirleniyorsun ki? - Why are you getting so upset? / What are you getting upset for/about? (If for/about? (If "-ki" is at the end of sentences, it always shows a little shock, emphasizing, exaggeration, curiosity) -ki as a suffix to make adjectives: Perdenin üzerindeki sineği gördün mü, ne kadar büyük! - Did - Did you see the the fly on the curtain, how big it is. See -daki suffix of place A little converstaion using ki: - İçerdeki masanın üzerinde duran gömlekler yeni mi? - The shirts on the table inside, i nside, are they new? - Evet bugün bugün aldım. Seninkileri de gördün mü? - Yes I bought Then today. Did you see yours? (Seninkiler = senin gömleklerin) - Yoo, nerede ki?- No, where are they then? (This then? (This ki is for showing his curiosity. Yoo is a gentle idiomatic way of saying No! saying No! in in daily converation.) - Yatak odasındalar. - They are in the bed-room. If ki does not make an adjective, it should be always written separately. About Ki Some examples from the Web, thanks to the unknown contibutor.
(1) who; which; that : bir çocuk ki çok çok yaramaz - a child child who´s very naughty. naughty. Anlaşıldı ki b ki buu işi o yapmış. - It´s become clear that he´s the one who did this. Sanmam ki gelsin. - I don´t think he´ll come. Bir şey yapmadım ki pişmanlık duyayım. - I haven´t done anything that I should feel sorry sorr y about. (2) so ... that; such that: Öyle ucuz ki herkes alabilir. - It´s so cheap that everyone can afford it. (3) Would you believe it? : Eve geldim ki kapı duvar. - I came home, but ki would you believe it? ki nobody answered the door. Elimi cebime cebime attım ki para yok. - I felt in my pocket for it, but (ki - good heavens! - ki) the cash wasn´t there. 167
(4) seeing that, considering that: Adam üşümüş ki paltosunu giymiş. - The man must have been cold, seeing that he put on his coat. (5) as, though: Cevap vermeseydi bile b ile ki ki verdi ki iş olacağına varırdı. - Even if he hadn´t made a reply ki though t hough he did ki the thing wouldn´t have turned out any differently. (6) When: Henüz uykuya dalmıştım ki, bir ki, bir patlama oldu. - I´d just just dropped off to sleep sleep when something something exploded. (7) I wonder?: Bilmem ki ne yapsam? - What should I do, I wonder? 8. Indicates frustration, disapproval, doubt, or anxiety: O bana inanmaz ki! - She will not believe me, so why should I talk with her? Ama bana verirler mi ki? - But will they actually give it to me, I wonder? 9. Is used for emphasis: Öyle güzel ki! - It´s more beautiful than I can say! Öyle bir para döktü ki! - He spent money like it was going out of style! st yle! Araba ki ne araba! - It´s a car and a half!/It´s some car!
*** - H er e and ther ther e Formation of Spatials place of.. The suffix -re- or -ra- means - place - place or or place Where? [Lit: ne-re-de ne-re-de - what-place-at] For instance - nerede?- means - Where? [Lit: Earlier we learned bu- this this - and şu- that - and o - that yonder . Putting these words together with -rameaning place meaning place of.. of.. - we form the words: bura- here here - [Lit: this place] şura - there there - [Lit: that place] ora - that yonder - [Lit: that place over there] There words are not very often used in this pure form but are extended to show the place - where... where... - or from.. from.. - or - to, towards towards - by the addition of a suitable suffix.
The Basic Spatials Adding the Static Position Suffix (Locative) -de or -da - in, on, at - we form the basic locations:
The Singular - Specific Place burada - here [Lit: here [Lit: bu-ra-dabu-ra-da- this-place-at] şurada - there orada - over there nerede? - where? The Plurals - Spatially more vague
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buralarda - hereabouts, around here şuralarda - thereabouts, around there oralarda - thereabouts over there, around about over there t here nerelerde? - whereabouts? Extended Spatials Adding the Movement Away (Ablative) suffix -dan- from or from or the Movement Toward (Dative) suffix -a- to, towardstowards- then the meanings become: become:
The Singular buradan - from - from here buraya - to here şuradan - from - from there şuraya - to there oradan - from - from there oraya - to there nereden? - where from? nereye? - where to? And the Plurals - Spatially more vague buralardan - from hereabouts, from around around here buralara - to hereabouts şuralardan - from - from thereabouts şuralara - to around there oralardan - from - from thereabouts (distant) oralara - to thereabouts nerelerden? - from - from whereabouts? nerelere? - to whereabouts? All the various Noun Conditions can be used to extend the demonstrative pronouns.
bura(sı) - here burayı- here (obj.) buraya - to here burada - at here buradan - from - from here buranın - belonging to here, of here buralar - hereabouts bura(sı)yla - with this place here The same is also valid for şura(sı), ora(sı) and also interrogative - nere(si)? Thanks to Oytun Arslan for addition to this page - JG Oct 2011.
Example - Basic Spatials Buralarda bir bir güzel restoran var mı? - Is - Is there a good restaurant around around here? Buraya gel! - Come (to) here! 169
Oradan yeşil bir araba geldi. - A - A green car came came from over there. Şurada büyük bir otel var. - There is a big hotel there. Note that şura has a diminutive form şuracık in in general use. The meaning becomes "just here/there, herabouts" - as an example: newspaper just there/here Şuracıkta gazeteyi koyun - Put - Put the newspaper There are similar forms for bura becoming buracık and and ora becoming oracık . these forms in use, but not as much as the form şuracık
Basic Spatials - The suffix of place, position (- r e or -ra -r a) The suffix of place (-r The suffix of place is -re or -ra meaning - place/place - place/place of Earlier we learned of bu - this - and şu or o - that . Putting these words together by suffixing -ra- place of plus the static (locative) (locative) suffix -da - in, on, at - then we form the words meaning - here and here and there etc. there etc. These words are used for a general sense of location. burada - here here - [lit: bu-ra-da bu-ra-da - this-place-at] şurada - there there - [lit: şu-ra-da-ra-da- that-place nearer-at or in between-at] orada - over there there - [lit: o-ra-da o-ra-da - that-place yonder-at] nerede? - where? where? - [lit: ne-re-de?ne-re-de?- what-place-at?] In conversation you will hear the t he above words shortened (abraded) to - burda, şurda, orda, nerde? hi ch is on, in, at The suffix -deki, -daki - which A little note: There is really reall y no such suffix -deki in Turkish. -deki is actually two suffixes together, -de plus -de means - on, in, at an added -ki.-de means - while -ki is - that which is But you will find most grammar books gloss over this construction although it is in constant daily use to make an Adjective of Location. It is for this reason that I began teaching it as a suffix in i n its own right - and it was far easier for my m y students to grasp the intention of meaning. Therefore I will treat it as a suffix for s treet Manisa Turkish website. Let us call it a "pseudo" suffix. Sokaktaki araba - The car which is in the street Sokak-ta-ki street-in-which-is car.] - here we can see that -daki makes an Adjective of Location - that [Lit: Sokak-ta-ki street-in-which-is which is in.
The pseudo suffix -deki explained. This pseudo suffix is very important as it is used a lot in daily conversation and reading. The -deki or -daki - is added to words to produce an adjective to describe the location of an object. This is best shown by example. For instance instance if we say: say: The telephone [which is] in my bedroom is broken , then Turkish trying to turn everything into an adjective will say thus: [lit: Bedroom-of-me-which-is-in telephone telephone broken-is.] - Yatak odamdaki telefon bozuktur. - [Yatak oda-m-daki telefon bozuk-tur] . Here odam-daki telefon is used as an adjective to describe just where the telephone is! - ie. Room-my-in-which-is telephone. This point is a particular difficulty when beginning to learn Turkish as we do not use an adjectival construction. Instead in English we use a Relative Construction - The telephone which is in my bedroom is broken.. broken.. It is important to t o understand this adjectival construction of location, as it is in constant daily use in Turkish. It can also be used as a location in time scale as some of the examples below will show. Note also that the vowel in -ki is invariable - it does not follow Vowel harmony Rules, so the full Suffix of Adjectival Location is either -deki or -daki. 170
Masadaki kitap - The book (which is) on the table. Masadaki kitabı kitabı bana verin. - Give me the book (which is) on the table . Kilitteki anahtar. - The key (which is) in the lock lo ck . Kilitteki anahtarı çıkarınız - (Would you) take the key out of the lock. - [Lit: Lock-in-which-is key-the take out!] - [We have used the polite imperative in this example] example] Kutudaki kibritler nemlidir. - The matches (which are) in the box are damp. It can be seen from the above example that the Turkish aspect is different from English and this can only be appreciated by usage and practice, as it is an alien construction for English speakers An Example in Time Scale Önümüzdeki hafta. - (Ön-ümüz-deki hafta.) - The week in front of us - [Lit: Front-of-us-which-is week.] Önümüzdeki haftanın havası çok güneşli olacak. - The week ahead's weather will be very sunny. As already stated this is at first sight a difficult construction and can be assimilated by reading, listening and using whenever possible Extended Forms showing movement If we need to show movement from or movement to a place or places then we must use a different suffix such as -dan - from - from or or -a - to, towards.. in towards.. in order to modify the meaning: buradan [bu -ra -dan] - (burdan as (burdan as spoken) - from - from here We also use the same construction in English. If a child strays too near to the fire, then the mother will say: "Get away from away from there!". there!". şuradan [şu -ra -dan] - ( şurdan as spoken) - from - from there oradan [o -ra -dan] - (ordan (ordan as as spoken) - from - from over there nereden? [ne -re -den?] - (nerden? ( nerden? as as spoken) - where from? Word Adding -a - to, towards: towards: buraya- [bu -ra -ya] - to here şuraya [şu-ra-ya] [şu-ra-ya] - to there oraya [o-ra-ya] - to over there nereye? [ne-re-ye?] - where to? We in English do not say - come to herehere - or - come to there., there. , although in Older English we did use these forms - Come hither - or - Go hence. hence. However Turkish must use the -a suffix to t o show movement towards the place. Basically Turkish is using - hence and hence and hither - and even - thence and thence and thither - which we in English no longer use in daily speech. To re-iterate, we used to say - hither and and thither - in the old days - this is what Turkish is basically doing.
Extended Plural Forms The plural forms buralarda, şuralarda, oralarda, nerelerde cause the meaning to be: 1. More vague: - buralarda - hereabouts, around here 2. More spatial: - şuralarda - thereabouts, around there,over there 3. More generalized: - oralarda- thereabouts, over there, around about 3. Any mixture of the three: - nerelerde? - whereabouts? Here we can see then the meanings have become more generalized in both space and location. We should also remember that the meanings based on şuralarda are in the near vicinity whilst the t he meanings based on oralarda are more distant (let's say in another country). 171
The Plural Forms are also extended with -dan- from.. and from.. and -a - towards.. buralardan (bu-ra-lar-dan) - from - from hereabouts şuralardan (şu-ra-lar-dan) (şu-ra-lar-dan) - from - from around there oralardan (o-ra-lar-dan) - over around there nerelerden? (ne-re-ler-den?) - whereabouts from? buralara (bu-ra-lar-a) - to around here şuralara (şu-ra-lar-a) (şu-ra-lar-a) - to around there oralara (o-ra-lar-a) - to those parts nerelere? (ne-re-ler-e?) - whereabouts to? As we can see the plural forms are vaguer and wider, but they t hey are used just as we in English make these distinctions in place and space.
Buralarda bir bir güzel restoran var mı? - Is - Is there a good restaurant around around here? Buraya gel!- Come (to) here! Orada yeşil araba araba var.- There is a green car over there. Şurada büyük otel var. - There is a big hotel there. t here. Kredi Bankası Bankası nerede? - Where is the Kredi Bank?. Çarşı nerelerde? - Whereabouts are the shops?. Buradan saat sekizde çıkalım - Let's leave (from) here at 8 o' clock. Particular Locations Particular Locations - right here, right there and there and just just where? If we need to communicate a more particular place and sense of location then as in English we have to be more precise. This precision in Turkish is achieved by using the suffix -i or -si meaning - its. its. By adding this suffix Turkish makes the place particular: burası (bu-ra-sı) (bu-ra-sı) - right here [Lit: here [Lit: its place (exactly) here.] şurası (şu-ra(şu-ra-sı) sı) - right there. orası orası (o-ra-sı) (o-ra-sı) - right over there. there . neresi? (ne-re-si?) - just - just where? [Lit: where? [Lit: where exactly?] Note that the -si suffix is the Possessed part of the Possessive Relationship and that sometimes the Possessor is "understood", we should really be using this expression as a complete relationship as in: "b ankanın b ankanın burası" urası" or "evin şurası" or "İngilterenin orası", but orası", but this is a bit pedantic. pedantic. (See note below) below)
More about Exact Locations As Stated above for exact locations the Possessive Adjective suffix -(s)ı is added to make the meaning become more exact. exact. For instance instance if someone asks asks you on the telephone: Neredesin? (ne-re-de-sin?) - Where are you? Then you might answer: Ankara' dayım - (Ankara'-da-y-ım) (Ankara'-da-y-ım) - I 'm in Ankara However, if they ask you: Oranın neresinde? neresinde? (ne-re-si-n-de?) - Where (of there) exactly? Then you might answer: banyodayım (banyo-da-y-ım) (banyo-da-y- ım) - I am in the bath Here is a little conversation between Ali and his friend Mehmet to explain the above about general and precise location. Ali: Neredesin? - (or Nerdesin? abraded in conversation) - Where are you? Mehmet: Üsküdar' dayım - I - I am in Üsküdar 172
Ali: Üsküdar' ın neresinde? - Whereabouts Whereabouts (of Uskudar)? Mehmet: Ahmet Çeşmesi' nin yanındayım. - I'm - I'm by the Ahmet Ahmet Fountain. Ankara. It is The call sign of Ankara Official Radio Station is burası Ankara - This place (exactly) is Ankara. It something like British Official Radio whose call sign is "London Calling"
Some Examples Some Examples: right here, just there. there. All these mean exactly - right here or here or right there or there or just just where? Burası soğuk . - It - It is cold right here Burasına gel!- Come (right to) here Binanın burasından kaçalım! - Let's get away from (of) (of) this building. In the last two examples it can be said as a descriptive way when you have a map or something in your hand and show the person some district on the map and tell him to t o come to the exact place of the district. In normal conversation we can say: Buradan kaçalim! - Let's - Let's get out of here..! here..! İzmir? - Orası güzel. - Izmir? - Izmir? - That very place is beautiful Çantamı, Çantamı, odamın neresine koydum, acaba? aca ba? - Where exactly did I put my bag in my room I wonder?
acaba? - Where Or more General: Çantamı nereye koydum acaba? - Where did I put my bag, I wonder? Kitabı Kitabı dolab dolabın şurasına koyun . - Put - Put the book just just over there in(to) the cupboard. cupboard. Kitabı şuraya koyun - Put Or more General: Kitabı - Put the book just over there. Tam saat sekizde burada b urada görüşelim. - Let's - Let's meet right here at dead on 8 o' clock As you see Burası, Şurası, Orası - can be only used alone in nominative case; Burası neresi? - where is this (exactly)? Şurası güzelmiş. - Just - Just there is beautiful. Orası güzel. - It - It is nice over there. In other cases we need an possessor which possesses possesses these - burası surası, orası. Binanın burasına gel!- Come right here to the building! Balkonun şurasında bir kuş vardı. - There was a bird right on the balcony. balcony . Ormanın orasından ilginç sesler geliyordu. - There are interesting sounds coming out of forest ('s place.)
Example of a Particular Location Here is a snippet of conversation between Mehmet and Ali to t o show the difference between the nereye? where to? [Lit: to where?] as a general location and the neresine? - just - just where to? [Lit: to? [Lit: to THE where?] as an exact location type of usage. Mehmet: - Bu akşam nereye gidiyorsun? - Where are you going (to) this t his evening? Ali: - Merkeze gidiyorum. - I'm - I'm going to the town center. center. Mehmet: - Merkezin neresine? - Where to (exactly) of the town center? Ali: - Büyük Efes Oteline gidiyorum - I'm - I'm going to the Grand Efes Hotel.
"Lost "Lost in Spac Space" e" - Spati Spatial al Relat Relation ionshi ships ps Some Space Oddities As in English these spatials may either be adjectives or nouns. 173
Consider: The exterior door. The outside wall wall - here we are using the word exterior word exterior and and outside as adjectives describing the nouns they possess, in this case - door and and wall . But as in English these spatials can also be nouns. Consider: At the back of the house. From the top of the table. We table. We can easily see that in this case both back and top are and top are top. However when nouns - it is even pointed out to us by the use of the Definite Article - the back and and the top. However house. then we say At say At the back of the house. then we can also say The house's back (if (if needs be in English). This is is exactly the same as the Possessive P ossessive Relationship in Turkish: Evin arkası - The back of the house house - [Lit: [ Lit: the house-of the back-its.] Masanın üstü - The top of the table table - [Lit: the table-of the top-its.] We can see that Spatial Relationships are just another form of the Possessive Relationship in Turkish where arka-sı - the back of the house. As one noun owns the second ev-in arka-sı house. As we have already learned that is a new Extended Noun then we can apply further small suffixes - to, from, at etc.etc.- to complete the meaning as required. Masanın üstünden - From - From the top of of the table. (uses table. (uses -den suffix). Masanın üstünde. - On the top of the table. (uses -de suffix). Masanın üstüne . - To the top of the table. (Uses -e suffix). This then is the way that Turkish treats Spatial Relationships and some of the main ones are shown below. Many of these are in use in daily life - it is for this reason that Manisa Turkish has dealt with Spatial Relationships as a topic on its own.
Formation of Spatials dış / dışı - E xter xter i or , out outside side Used as an Adjective (dış) dış kapı - the outside gate dış avlu - the outside yard Used as a Noun (dışı) kapının dışı - the outside of the gate bankanın dışına - to the outside of the bank evin dışında - at the outside of the house bahçenin dışından - from - from the outside the garden A cafe sign "Please do not bring anything to eat and drink from fr om outside."
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kapının dışından - from - from (the) outside (of the) gate bankanın dışından - from - from (the) outside (of the) bank peronun dışına - to (the) outside (of the) railway platform English sometimes drops the little word - of . The noun dışı - the exterior - takes a buffer letter -n- when adding the -de and -dan suffixes. A little warning: Try not mix this word with diş - tooth tooth - which of course is spelt with a Dotted -i fr om outsid utside e As an Adverb of Place -dışardan -dışardan - fro
A sign in a park cafe in Kuşadası "In here which are sold products from outside to bring is prohibited. We thank you."
dışardan - from - from outside outside - is used without a preceding noun, because it is a adverb of place. dışarı gidiyorum. - I'm - I'm going out . (dışarıya - also could be used) dışarıdan geliyorum. - I'm coming from outside. outside. dışarıdayım - I - I am outside. (or - dışardayım - like - buradayım - which is spoken - burdayım - the shortened forms being generally used in daily conversation). Some further examples Evin dışına çıktı. - He - He went out of the house. (to house. (to the outside of the house) Kapının dışında bir adam bekliyordu. - A - A man was waiting outside the door. (at door. (at the outside of..) Evin dışından arabalar arabalar geçiyor. - Cars are passing outside the house. (by house. (by way of the outside of the house) Some Spatial Expressions iç - interior, internal -(n)in içine - to the inside of -(n)in içinde - at the inside of -(n)in içinden - from - from the inside of Used as an Adjective iç hastalıkları - internal diseases iç savaş - civil war Used as a Noun odanın içi odanın içi - the inside of the room 175
ormanın içinde - in the depths the forest garın içinden - from - from the inside of the railway station * Some further examples place in the train and sat down. Trenin içinde yer buldu, oturdu.- He found a place Bu kutuda ne var? Bilmem, içine bakmadım b akmadım - What is in this box? I don't know, I haven't looked inside. Odanın içinden bir gürültü geliyordu - A noise was coming coming from inside the room Bu odanın içindekilerin hepsi kiralıktır. [iç-i-nde-ki-ler-in hep-si] - The contents of this room are all on hire. Eşyalarımı kutu içine koydum- I put my things into a box/boxes box/boxes Eşyalarımı kutunun içine koydum - I put my things into the box box Bir hafta içinde kitabini bitirecek - He - He will finish his book within a week week Bu şehrin içinde çok insan var va r - There are many people in this town As an Adverb of Place - içeri - inside içeri - inside inside - is used without a preceding noun, because because it is a adverb of place. içeri gidiyorum. - I'm - I'm going in(side). in(side). (içeriye - also could be used) içerden geliyorum.- I'm coming from inside. Also - içeri - and - dışarı can be used with nouns. Lütfen kapıdan içeri giriniz. - Please - Please go (pass) inside through through (or from) the door. Evimden dışarı çık! - Get out of my house!. side, next next to yan - side
-(n)in yanına - to the side of -(n)in yanında - at/by the side of -(n)in yanından - from - from the side of Used as an Adjective yan kapı - side - side gate yan sokak - side - side road Used as a Noun kapının yanında - (right/just = -inda) next to the gate bankanın yanından - from - from next to the bank bank sol duvarın yanına - next to the left wall duvarın sol yanına - next to the left side of the wall * Some further examples Mehmet, Ali'nin yanına oturdu. - Mehmet - Mehmet sat down next next to Ali. Mehmet, Ali'nin yanında oturdu. - Mehmet - Mehmet sat next to Ali. Kitabi, Kitabi, yatağın yanındaki masanın üstüne attı. - He - He threw the book book on top of the table beside beside the bed. side, side side part taraf - side
-(n)in tarafına - to the side part of -(n)in tarafında - at/by the side part of -(n)in tarafından - from - from the side part of 176
Used as a Noun - taraf - is not an adjective - it is only used as a noun kapının tarafında - at the side of the gate bankanın tarafından - from - from the side (of) the bank bank peronun tarafına - to the side of the railway Platform Some examples with - taraf - side - side part Arabanın Arabanın alt tarafından tarafından bir bir seyler damlıyor. - Something(s) is dripping from the underside of the car. Sen kimin tarafındasın? Benim mi onun mu? - Whose side are you on? Mine or his? Dolabın Dolabın üst tarafına baktın mı? - Have looked at (to) the topside of of the cupboard? - Have you looked topmost üst - top, topmost
-(n)in üstüne - to the top of -(n)in üstünde - at/by the top of -(n)in üstünden - from - from the top of Used as an Adjective üst tepe - the top hill en üst pencere - the uppermost window window - (superlative) Used as a Noun bardağın üstünde - on top of the glass ağaçların üstüne - towards the top of the trees arabamın arabamın üstünden - from - from the top of the my car * Some further examples Kitabi, Kitabi, masanın üstüne koydu - He put the book book on top of the table table Kapının üzerinde büyük bir bir pencere vardı- There was a big window over (on top of) of ) the door üzeri - over üzeri - over, on top of, in addition to, t o, besides -(n)in üzerine - over -(n)in üstünde - at/by the top of, over the top of.. -(n)in üstünden - from the top of, from over the top of.. Used in Construction - üzeri - is not an noun or adjective - it is only used in prepositional constructions. elma üzerine portakal getir - in addition to apples get (some) oranges binanın üzerinden - from - from over the building building masanın üzerindeki fincan - the cup which is on top of the table * Some further examples Bu sözün üzerine çok kızdım. - Upon these words I became very angry. Bunun üzerine çok kızdım.- Upon this I became very angry. alt - under alt - bottom, under, below, underneath -(n)in altına - under, to the under of -(n)in altında - under, at/by the under of -(n)in altından - from - from underneath 177
Used as an Adjective alt kapı - the bottom gate alt dolap - the lower cupboard Used as a Noun bottom cupboard Alt dolabın dolabın altına fincanları koyunuz dışarıda - Put - Put the cups (to the) underneath the bottom Masanın altından topu cekin - Get the ball from under the table Sağ ayağımın altı kaşınıyor - The underneath of my right foot is itching * Some further examples Köpek dolabın dolabın altına girdi, orada yatıyor. - The dog went under the cupboard (entered to the underneath the cupboard) and is lying there. Köpek dolabın dolabın altında yatıyor. - The dog is lying under the cupboard. Köpeğimiz hep ayak altında. - Our dog is always underfoot. middle, le, center center orta - midd
-(n)in ortasına - to the middle of -(n)in ortasında - at the middle of -(n)in ortasından - from - from the middle of of Used as an Adjective orta kapı - the middle gate orta oda - the centre room Used as a Noun parkın ortasına - to the middle of the park bahçenin ortasında - in the middle of the garden orta odanın ortasından - from - from the centre of the middle room * Some further examples Yemeğin ortasında geldi - He arrived in the middle of the meal. Her zaman yemek ortasında gelir- He always comes comes in the middle of dinner. dinner. Sokağın ortasında yürüyor - He is walking in the middle middle of the street. Tam sokağın ortasında yürüyor - He is walking right in the middle middle of the street. Tam sokağın ortasından yürüyor - He is walking exactly exactly down the middle middle of the street. Ahmed'in kitabinin kitabinin ortasına kadar okudum - I - I read as far as the middle of of Ahmet's book Buraya hafta ortasında vardı - He - He arrived here in midweek. Buraya haftanın ortasında vardı - He - He arrived here in the middle of the week. art - behind art - behind, rear side, backside -(n)in ardına - to the behind of -(n)in ardında - at the rear of -(n)in ardından - from - from behind of Used as a Noun - art - is not an adjective - it is only used as a noun kapının ardında - at the rear the door, behind the door 178
bankanın ardından - from - from behind the bank mutfağın ardına - to the rear of the t he kitchen arka - back, r ear -(n)in arkasına - to the back of -(n)in arkasında - at/by back of -(n)in arkasından - from - from the back of Used as an Adjective arka kapı - the back gate arka bahçe - the back garden Used as a Noun kapının arkası - the back of the door garajın arkasından - from - from back of the garage kuyruğun arkasına - to the back of the queue * Some further examples Evimin arkasında büyük bir bahçe var - There - There is a big garden behind my house Masanın arkasına baktınız ml? - Did - Did you look behind behind the table? ön - fro fr ont -(n)in önüne - to the front of -(n)in önünde - at/by front of -(n)in önünden - from - from the front of Used as an Adjective ön kapı - the front door ön pencereler - the front windows Used as a Noun kapının önünde - in front of the door manavın önüne - to the front of the t he greengrocer's rafların önünden - from - from the front of the shelves shelves * Some further examples Otobüs, tam evimizin önünde durur. - The bus stops just in front of our house. Bahçemizin önündeki duvarda oturduk. - We sat on the wall in front of our garden. yakın - near yakın - near, nearby, close to, in the vicinity of -(n)in yakınına - to the nearby of -(n)in yakınında - nearby -(n)in yakınından - from - from near the Used as an Adjective yakın kapı - the nearby gate yakın bir ofis - an office nearby 179
Used as a Noun kapının yakınında - near the gate kapının yakınlarında - near by the gategate - (plural is more vague) bankanın yakınından - from - from close to the bank bank - [Lit: from the near of the bank] otogarın yakınına - in the vicinity of bus station Used as an Adverb of Place - yakın - near bankaya yakın - near to the bank space between ara - spa
-(n)in arasına - in between -(n)in arasında - between -(n)in arasından - from - from between Used as an Adjective ara kapı - the door between between - (a connecting door between rooms) Used as a Noun hafta arası - mid-week kapıların arasında - in between (of) the doors masaların arasına iskemleyi koyun - Put - Put the chair (to the) between between (of the) tables bunların arasından bir tane alın - Take one from between these This word refers to the space between two or more things. it is used in constructions which mean "between" or "among" and is preceded either by a plural noun or several nouns connected by ile - also, and.
* Some further examples Evlerimizin arasında arasında büyük bir bina var. - There is a big building between our houses. O evlerin arasında bir park var. - There is a park amongst those houses. Amerika ile Avrupa arasında Atlas Okyanusu var. - The Atlantic Ocean is between America and Europe. opposi site te,, against agai nst karşı - oppo
-(n)in karşısına - to the opposite side of, against -(n)in karşısında - at the opposite side of, against -(n)in karşısından - from - from the opposite side of, against Used as an Adjective karşı kapı - the opposite gate karşı kaldırım - the opposite pavement - (USA: opposite o pposite sidewalk) Used as a Noun kapının karşısında - opposite the gate bankanın karşısındaki sokak - the street which is opposite the bank Mehmet, kahvenin karşısından çıktı - Mehmet came out from opposite the cafe * Some further examples Fabrika, Fabrika, evimizin karşısında. - The factory is opposite our house (across house (across from our house). Mehmed'in karşısına oturdu. - He sat down facing (opposite, across from) Mehmet. Mehmet. Bir kedi karşıma çıktı - A - A cat appeared in front of me. 180
etraf - around Etraf was was originally an Arabic Plural of taraf - side - side etraf - around, environment, surroundings -(n)in etrafına - to the surrounds of -(n)in etrafında - around the -(n)in etrafından - from - from around the Used as a Noun - etraf - is not an adjective - it is only used as a noun masamızın etrafına bolca çiçek koyuldu - Flowers galore were put around our table etrafımda çocuklar oynuyordu - the children were playing (all) around me bostanın etrafından - from around the vegetable vegetable garden und, surr sur r oundi undi ng çevre - ar ound, A sign in a park - "Let us keep our surroundings surroundings clean."
çevre is synonymous with etraf shown shown above, and is gradually replacing the Arabic word -(n)in çevresine - to the surrounds of -(n)in çevresinde - around the -(n)in çevresinden - from - from around the Used as an Adjective çevre yolu - circular road - (bypass road) Used as a Noun kentin çevreleri - the surroundings of the town bankanın çevresinde bir park bulunur - there is a park surrounding the bank fabrikanın fabrikanın çevresine bir engel koydular - they have put a barrier around the factory In Geometry Çevre also means perimeter" means perimeter" Karenin çevresi 24 cm(dir). - The perimeter of the square is 24 cm. area and hacim - volume The other words are alan - area and - volume..
A building building site at Kuşadası - May 2006 - Çevre-miz-e - An actual example "We apologize on account of the dangers and discomforts that we will give to our surroundings during building works."
181
çevre-miz-e - surroundings-of-us-to - surroundings-of-us-to inşaat sırasında - during the building (works) vereceğimiz zaralardan - from - from the damages damages that we wil give rahat-sız rahat-sız--lık -lar-dan -lar-dan dolayı - [lit: discomfortnesses-from discomfortnesses-from because of] - on account of discomfort (the (the word is just "discomfort" in English -dan dolayı - because of/on account of The ["-dan ["-dan dolayı" - "because of"] takes the "movement away from" (ablative) case. Example: "ondan dolayı" - "Because of that." Thanks to Oytun Arslan for addition to this page - JG Oct 2011.
aşağı - down, downstairs -(n)in aşağısı - downwards -(n)in aşağısında - below, - below, downstairs -(n)in -aşağısından -aşağısından - from - from below, less than Used as an Adjective aşağı mahalle - a low town district - (Figuratively: slum) aşağı kat - the floor below Used as a Noun inişin aşağısı - downhill - [Lit: The down of the hill] merdivenin aşağısına - to downstairs yolun aşağısından yürüyün - Walk from the bottom of the road Dağın aşağısı serin. - It - It is chilly down the mountain mountain - [Lit: The down of the mountain is chilly.] Dağın aşağısındaki ağaçlar çok güzel. - The trees which are at the lower side of the mountain are very beautiful. Dağın aşağısından gelen rüzgar çok soğuk. - The wind which comes from the lower side of the t he mountain is so cold. Used as an Adverb of Place - aşağı - downstairs aşağı gidiyorum. - I going downstairs or downstairs or - aşağıya gidiyorum. - I - I going (to) downstairs "Aşağı" and "yukarı" are also used for the geographical terms "upper/lower" in Turkish. As an example Yukarı Bavyera - Upper Bavaria, Bavaria , Aşağı Bavyera - Lower - Lower Bavaria. Some places in Turkey called "Lower". Aşağıazaplı, village in Adıyaman Province. 182
Aşağınasırlı, a village village in the District of Gölbaşı. Gölb aşı. Aşağı Gökdere, Eğridir, Isparta. Aşağı Pınar, Neolithic excavation in the outskirts of the town of Kırklareli. Akbank Akbank Aşağıayrancı Şu besi, Şu besi, a local bank bank in Ankara Çankaya. Çankaya. Aşağı Dudullu İlköğretim Okulu, Ümraniye, İstan bul. İstan bul. Aşağı Yuvalı Köyü, a village in i n Gümüşhane. Aşağı Hadim Cami, a mosque in Konya. above e, up upstai upstai r s yukarı - abov
-(n)in yukarısına - upwards -(n)in yukarısında - up, upstairs -(n)in yukarısından - from - from above/more than Used as an Adjective yukarı ev - the house above yukarı dal - the branch (of a tree) above Used as a Noun yokuş yukarı - uphill merdivenin yukarısı - upstairs tepenin yukarısından indik - We came down from the top of the hill Some places in Turkey called "Upper". Yukarı Borandere, Kayseri Yukarı Düden Şelalesi - Antalya Yukarı Ağadeve, Hamur, Ağrı Province Yukarı Karahayıt Hotels Yukarı Norgâh in Erzurum Yukarı Pınarca Köyü - Trabzon Yukarı Nasırlı Turkey Yukarı Gökdere, Eğridir, Isparta peş - back back,, the space space be behi hind nd Peşmeans "the back of a moving object". Usually found in the form peşinden which come to mean after . Used (only of a moving object) when something (or someone) follows after something else that is also in motion. Otobüsün Otobüsün peşinden gittik bus (we followed the "moving rear of the bus") - We went after the bus (we Benim peşime düşün! - Follow me! (Fall in behind me.) - Follow me! (Fall Note: peşin, peşinat - pre-payment, - pre-payment, paid paid in advance peşin para - cash, ready money, spot cash Examples for study Bir adam, vapurun arkasından suyun içine duştu. duşt u.- A man fell from the back back of the ship into the water. water. Onlarla bizim bizim aramızda, bahçe üzerine kavga çıktı. - A - A fight arose between them and us over over the garden. Büyük bir bir ağacın altında yere yattı. - He - He lay on the ground ground under a big tree. tree. Her şeyim el altında. - Everything - Everything of mine is at hand. 183
Dükkanın arkasında büyük elma ağaçları var. - There are big apple trees behind the store. Halil her aksam içki içer, gece ortasında eve gelir. - Halil - Halil drinks every evening evening and comes comes home in the middle of the night. Size bir bir paket getirdim, eşyalarınızın arasına attım. - I - I brought you a package and and threw it among your things. Bu kıs, sizinkinin karşısındaki evde oturacağız. - This winter we will live l ive in the house opposite yours. Paketin içindekilerini bize gösterir misiniz? - Will you show us the contents of the package? Evin dış kısmına baktık, irine ama girmedik. - We looked at the outside part of the t he house, but we didn't go inside. Yunus Emre'nin Ahmedin üstündeki tesiri çok büyüktür. - Yunus Emre's influence on Ahmet is very great. Askerler, şehrin önüne duvar yaptılar. - The soldiers made a wall in front fr ont of the city. Ahmet daima o kızın peşinden gider. - Ahmet Ahmet always follows that girl. Senin koca ayaklarının yanında yer kalmadı. - There is no room left beside your enormous feet. Some Street Turkish and Daily Expressions Invoking the Intervention of Allah. The using of the name of Deity in daily dail y speech is not considered strong talk as it would be to call on Jesus, Christ or God in the English language. The following examples are quite ordinary usage in daily Turkish. Some of the younger people do not use all these invocations, but you will hear them everywhere and read them in newspapers and novels, so to my mind they are useful to know.
Some Daily Interjections! Meaning
Invocation
New Turkish
Before beginning something
İnşallah
umarım - I - I hope
Just at beginning
Bismillah
-
Goodbye!
- Keep well! Allahaısmarladık! Hoşçakal! - Keep
When surprised/disappointed
Allah Allah..!!
Hadi ya!, Vay canına! - Well now!, What the heck?
When giving up - (see note below)
Eyvallah
-
To get to the end, finish off
Ya Allah
-
Promise, swear
Vallahi Billahi
Yemin ederim - I'm - I'm sure
Show self confidence
Eyvallah
-
Fully motivated
Alimallah
-
Bored
Fesuphanallah
Of! - (a sound) 184
More bored
Hasbınallah
-
Give up
İllallah
Bıktım (verb: bıkmak) - I am fed up
Great inspiration and motivation
Allah, Allah, Allah
-
Succeeded
Maşallah
Aferin! - Well done!
"Please don't mention it", showing modesty
Estağfurullah
Lafi bile olmaz - It is not even worth mentioning
At failure
Hay Allah
-
Some notes on the formulas above Allahaısmarladık - Means Goodbye. Goodbye. - (Lit: We call on Allah) - when leaving company or after making a visit to someone's home. This formula is only spoken by the persons who are actually leaving. Listen to Allahaısmarladık Allahaısmarladık -- Said by those leaving. Those who are staying behind should reply - Güle güle - (Lit: Go with a smile.) as their own - Goodbye.. to Goodbye.. to the vistors. Listen to Güle güle - Said by those staying Eyvallah- Has two more meanings: Thanks (with gratitude) also gratitude) also used to say Goodbye for now. Hard now. Hard to explain. It is mainly used in conversations between men. Allah is the name of God in the Muslim world. These words above are Arabic, and our Turkish friends use them as they are. Most religious and older people use almost all of these words, words, but the younger younger and less religious religious people use some of them only. only. Listen to Evallah - Said to show "Thanks" or as a "Goodbye for now" Estağfurullah - If someone compliments you on your ability to converse in Turkish, then your reply is Estağfurullah - "Please don't mention it" which which implies a modicum of modesty. I was on holiday recently (May 2007) in Kuşadası and I had a meal on Güvercin Adası - Pigeon - Pigeon Island out out in the bay which was expertly served by a waiter of advanced age. age. I told him that I could see that he was an Usta - expert - at his job. His reply to me was - Estağfurullah! Listen to Estağfurul Estağfurullah lah - Said to show modesty
Ülkemizde her isimize Allah'a bıraktık. bıraktık. İşe başlamadan önce - (before beginning something) - INŞALLAH. Kendimize güvenirsek güvenirsek - (to reassure ourself) - EVVELALLAH. İşe baslarkenbaslarken- (before beginning something) - BISMILLAH. - (if we give up) - EYVALLAH. İşten vazgeçersek Sonuna kadar gidersek - (at finalization) - YA ALLAH. Canımız sıkılırsa - (getting fed up) - FESÜPANALLAH. İşe coşkuyla coşkuyla sarılınca - (enjoyment) - ALLAH, ALLAH, ALLAH. ŞALLAH. bitirince - (after success) - MAR ŞALLAH. İşi başarıyla bitirince İş başarılamazsa - (if we do not succeed) - HAY ALLAH. Kaygısız - Ergin Asyalı 185
Thanks to Alex Taurus, Dicle Düzgün and Ergin Asyalı at Kaygısız - for their contributions - May 2008
Street Turkish - Body Language and Sign Language Yes Yes - evet - is shown by a single downward nod of the head. No No - hayir or yo(k) - is shown by a single tilt the head backwards while lifting the eyebrows at the same time.
Expressing negation or disagreement
Here our unknown friend is signifying "No" by raising his eyebrows with an uptilt of the head.. Quite often one will make the sound "tut" at the t he same time. Note that, shaking the head from side to side does not mean - "NO". It signifies - I don't understand. This is often a mistake made by Europeans when trying to say - "No" - and is the cause of many misunderstandings misunderstandings - you must tilt your head backwards and raise the eyebrows when indicating negation and saying "No" If you shake your head to mean - No - you will be misunderstood and the Turk will probably repeat himself thinking that you have not understood their meaning.
Here is the hand sign for "Come along"
If someone is trying to express - Come along, Follow me, Continue on. - he hand is held out with the fingers downward and a scooping motion is made to signify the meaning. The fingers are not held upwards as in Europe as this may be construed as being a little rude. The Turkish Trafik Polisi use this gesture when directing vehicles.
This is hand sign to use to show enthusiasm and approval.
To signify you approval you should use the French method of holding the fingers and thumb together in an upright position.. Oooh la la! 186
Never use this rude hand sign
Finally never give the "thumbs up" gesture to signify that you like something. This gesture is obscene in Turkish and only used amongst males. It should be noted however that with the influx of tourism in turkey during the last twenty years that this hand sign is now acceptable by the mature and younger generation. When I was in Turkey in 1970's before Turkey had become a tourist trap then this sign was considered rude, and may well be now by the older generation.
Here is a comment from one of our correspondents - İlgin Ece Sahin "By the way, that hand sign of thumbs up is not a rude sign generally. Since I've read that you stayed in Manisa and Izmir, I think the sign has something regional about it. South Western Anatolia has a different and very local culture, (it's sometimes very hard to understand local accent and vocabulary, even suffixes!), and that "rude" thing may be some part of it. I assure you it won't make any problem anywhere else." - Thank you İlgin Bey - JG - Jan J an 2007
Common Door signs
AÇIK - Open KAPALI - Closed GİRİŞ - Entrance - Entrance ÇIKIŞ - Exit - Exit İTİNİZ - Push - Push ÇEKİNİZ - Pull - Pull TUVALET / WC - Toilet BAY (B.) - Gentleman - Man ERKEK (E.) - Male - Male - Man BAYAN (Bn.) - Lady - Lady - Woman KADIN (K.) - Female - Female - Lady YASAKTIR - Forbidden - Forbidden - Prohibited
- Some Daily Turkish Conversational Locutions Here are a few regularly used locutions translated into Turkish. We all use these kind of sayings in our daily language to help us think and to emphasize our meaning. Using these locutions will make your conversational conversational language seem more fluid and normal in daily speech. You can learn this list one by one below: Click buttons to study individual locutions (192) reset
A List of Daily Conversational Locutions (192) 187
English According to that At last After all At least A little At most A little bit At once All day long At random All of a sudden At short notice All of you All over the world At the back All right At the door All set? At the end Almost At the same time A long time ago As a matter of fact Before long As a rule As for me Besides As if ; as though Better As usual Both of you As you please By airmail At any rate By heart At first By means of At hand By no means By the way By turns Care of How is that?
Turkish ona göre nihayet ; sonunda nede olsa en azından biraz en çok ; azami bir parça derhal bütün gün rasgele, rast gele birdenbire kısa süre içinde hepiniz bütün dünyada arkada peki kapıda tamam mı? sonunda hemen hemen aynı zamanda çoktan beri nitekim çok geçmeden yakında usulen bana kalırsa bundan başka başka sanki ; güya daha iyi her zamanki gibi ikiniz de nasıl isterseniz uçakla her zaman ezberden ilkin aracıyla elde asla sırası gelmişken sıra ile eliyle nasıl olur? 188
Come in! How many? Consequently How much. Don't mention it I am sorry! Don't worry Enclosed I am sure Ever since I beg your pardon pardon Every day Face to face I can't help it For ever For God's sake! I don't care For instance If need be For sale If possible For the first time Ill-timed or the time being In a hurry Frequently In any case ; somehow somehow From end to end In due course From now on In due time From this moment In every respect From this time on In fact Full up In front of Good for nothing In no time Good looking In order to Good luck In spite of it Gradually
buyurun ; giriniz kaç tane bundan dolayı kaça? ; ne kadar? bir şey değil affedesiniz!; üzülüyorum merak etmeyin ilişik olarak eminim o zamandan beri özür dilerim her gün yüz yüze elimde değil sonsuzca Allaha aşkına! aldırmam! örneğin gerekirse satılık kabilse ilk kez olarak zamansız şimdilik acele ; ivedili sık sık her halde ; nasılsa baştan başa zamanında şimdiden sonra tam zamanında bu andan sonra her bakımdan bakımdan bundan sonra esasen ; nitekim dolmuştur önünde ; karşısında işe yaramaz bir çırpıda yakışıklı amacıyla iyi şanslar ona rağmen git gide 189
In the end Help yourself In the first place How are you? In the future In the long run In the meantime In the middle No doubt In the morning No harm done In the open Not at all In the shade Now and again ; now now and then In the very act In this case In this manner Of course On time Of late In turns On and on Isn't it? Once again Is that so? Once and for all I suppose so Once a week It is all the same Once in a while It is not worth while Once more It is of no use On condition that One by one Just a moment On foot Just in case On leave Just in time On purpose On the contrary Less
sonunda buyurun ilk önce nasılsınız? gelecekte sonunda bu arada ortada şüphesiz sabahleyin zararı yok açık havada hiç de değil gölgede arada sırada Suçüstü bu halde böylelikle tabii tam vaktinde geçenlerde sıra ile durmadan değil mi? bir daha sahi mi? kesinlikle galiba haftada bir fark etmez ara sıra değmez tekrar ; bir daha boşuna şartıyla birer birer bir dakika yürüyerek ne olur ne olmaz izinli tam vaktinde bile bile ; kasten tersine ; aksine daha az 190
Let me alone git işine On the left solda Let's go gidelim On the right sağda Little by little azar azar On the other hand diğer taraftan Long ago uzun zamandan beri Look out! dikkat et! On top of tepesinde Over again tekrar Made to order ısmarlama Over there orada Maybe belki ; olabilir Please lütfen ; rica ederim More or less aşağı yukarı Providing that şartıyla Ready made hazır konfeksiyon Till morning sabaha kadar Return ticket gidişgidiş-dönüş bileti To be sure tabii To let ; to rent kiralık Right here işte burada Too many pek çok Right there işte orada Too much pek fazla Rough and ready ready yarım yamalak Under age yaşça küçük Up side down darmadağın Safe and sound sağ salim Up to date modern See you later gene görüşeli Up to now şimdiye kadar Side by side yan yana Since a long time uzun zamandan beri Welcome! hoş geldiniz Well done! bravo! Since then ozamandan beri What happened? ne oldu? So long eyvallah What's happening? ; What's up? ne oluyor? Sooner or later er geç So-so şöyle böyle What's wrong with you? neniz var? So to say sözde ; sanki 191
So that What's the matter? What next? Thanks a lot Why not? Agreed ; OK! Willy nilly That right With a view to That is to say With no exceptions That maybe With one accord Then The soonest possible With your leave You're welcome
şöyle ki ne çıkar? ya sonra? teşekkürler neden olmasın? anlaştık ister istemez doğru ; tamam amacıyla yani ayrıksız olabilir oy birliği birliği ile o zaman ; öyleyse bir an önce izninizle bir şey değil
All about - buyurun - Please be so kind buyurun - or the more formal - buyurunuz - is a widely used word in Turkish. There are many translations in English according to context. It is the second person Singular or Plural of the Si mple Present tense of the verb - buyurmak - which basically means: Would you be so kind as to.. - [Literally: Would you deign to, to command, to decree, to make an order] All or any of these meanings can be applied according to context - and in f act this word has become a sort of universal polite request, pleasant pleasant command, and is in constant daily use in all areas of Turkish life. A sort of catch-all word for most situations. It situations. It is a very important word to learn.
Let us consider how it is used:
When calling on someone's house and they say - buyurun it means - Please - Please come in
When they point to a chair - buyurun - Please - Please sit down
When they serve tea - buyurun - Please - Please drink and enjoy
On entering a shop the shopkeeper may say - buyurun efendim- meaning - Can I help you, sir?
In a restaurant or cafe when the waiter or bar man says - buyurun -it means - What would you like?
In many busy places markets, souvenir shops, cafes etc. there is often a professional barker who will be saying to all all passers by - buyurun - Come and buy If in a cafe you ask to see what food is being prepared in the kitchen (normal in Turkey) then the answer would be - buyurun - meaning in this case - Of course you may! When answering the telephone you say - buyurun meaning - I'm - I'm listening to your call 192
Turkish speakers also say - efendim - on answering telephone phone to say - Hello Hello- in a polite manner. When passing people in narrow places or entering lifts etc. - buyurun - means - After - After you!
You can see there are many cases where - buyurun - is used and there are probably many more, you will hear it all the time when in Turkey. Many thanks to Onur Onur Üsünel for additions to the above section - Jan Jan 2007, and John John Rees for a further addition of - efendim efendim - on answering the telephone - Aug 2009
Beş lira, beş lira, buyurun! Buyurun - by the way, is pretty much the world's most useful word . It can mean - Welcome, Here you go, Have a seat, Come over here - and who knows what else. theturkishlife.blogspot.com - Sunday, March 9, 2008
The Time, Seasons, Months, Days, Weather, Numbers A Time Vocabulary saniye - second - second an - moment anbean - moment-by-moment, moment-by-moment, gradually dakika - minute saat (plural: saatler - hours) hours) - hour gün - day günbegün - day-by-day, gradually hafta - week ay - month [also month [also - moon] moon] yıl or sene (arab.) - year - year - (you ( you will hear both of these words in general use) zaman - time vakit (vakti..) - time as a particular occasion defa - time (as an event or occasion) kere - time (as an event, occasion or point in time) kez - a point in time The word "time" time - this word is the main one in use for - "time, occasion" zaman - time ne zaman? - what time?, when? kaç zaman - how long?, how much time? zamandan zamana [zaman-dan zaman-a] - from - from time to time her zaman - all the time, every time, always her ne zaman - whenever vakit vakit (vakti)- point (vakti)- point in time, occasion occasion Note: vakit - loses final vowel when suffixed with a vowel. See Nouns See Nouns losing internal vowel
Some examples 193
vakit (vakti)- point (vakti)- point in time, occasion occasion Boş, vaktimiz var mı? - Have - Have we got got time to spare? vaktim yok, vaktim kalmadı - I - I haven't got time kere - time, point in time dört kere - four - four times Onu, beş beş kere yaptım - I - I did it five times kez - time, point in time time - This is a provincialism, but is also used regularly in modern daily speech. üç kez - three times her kez - always bu kez - this time Thanks to Nurcan Akaltun Çiftçi for additions to the above section - JG - June 2008.
What time is it? All about the - to the o'clock, past the o'clock - and - at the o'clock - usages in Turkish to tell t ell the time. Turkish requires or demands different/alternative forms when you want want to tell the time. There there are basically four different forms to tell the time. 1. Sentence structure 2. Clause structure 3. Short analog form 4. Digital Form
Now let us classify the suffixes for each structure Structure: It is # min. to t o # o'clock. -e var Saat iki'ye on (dakika) var - It - It is ten (minutes) to two Structure: It is # min. past # o'clock -i geçiyor Saat iki'yi on (dakika) geçiyor. - It - It is ten (minutes) past two. that.At # min. to # o'clock. -e kala Structure: At Structure: At the time that.At Saat iki'ye on (dakika) kala. - At - At ten to two. Structure: At Structure: At the time that.At that.At #min. past # o'clock. -i geçe Saat iki'yi on (dakika) geçe. - At - At ten past two. while.. - inside The Sentence Structure can only be used with the suffix - -ken - while.. i nside another sentence as the please? - Saat Yedi'yi çeyrek geçiyor. examples below show - Saat kaç acaba? - What time is it please? -
Some examples Ne zaman gelirsin? - When (at what time) will you come? Saat yedi'yi çeyrek geçiyor'da gelirim - (WRONG!) Saat yedi'yi çeyrek geçiyorken gelirim - (TRUE with -ken) Saat yedi'yi çeyrek geçe gelirim - (CLAUSE form) or 194
Saat altı'ya beş var'da gelirim - (WRONG!) Saat altı'ya beş varken gelirim - (TRUE with -ken) Saat altı'ya beş kala kala gelirim- (CLAUSE form) Any of the 3 forms (except for the t he sentence structure) can be used within a sentence. Let us see some examples Saat 7'yi çeyrek geçe gelirim - (Clause) Saat 7 çeyrekte gelirim - (Analog) Saat 7:15 (yedi onbeş) onb eş) te gelirim - (Digital) When you use the sentence structure, then it is used like this... Saat 7'yi çeyrek geçerken gelirim. - I - I will arrive at a quarter past seven. seven.[Lit: [Lit: I will arrive (come) as (while) a quarter is passing 7 o'clock.]
Some times of day Turkish
English
şafak
dawn
kahvaltı
breakfast
sabah
morning
sabahleyin
at morning, in the morning
gün
day
bütün gün
all day long
her gün
every day
gündüz
daytime, daylight
öğle
noon
öğleden sonra
afternoon
öğle yemeği
lunch
akşam
evening
akşamleyin
in the evening, at eventide
akşam üstü
teatime, early evening
akşam yemeği
dinner, evening meal
dün
esterday
195
dün sabah
esterday morning
dün akşam
esterday evening
dün gece
last night
evvelki gün
the day before yesterday
alacakaranlık [alaca-karanlık] [alaca-karanlık] twilight gece
night
geceleyin
in the night, at night
gece yarısı Lit: Lit: night its-half
midnight
geçen gün
the day past, the other day, yesterday
geçen ay
last month
geçen sene/yil
last year
geçen hafta
last week
geçenlerde
recently (in the past), lately
erken
early
geç
late
ne zaman
when (what time, the time that..)
ay
month
cumartesi gecesi
Saturday night
ertesi gün
the following day
ertesi hafta
the following week
evvelki/evvelsi gün
the day before yesterday
geceleri
at nights
gelecek hafta
next week
hafta
week
öbür gün
the day after tomorrow
196
öbür hafta
the week after next
öğleleri
at noon times
öğleyin
at noon
pazar sabahı
Sunday morning
sabahları
in the mornings
son günlerde
in the last few days
son zamanlarda
recently
yarın
tomorrow
yıl/sene
ear
long fo f or ? , Si S i nce when? hen? Saying - H ow long
Ne iş yaparsınız? - What is your job? - [In general, so uses the Simple Present Tense] Öğretmenim. - I - I am a teacher. Dört yıldır öğretmenim. - I - I have been a teacher for 4 years. years. - [ You explain how many years you have been a teacher.] teacher.] İki bin üçten beri beri öğretmenim. - I - I have been a teacher since 2003. 2003. - [You explain how long since you became a teacher.] teacher.] Dünden beri beri hastayım. - I - I have been ill since yesterday. Pazar Gününden /Pazardan beri evdeyim. - I - I have been at home since Sunday. Sunday. since Saying - since
-meyeli/-mayalı -meyeli/-mayalı oldu/oluyor. - It is/ It was a period time since.. Ben, sinemaya gitmeyeli 3 ay oldu/oluyor. - It - It was/is three months since I have have been to the cinema. cinema . Birbirimizi görmeyeli beş beş yıl oldu/oluyor. - It - It is five years since we have have seen/are seeing seeing each other. Onlar evleneli sadece/yalnızca 2 ay oldu/oluyor. - It - It is just two months since they were/are married. Some ways that state the time of an event çoktan, bile, zaten - already, besides Hâlâ öğle yemeğini yedin mi? - Have you eaten eaten your lunch yet? yet? Ooo, çoktan yedim. - Oh, I have already eaten . Yedim bile. - I eaten. - I have already eaten. Sanırım bir şeyler yemek istiyor musun?. - Do something to eat.? - Do you want something Bana bir şey getirme. - Do anything. - Do not bring me anything. Ben yedim zaten. - Besides, already eaten. - Besides, I have already Yeni, şimdi, henüz - just Hasan,lütfen banyoya girme. - Hasan, - Hasan, please don't go into the bathroom. Yeni/şimdi/henüz temizledim. - I - I have just cleaned (it). (it). 197
Kuruması gerek/lazım. Tamam mı? - It - It needs to dry. OK? Bana 100 lira ödünç verir misin Ayşe? - Can you lend me 100 Tl Ayşe? Üzgünüm.. - [or Kusura bakma..] - veremem. - I - I am sorry.. I can't (give). (give). Daha yeni/şimdi faturaları ödedim. - I - I have just paid the bills. bills. Daha, henüz, hâlâ - ye yet Daha/henüz ödevini bitirmedin mi? - Haven't/have you finished your your homework yet? Hayır, daha bitirmedim. Henüz değil.. - No, - No, I haven't finished finished yet. Not yet.. Daha gelmediler. - They haven't come yet. far , up to now now, unti unti l now now şimdiye kadar, şu ana kadar - So far
Bu kış şimdiye kadar/şu ana kadar kar yağmadı. - It - It has not snowed so far far this winter. Bugün şimdiye kadar/ şu ana kadar hiçb hiç bir şey yemedik . - We have not eaten anything so far today. ver y) fi r st ilk - the ( ver
Bu ilk kez araba sürüşüm/İlk kez araba araba sürdüm. - This This is the first time I have driven a car. Bu, son iki saatte içtiğin beşinci kahve.- This is the fifth cup of coffee you have drunk in the last two hours. Son beş beş saatte iki fincan kahve içtin. - You have drunk two cups of coffee in the last five hours . ilk - means - the very first one, one, whereas - birinci - means - the first of a series: series : Dünyanın ilk insan Adam adlı'dı - The world's first man was called Adam Birinci yarış başlamak üzeredir. - The first race is about to begin. ver i n my my life li fe hayatımda - ever
hayatında, hayatınızda - ever in your life (familiar life (familiar = hayat-ın hayat-ın-da -da / formal = hayat-ınız hayat-ınız-da) -da) onun hayatında - ever in his life [hayatlife [hayat-ıı-n-da = in his life] hayatımızda - ever in our life hayatlarında - ever in their life Bu hayatımda okuduğum en sıkıcı kitap . - This is the most boring book I have ever read. Bu hayatımda içinde bulunduğum en zor durum. - This is the most difficult situation I have ever been in. Hayatımda tanıştığım en konuşkan/geveze insan. - He - He is the most talkative person I have met in my life. Have you ever been to? There are two methods to translate this in Turkish - (1) The Formal Method - and - (2) The Familiar/Informal method. (1) Formal: -de / -da / -te / -ta bulunmak - to be (found) in/on at a place Hiç Ankara' da bulundun mu? - Have - Have you ever ever been to Ankara? Ankara?-- [Literature - formal] (2) Informal: -a/ -ya, -e/-ye gitmek - to go to a place Hiç Ankara' ya gittin mi? - Have - Have you ever ever been to Ankara Ankara [Colloquial [Colloquial Speech - informal)
once, twice, several times. bir kez, bir defa, bir kere - once iki kez, iki defa, iki kere - twice birçok kez, defa, kere - several - several times 198
hiç - ever [in [in positive sentences] hiç - never [in [in negative sentences] Neredeydin? - [or colloquial - Nerdeydin?] - Where have you been? / Where were you? bulundun mu? Have you ever been to Antalya?- Hiç Antalya'da bulundun Have you ever been to Antalya? - Hiç - Hiç Antalya'ya gittin mi? Yes,I have been there once/twice. - Evet, orada bulundum. - Evet, bir defa/iki defa/ orada Yes,I have been there many times. - Evet, kere (bir çok kez/ bir çok defa) defa) oraya gittim. - Evet, bir çok kere No, I have not been/never been there. - Yo, Antalya'ya hiç gitmedim. No, I have not been/never been there. - Yo, Antalya'da hiç b ulunmadım. Yo is a gentle conversational way of saying "No". It is not so strong as using Hayır - No - No.. It may be a contraction of "yok" - "there is not" Thanks to Nurcan Akaltun Çiftçi for contributing the sections above.. - JG - June 2008.
Seasons and the Weather Names of the Months şubat March January January - ocak February February - şubat March - mart April - nisan May - mayıs June June - haziran July July - temmuz August - ağustos September - eylül October - ekim November - kasım December - aralık Names of the Months Months (and Days of of the Week) are usually usually written without a capital capital letter in Turkish
The Weekday Names
Sunday Sunday - Pazar - (Lit: market) Monday Monday - Pazartesi - (Lit: after Sunday) Tuesday Tuesday - Salı - (undefined)
Çarşamba- (Lit: 4 days Wednesday - Çarşamba da ys after Sabbath - from Persian) çarşamba pazar gibi.- This job is a complete mess up. [lit: An idiom: Bu iş, çarşamba up. [lit: This job is like a Wednesday Market.] Perşembe- (Lit: 5 days Thursday Thursday - Perşembe da ys after Sabbath - from Persian) Friday Friday - Cuma - (Lit: reunion - related to Persian/Arabic) Saturday Saturday - Cumartesi- (Lit: after Friday)
The Seasons of the Year- Yıl Mevsimi
İlk bahar bahar - [also bahar is sometimes used] - spring - spring
Yaz - summer - summer
Sonbahar - (also - güz) - autumn or autumn or fall fall (American (American usage)
Kış - winter
When saying in the summer Turkish Turkish says yazın or in the winter then then the word kışın is used. This ending -in is an old Instrumental Case which is no longer used much in day to day speaking other than these examples. 199
For in the spring and and in the autumn, autumn , the Static Condition (Locative) Suffix is used - sonbaharda and ilkbaharda. Very often the simple word bahar can supplant either ilkbahar or sonbahar - it depends on the choice of the speaker.
The Cardinal Points - Dört Yön
Kuzey - North - North
Güney - South
Doğu - East - East
Bati - West
A Weather Vocabulary About the Weather berbat - awful
fırtına - storm - storm
soğuk - cold
güneş - sun - sun (n.) (n.)
sıcak - hot
güneşli - sunny - sunny (adj.)
güzel - good, - good, nice
hava sıcaklığı - temperature
harika- marvellous
sıcaklık - heat
yağmur - rain (noun.)
derece - degree(s)
rain (verb.) şemsiye - umbrella yağmur yağmak - rain (verb.)
yağmurlu, yağışlı - rainy (adj.) rainy (adj.) ılık - warm kar - snow - snow (n.) (n.)
hava - weather
kar yağmak - snow - snow (v.) (v.)
hava tahmini - weather forecast
kar yağışlı, karlı - snowy - snowy (adj.) (adj.) hava durumu - weather condition dolu - hail
rüzgar - wind (n.) (n.)
hafif - light
yel - wind
sert - heavy
poyraz - breeze
durmak - stop - stop (v.) (v.)
rüzgar esmek - to blow wind (v.) (v.)
yıldırım - lightning (n.)
rüzgarlı - windy (adj.) windy (adj.)
Some daily expressions about the weather 200
Ne güzel bir gün! - What a lovely day! Hava yarın nasıl olacak? - What will the weather be like tomorrow? Yine güneşli, fakat biraz rüzgarlı. - It's - It's sunny again, but a little windy. windy. Kaç derece? - What is the temperature? Hava çok sıcak. . - The The weather is very hot . Neredeyse 31 derece. - Nearly - Nearly 31°C (degree (degree Celsius). Erzurumda Er zurumda kar yağacağını düşünüyor musun? - Do - Do you think it will snow in Erzurum? Sanmıyorum. Kar için erken. - I - I don't think so. It is early to snow. snow. Fırtına olacağını düşünüyor musun? - Do - Do you think there will be a storm? Sanmıyorum. - I - I don't think so. Ama Ağrı'da kar yağıyor. - B - But it is snowing in Ağrı. Orada kar yağışı ne zaman durur? - When will it stop snowing up there? Yakında durur. - It - It will stop soon. Yağmur mu başlayacak? - Will it start to rain? Evet, birazdan birazdan yağmur başlayacak gibi. gi bi. - Yes, looks like rain soon. Şemsiyeye ihtiyacım olur mu? - Do - Do I need an umbrella? Sana şemsiyeni yanına almanı öneririm. - I - I suggest you to get your your umbrella with you. Ne berbat hava! Saat başı b aşı değişiyor. - What an awful weather! It changes hourly. Yağmur mu yağıyor? - Is - Is it raining? Evet, yağıyor. - Yes, it is (raining). Cardinal Numbers - one,two Cardinal Numbers 0 - 49 sıfır 0
on 10
yirmi 20
otuz 30
kırk 40 40
bir 1
on bir 11
yirmi bir 21
otuz bir 31
kırk bir 41
iki 2
on iki 12
yirmi iki 22
otuz iki 32
kırk iki 42
üç 3
on uç 13
yirmi uç 23
otuz uç 33
kırk uç 43
dört 4 on dört 14 yirmi dört 24 otuz dört 34 kırk dört 44 beş 5
on beş 15
yirmi beş 25
otuz beş 35
kırk beş 45
altı 6
on altı 16
yirmi altı 26
otuz altı 36
kırk altı 46
yedi 7
on yedi 17 yirmi yedi 27
otuz yedi 37 kırk yedi 47
sekiz 8 on sekiz 18 yirmi sekiz 28 otuz sekiz 38 kırk sekiz 48 dokuz 9 on dokuz 19 yirmi dokuz 29 otuz dokuz39 kırk dokuz 49
Cardinal Numbers 50 - 99 201
elli 50
altmış 60
yetmiş 70
seksen 80
doksan 90
elli bir 51
altmış bir altmış bir 61
yetmiş bir 71
seksen bir 81
doksan bir 91
elli iki 52
altmış iki 62
yetmiş iki 72
seksen iki 82
doksan iki 92
elli uç 53
altmış uç 63
yetmiş uç 73
seksen uç 83
doksan uç 93
elli dört 54 altmış dört 64 yetmiş dört 74 seksen dört 84 doksan dört 94 elli beş 55
altmış beş 65
yetmiş beş 75
seksen beş 85
doksan beş 95
elli altı 56
altmış altı 66
yetmiş altı 76
seksen altı 86
doksan altı 96
yetmiş yedi 77
seksen yedi 87 doksan yedi 97
elli yedi 57 altmış yedi 67
elli sekiz 58 altmış sekiz 68 yetmiş sekiz 78 seksen sekiz 88 doksan sekiz 98 elli dokuz 59 altmış dokuz 69 yetmiş dokuz 79 seksen dokuz 89 doksan dokuz 99 Cardinal Numbers 100 - 1,000,000 yüz 100
iki bin 2000
oniki bin 12000
yirmi iki bin 22000
iki yüz 200
uç bin 3000
onuç bin 13000
yirmi uç bin 23000
uç yüz 300
dört bin 4000
ondört bin 14000
yirmi dört bin 24000
dört yüz 400 beş bin 5000
onbeş bin 15000
yirm beş bin 25000
beş yüz 500
altı bin 6000
onaltı bin 16000
yirmi altı bin 26000
altı yüz 600
yedi bin 7000
onyedi bin 17000
yirmi yedi bin 27000
yedi yüz 700
sekiz bin 8000 onsekiz bin 18000 yirmi sekiz bin 28000
sekiz yüz 800 dokuz bin 9000 ondokuz bin 19000 otuz bin 30000 dokuz yüz 900 on bın 10000 bin 1000
yirmi bin 20000
elli bin 50000
onbir bin 11000 yirmi bir bin 21000 bir milyon 1000000
Some Notes on Numbers
yüz (yüz also means - face - face or or reason) reason) araba - five-hundred Cardinal numbers are followed by singular nouns. iki ev - two houses, houses, beş yüz araba - five-hundred cars, cars, kırk ağaç - forty - forty trees beş yüz yirmi üç bin yedi yüz elli sekiz - 523,758 202
Which may also be written in official papers and banks without any spaces - as: beşyüzyirmiüçbinyediyüzellisekiz eşyüzyirmiüçbinyediyüzellisekiz - 523,758 When we in English state a small general numerical amount we will say, for instance "Two or three eggs". However Turkish will say - üç bes yurmurta - three or five eggs In Turkish the number kırk - forty - forty is is used to signify an uncountable amount. Kırk yılda bir - Once in forty years is years is equivalent to "Once in a blue moon" in i n English.
fi r st, st, seco second nd,, etc. Ordinal Numbers - fir
Ordinal Numbers birinci - also - ilk - first ; 1st yirmi üçüncü twenty-third ; 23rd ikinci second ; 2nd
otuz dördüncü thirty-fourth ; 34th
üçüncü third ; 3rd
elli beşinci fifty-fifth ; 55th
dördüncü fourth ; 4th
kırk altıncıforty-sixth ; 46th
beşinci fifth ; 5th
altmış yedinci sixty-seventh ; 67th
altıncısixth ; 6th
on sekizinci eighteenth ; 18th
yedinci seventh ; 7th
doksan dokuzuncu ninety-ninth ; 99th
sekizinci eighth ; 8th
yüzüncü hundredth ; 100th
dokuzuncu ninth ; 9th
bininci thousandth ; 1000th
onuncu tenth ; 10th
sıfır zero ; 0
Fractions and percentage yarım (noun) - half yarım elma - a half an apple yarı (adj.) - half yarı yarı elma - a half apple elmanın yarısı - the apple half buçuk - half - [an hour, a kilo, a serving] çeyrek - quarter of - [an hour, a kilo, kil o, a serving] bir - one, #1#1- [And is also the indefinite article - a or an] an] üçte iki [üç-te iki] - two-thirds two-thirds - [lit: three-in two] - written as 3/2 in Turkish. yüzde yirmibeş yirmibeş - twenty-five percent - [Lit: one hundred-in h undred-in 25] - written as %25 in Turkish One each, each, two each, each, three thr ee each each Distributive Numbers - One
Distributive Numbers yarımşar
half each 203
birer
one each
ikişer
two each
üçer
three each
dörder
our each
beşer
ive each
altışar
six each
yedişer
seven each each
sekizer
eight each
dokuzar
nine each
onar
ten each
on birer
eleven each
yirmişer
twenty each
yirmi beşer
twenty-five each
otuzar
thirty each
kırkar
orty each
ellişer
ifty each
yüzer
a hundred each
ikişer yüz - (NOT iki yüzer)
two hundred each
biner
a thousand each
ikişer bin - (NOT iki biner)
two thousand each
birer milyon- (NOT milyonar NOR bir milyonar) mil yonar) a million each Kızlara ikişer elma verin
Give the girls two apple each.
Türk Türk Renk Renkler lerii - Turkis Turkish h Colo Colours urs In this article ( ⇓ click link ⇓ )
204
olives (for eating), otherwise the The Farsi Word - siyah - black - is mainly used for siyah zeytin - black olives (for word - kara - black - is used for the colour black - this is really figurative use as in kara düşünceleri black (dark thoughts) but thoughts) but it is used universally for the color black . shore, as in: karayolları - land roads (network), main The word - kara - also has another meaning - land, shore, roads, roads, karakuvetleri - land forces, forces, kara suları - territorial waters, waters, karaburun [Lit: land nose]- peninsular nose]- peninsular
Qualities of Colours The suffix -(i)mtrak is is used with colours to produce adjectives of color quality: karamtrak dusky , sarımtrak - yellowish, sallow, mavimtrak - blackish, darkish, dusky, - yellowish, sallow, - blueish, blued, steel coloured . This suffix always retains the form -mtrak and and does not follow vowel harmony rules. The suffix -(i)msi is used with colours to produce adjectives of color quality: morumsu - purplish - purplish,, mavimsi - bluish. bluish. This suffix follows vowel harmony rules.
Words in italics are the intensified form of the colour. Siyah (Farsi.) - Simsiyah
Black - Pitch - Pitch Black
Kara - Kapkara - Kapkara
Black - Pitch Black
Beyaz - Bembeyaz - Bembeyaz
White White - Snow White
Kırmızı - Kıpkırmızı
Red - Bright - Bright Red
Mavi - Masmavi - Masmavi
Blue - Bright Blue
Turuncu
Orange
Yeşil - Yemyeşil
Green Green - Bright Bright Green
Mor - Mosmor - Mosmor
Purple Purple - Deep Deep Purple
Pembe - Pespembe - Pespembe
Pink - Shocking Pink
Pembe - Tozpembe
Pink - Light - Light (dusty) Pink
Kahverengi
Brown (Lit: Brown (Lit: coffee coloured)
Sarı - Sapsarı
Yellow Yellow - Bright Bright Yellow
Gri
Grey
205
Renk/Rengi - Renkli - Renkler Color/its colour - Coloured - Colours Açık Renkli
Light Coloured
Açık yeşil
Light green
coloured, spotted Alacalı bulucalı (Alaca buluca) Many coloured,
Koyu Renkli
Dark Coloured
Koyu yeşil
Dark green
Acı Renkli
Lurid Coloured
Koyu gri
Dark grey
Turkuvaz
Turquoise
Lacivert
Navy Blue
Gümüş Renkli
Silver Coloured
Eflatun
Lilac
Morumsu kırmızı renk
Magenta
Bej
Beige
Bordo - [fr. bordeaux]
Claret
Metalik rengi
Metallic colour
Haki rengi
Khaki, Olive drab
Gül rengi
Rose colour
Galibarda
Fuchsia
Çim rengi
Lime colour (from çim - turf, grass, lawn)
Çivit rengi
Indigo colour (dark blue/purple)
Nilgün
Darkish Blue
Zeytin rengi
Olive colour (zeytin - olive fruit)
Altuni
Gold coloured (altın - gold)
Sarımtırak altuni metalik rengi Yellowish golden metallic colour
206
Gümüş rengi
Silver color (gümüş - silver)
Menekşe rengi
Violet colour (menekşe - the violet flower)
Altın Renkli
Gold Coloured
Gök kuşağı
Rainbow
Ala
Variegated, light brown (alabalık - rainbow trout)
Ak (Old (Old Turkish.)
White [see White [see note below]
Al (Old Turkish.)
Red [see [see note below]
A note about Old Turkish The Old Turkish Words for - Red - Red - Al and - WhiteWhite- Ak are are mostly used in place names and family names. Alsancak - Red - Red Banner Banner (an (an area of İzmir) - Akhisar (a town in Turkey) - Whitefort , Bay Alkan - Mr. - Mr. Redblood . Otherwise the words - beyaz, kırmızı - are used
Seeing "red" The word kızıl means red-coloured and and is used in certain situations as these examples show: Kızıldeniz - the Red Sea Kızılderili - American - American Red-indian Red-indian kızılötesi - infra-red kızıl saçlı - red haired Kızılay - the Red Crescent (same (same as The Red Cross health service) Kızılırmak - the Red River (the (the longest river in Turkey) Thanks to Umut Odab aşı for corrections on this page - JG - April 2007
- How to say - "Thank you’’ you ’’ In this article ( ⇓ click link ⇓ ) Here we point out the difference in usage of - teşekkür ederim - thank you and you and the more sincere - sağ olun stay healthy.
What are the services being rendered to us? (1) sağ olun - be healthy, be strong - is used as - thank you you - for a service which: - Was not necessarily needed to be performed. - for someone who has gone out of his way to help you. (2) While - teşekkür ederim - thank youyou - [Lit: a thanking perform I - from Arabic] is Arabic] is used: - In normal circumstances and receiving presents. presents.
Scenario (1) The waiter puts a nice meal in front of you. Your - thank you you - is - teşekkür ederim - it is his job. The waiter puts a bottle of wine in front of you. Your - thank you you - is - teşekkür ederim - it is his job. Then the waiter uncorks the bottle of wine and pours it in i n your glass. Your - thank you you - is - sağ olun - he 207
need not have performed this service. The recipient of your gratitude will often answer your - sağ olun - with the rejoinder - siz de sağ olun health to you also also - [the Polite Version said to to t o stranger]. stranger] . Other forms are - sen de sağ ol - or quite short - siz de - or - sen de - you - you too
Scenario (2) You ask someone the time. He looks at his watch and says - "Half past three" . Your answer is - sağ olun - [You have caused him to perform a service to you.]
Scenario (3) You drop your handkerchief a stranger picks it up and hand it to you. Your answer is- sağ olun- [He need not have done it.] it .]
Scenario (4) Here is a comment one of our readers has made about Manisa Turkish. He has used - sağ olun - correctly, thanking us for providing something unasked.
Very nice website Turkish has helped me in communicating with my Turkish friends. I Very descriptive and helpful, Manisa helpful, Manisa Turkish has just wanted to give give you a very big - sağ olun - for producing such a useful website! - Dan - Dan R. - March 2008 See all accolades for the Manisa Turkish website Our accolades Many tourists use - sağ olun - wrongly instead of using - teşekkür ederim - as they copy the boy waiter's way of thanking - as the waiters often use - sağ olun - for misguided effect. The rule is, if in doubt then use teşekkür ederim.
How to answer a "thank you" The answer to - teşekkür ederim - is - bir şey değil - It - It is nothing - or - rica ederim - I - I request! request! - [same as "bitte schön" in German] Also used is - ne demek? - what does it mean?. mean? . This expression - ne demek? - sounds quite comical in English. But it actually means something like: It like: It doesn't matter at all. The all. The answer - Rica ederim - is the politest one. The recipient of your your gratitude will often answer answer your - sen sağol- with the rejoinder - sen de sağol- health to you too.
Other Versions are: sağ ol - familiar - familiar sağ olun - polite - polite and/or singular sağ olunuz- public and/or plural plural A simple - teşekkürler - also means a very informal - thanks thanks - and is used in shops and for small duties performed. A little caveat or "take care." Many people when first learning Turkish are tempted to use the Present Continuous Tense form - teşekkür ediyorum - we would advise you that this form sounds quite comical to the Turkish ear and can also be 208
construed as being sarcastic, so one should always use the t he Present Simple form - teşekkür ederim - and you will not go wrong or be misunderstood.
Expressing need something? I like something, I don't like something are The usual verbs used to say - Do you like something? are as follows:
Positive - Negative sevmek like - sevmemek - to love, to like - not to love, not to like beğenmek - to like like - beğenmemek - not to like rica etmek - to request - rica etmemek - to not request About - rica etmek The word - rica - is of Arabic Origin Ori gin and the pronunciation of the last letter -A is very open - pronounced ricAAA ederim and being Arabic, this word does not follow Turkish Pronunciation Rules. Listen to the long "aaa" in Rica ederim
Use of the Past Tense When a Turkish person asks if you like something, they normally ask in the past tense - Did you like the apple?, apple?, these type of questions are also answered in the past tense, Yes I liked the apple? We can see from the t he examples below that Turkish usually uses the past tense in its i ts questions and answers of preference. It is different different in English as we we use both present present and past tenses tenses in these situations. situations.
Asking tormally - with the -iniz form for the polite - you - you Yemeğinizi sevdiniz mi? - Did/Do - Did/Do you like your your meal? Yemeğinizi beğendiniz mi? - Did/Do - Did/Do you like your your meal? Yemeği sevdim. - I - I like/liked the meal. meal. Yemeği beğendim - I - I like/liked the meal. Or the familiar form using the -in less formal form for - you - you Türkiye'yi sevdin mi? or Türkiye'yi beğendin beğendin mi? - Did - Did you like Turkey? Turkey? Yolculuğu sevdin mi? - Did - Did you enjoy the journey? Or you may not have liked it! Türkiye'yi sevdiniz mi? - Do/Did - Do/Did you like Turkey? Turkey? Türkiye'yi beğendiniz beğendiniz mi? - Do/Did - Do/Did you like Turkey? Şunu sevmedim. - I - I don't like/ didn't like that. Şunu beğenmedim - I - I don't like/ didn't like that. This shows the use of şunu - that one one - in its disparaging meaning. meaning. A little "Formula Speak" In Turkish we say seni seviyorum! [Lit: I am loving you!] - I - I love you! Turkish uses the Continuous Tense to say - I - I love youyou- as it is more vivid than the simple tense - I love you you which we use in English.
How to say that you do not like something We have learned how to say that we like something using using the verbs sevmek and and beğenmek.. To say that -we - we do not like something we we must use the negative verbs sevmemek and and beğenmemek. 209
Some Examples of the Negative Yolculuğunuzu sevdiniz sevdiniz mi? - Did - Did you like your your journey? Hayır, yolculuğumu sevmedim - No, - No, I didn't like my journey. Hayır, onu beğenmedim - No, - No, I didn't like it. Bamyayı sevmiyor musunuz? - Don't okra? - Don't you like okra? Yoo, bamyayı bamyayı sevmem - No, - No, I don't like okra okra (at all). Ankara? Ankara'yı beğendiniz mi? - Did - Did you like Ankara? Ankara'yı beğenmedim. - No, - No, I didn't like Ankara. Ankara. Using the Present Continuous Tense in Turkish in this situation conveys vividness. Evet, onu çok seviyorum. - Yes, I like it a lot. Yoo, onu sevmiyorum. - No, - No, I am not liking it (at (at the moment). Note the use - of - Yoo for No for No This This is a polite conversational way of saying No...It No...It actually comes from yok There There isn't but but it is gentler than hayır the real No! real No! which which conveys a real negative feeling - and is used a lot in conversation.
Some other ways of Expressing Need istemek - to want Note: Note: This word is a verb. Need can be expressed with various various verbs, the main one being istemek to to want This can be answered with the verb rica etmek - to (would) like, to request very much like the - "bitte schön" of German. İstediğiniz bir şey var mı? - Is - Is there anything that you you want? Bir havlu rica ederim - I - I would like (I request) request) a towel ihtiyaç - necessity/need/requirement - Note: this word is a noun. Another word which is used quite often is - ihtiyaç - necessity/need/requirement Bir ihtiyacınız var mı? - Is - Is there anything that that you require?require? - [lit: Have you a requirement?] Evet, bir bardak su, rica ederim. - Yes, I would like (I request) a glass of water arzu - wish, desire Note: desire Note: this word is also a noun. Also there is the use of the noun - arzu - wish, desire Başka arzunuz var mı? - Is - Is there any thing else (that you desire)? This word is often used by shop keepers - grocers and the like - Anything else madam? madam? - when daily purchases are are being made. agr eeable, able, joy j oyfful A note about about the very important word Hoş - agre This word is used in many idioms and daily speech, and has many related meanings. Hoş - joy - joy - is used with the auxiliary verb gitmek - to go: go: Hoşuma gitti [Hoş-um-a] [Hoş-um-a] - I - I enjoyed it [lit: [lit: It went to my joy], this formula is used a lot in daily Turkish conversation.
Some of the many meanings of - hoş hoş agreeable hoş amiable hoş amusing hoş bonny
hoş charming hoş congenial
hoş cosy
hoş cozy
hoş darling
hoş debonair hoş delicious
hoş cuddly
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hoş enchanting hoş engaging hoş entertaining hoş ine
hoş genial
hoş graceful
hoş grateful hoş tolerant
hoş leasant hoş nice
hoş good
hoş quaint
Other uses of - hoş peculiar hoş used with bir - strange, - strange, odd, peculiar O şarkıyı duyunca Durmuş'un yüzü bir hoş oldu. - When he heard that song Durmuş got an odd look on his face. Midem bir bir hoş. - My - My stomach feels funny. funny. Sami'nin söylediklerine hiç aldırma, kafası bir hoştur. - Don't - Don't pay any attention to what Sami says, says, his head has gone. even if wouldn’t buy it. - Hoş, param da olsa almazdım. - Even if I had the money I wouldn’t anyway, anyhow anyhow - Hoş, bunu biliyordum. - I - I knew this anyway.
Hoş geldiniz! - Welcome! (said Welcome! (said to an arriving guest). Hoş bulduk! [lit: we found goodness] - Thank you! (said you! (said in reply to a welcoming greeting). Hoş geçinmek /la/ - to get on well (with). (with). Mehmet'le hoş geçiniyoruz. - We are getting on well with Mehmet. Hoşa gitmek - to be pleasing Hoşuma gitti - I - I enjoyed it. [Hoş-um-a] [Hoş-um-a] John'un hoşuna gitmiş [hoş-u-n-a [hoş-u-n-a ] - It - It seems that John enjoyed enjoyed it . Hoşuna gitmek /ın/ - to please Mehmet'in hoşuna gitti. [hoş-u-n-a [hoş-u-n-a ] - Mehmet - Mehmet enjoyed enjoyed it. John'un hoşuna gitmiş [hoş-u-n-a [hoş-u-n-a ] - It - It seem that John enjoyed enjoyed it. Hoş görmek /ı/ - to be tolerant of, overlook, condone Polis, onu hoş gördü. - The policeman tolerated it. Bu çıkan prob problemi hoş gördük. - We tolerated the problem that happened. Hoş karşılamak /ı/ - to assent to, give one's assent to Belediye, yeni ev planlarımı hoş karşılayacak. - The Town Corporation will give assent to my new house plans. Hoş tutmak /ı/ - to be nice to, make (someone) feel welcome Lütfen yeni gelen turistleri hoş tutunuz. - Please - Please be nice to the newly arrived tourists tourists joy (basically) Very often you are adding suffixes to the important noun - hoş - goodness, - goodness, joy (basically) hoş = goodness = goodness hoş-um hoş-um = my goodness hoş-um-a hoş-um-a = to my goodness hoş-um-a hoş-um-a gitti = I = I enjoyed it [It [It went to my goodness] This is a Turkish idiom and much used in daily conversation.
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Turkish Modes of Address Who are you? The usual method of address when you do not know the person's name or title is as follows: For males: Beyefendi - Sir - Daily pronunciation is truncated to: - Beyfendi For females: Hanımefendi - Miss - Miss or Madam or Madam - Daily pronunciation is truncated to: - Hanfendi - These are used in formal situations and to strangers.
Personal Addressing - Formal and Informal As stated, the above are used in i n formal situations. Once names are known then bey and hanım are used after the first name, this usage is still formal and semi-formal. These titles follow the given-name (Christian name) and are written without a Capital Letter: Mustafa bey - Mr. - Mr. Mustafa Ayşe hanım - Miss - Miss or or Mrs. Ayşe These are used in formal situations when you know the person's first name but also in informal situations to acquaintances, acquaintances, friends and even to you own family members. Surnames are not usually used in Conversational Conversational Turkish, so the Mustafa bey can mean - Mr. - Mr. Mustafa and Ayşe hanım can mean Mrs. mean Mrs. OR OR Miss Ayşe (in a formal for mal situation) or it can mean just a friendly friendl y Mustafa or Ay şe (without the title) between acquaintances.
All About Names Turkish has two words for the first name of a person - isim or ad - and they can both be used at any time as they are interchangeable. The Turkish word for surname is soyadı - there is no corresponding word for surname based in the word isim İsminiz ne? - What is your first name? Ayşe. İsmim Ayşe. - My name is Ayşe.
isim - name name - becomes - ism-iniz - your - your name and name and ism-im - my name. name. This is one of the nouns that "apocopate" (ie: loses an internal vowel) See - Apocopating Nouns
Adınız ne? - What is your first name? Adım Ali - My - My name is Ali. Soyadınız ne? - What is your surname? Soyadım Karaca - My - My surname is Karaca. Finding out about a Third Person The third person suffix is -i or -ı meaning - his, her, its Onun ismi ne? - What is his name? Onun ismi Mehmet - His - His name is Mehmet. Onun adı ne? - What is her name? Onun adı Deren - Her - Her name is Deren. Onun soyadı ne? - What is his surname? Onun soyadı Gürses - His - His surname is Gürses. If we are talking about a third t hird person remote from us we may ask the question: What is that man's name?. name? . In this case we must translate tr anslate the words "man's name" correctly by using the Possessive Relationship to show that the two words belong to each other. 212
adamın ismi - the man's name name - [Lit: the name of the man] adamın adı - the man's name adamın soyadı - the man's surname O Beyefendinin Beyefendinin soyadı ne? - What is that gentleman's surname? surname? - [Lit: the surname of the man] O Beyefendinin ismi ne? - What is that gentleman's name? If we want to make the sentence more conversational we would normally say : I wonder what that lady's lady's name is?. is?. I wonder is is simply translated by adding the word - acaba- at the beginning or end of the th e Turkish question. O Hanımefendinin adı ne, acaba? aca ba? - I - I wonder what that lady's lady's name is? Mehmet's surname is? Acaba, Acaba, Mehmet'in soyadı ne? - I - I wonder what Mehmet's Kız kardeşinizin ismi ne, acaba? acaba? - What is your sister's name, I wonder?
Addressing Letters and Envelopes There is an increasing use of addressing people by their surname - especially used on television in interviews etc. This method uses the word - Sayın - esteemed - before the surname directly. If the interviewee's name is Musafa Kurt, then he may be b e addressed as Mustafa bey -(formal and informal) or directly by b y his surname as Sayın Kurt - Esteemed - Esteemed Kurt -(formal -(formal and public) or Bay Kurt- Mr. Kurt - (polite and official). Bay - Mr. - Mr. - and - Sayın - Esteemed - Esteemed - are usually spelt with capital letters, but they t hey can be found without capital letters.
Addressing Envelopes Letter Addressed in Turkish Analysis of this Address Esteemed Mustafa Kurt Kurt Sayın Mustafa Kurt Çekmece District Çekmece Mah. Uzunyol Street No.24 Apt No. 6 Uzunyol Sok. Nolu:24 D:6 Bağarası Village Bağarası Köyü Post Code. Postal County. County. Country 02332 İZMİR - TÜRKİYE Some Abbreviations used in addresses Sok. (Sokak or Sokağı) - Street D. (Daire) - Apartment, - Apartment, Suite Cad. (Cadde or Caddesi) - Road Apt. (Apartman) - Apartment - Road - Apartment Bul. (Bulvar or Bulvarı) Bulvarı) - Avenue K. (Kat) - Floor - Avenue - Floor Yol. (Yol or Yolu) - Way, Route No. (Numara) - Number - Number Mah. (Mahalle or Mahallesi) - Local - Local District Nolu. (Numarala) - Numbered - Numbered Greetings In semi formal situations there is a four stage greeting procedure: 1. The Welcome: - hoş geldiniz or less formal hoş geldin - Welcome!. Welcome!. - This is answered by hoş bulduk - We found it well! 2. The Greeting: - This is an exchange of merhaba - Hello - Hello 3. The Asking after Health Stage: - nasılsınız? (formal) or nasılsın? (informal) - How - How are you? 4. The Response: - This is is answered by ıyiyim, teşekkür ederim - I - I am well, thank you. you. This then followed by a question about the t he other's health: siz nasılsınız? - You, how are you?
günaydın- good morning, good good day, good good afternoon iyi günler - good - good day iyi akşamlar- good evening - (said in arrival..) 213
iyi geceler- good night - (said on leaving company..) görüşmek üzere- see you soon hoşça kal - so - so long - [Lit: stay joyful] Note that the plural plural is used in - "Good "Good day, Good evening, Good night " night " - similar to the Spanish - "Buenos Días" Listen to: Hosça kal - Saying - "Cheerio, Goodbye" Some Daily Informal Greetings For an informal greeting like Hi! like Hi! in in English, Turkish uses Selam! to which the answer is the same selam! Also one can use What's up?Na'ber? Na'ber? is commonly used in everyday language. It is actually - Ne haber?What news? [Lit: news? [Lit: - It's good - and from you?]. The answer is generally iyidir, senden? happening? [Lit: What is there (going on?) What isn't Another informal greeting is ne var ne yok? What is happening? [Lit: there (going on?)]. The answer to this one is iyilik!Goodness! Wellness!
A Long Goodbye There is a "Formula Speak" that is used quite lot and is very common for saying your "Goodbyes". This is often used when leaving company or on going away to somewhere. The person(s) who are leaving will say Allaha ısmalardık! goodbye! [a goodbye! [a quasi religious-type formula]. The answer said by those staying behind is güle güle!Cheerio! [Lit: Cheerio! [Lit: Go with a smile!]. If you use this formula after visiting your Turkish friends they will be suitably impressed.
The Muslim Peace Greeting selâmünaleyküm, (a Muslim peace greeting), answered by aleykümselâm This greeting is mainly used between passing strangers, normally normally both male, during travel or on entry to a crowded room, such as a tea house, when one cannot address everybody personally. uch. . Too T oo many... ny.. . - How to say - T oo much.. The translation of - too, too much is much is a common difficulty for the student of Turkish. The dictionary equivalent is - fazla - in excess or excess or lüzumdan fazla - in excess of its necessity.
(1) Too meaning - "very" However in daily conversational Turkish - çok - very very - is used to convey the meaning too much, too many. In such a sentence as - I - I didn't buy it, it was too expensive. expensive. - the - "too" - should simply be translated by çok very. Onu almadım, çok pahalıydı - I didn't buy it, it was was too expensive. expensive.
(2) Too meaning - "overly, excessively" fazla - in excess excess - should be used where the context does not make sense by using çok - very Baban, seninle fazla sabırlıdır sabırlıdır - Your father is too patient with you. (3) Too as "ability to" or "inability "inabi lity to" For the type of sentence - He - He was too tired to undress undress (himself) (himself) - where neither çok -very -very or fazla - in excess - is not suitable - Turkish uses a special comparative type construction. construction. Soyunamayacak Soyunamayacak kadar yorgundu - [Lit: He was tired the amount pertaining-to-his-future inability-toundress.] - He - He was too tired to get get undressed. This third form is explained in detail below. 214
Verb Forms - Basic Infinitive - -mek/-mak soymak - to undress somebody else Reflexive Infinitive soyunmak - to undress oneself Negative Reflexive Infinitive soyunmamak - not to undress oneself Negative Potential Reflexive Infinitive soyunamamak - not to be able to undress oneself Future Relative Reflexive Participle - -ecek/-acak soyunacak - a future undressing of oneself Negative Future Relative Reflexive Participle soyunmayacak - a future not undressing oneself Negative Future Potential Relative Reflexive Participle soyunamayacak - a future not being able to undress oneself A further example of this type The verb is basically gitmek - to go go - which in this thi s sentence takes the form of the Negative Potential gidememek - not to be able to go Sinemaya gidemeyecek kadar meşgulüm - I - I am too busy to go to the cinema The construction for - too too - therefore is - Future Potential Relative Participle + kadar + comparison verb + person
Ayşe, bu yıl tatil yapamayacak yapamayacak o kadar hastaydı Ayşe, this year her -future-inability-to-make-a-future-inability-to-make-a- holiday that-amount ill she was Ayşe was too ill to go on holiday this this year. Araba güzel zaman içinde duramayacak kadar çabuk sürüyordu The car in-good-time its-future-inability-to-stop that-amount quickly was-going The car was going too fast to be able to stop in time . -Some Shop Window Signs A sign in a confectioner's confectioner's window in Ayvalık - May
2003 215
Popcorn Cin Mısır geldi - Popcorn - Popcorn has come come cin - genii, genii, mısır - corn cin mısır - popcorn - popcorn geldi - has come (arrived) Nefis Pişmaniye Geldi - Fine - Fine Sugar Candy Has Arrived nefis - rare, excellent pişmaniye - a kind of sugar candy Cevizli Antepli Sucuk Geldi - The Antep Walnut Sweetmeat has come ceviz-li - containing walnuts Antep-li - from - from Antep - (a town - now called Gaziantep) sucuk - a sweetmeat made of nuts and grape juice Note that: sucuk also also means - a savoury sausage Kontürlü Telefon - Pay - Pay 'Phone (available inside) Kontürlü - with counters Telefon - telephone Advertising that the shop has a - "Pay Phone" Kredi Kartı Geçerlidir - Credit Cards Valid (accepted) Kredi Kartı - Credit Card Geçerlidir - (Geçer-li-dir) - Valid Advertising that the shop takes - "Credit Card Payments" Süzme Aydın İnciri Geldi - Dried - Dried Figs from Aydin have come Süzme inciri - Dried - Dried fig(s) Aydın - A - A town in Western turkey turkey Advertising that "Dried Figs from Aydin" - "Have Come" We have received the following explanation from Gary Üzüm Pestili geldi - Dried - Dried Grape Pulp has come üzüm - grapes - grapes - pestil-i - dried fruit pulp pulp - Is this the - "pesto" - as in Italy? Thank you immensely for your excellent website. I had studied some Turkish a few years back and wished to refresh and augment my knowledge of this fascinating and rich language. Just a thought, the Greeks took many terms into their language from the Turks due to the Turkokrateia for so many centuries. This occurs so very often in foods (especially sweets), household items, etc. Many confections sold in Greece are labelled as "pasteli". I wonder if they got this from the Turkish "pestili" or vice versa - both meaning a sort of confection or candy. Many thanks to Gary Gary for this explanation of "pesto" - JG - 28th May 2006
An Explanation of - açık - loose Açık Neskafe Bulunur - Loose - Loose Coffee (available) (available) [Lit: [Lit: Loose coffee powder is to be found] Açık - loose, open Bulunur - Is - Is to be found, (is available) available) Advertising that Nescafe style coffee powder - "is available" 216
We have received the following explanation from Zeynep hanım of İstan bul, İstan bul, which we translated translated into English. - Many - Many thanks - JG. Manisa Manisa Turkish - March 2006 2006 Here is how Zeynep hanım has explained this explained this usage of - açık - in this situation:
Let me try to explain - Açıklamaya çalışayım Nescafe (Neskafe) - İnstant olan tüm kahve çeşitleri için günlük dilimize yerleşmiş bir kelimedir. Nescafe (Neskafe) (Neskafe) - The word "nescafe" "nescafe" ("neskafe") ("neskafe") - has taken its place in our daily language language for all types of coffee products. li ttle le by by litt li ttle) le) ya da müşterinin istediği miktarda Açık: - "Ambalajı "Ambalajı (packages) açılarak azar azar ( litt satılan mal" anlamındadır. Open: This means - "Material which is sold in either small amounts or to the customer's requirements from open packages" li ke) ürünler için kullanılıyor. Bu kelime nohut, fasulye, baharat, deterjan ve benzeri ( the like) This word - açık (loose) (loose) - is used for chickpeas, beans, spices, detergent and suchlike products. Satın Satın alma sıkıntısı olan - pek para kazanamayan - müşteriler (customers) için düşünülmüş bir çözüm (solution) yoludur. It is the considered solution for people who have hardship in purchasing - those who do not earn a lot of money. Çünkü, maliyeti (cost) daha daha düşük oluyor ve gerektiği kadar (needed amount) satın alıyor. This is because the cost is lower and they (are able to) buy their required amount. What a Load of Rubbish Izmir bus station sign at Pınar başı
İzotaş - Izmir Transport Organization Ltd
Lütfen yerleri kirletmeyiniz.- Please don't dirty the floor(s) floor(s) - [kirletmek - the Causative Verb form - to make dirty] dirty] Sigara izmaritleri ve çöplerinizi çöp kutularına atınız - Throw your cigarette ends and rubbish in the rubbish bins. bins. - [your cigarette ends and your rubbish(es) to the rubbish bins throw.] 217
Model Verb Conjugation Turkish Infinitive - etmek - to do, make, perform Some Notes: All other verb stems which end in -t such as bitmek do do not soften the vowel stem to a -d - (bidiyor is wrong - it remains as bitiyor) Verbs conjugated like - etmek - those which soften the verb stem from f rom et- to ed- when a vowel ending is added. etmek - ediyor, etti - to do, perform gitmek - gidiyor, gitti - to go tatmak - tadıyor, tattı - to taste of ditmek - didiyor, ditti - to shred Present Continuous Tense (and Future of Intention) Positive Indicative Mood Tenses
Negative Indicative Mood Tenses
Statement
Interrogative
Statement
Interrogative
ben ediyorum
ben ediyor muyum?
ben etmiyorum
ben etmiyor muyum?
sen ediyorsun
sen ediyor musun?
sen etmiyorsun
sen etmiyor musun?
o ediyor
o ediyor mu?
o etmiyor
o etmiyor mu?
biz ediyoruz
biz ediyor muyuz?
biz etmiyoruz
biz etmiyor muyuz?
siz ediyorsunuz
siz ediyor musunuz?
siz etmiyorsunuz
siz etmiyor musunuz?
onlar ediyorlar
onlar ediyorlar mı?
onlar etmiyorlar
onlar etmiyorlar mı?
I am doing.. I'm going to do..
Am I doing..? Am I going to do..?
I am not doing.. I am not going to do..
Am I not doing?. Aren't I going to do..?
Simple Present- Wide Tense (Geniş Zaman) The Timless Tense , Habitual, Volition and Uncertain Future ben ederim
ben eder miyim?
ben etmem
ben etmez miyim?
sen edersin
sen eder misin?
sen etmezsin
sen etmez misin?
o eder
o eder mi?
o etmez
o etmez mi?
biz ederiz
biz eder miyiz?
biz etmeyiz
biz etmez miyiz?
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siz edersiniz
siz eder misiniz?
siz etmezsiniz
siz etmez misiniz?
onlar ederler
onlar ederler mi?
onlar etmezler
onlar etmezler mi?
I usually do.. I'll be doing..
Do I usually do..? Should I be doing..?
I do not usually do.. I'll not be doing..
Don't I usually do..? Shouldn't I be doing..?
Past Tense Forms - Past Definite The Eywitness Past - It Definitely Definit ely Happened.. ben ettim
ben ettim mi?
ben etmedim
ben etmedim mi?
sen ettin
sen ettin mi?
sen etmedin
sen etmedin mi??
o etti
o etti mi?
o etmedi
o etmedi mi?
biz ettik
biz ettik mi?
biz etmedik
biz etmedik mi?
siz ettiniz
siz ettiniz mi?
siz etmediniz
siz etmediniz mi?
onlar ettiler
onlar ettiler mi?
onlar etmediler
onlar etmediler mi?
I did do.. I have done..
Did I do..? Have I done..?
I did not do.. I have not done..
Didn't I do..? Haven't I done..?
Past Progressive, Dubitative The Past Tense of Report and Preumption (Not Witnessed) ben ediyormuşum
ben ediyormuş miyim? ben etmiyormuşum
ben etmiyormuş muyum?
sen ediyormuşsun
sen ediyormuş misin?
sen etmiyormuşsun
sen etmiyormuş musun?
o ediyormuş
o ediyormuş mi?
o etmiyormuş
o etmiyormuş mu?
biz ediyormuşuz
biz ediyormuş miyiz?
biz etmiyormuşuz
biz etmiyormuş muyuz?
siz ediyormuşsunuz
siz ediyormuş misiniz? siz etmiyormuşsunuz
siz etmiyormuş musunuz?
onlar ediyormuşlar (onlar ediyorlarmış)
onlar ediyormuşlar mı? (onlar ediyorlarmış
onlar etmiyormuşlar mı? (onlar etmiyorlarmış mı?)
onlar etmiyormuşlar (onlar etmiyorlarmış)
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mı?) (It seems) I was doing.. (Presumably) I was doing..
(I think) I was not Was I doing.(I doing.. wonder)..? (Perhaps) I was not Was I doing (or not)..? doing..
Wasn't I doing (or not)..? Wasn't I doing (I wonder)..?
Indefinite Past - Indefinite Past Wide Tense (Geniş Zaman) The Timeless Indefinite Past - Did it used to happen..? ben edermişim
ben edermiş miyim?
ben etmezmişim
ben etmezmiş miyim?
sen edermişsin
sen edermiş misin?
sen etmezmişsin
sen etmezmiş misin?
o edermiş
o edermiş mi?
o etmezmiş
o etmezmiş mi?
biz edermişiz
biz edermiş miyiz?
biz etmezmişiz
biz etmezmiş miyiz?
siz edermişsiniz
siz edermiş misiniz?
siz etmezmişsiniz
siz etmezmiş misiniz?
onlar edermişler (onlar ederlermiş)
onlar edermişler mi? (onlar ederlermiş mi?)
onlar etmezmişler onlar etmezmişler mi? (onlar etmezlermiş) (onlar etmezlermiş mi?)
Did I used to do.(I (It seems) I used to do.. wonder)..? (Presumably) I used to Did I used to do (or do.. not)..?
(I think) I used to do.. (Perhaps) I used to do..
Didn't I used to do (or not)..? Didn't I used to do (I wonder)..?
Past Progressive, Narrative The Past Imperfect - It was definitely happening.. ben ediyordum
ben ediyor muydum?
ben etmiyordum
ben etmiyor muydum?
sen ediyordun
sen ediyor muydun?
sen etmiyordun
sen etmiyor muydun?
o ediyordu
o ediyor muydu?
o etmiyordu
o etmiyor muydu?
biz ediyorduk
biz ediyor muyduk?
biz etmiyorduk
biz etmiyor muyduk?
siz ediyordunuz
siz ediyor muydunuz?
siz etmiyordunuz
siz etmiyor muydunuz?
onlar ediyordular onlar ediyorlar mıydı? onlar etmiyordular (onlar
onlar etmiyorlar mıydı? 220
ediyorlardı)
(onlar ediyordular mı?) (onlar etmiyorlardı)
Was I doing..? I was doing.. Did I used to be I used to be doing.. doing..?
I was not doing.. I did not used to be doing..
(onlar etmiyordular mı?) Wasn't I not doing..? Didn't I used to be not doing..?
Past Perfect, Narrative The Pluperfect Definite - I had done.. (actually) ben etmiştim
ben etmiş miydim?
ben etmemiştim
ben etmemiş miydim?
sen etmiştin
sen etmiş miydin? miydin?
sen etmemiştin
sen etmemiş miydin?
o etmişti
o etmiş miydi?
o etmemişti
o etmemiş miydi?
biz etmiştik
biz etmiş miydik?
biz etmemiştik
biz etmemiş miydik?
siz etmiştiniz
siz etmiş miydiniz?
siz etmemiştiniz
siz etmemiş miydiniz?
onlar etmiştiler etmiştiler
onlar etmişler miydi?
onlar etmemişlerdi
onlar etmemişler miydi?
I had done..
Had I done..?
I had not done..
Hadn't I not done..?
Doubtful Distant Past The Pluperfect Indefinite - I had done.. (I think that..) ben etmişmişim
ben etmişmiş miyim? miyim? ben etmemişmişim
ben etmemişmiş miyim?
sen etmişmişsin
sen etmişmiş misin?
sen etmemişmişsin
sen etmemişmiş misin?
o etmişmiş
o etmişmiş mi?
o etmemişmiş
o etmemişmiş mi?
biz etmişmişiz
biz etmişmiş miyiz?
biz etmemişmişiz
biz etmemişmiş miyiz?
siz etmişmişsiniz
siz etmişmiş misiniz? siz etmemişmişsiniz
siz etmemişmiş misiniz?
onlar etmişmişler (onlar etmişlermiş)
onlar etmişmişler mi? onlar etmemişmişler (onlar etmişlermiş (onlar etmemişlermiş) mi?)
onlar etmemişmişler mi? (onlar etmemişlermiş mi?)
(Preumably) I had done..
(I wonder) Had I done..?
Hadn't I not done..? - (it at all?)
(I think that) I had not done..
221
Past in the Future The Future of "will" and the Past Definite Participle - "I shall have done.." ben etmiş olacağım
ben etmiş olacak mıyım?
ben etmiş olmayacağım
ben etmiş olmayacak mıyım?
sen etmiş olacaksın
sen etmiş olacak mısın?
sen etmiş olmayacaksın
sen etmiş olmayacak mısın?
o etmiş olacak
o etmiş olacak mı?
o etmiş olmayacak
o etmiş olmayacak mı?
biz etmiş olacağız
biz etmiş olacak mıyız?
biz etmiş olmayacağız
biz etmiş olmayacak mıyız?
siz etmiş olacaksınız
siz etmiş olacak mısınız?
siz etmiş olmayacaksınız
siz etmiş olmayacak mısınız?
onlar etmiş olacaklar
onlar etmiş olacaklar mi?
onlar etmiş olmayacaklar
onlar etmiş olmayacaklar mi?
I shall have done...
Will I have done..?
I shall have not done..
Won't I have not done..?
Past Conditional, Narrative Definite Past Conditional - the situation actually took place ben etseydim
ben etse miydim?
ben etmeseydim
ben etmese miydim?
sen etseydin
sen etse miydin?
sen etmeseydin
sen etmese miydin?
o etseydi
o etse miydi?
o etmeseydi
o etmese miydi?
biz etseydik
biz etse miydik?
biz etmeseydik
biz etmese miydik?
siz etseydiniz
siz etse miydiniz?
siz etmeseydiniz
siz etmese miydiniz
onlar etseydiler
onlar etse miydiler?
onlar etmeseydiler
onlar etmese miydiler?
If I have done...
What if I have done..?
If I have not done..
What if I have not done..?
Past Conditional, Dubitative Past Conditional of Presumption - the situation might have taken place 222
ben etseymişim
ben etse miymişim?
ben etmeseymişim
ben etmese miymişim?
sen etseymişsin
sen etse miymişsin?
sen etmeseymişsin
sen etmese miymişsin?
o etseymiş
o etse miymiş?
o etseymiş
o etse miymiş?
biz etseymişiz etseymişiz
biz etse miymişiz?
biz etmeseymişiz
biz etmese miymişiz?
siz etseymişsiniz
siz etse miymişsiniz?
siz etmeseymişsiniz
siz etmese miymişsiniz?
onlar etseymişler
onlar etse miymişler?
onlar etmeseymişler
onlar etmese miymişler?
If I had (only) done...
What if I had (only) done..?
If I had (only) not done..
What if I had (only) not done..?
Future Simple The Simple Future Tense - it will happen. ben edeceğim
ben edecek miyim?
ben etmeyeceğim
ben etmeyecek miyim?
sen edeceksin
sen edecek misin?
sen etmeyeceksin
sen etmeyecek misin?
o edecek
o edecek mi?
o etmeyecek
o etmeyecek mi?
biz edeceğiz
biz edecek miyiz?
biz etmeyeceğiz
biz etmeyecek miyiz?
siz edeceksiniz
siz edecek misiniz?
siz etmeyeceksiniz
siz etmeyecek misiniz?
onlar edecekler
onlar edecekler mi?
onlar etmeyecekler
onlar etmeyecekler mi?
I will do.. I'm going to do..
Shall I do..? Am I going to do..?
I will not do.. I'm not going to do..
Won't I not do..? Aren't I going not to do..?
Future in the Past Future in the Past - the Future Stem with the Past Tense of - "to be." ben edecektim
ben edecek miydim?
ben etmeyecektim
ben etmeyecek miydim?
sen edecektin
sen edecek miydin?
sen etmeyecektin
sen etmeyecek miydin?
223
o edecekti
o edecek miydi?
o etmeyecekti
o etmeyecek miydi?
biz edecektik
biz edecek miydik?
biz etmeyecektik
biz etmeyecek miydik?
siz edecektiniz
siz edecek miydiniz?
siz etmeyecektiniz
siz etmeyecek miydiniz?
onlar edecektiler
onlar edecekler miydi; edecek onlar etmeyeceklerdi; miydiler etmeyecektiler
siz etmeyecek miydiniz?
Should I have done..? Was I going to do..?
Wouldn't I have not done..? Wasn't I going not to do..?
I would have done.. I was going to do..
I would not have done.. I was not going to do..
Future Dubitative Future Dubitative - the Future Tense with Presumption ben edecekmişim
ben edecekmiş miyim?
ben etmeyecekmişim
ben etmeyecekmiş miyim?
sen etmeyecekmişsin
sen etmeyecekmiş misin?
sen edecekmişsin
sen edecekmiş misin?
o edecekmiş
o edecekmiş mi?
o etmeyecekmiş
o etmeyecekmiş mi?
biz edecekmişiz
biz edecekmiş miyiz? biz etmeyecekmişiz
biz etmeyecekmiş miyiz?
siz edecekmişsiniz
siz edecekmiş misiniz?
siz etmeyecekmişsiniz
siz etmeyecekmiş misiniz?
onlar edecekmişler; edeceklermiş
onlar edeceklermiş mi? (onlar edecekmişler mi?)
onlar etmeyeceklermiş onlar etmeyeceklermiş mi? (onlar etmeyecekmişler) (etmeyecekmişler mi?)
(I think that) I will do.. I'm going to do (probably)..
(It seems that) I will not Shall I do (at all?)..? do.. Am I going to do (Probably) I'm not going (doubtful)..? to do..
Will I not do (then).. (Won't I do it?)..? Aren't I going not to do (it then?)..?
Future Conditional 224
Future Conditional the Future Stem with the Conditional Endings - "If I am going to do.." ben edeceksem
ben edeceksem mi?
ben etmeyeceksem
ben etmeyeceksem mi?
sen edeceksen
sen edeceksen mi?
sen etmeyeceksen
sen etmeyeceksen mi?
o edecekse
o edecekse mi?
o etmeyecekse
o etmeyecekse mi?
biz edeceksek
biz edeceksek mi?
biz etmeyeceksek
biz etmeyeceksek mi?
siz edecekseniz
siz edecekseniz mi?
siz etmeyecekseniz
siz etmeyecekseniz mi
onlar edecekseler onlar edecekseler mi? (onlar edeceklerse) (onlar edeceklerse mi?
onlar etmeyecekseler onlar etmeyecekseler (onlar etmeyeceklerse) (onlar etmeyeceklerse mi?)
If I'm going to do.. What if I'm going to do..? If I'm going not not to do.. What if I'm going going not not to do..?
Necessitative Mood Tenses Positive forms Statement
Negative forms Interrogative
Statement
Interrogative
Simple Tense of Obligation - I must, I ought to, I should, I have (got) to, do it.. ben etmeliyim
ben etmeli miyim?
ben etmemeliyim
ben etmemeli miyim?
sen etmelisin
sen etmeli misin?
sen etmemelisin
sen etmemeli misin?
o etmeli(dir)
o etmeli mi?
o etmemeli
o etmemeli mi?
biz etmeliyiz
biz etmeli miyiz?
biz etmemeliyiz
biz etmemeli miyiz?
siz etmelisiniz
siz etmeli misiniz?
siz etmemelisiniz
siz etmemeli misiniz?
onlar etmeli(dir)ler
onlar etmeliler mi?
onlar etmemeliler
onlar etmemeliler mi?
I must not do.. I ought not to to.. I should not do.. I have not (got) to do..
Must I not do..? (Mustn't I do..?) Ought I not to do..? (Oughtn't I to do..?) Should I not do..? (Shouldn't I do..?) Have I not (got) to do..? (Haven't I (got) to do..?)
I must do.. I ought to do.. I should do.. I have (got) to do..
Must I do..? Ought I to do..? Should I do..? Have I (got) to do..?
225
Necessitive Past Definite Necessitive Past Definite - Relates to an actual situation - I should have done.. it. ben etmeliydim
ben etmeli miydim?
ben etmemeliydim
ben etmemeli miydim?
sen etmeliydin
sen etmeli miydin?
sen etmemeliydin
sen etmemeli miydin?
o etmeliydi
o etmeli miydi?
o etmemeliydi
o etmemeli miydi?
biz etmeliydik
biz etmeli miydik?
biz etmemeliydik
biz etmemeli miydik?
siz etmeliydiniz
siz etmeli miydiniz?
siz etmemeliydiniz
siz etmemeli miydiniz?
onlar etmeliydiler
onlar etmeliler miydi?
onlar etmemeliydiler
onlar etmemeli miydiler?
I must not have done.. I ought not to have done.. I should not have done.. I had not (got) to do (have done)..
Must I not have done..? (Mustn't I have done..?) Ought I not to have done..? (Oughtn't I to have done..?) Should I not have done..? (Shouldn't I have done..?) Had I not (got) to do (have done)..? (Hadn't I (got) to do (have done)..?)
I must have done.. I ought to have done.. I should have done.. I had (got) to do..
Must I have done..? Ought I to have done..? Should I have done..? Had I (got) to do (have done)..?
Nessecitative Past Dubitative Nessecitative Past of Presumption - with wi th the Dubative endings - I suppose that I should have done..it ben etmeliymişim
ben etmeli miymişim?
ben etmemeliymişim
ben etmemeli miymişim?
sen etmeliymişsin
sen etmeli miymişsin?
sen etmemeliymişsin
sen etmemeli miymişsin?
o etmeliymiş
o etmeli miymiş?
o etmemeliymiş
o etmemeli miymiş?
biz etmeliymişiz
biz etmeli miymişiz? biz etmemeliymişiz
siz etmeliymişsiniz
siz etmeli
siz etmemeliymişsiniz
biz etmemeli miymişiz? siz etmemeli miymişsiniz? 226
miymişsiniz? onlar etmeliymişler
onlar etmeli miymişler?
onlar etmemeliymişler
onlar etmemeli miymişler? miymişler?
(I wonder..?) Must I not have done..? (Mustn't I have done..? (it at all..?) Must I have (I suppose)I must have (Surely..?) I must not have Ought I not to have done..? done..?(it possibly..?) done.. done.. (perhaps..?) Ought I to have (I believe that) I ought (Really..) I ought not to (Oughtn't I to have done..? (at all..?) to have done.. have done.. done..?) (maybe.?) Should I have done..? (Presumeably) I should (Definitely..) I should not (I think that..)Should I not (or not..?) have done.. have done.. have done..? (I wonder) Had I (In reality) I had (got) (It seems that..)I had not (Shouldn't I have done..? (got) to do (have to do.. (got) to do (have done).. (presumeably..?)) done)..? (I wonder..?) Had I not (got) to do (have done)..? (in reality..?) (Hadn't I (got) to do (have done)..?)
Imperative Mood Tenses Positive forms
Negative forms
Statement
Interrogative
Statement
Interrogative
ben edeyim ( the subj subj unctive i s used i n 1st per son son sing si ngular) ular)
ben edeyim mi? ( the subj subj unctive is use u sed d in 1st per son son sing si ngule ulerr )
Lacking
Lacking
sen et - (Familiar) i ntim mate ate) etsene ( more inti
Lacking
ili ar ) sen etme - (F amilia
Lacking
o etsin
o etsin mi?
o etmesin
o etmesin mi?
biz edelim ( the subj subj unctive i s used i n 1st pe per son plur plural) al)
biz edelim mi? ( the subj subj unctive is used used in 1st pe per son plur plur al)
Lacking
Lacking
and siz etmeyin ( Plur al and Polite) etmeyiniz - (Public and Notices)
Lacking
siz etin - (Plural and Polite) ublicc and and N otices) tices) Lacking etiniz - ( P ubli i ntim mate ate) etsenize ( more inti
227
onlar etsinler
onlar etsinler mi?
onlar etmesinler
onlar etmesinler mi?
Let me do.. Let you do.. Let Should I do..? Ought he to Don't (you) do.. Let him Shouldn't he do.. him do.. Let us do.. Let you do..? Should we do..? not do.. Don't (you) do.. Shouldn't they do.. do.. Let them do.. Ought they to do..? Let them not do.. Note the the 1st Person Imperative is a psuedo imperative it is actually the Subjunctive Tense which is used as in English.
Conditional Mood Tenses Positive forms Statement
Negative forms Interrogative
Statement
Interrogative
Simple Conditional Tense - If I do... ben etsem
ben etsem mi?
ben etmesem
ben etmesem mi?
sen etsen
sen etsen mi?
sen etmesen
sen etmesen mi?
o etse
o etse mi?
o etmese
o etmese mi?
biz etsek
biz etsek mi?
biz etmesek
biz etmesek mi?
siz etseniz
siz etseniz mi?
siz etmeseniz
siz etmeseniz mi
onlar etseler
onlar etseler mi?
onlar etmeseler
onlar etmeseler mi?
If I do..
What if I do..?
If I don't do..
What if I don't do..?
Conditional Tense Present Continuous - (and Future of Intention) Present Progressive Conditional - If I am doing.. (Future of Intention - If I am going to do..) ben ediyorsam
ben ediyorsam mı?
ben etmiyorsam
ben etmiyorsam mı?
sen ediyorsan
sen ediyorsan mı?
sen etmiyorsan
sen etmiyorsan mı?
o ediyorsa
o ediyorsa mı?
o etmiyorsa
o etmiyorsa mı?
biz ediyorsak
biz ediyorsak mı?
biz etmiyorsak
biz etmiyorsak mı?
siz ediyorsanız
siz ediyorsanız mı?
siz etmiyorsanız
siz etmiyorsanız mı? 228
onlar ediyorlarsa onlar ediyorlarsa mı?
onlar etmiyorlarsa
onlar etmiyorlarsa mı?
If I am doing.. What if I am doing..? If I am not doing.. What if I am not doing?. If I'm going to do.. What if I am going to do..? If I am not going to do.. What if I am not going to do..?
Timeless Wide Tense (Geniş Zaman) Present and Future and Future Conditional Habitual Conditional - If I was to do (all the time).. Future Uncertain - If I were to do... ben edersem
ben edersem mi?
ben etmezsem
ben etmezsem mi?
sen edersen
sen edersen mi?
sen etmezsen
sen etmezsen mi?
o ederse
o ederse mi?
o etmezse
o etmezse mi?
biz edersek
biz edersek mi?
biz etmezsek
biz etmezsek mi?
siz ederseniz
siz ederseniz mi?
siz etmezseniz
siz etmezseniz mi
onlar ederseler (onlar ederlerse)
onlar ederseler (onlar ederlerse)
onlar etmezseler (onlar etmezlerse)
onlar etmezseler (onlar etmezlerse)
If I was to do.. If I were to do..
What if I was to do..? What if I were to do ..?
If I was to not do.. If were not to do..
What if I was to no do..? What if I were not to do..?
Past Definite Conditional Definite Past Conditional - (it actually happened) - If I had done.. If I have done... ben ettiysem
ben ettiysem mi?
ben etmediysem
ben etmediysem mi?
sen ettiysen
sen ettiysen mi?
sen etmediysen
sen etmediysen mi?
o ettiyse
o ettiyse mi?
o etmediyse
o etmediyse mi?
biz ettiysek
biz ettiysek mi?
biz etmediysek
biz etmediysek mi?
siz ettiyseniz
siz ettiyseniz mi?
siz etmediyseniz
siz etmediyseniz mi?
onlar ettiyseler
onlar ettiyseler mi?
onlar etmediyseler
onlar etmediyseler mi?
If I had done.. If I have done..
What if had done....? What if I have done.. ..?
If I hadn't done.... If I haven't done....
What If I hadn't done..? What if I haven't done..?
229
Indefinite Past Conditional Past Uncertain - (It did not really happen) - If only I had done... ben etmişsem
ben etmişsem mi?
ben etmemişsem
ben etmemişsem mi?
sen etmişsen
sen etmişsen mi?
sen etmemişsen
sen etmemişsen mi?
o etmişse
o etmişse mi?
o etmemişse
o etmemişse mi?
biz etmişsek
biz etmişsek mi?
biz etmemişsek
biz etmemişsek mi?
siz etmişseniz
siz etmişseniz mi?
siz etmemişseniz
siz etmemişseniz mi
onlar etmişseler; etmişlerse
onlar etmişseler; etmişlerse
onlar etmemişseler etmemişlerse
onlar etmemişseler etmemişlerse
If only I had done..
What if only I had done...?
If only I hadn't done....
What if only I hadn't done..?
Subjunctive Mood Tenses Positive forms Statement
Negative forms Interrogative
Statement
Interrogative
Simple Tense of Desire and Wish - Let me do (it)... Should I do (it).. ben edeyim
ben edeyim mi?
ben etmeyeyim
ben etmeyeyim mi?
sen edesin
sen ede misin?
sen etmeyesin
sen etmeye misin?
o ede
o ede mi?
o etmeye
o etmeye mi?
biz edelim
biz edelim mi?
biz etmeyelim
biz etmeyelim mi?
siz edesiniz
siz ede misiniz?
siz etmeyesiniz
siz etmeye misiniz?
onlar edeler
onlar edeler mi?
onlar etmeyeler
onlar etmeyeler mi?
Let me do..
Should I do (or not)...?
I should not do....
Shouldn't I do (or should I)..?
Past, Narrative ben edeydim
ben ede miydim?
ben etmeyeydim
ben etmeye miydim 230
sen edeydin
sen ede miydin?
sen etmeyeydin
sen etmeye miydin
o edeydi
o ede miydi?
o etmeyeydi
o etmeye miydi
biz edeydik
biz ede miydik?
biz etmeyeydik
biz etmeye miydik
siz edeydiniz
siz ede miydiniz?
siz etmeyeydiniz
siz etmeye miydiniz
onlar edeydiler
onlar ede miydiler?
onlar etmeyeydiler
onlar etmeye miydiler
ben edeymişim
ben ede miymişim?
ben etmeyeymişim
ben etmeye miymişim
sen edeymişsin
sen ede miymişsin?
sen etmeyeymişsin
sen etmeye miymişsin
o edeymiş
o ede miymiş?
o etmeyeymiş
o etmeye miymiş
biz edeymişiz
biz ede miymişiz?
biz etmeyeymişiz
biz etmeye miymişiz
siz edeymişsiniz
siz ede miymişsiniz?
siz etmeyeymişsiniz
siz etmeye miymişsiniz
onlar edeymişler
onlar ede miymişler?
onlar etmeyeymişler
onlar etmeye miymişler
Past, Reportative
Some Notes (again) All other verb stems which end in -t such as bitmek do do not soften the vowel stem to a -d - (bidiyor is wrong - it remains as bitiyor) Verbs conjugated like - etmek - those which soften the verb stem from f rom et- to ed- when a vowel ending is added. etmek - ediyor, etti - to do, perform gitmek - gidiyor, gitti - to go tatmak - tadıyor, tattı - to taste of ditmek - didiyor, ditti - to shred
- Turkish Single Syllable Verb List Turkish has many single syllable verbs - simply because they become very lengthy after addition of suffixes indicating mood, tense and person. You can learn these words individually on this page below. If you can learn this list of words then your vocabulary will be very large. You can find the 13 Wide Tense irregular verbs here. Irregularities in the Causative Form can be studied here.
The A-Undotted Verbs Infinitive Wide Tense Meaning;
Causative
231
açmak
açar
to open
açtırmak
akmak akar
to flow
akıtmak
almak
alır
to take/get
aldırmak
anmak anar
to mention
andırmak
artmak artar
to increase
artırmak
asmak
asar
to hang down
astırmak
aşmak
aşar
to pass over
aşırmak
atmak
atar
to throw
attırmak
bakmak bakar
to look
baktırmak
banmak banar
to dip into
bandırmak
basmak basar
to tread on
bastırmak
bıkmak bıkar
to be fed up
bıktırmak
bozmak bozar
to spoil
bozdurmak
bulmak bulur
to find
buldurmak
caymak cayar
to change one's mind
caydırmak
coşmak coşar
to enthuse
coşturmak
çakmak çakar
to strike
çaktırmak
çalmak çalar
to steal/to play a mus. instr. çaldırmak
çarpmak çarpar
to bump
çarptırmak
çatmak çatar
to bump against
çattırmak
çıkmak çıkar
to go out
çıkarmak
çırpmak çırpar
to beat
çırptırmak
doğmak doğar
to be born
doğurmak
donmak donar
to freeze freeze
dondurmak
doymak doyar
to be filled
doyurmak
232
durmak durur
to stop/to halt
durdurmak
kaçmak kaçar
to escape
kaçırmak
kalmak kalır
to remain/to stay stay
lacking
kalkmak kalkar
to stand up up
lacking
kapmak kapar
to snatch/to get caught up
kaptırmak
katmak katar
to join join
lacking
kaymak kayar
to slip/to slide
kaydırmak
kazmak kazar
to dig
lacking
kıpmak kıpar
to wink/to blink
kıpıtmak
kırpmak kırpar
to trim/to clip clip
lacking
kırmak kırar
to break
kırdırmak
kısmak kısar
to reduce
kıstırmak
kıymak kıyar
to chop up
kırdırmak
kızmak kokar
to smell of
lacking
konmak konar
to alight on/to camp camp
kondurmak
kopmak kopar
to snap snap
koparmak
korkmak korkar
to be afraid
korkutmak
koşmak koşar
to run
koşturmak
koymak koyar
to put/to place place
koydurmak
kurmak kurar
to set up/to establish establish
kurdurmak
kusmak kusar
to vomit
kusturmak
olmak
olur
to be/to become become
oldurmak
onmak onar
to mend/to heal
onarmak/ondurmak
ovmak
ovar
to rub rub
ovdurmak
oymak
oyar
to carve carve
oydurmak
233
salmak salar
to let go
saldırmak
sanmak sanır
to suppose suppose
lacking
sapmak sapar
to swerve
sapıtmak/saptırmak
sarmak sarar
to wrap up
sardırmak
sarkmak sarkar
to hang down
sarkıtmak
sarsmak sarsar
to agitate/to upset s.o. s.o.
lacking
satmak satar
to sell
sattırmak
saymak sayar
to count
saydırmak
sığmak sığar
to fit into
sığdırmak
sıkmak sıkar
to squeeze/to press
sıktırmak
sızmak sızar
to ooze
sızdırmak
sokmak sokar
to insert
sokturmak
solmak solar
to fade fade
soldurmak
sormak sorur
to ask
sordurmak
soymak soyar
to undress undress
soydurmak
sunmak sunar
to offer/to present
sundurmak
susmak susar
to be silent
susturmak
şaşmak şaşar
to be surprised
şaşırmak/şaşırtmak
takmak takar
to fix to
taktırmak
tartmak tartar
to weigh
tarttırmak
taşmak taşar
to overflow
taşırmak
tatmak tadar
to taste of
tattırmak
tıkmak tıkar
to cram in in
lacking
tutmak tutar
to hold/to take hold
tutturmak
uçmak uçar
to fly fly
uçurmak
234
ummak umar
to hope hope
umdurmak
uymak uyar
to suit/to fit
uydurmak
varmak varır
to arrive
vardırmak
vurmak vurur
to strike/to hit
vurdurmak
yağmak yağar
to rain/to precipitate
yağdırmak
yakmak yakar
to burn
yaktırmak
yanmak yanar
to ignite ignite
lacking
yapmak yapar
to do/to make
yaptırmak
yarmak yarar
to split
yardırmak
yatmak yatar
to lie down/to go to bed
yatırmak
yaymak yayar
to spread
yaydırmak
yazmak yazar
to write
yazdırmak
yığmak yığar
to heap up
yığdırmak
yıkmak yıkar
to demolish
yıktırmak
yılmak yılar
to be afraid
yıldırmak
yırtmak yırtar
to tear/to rip
yırttırmak
yolmak yolar
to pluck
yoldurmak
yonmak yonar
to pare/to sharpen sharpen
yontturmak
yontmak yontar
to snip/to chip chip
yontturmak
yormak yorar
to tire tire
yordurmak
yummak yumar
to close eyes or fist
lacking
yutmak yutar
to swallow swallow
yutturmak
The E-Dotted Verbs Infinitive Wide Tense Meaning;
Causative
biçmek biçer
biçtirmek
to reap reap
235
bilmek bilir
to know how to to
bildirmek
binmek biner
to mount/to board
bindirmek
bitmek biter
to end
bitirmek
bölmek böler
to separate/to divide divide
böldürmek
bükmek büker
to bend
büktürmek
çekmek çeker
to pull
çektirmek
çizmek çizer
to draw draw
çizdirmek
çökmek çöker
to collapse/to kneel
çöktürmek
çözmek çözer
to solve solve
çözdürmek
demek
to say say
dedirmek
değmek değer
to touch
değdirmek
delmek deler
to pierce/to drill through through deldirmek
dermek derer
to collect
derdirmek
dikmek diker
to sow/sew/erect/plant
diktirmek
ditmek dider
to shred
dittirmek
dizmek dizer
to line up up
dizdirmek
dökmek döker
to pour
döktürmek
dönmek döner
to spin/to turn turn
döndürmek
dövmek döver
to beat/to thrash thrash
dövdürmek
dürtmek dürter
to prod
dürttürmek
düşmek düşer
to fall
düşürmek
düzmek düzer
to arrange in place place
düzdürmek
emmek emer
to suck
emdirmek
ermek
erer
to attain/to reach reach
erdirmek
esmek
eser
to blow (wind) (wind)
estirmek
der
236
etmek
eder
to do do
ettirmek
ezmek
ezer
to crush crush
ezdirmek
gelmek gelir
to come come
geldirmek
germek gerer
to stretch stretch
gerdirmek
gezmek gezer
to stroll
gezdirmek
gitmek gider
to go go
gidermek
girmek girer
to enter
girdirmek
giymek giyer
to dress dress
giydirmek
göçmek göçer
to migrate migrate
göçürmek
gömmek gömer
to bury bury
gömdürmek
görmek görür
to see see
göstermek
gülmek güler
to laugh laugh
güldürmek
içmek
içer
to drink
içirmek
iğmek
iğer
to bend/to curve
iğdirmek
inmek
iner
to dismount/to alight
indirmek
itmek
iter
to push push
ittirmek
kentmek kenter
to notch notch
lacking
kesmek keser
to cut
kestirmek
küsmek küser
to be offended
küstürmek
ölmek
to die die
öldürmek
ölçmek ölçer
to measure measure
ölçtürmek
öpmek öper
to kiss kiss
öptürmek
örmek
to knit/to plait
ördürmek
örtmek örter
to cover/to wrap wrap
örttürmek
ötmek
to sing (bird) (bird)
öttürmek
ölür
örer
öter
237
övmek
över
to praise praise
lacking
pişmek pişer
to cook (itself)
pişirmek
seçmek seçer
to choose choose
seçtirmek
sekmek seker
to hop hop
sektirmek
sevmek sever
to love love
sevdirmek
sezmek sezer
to feel/to perceive perceive
sezdirmek
silmek
to wipe/t o polish polish
sildirmek
silkmek silker
to shake off
silktirmek
sinmek siner
to crouch crouch
sindirmek
sökmek söker
to undo/to pull up up
söktürmek
sönmek söner
to be extinguished
söndürmek
sövmek söver
to swear
sövdürmek
sünmek süner
to be extended
sündürmek
sürçmek sürçer
to stumble stumble
sürçtürmek
sürtmek sürter
to rub with hand
sürttürmek
süzmek süzer
to strain/to filter
süzdürmek
şişmek şişer
to swell up
şişirmek
tepmek teper
to kick
teptirmek
tütmek tüter
to emit smoke smoke
tüttürmek
ürkmek ürker
to jump with fright
ürkütmek
üşmek
üşer
to flock
üşürmek
üzmek
üzer
to hurt the feelings of
lacking
vermek verir
to give give
verdirmek
yenmek yener
to win (game)/to conquer yendirmek yendirmek
yermek yerer
to blame blame
siler
lacking
238
yetmek yeter
to suffice suffice
yetirmek
yüzmek yüzer
to swim swim
yüzdürmek
- A Few Phrases in Daily Use Daily words in constant use Daily Word List Hurry up. Acele et. I'm hungry. Acıktım. Excuse me. Affedersiniz. Evening. Akşam. Bye bye. [said id by perso rson n le lea aving ing] ] Bye Allahaısmarladık [sa I can't understand. understand. Anlamıyorum. I understand. Anlıyorum. At the back. Arkada. Can you tell me? Bana söyleyebilir misiniz? Can you help me? Bana yardım eder misiniz? Help me. Bana yardım edin. Can you show me the post office? Bana postaneyi gösterebilir misiniz? Nice to meet you, you, too. Ben de memnun oldum Mr. Bey. I know. Biliyorum. I don't know. Bilmiyorum. You're welcome. Bir şey değil. Today. Bugün. Here. Burada. What would you like? Buyurun ne istemiştiniz? Yesterday. Dün. Yes, on hand. Elimde var. No, not on hand. hand. Elimde yok. How is your wife/husband? wife/husband? Eşiniz nasıl? Night. Gece. Good bye. [said id by perso rson n st sta aying] Güle güle [sa Good morning Günaydın Which? Hangi? Mrs. Hanım. Welcome Hoş geldiniz. Ahead. İlerde. Help! İmdat. I don't want. İstemiyorum. 239
Daily Word List İstiyorum. İtalyanım. İyi akşamlar. İyi dileklerimle İyi geceler. İyi günler İyi şanslar İyi yıllar İyi yolculuklar İyi, teşekkürler, ya siz? Kaç tane? Kayboldum. Kim? Lütfen. Merhaba Mutlu yıllar Nasıl yardımcı olabilirim olabilirim ? Nasıl? Nasılsınız? Ne istiyorsunuz? Ne kadar uzaklıkta? Ne kadar zamandır? Ne kadar? Ne yapmalıyım? Ne zaman? Ne? Neden? Nerede kalıyorsunuz? Nerede benzin alabilirim? Nerede bir banka bulabilirim? Nerede? Nerelisiniz? Öğle. Önde. Önemli. Orada. Oraya nasıl gidebilirim? gide bilirim? Sabah. Sağda. Sağ olun, iyim. Sizde para var mı? Size yardım edebilir edebilir miyim?
I want. I'm Italian. Good evening. Best wishes Good night. Good day Good luck Happy new year Have a good good holiday Fine, thanks and and you? How many? I'm lost. Who? Please. Hello/hi Happy birthday How can I help help you? How? How are you? What would you like? How far? How long? How much? What must I do? When? What? Why? Where are you staying? Where can I get/buy petrol? Where can I find a bank? Where? Where are you from? Afternoon. On/At the front. That's important Over there How can I get get there? Morning. On/At the right. Thank you. I'm fine. Do you have have any money? money? Can I help you? 240
Daily Word List Solda. Sorun nedir? Şurada. Susadım. Tam karşıda ; dosdoğru. Tamam. Tanıştığımıza memnun oldum Teşekkür ederim. Türkiyeliyim. Türküm. Yarın görüşürüz Yarın. Yine görüşürüz.
On/At the left. What's your question? Just there I'm thirsty. Straight ahead. Ok. Nice to meet you you Thank you. I'm from Turkey. I'm Turkish. See you tomorrow Tomorrow. See you later.
A Vocabulary List of Frequently Occurring Words in i n Turkish Quick Links: A
Back to Top
abla
older sister; ma'am
acaba
I wonder
acele
hurry; hastily
acı
tart, hot (pepper), bitter
aç
hungry, greedy
açı
open, bare, empty
açılmak
to open, to clear up
açmak
to open
ad
name, reputation
ada
island, city block
adam
man (person), human being
âdet
custom, habit 241
adres
address
affetmek
to forgive, excuse
afiyet
health
ağabey
older brother
ağaç
tree
ağır
heavy, difficult
ağız
mouth; rim, brim
ağlamak
to weep, cry, whine
ağrımak
to ache, hurt
ağustos
August
aile
amily
ait
concerning, relating to
ak
white, clean
akıl
reason, intelligence, mind
akıllı
wise, intelligent
akmak
to flow, to leak
akşam
evening
alay
crowd
alçak
low
alın
orehead
alışmak
to get used to, become familiar
alışveriş
business, shopping
allah
God
(Reply is G üle G üle ) allahaısmarladık (said by person leaving) goodbye! (Reply
almak
to take, get, buy
242
alt
bottom
altı
six
altın
gold
altmış
sixty
ama/amma
but, yet, still
an
moment, perception, boundary
ana
ana yol = yol = main road) main ( ana
anahtar
key
ancak
only, merely, just barely, hardly
anlamak
to understand, comprehend, find out
anlatmak
to explain, tell, show
anne
mother
apartman
apartment building, block of flats
araba
car ; vehicle
aralık
space, gap, interval interval
aramak
to look (for), search
arka
the back, rear, reverse
arkadaş
riend
armut
ear
artık
left over, remnant, extra ; for now, henceforth
arzu
wish, desire
asansör
elevator
asker
soldier
aşağı
the lower part, bottom, inferior
at
horse
243
ata
ather, ancestor
ateş
ire, fever, temperature
atmak
to throw, drop, send away
avukat
lawyer
ay
moon ; month
ayak
oot, leg, base, pedestal
ayakkabı
shoe
aydınlık
light, brightness
ayna
mirror
aynı
the same, identical
ayran
oghurt drink
ayrı
separate, distinct, different
ayrılmak
to part, separate, split
az
small, little, few
azalmak
to become less, lessen, diminish
B
Back to Top
baba
ather
bacak
leg, shank
bağ
tie, string; vineyard
bağlı
tied, connected
bahar
spring
bahçe
garden, park
bakan
state secretary
bakkal
grocer
bakmak
to look at
244
balık
ish
balkon
balcony
banka
bank
banyo
bath ; bath-tub ; bath-room
bardak
glass, cup
basmak
to tread, stand
baş
head, chief
başarmak
to accomplish
başbakan
rime minister
başka
other, different
başlamak
to begin, start
batı
west, western
batmak
to sink
bavul
suitcase, trunk
bay
Mr. - (used only with surname) surname)
bayan
lady
bayılmak
to faint
bayram
estivity, holiday
bazan/bazen
sometimes
bazı
some, certain
bebek
baby, doll
beğenmek
to like, admire
bekâr
single, bachelor
beklemek
to wait
belediye
municipality
245
belge
document
belki
erhaps
belli
evident, obvious
ben
me, ego
benzin
gasoline
beraber
together
berber
barber
beri
here, near
beslemek
to feed, nourish
beş
ive
bey
gentleman
beyaz
white
beyefendi
sir
bıçak
knife
bırakmak
to leave
biber
epper
bildirmek
to tell, inform
bile
even, already
bilet
ticket
biletçi
ticket taker
bilgi
knowledge, information
bilmek
to know, be aware
bin
thousand
bina
building
binmek
to get upon, ride
246
bir
one
bira
beer
biraz
a little, some
birleşik
united
birlik
unity, union
bisiklet
bicycle
bitirmek
to finish, complete
bitmek
to be used up, end, be finished
biz
we
bluz/bulüz
blouse
boğaz
throat; straight; mountain pass
bol
lentiful, ample
borç
debt, loan
boş
empty, free
boy
height, stature, length
boyun
neck, cervix; responsibility
bozmak
to spoil, ruin, destroy
bozuk
broken
bozulmak
to go bad, become corrupt
bölge
region, zone
bölüm
ortion, slice, chapter
börek
laky pastry with filling
böyle
so, thus; such
bu
this
buçuk
and a half, (iki buçuk = two and a half)
247
bugün
today
bulmak
to find, discover
buluşmak
to meet
bulut
cloud
bulvar
boulevard
burada
here
burun
nose, beak, tip
buyurmak
to command
buz
ice, very cold
buzdolabı
refrigerator
büro
office
bütün
whole, total, unbroken
büyük
big, large
C
Back to Top
cadde
main road, thoroughfare
cami
mosque
can
soul, life, person, vigor
canlı
living, animate, living being, alive
ceket
acket
cennet
aradise, heaven
cep
ocket
cevap
answer, reply
cins
sort, type, sex, gender, gender, race, stock
cuma
Friday
cumartesi
Saturday
248
cumhuriyet
republic
Ç
Back to Top
çabuk
quick, fast, swift, quickly
çağırmak
to call, to invite, to shout
çalışkan
hard-working, diligent
çalışma
work, study
çalışmak
to work, study
çalmak
to steal ; to play a musical instrument
çanta
bag, purse
çarpmak
to bump, hit, knock, run (into)
çarşamba
Wednesday
çarşı
shopping district, market quarter quarter
çatal
ork, bifurcation
çay
tea
çekmek
to pull, haul, move (a car)
çeşit
kind, sort, variety, assortment
çevirmek
to turn, rotate; to refuse; to translate
çeyrek
a quarter, one fourth
çıkarmak
to take out, send out, expel, to publish
çıkmak
to go out, emerge, to graduate
çiçek
lower
çiftlik
arm
çikolata
chocolate
çirkin
ugly
çocuk
child
249
çok
many, much, very
çorap
stocking, nose, sock sock
çorba
soup
çünkü
because
D
Back to Top
da/de
too, also
dağ
mountain, brand
daha
more, than, yet, or
daima
always, forever
daire
circle; apartment
dakika
minute
daktilo
typewriting, typist
dans
dance, dancing
dar
narrow, tight
davet
invitation
dede
grandfather
defa
time, turn
defter
notebook
değer
rice, worth, value
değil
not
değışik
different, varied, changed
değişmek
to change
delik
hole, opening
demek
to say
denemek
to test, examine
250
deniz
sea
derece
step, stair, degree
derhal
suddenly, immediately immediately
derin
deep, profound
ders
lesson, lecture
dert
sorrow, sadness, pain
deva
remedy
devir
age, time
devlet
state, government, government, nation
deyim
saying, expression
dış
out, outer, outside
dışarı
outside
diğer
other
dikkat
care, attention
dikmek
lant, sew, stitch
dil
language, tongue
dilemek
to want, desire, to wish
dinlemek
to listen
diş
tooth
doğmak
to be born
doğru
correct, true
doğu
east
doğum
birth
doksan
ninety
doktor
doctor
251
dokuz
nine
dolap
cupboard, case
dolaşmak
to walk
dolmak
to fill
dolmuş
(something which is filled)
dolu
ull
domates
tomato
dondurma
ice cream
dost
riend, lover
doymak
to be satisfied
dönmek
to go round, circle; to return
dönüş
return
dört
our
dövmek
to beat, pound
dudak
lip
durak
stop, stopping place
durmak
to stop, stand
durum
state, position, attitude
duş
shower
duvar
wall
duygu
eeling, sense, perception
duymak
to hear
düğün
wedding feast
dükkân
shop, store
dün
esterday
252
dünya
world, earth
düşmek
to fall
düşünmek
to think, worry
düz
smooth, level, flat
E
Back to Top
eczane
harmacy, chemist
efendi
master, owner
eğer
if
eğlence
amusement, enjoyment
eğlenmek
to enjoy, to have a good time
ek
supplement; prefix, suffix suffix
ekim
October; sowing, planting
ekmek
bread; to sow, to cultivate
eksik
lacking, less
ekşi
sour, tart
el
hand, power
elbette
certainly
elbise
dress, clothes
elektrik
electricity
elli
ifty
elma
apple
emekli
retired
emin
safe, secure, sure, certain certain
emir
order, command
en
width; hefty, huge; most
253
enerji
energy
erkek
man
erken
early
ertesi
the next, following
eser
work (of art); written
eski
old
eş
spouse; husband, wife; wife; one of a pair
eşya
urniture, things
et
meat
etek
skirt
etmek
to do, make
etraf
sides, surroundings
ev
house
evet
es
evlenmek
to marry
evli
married
evvel
irst, before
evvel/evvela
irstly
eylem
action, operation; verb
eylül
September
F
Back to Top
fabrika
actory
faiz
interest
fakat
but
fakir
oor, destitute
254
fakülte
department (at a university)
fark
difference, distinction
fayda
rofit, advantage, use
fazla
excessive, extra
felâket
disaster
fena
bad
fırçalamak
to brush
fırın
oven, bakery, kiln
fiil
act
fikir
thought, idea, opinion
film/filim
ilm
fincan
cup
fiyat/fiat
rice
fotoğraf
hotograph
G galiba
Back to Top erhaps, probably
garson
waiter
gazete
newspaper
gazeteci
ournalist; newspaper seller
gazino
cafe, casino
gece
night
geç
late
geçen
last, past
geçirmek
to fix, insert; to pass (time); to enter;
geçit
assage; mountain pass
255
geçmek
to pass, cross; to undergo; to spoil; to faint
gelecek
uture; next
gelin
bride; daughter-in-law
gelişmek
to grow up; to develop, prosper
gelmek
to come
gemi
ship (n.)
genç
oung
gene/yine
again; still, nevertheless
genellikle
generally
geniş
wide
gerçek
real, genuine; reality, truth; really
gerek
necessary; need
gerekmek
to be necessary
geri
backward, behind; slow (clock); to take/put t ake/put back
getirmek
to bring, yield
gezmek
to stroll; to go out; to tour, visit
gibi
like, similar; nearly, somewhat
gidiş
departure; way of life, conduct
giriş
entrance; introduction
girmek
to enter; to join; to fit (into);
gişe
ay desk, ticket window
gitmek
to go; to lead; to suit; to leave; to disappear
giyinmek
to dress (o. s.)
giymek
to wear; to put on
göğüs
breast, chest
256
gök
sky, heavens heavens
göl
lake
gömlek
skirt; slip; generation; degree, degree, shade; (snake) skin
göndermek
to send
göre
according (to); considering
görev
duty; function
görmek
to see; to visit; to regard; to undergo; to perform
görüşmek
to meet, to have an interview; to discuss
göstermek
to show
götürmek
to take (away), to carry; to accompany; to lead
göz
eye
gözlük
eyeglasses
gram
gram
güç
difficult; difficulty
gül
rose
gülmek
to smile, to laugh
gün
day; period, time
günaydın
good morning/day
güneş
sun
güney
south, southern
günlük
daily; - days old; for - days; diary; usual [hover mouse here] üç günlük - three days old ; for three t hree days.
gürültü
noise
güzel
nice, beautiful, good
H
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257
haber
news
hafta
week
hak
ustice
hakikaten
in truth, truly
haklı
right, just
hal
condition; attitude; strength
halbuki
whereas, however
halı
carpet, rug
halk
eople, folk, nation
hangi
which
hanım
lady, Mrs., Ms., Miss.
hanımefendi
lady, madam
hani
in fact, besides
hareket
movement, act, deed
harita
map
harp
war, battle
hasta
sick
hastabakıcı
nurse's aide
hastane
hospital
hat
route ; line ; stripe ; contour
hatırlamak
to remember, to remind
hava
air, weather
hayat
life
haydi
come on!
hayır
no; charity
258
hayvan
animal
hazır
ready
hazırlamak
to prepare
haziran
June
hâlâ
still, yet
hediye
gift, present
hele
above all, especially
hem.. hem de..
both ... and
hemen
right away, almost
henüz
only, just, just now ; (with negative) yet [hover mouse here] Mehmet, henüz gelmedi - Mehmet hasn't come yet.
hep
all, the whole
her
every, each
herhalde
robably
herkes
everyone, everybody
hesap
account, bill
heyecan
excitement, enthusiasm
hırsız
thief
hız
speed
hiç
never, not at all
hissetmek
to feel, to sense
hoca
teacher
hoş kal
ine,
hükümet
government, administration administration
I
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259
ısırmak
to bite
ısmarlamak
to order s.o., to have s.o made
ışık
light, any source of light
İ
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iç
inside, interior, inner, domestic, kernel
içeri
inside, interior
için
or, because, so that
içki
drink, liquor
içmek
to drink
idare
administration, management, direction
ihtiyaç
need, necessity
ihtiyar
old, old person
iki
two
iktisadi
economic
ilaç/ilâç
medicine, drug
ilân
notice, advertisement
ile
with
ileri
ront part, forward, ahead
ilginç
interesting
ilk
irst, initial
ilkbahar
spring
imza
signature
imzalamak
to sign
inanmak (-a)
to believe, trust, have faith in
inmek
to get off (a bus, car, etc.)
260
insan
erson
inşallah
I hope that . . .
ise
however (after a noun)
isim
name
iskemle
chair, stool
istasyon
station
istek
wish, desire, request
istemek
to want
iş
work
işçi
worker
işitmek
to hear
işte
here! here it is! look!
itmek
to push, shove
iyi
good
iyilik
goodness, favor, kindness kindness
izin
ermission
izlemek
to follow, pursue; watch
J
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jeton
eton, money token, ferry token
K
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kabul
acceptance
kaç
how many ... ?
kaçmak
to escape
kadar
as ... as; approximately
kadın
woman 261
kahvaltı
breakfast
kahve
coffee; café
kahverengi
brown
kalabalık
crowd, crowded
kaldırmak
to raise, endure
kale
ortress
kalem
encil, pen
kalın
thick
kalkmak
to get up, rise
kalmak
to remain, be left
kalorifer
central heating system
kan
blood
kanun
law
kapalı
closed, covered
kapamak
to close, shut
kapı
door, gate
kapıcı
doorkeeper
kar
snow
kara
black - see Explanation see Explanation of Kara
karakol
olice station
karanlık
dark
karar
decision
kardeş
sibling
karı
wife
karın
stomach, abdomen; abdomen; womb
262
karışık
mixed, complex
karışmak
to mix, become confused
karşı
acing, opposite
karşılamak
to go to meet, to welcome
kasaba
small town
kasap
butcher
kasım
November
kaş
eyebrow
kaşık
spoon
kat
storey, floor
katı
hard, stiff
kavga
quarrel, fight
kavun
honeydew melon
kaybetmek
to lose
kaynak
spring, source, origin
kazan
large kettle
kazanç
gain, profit, benefit
kazanmak
to earn, win, get
kâğıt
aper, card
kâr
rofit, benefit
kâtip
clerk, secretary
kebap
shish kebab
kedi
cat
kendi
oneself
kent
city
263
kere
time
kesmek
to cut, slice
keyif
leasure in life; joy
kırk
orty
kırmak
to break, crush, grind
kırmızı
red
kısa
short
kısım
art, portion, division
kış
winter
kıyı
shore, side, outskirts
kıyma
ground meat
kız
girl, daughter
kızıl
red; scarlet fever
kızmak
to anger
kibrit
match
kilim
rug
kilo
kilogram
kilometre
kilometer
kim
who, whoever
kimse
someone, anyone anyone
kira
renting, leasing
kirli
dirty
kişi
erson, human being
kitap
book
koca
husband, adult
264
kol
arm, sleeve, limb
kolay
easy, simple
koltuk
armchair
komşu
neighbor
konferans
lecture, conference
konser
concert
konsolos
consul (diplomat)
konuşmak
to talk, speak
korkmak
to fear, be afraid
koşmak
to run
koymak
to put, place
koyu
thick (liquid)
koyun
sheep
köfte
meat patty, meatball
kömür
coal, charcoal
köpek
dog
köprü
bridge
kör
blind, dull, dim
köşe
corner
kötü
bad
köy
village
köylü
easant
kulak
ear; gill
kullanmak
to use, drive
kum
sand, gravel
265
kumaş
cloth, fabric
kurmak
to set up, assemble
kurtarmak
to save, rescue
kuruş
iaster (coin) ; cent
kuş
bird
kutlamak
to congratulate, celebrate
kutu
box, case, can
kuvvet
strength, power, force
kuzey
north
küçük
little, small
kütüphane
library
L
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lamba
lamp
lâzım
necessary
limon
lemon
lira
lira
lise
(high) school
lokanta
restaurant
lütfen
lease
lüzum
necessity, need
M
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maalesef
unfortunately
madem
since, seeing that
maden
mine
mahalle
neighborhood, district 266
makina
machine
mal
goods, property
manav
greengrocer
manzara
scene, view
mart
March
masa
table
maşallah
Wonderful!
mavi
blue
mayıs
May
mâna
meaning, sense
meclis
assembly, council
mektep
school
mektup
letter
memleket
country, land
memnun
leased, satisfied
memur
civil servant, official
mendil
handkerchief
merak
curiosity
merdiven
stairs, ladder
merhaba
hello
merkez
center, headquarters
mersi
thanks! cheers!
mesele
matter, problem
meslek meşgul
rofession busy, preoccupied
267
meşhur
amous
metre
meter
mevsim
season
mevzu
topic, subject
meydan
open space
meyve
ruit
millet
nation, people
millı
national
milyar
billion
milyon
million
mimar
architect
minare
minaret
misafir
guest, visitor
mor
urple
musluk
tap, faucet
mutfak
kitchen
mutlaka
absolutely
mutlu
happy
müddet
eriod, duration
müdür
director, head, chair
mühendis
engineer
mühim
important, significant
mümkün
ossible
müracaat
application
müsaade
ermission
268
müze
museum
müzik
music
N
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nasıl
how
ne
what
neden
why
nerede
where
nereli
where from
nereye
where to
niçin
why
nihayet
inally
nisan
April
niye
why
niyet
intention;
niyet etmek
to intend
normal
normal
not
note, mark
numara
number, size;
numara yapmak
to act, pretend
nutuk
speech, oration;
nutuk vermek
to make a speech
O
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ocak
January
oda
room
odacı
anitor 269
odun
irewood
ofis
office
oğlan
boy
oğul
son
okul
school
okumak
read
olmak
to be; to happen
omuz
shoulder
on
ten
opera
opera
ordu
army
orman
orest
orta
middle
otel
hotel
otobüs
bus
otomobil
automobile
oturmak
to sit; to reside
otuz
thirty
oynamak
to play
oyun
game
Ö
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öbür
to other
ödemek
to pay
ödev
duty; homework
öğle
noon
270
öğrenci
student
öğrenmek
to learn
öğretim
instruction; education
öğretmek
to teach
öğretmen
teacher
ölçmek
to measure; to consider
ölçü
measurement
ölmek
to die
ölüm
death
ömür
life span; amusing
ön
ront
önce
irst; ago
önem
importance
önemli
important
öpmek
to kiss
öyle
like that, so
özel
rivate
özür
excuse; defect
P
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pahalı
expensive
paket
acket, package
palto
man's coat
pansiyon
boarding house
pantalon
ants, trousers
para
money
271
parça
iece, bit, segment
park
ark
parlak
bright, shining, successful
parmak
inger, toe,
pasaport
assport
pasta
astry, dessert
pastane
astry shop
patates
otato
patron
employer, head of a business
pazar
open market; Sunday
pazartesi
Monday
pek
very much; hard, firm
peki
very good
pembe
ink
pencere
window
perde
curtain, screen, veil
perşembe
Thursday
peynir
cheese
piknik
icnic
pilav
ilaf
pis
dirty, foul, obscene
pişirmek
to cook, to bake
pişmek
to be cooked, baked; to ripen, to mature
plaj
beach
polis
olice, policeman
272
politika portakal
olitics, policy orange
posta
ost, postal service
postane
ost office
profesör
rofessor
program
rogram
pul
stamp
R
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radyo
radio
raf
shelf
rağmen (-a) (-a)
in spite (of)
rahat
comfortable
rakı
anise flavored alcoholic beverage
randevu
appointment, rendezvous
reçel
am
renk
color
renkli
colored, colorful
resim
icture
resmı
official, formal
ressam
ainter, artist
rica
request
rüzgâr
wind
S
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saat
watch, clock, hour
sabah
morning 273
saç
hair
sade
mere, simple, pure
sağ
alive
sağlık
life, health
saha
space, field
sahi
sound, true, correct correct
sahip
owner
sakın
beware; objection
salata
salad, lettuce
salı
Tuesday
salon
hall, guest room, dining room
sanayi
industries
sandalye
chair
saniye
second, moment moment
sanki
supposing that
sanmak
to think
sarı
ellow; pale
satıcı
salesman
satın almak
to buy
satmak
to sell
savaş
struggle, fight, war
sayfa
age
saymak
to count
sebep
cause, reason, source
sebze
vegetable
274
seçmek
to choose, select
sefer
voyage
sekiz
eight
sekreter
secretary
seksen
eighty
selâm
greeting, salutation
sen
ou
sene
ear
serbest
ree, independent independent
sergi
exhibition
serin
cool
sert
hard, violent
ses
sound, noise, voice voice
sevgili
beloved, dear
sevinç
oy, delight
sevinmek
to be pleased with
sevmek
to love, like
seyahat
ourney, travelling
seyretmek
to see, to look on
sıcak
warm, hot, heat
sıfır
zero
sık
close together, dense
sıkmak
to press, squeeze
sınıf
class
sır
secret, mystery
275
sıra
row, turn, file
sigara/cıgara
cigarette
sinema
cinema
siyah
black
siz
ou
soğan
onion
soğuk
cold, frigid
sohbet
conversation, chat
sokak
street
sol
left, left-hand
son
end, result, last
sonbahar
all, autumn
sonra
afterwards
sormak
to ask
soru
question
sorun
roblem
soyadı
amily name, surname
söylemek
to say
söz
word, speech, rumour
sözlük
dictionary
spor
sport, games
su
water, fluid
subay
officer
sultan
ruler
susmak
to be silent
276
sürmek
to drive
süt
milk
Ş
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şair
oet
şapka
hat
şarap
wine
şark
east, Orient
şart
condition
şaşırmak
to be confused about
şaşmak
to be perplexed
şehir
town, city
şeker
sugar, candy
şekerli
sweetened
şemsiye
umbrella
şey
thing
şikâyet
complaint
şimdi
now
şirket
company, partnership
şiş
spit, skewer; swelling, swollen
şişe
bottle
şişman
at
şoför
chauffer
şöyle
in that manner, so, just
şu
that, this
şubat
February
277
şüphe
doubt, suspicion
T
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tabak
late, dish
tabii
of course
tahsil
collection; study, education
tahta
blackboard; board, plank
takım
set; team
taksi
taxi
tam
complete, entire, perfect
tamam
OK; completion, end
tane
grain; piece;
tanımak
to know
tanışmak
to meet, make acquaintance
tanrı
god; God
taraf
side, direction
tarif
description; tariff
tarih
history
tarla
arable field
taş
stone
taşımak
to carry, transport, bear
taşınmak
to move to (location) ; be carried to to
tatil
holiday, vacation
tatlı
sweet, drinkable
tavuk
hen
taze
resh, new
278
tebrik
congratulation
tehlike
danger
tek
single, alone
teklif
roposal, offer
tekrar
repetition
tekrarlamak
to repeat
telefon
telephone
televizyon
television
telgraf
telegraph, telegram
tembel
lazy
temiz
clean, pure, honest
temizlemek
to clean
temmuz
July
temsil
representation
tepe
hill, summit
tercih
reference
terzi
tailor
teşekkür
thanks, giving thanks
tırnak
inger nail, toe nail;
ticaret
trade, commerce
tiyatro
theater
top
ball, anything round
toplamak
to collect, gather, tidy
toplantı
assembly, meeting
toprak
earth, soil, land
279
tramway
tram, streetcar
traş/tıraş
shaving
tren
train
tuhaf
uncommon, curious
turist
tourist
turistik
touristic
turuncu
orange (color)
tutmak
to hold; to catch, seize
tuvalet
toilet
tuz
salt
tuzlu
salted, salty
türlü
various
tütün
tobacco
U
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ucuz
cheap
uçak
airplane
uçmak
to fly, to t o evaporate, disappear
ufak
small
uğramak
to stop by
ulus
eople, nation
ummak
to hope, expect
umumiyetle
usually, generally
unutmak
to forget
uyanmak
to awake, come to life
uygun
comfortable, suitable, appropriate
280
uyku
sleep (n.)
uyumak
to sleep
uzak
distant, remote
uzatmak
to extend, prolong
uzun
long
Ü
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üç
three
ülke
country
ümit
hope, expectation
üniversite
university
ünlü
amous
üst
top, upper surface
ütü
lat-iron
üye
member
üzere
at the point of, about to
üzmek
to strain, break; to hurt the feelings of
üzülmek
to be worn out
üzüm
grape
V
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vakit
time
vali
governor
valiz
suit-case
vapur
steamer
var
there is, there are
varmak
to arrive, to reach 281
vatan
native country
vatandaş
citizen, compatriot
vazgeçmek
to give up, to abandon
vazife
duty, obligation
vaziyet
osition, situation
ve
and
vermek
to give
veya
or
vurmak
to hit, kill, steal, swindle
Y
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ya.. ya da..
either ... or ...
yabancı
stranger, foreigner
yağ
oil, fat, grease
yağmak
to rain
yağmur
rain (n.)
yahut
or
yakın
near (to)
yakıt
uel (for heating)
yakmak to
light, ignite
yalan
lie, fabrication
yalnız
alone, lonely
yan
side; neighborhood
yanak
cheek
yani
that is to say
yanlış
error
282
yanmak
to burn, be on fire
yapmak
to make; to build; to create
yaprak
leaf, grape leaf; layer
yardım
help
yarı
half of the
yarım
half (n.)
yarın
tomorrow
yasak
rohibition, ban, prohibited
yaş
damp, fresh
yaşamak
to live; to enjoy
yaşlı
old, elderly
yatak
bed
yatmak
to go to bed
yavaş
slow; quiet
yavru
oung animal
yaz
summer
yazı
writing
yazık
ity, shame
yazmak
to write
yedi
seven
yemek
to eat; to spend (money)
yeni
new
yer
lace; position
yeşil
green
yetişmek
to catch, make; to be in time for
283
yetmek
to be sufficient
yetmiş
seventy
yıkamak
to wash; to bathe
yıkanmak
to be washed; to be bathed
yıl
ear
yine/gene
again, once more; still, even so
yirmi
twenty
yiyecek
ood
yoğurt
ogurt
yok
there is not.., there are not..
yoksa
or?; if not..? (used in questions)
yol
road, path, route
yolcu
traveler; passenger
yolculuk
ourney, trip
yollamak
to send
yorgun
tired
yorulmak
to get tired
yön
direction, aspect, angle
yönetici
manager, administrator
yukarı
upstairs; upper
yumurta
egg; testicle
yumuş
soft, tender, gentle
yurt
homeland of a people or nation
yüksek
high; lofty
yükselmek
to rise, ascend
284
yürümek
to work, to march, to move forward
yüz
one hundred; face; reason
yüzmek
to swim, to float
Z
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zahmet
trouble
zaman
time
zamir
ronoun
zarf
envelope
zaten
anyway; besides
zengin
rich
zeytin
olive (fruit)
zil
doorbell, buzzer
ziyaret
visit, pilgrimage
zor
trouble, worry, difficult
A List of Verbs in Constant Use acele etmek
to hurry up
açıklamak (ı a)
to explain
açılmak (ı)
to be opened
açmak
to open
affetmek (i)
to forgive
ağlamak
to cry
285
alışmak (a)
to get used to.
almak (i)
to buy
anlamak (i)
to understand
anlatmak
to explain
anlatmak
to tell
anmak (i)
to pay tribute to
araba sürmek
to drive
aramak
to search
arzu etmek
to wish/ to desire
ayağa kalkmak
to stand
ayırtmak (i)
to reserve
ayrılmak (den)
to leave
bağırmak (e)
to scream
balık tutmak
to fish
başlatmak (i, e)
to get something/to start
bıkmak (den)
to get bored with
bildirmek (e, i)
to inform
binmek (e)
to ride
286
bir araya gelmek
to get together
bitirmek (i)
to finish something
bitmek
to end
borç almak (i, den)
to borrow money
borç vermek
to lend money
bozdurmak (i, e)
to exchange
bulunmak
to be found
bulunmak (de)
to be found
büyümek (de)
to grow up
cevap vermek (e)
to answer
çağırmak (i)
to call out
çalışmak (e)
to work
çalmak (i)
to play an instrument
çevirmek (i)
to translate
çıkarmak (i, den)
to bring out
çıkmak (den)
to leave
çözmek (i)
to solve
dağıtmak (i)
to scatter/disperse
287
dans etmek
to dance
davam etmek
to continue
davet etmek (e, i)
to invite
davranmak (e)
to behave/ to act
değişmek
to change
ders çalışmak
to study
desteklemek (i)
to support
dikkat etmek (e)
to pay attention to
dinlenmek (de)
to rest
doğmak (de)
to be born
doğrulamak (i)
to confirm
dönmek (e, den)
to return
durmak (de)
to stop/ to stand
dus yapmak
to shower
duymak
to hear
düşünmek
to think (about something)
düzenlemek
to organize
eğlenmek
to have fun
288
emekli olmak
to retire
endişe etmek (den)
to be concerned
ertelemek (i)
to postpone
eveleme teklif etmek (i, e) to propose marriage evlenmek (le)
to marry
ezberlemek (i)
to memorize
fren yapmak
to hit the brakes
geç kalmak (den)
to be late
geçirmek (i)
to spend time
geçmek (den)
to go by
geliştirmek (i)
to improve
gelmek (e)
to come
gerek
necessary
gerekmek (e)
to be necessary
getirmek (e, den, i)
to bring
girmek (e)
to enter
gitmek (e)
to go
giymek
to wear (clothes)
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görmek (i)
to see
görüşmek (le)
to interview
göstermek (i,e)
to show
götürmek (e, i)
to take to another place
grev yapmak
to strike
haber vermek (e)
to inform
harcamak (i)
to spend money
hatırlamak (i)
to remember
hazırlamak (i)
to prepare
hazırlanmak
to get ready
heyecan duymak
to get excited
hissetmek (i)
to feel
hoşlanmak
to enjoy
ısmarlamak (i)
to order something
ısrar etmek (de)
to insist on
içmek (i)
to drink
ikna etmek (i)
to persuade
imkansız
impossible
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imzalamak (i)
to sign
inanmak (e)
to believe
incelemek (i)
to review
inmek (den)
to get off
inşaat yapmak (i)
to construct
iptal etmek (i)
to cancel
istemek (i)
to want
istifa etmek (den)
to resign
itiraz etmek (e)
to refuse
izin almak
to get permission
izin vermek (e)
to give permission
izlemek (i)
to watch
kabul etmek (i)
to accept
kaçırmak (i)
to miss
kalkmak (de)
to get up
kalmak (de)
to stay
kamp yapmak
to camp
kapamak
to close
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kapanmak
to be closed
karar vermek (e)
to decide
karışmak (e)
to interfere
karsı çikmak (e)
to oppose
karsılaştırmak (i)
to compare
katılmak (e)
to attend
kaybetmek (i)
to lose
kayıt yaptırmak (e)
to register
kaza yapmak
to have an accident
kaza yaptırmak (e)
to cause someone to have an accident
kazanmak
to win
kırmak
to break
kiralamak (i)
to rent
konuşmak (la)
to speak
korkmak (den)
to be afraid of
koymak
to run
kullanmak
to use
kurmak (i)
to establish
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kızmak
to get angry
lazım
necessary
merak etmek (i)
to wonder about
mezun olmak (de, e)
to graduate
monte etmek
to put together
mümkün
ossible
nefret etmek (den)
to hate
okumak (i)
to read
onaylamak (i)
to approve
oturmak (e, den)
to sit
oynamak (e)
to play
ödemek (i)
to pay
öğrenmek (i)
to learn
öğretmek (i)
to teach
ölmek
to die
önermek
to suggest
önermek (i)
to suggest
önlemek (i)
to prevent
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özetlemek (i)
to summarize
özür dilenmek (den)
to apologize
paniklemek
to panic
para kazanmak (i)
to earn money
pazarlık etmek
to bargain
pişirmek
to cook
planlamak (i)
to plan
rahat almak
to feel comfortable
rahatsız etmek (i)
to bother
rejim yapmak
to diet
restore etmek (i)
to remodel
rica etmek (i, den)
to request politely
riski girmek
to take a risk
sağlamak (i)
to provide
saklamak (i)
to hide
saldırmak (e)
to attack
sanmak
to have an opinion
sapmak (e)
to turn
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satın almak
to purchase
satmak (e, i)
to sell
savaşmak (la)
to fight (war)
sevmek (i)
to like
seyretmek (i)
to watch
sıkılmak
to get bored
sınava girmek
to take a test
sınırlamak (i)
to limit
sohbet etmek
to chat
söylemek
to tell
söz vermek (e)
to promise
spor yapmak
to exercise
sürmek (i)
to last/drive
şarki söylemek
to sing
şart
must
şaşırmak
to be surprised
şikayet etmek (den)
to complain
takip etmek (i)
to follow
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takmak
to wear (accessories)
tanışmak (le)
to meet for the 1st time
tanıştırmak (a, ı)
to introduce
taşımak (i)
to carry
tavsiye etmek (i)
to recommend
teklif etmek (i e)
to offer
tekrar etmek (i)
to repeat
telefon etmek (e)
to call
temizlemek (i)
to clean
tercih etmek (i)
to prefer
tercüme etmek (i)
to translate
teslim etmek (i)
to deliver
teşekkür etmek (e)
to thank
uçmak (le)
to fly
uğramak (e)
to stop by
uğraşmak (le)
to be busy with
ummak (i)
to hope
unutmak (i)
to forget
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uyarmak (i)
to warn
uyumak (de)
to sleep
uzanmak
to get sad
varmak
to arrive
vermek (e, i)
to give
vermek (e,i)
to give
yakalamak (i)
to catch
yanmak
to burn
yapmak (i)
to do/make
yaratmak
to create
yasaklamak (i)
to ban
yasaklanmak (i)
to be banned
yasamak (de)
to live
yatmak (de)
to go to bed
yazmak (i)
to write
yedirmek (i e)
to feed
yemek (i)
to eat
yenmek (i)
to defeat
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yetişmek
to grow
yetiştirmek
to grow (something)
yolculuk yapmak
to travel
yükselmek (e)
to rise
yürümek (de)
to walk
yüzmek (de)
to swim
ziyaret etmek (i)
to visit
zorlamak (i e)
to force
zorluk çekmek (de)
to have a hard time
- Ve Verb Fo Forms Showing some Turkish verb forms This content has been taken from the web. We thank our unknown author for his industry. It is shown here for the interest i nterest of Turkish learners.
The suffix -(y)e, -(y)a The Subjunctive 3rd person singular - indicates repeated or continuing activity simultaneous with the main verb. geçe - meaning - passing - passing - from - geçmek - to pass, pass, (indicates the time at which something happens): Saat dörde on geçe geldiler. - They came at ten past four. - [Lit: Hour from-four f rom-four ten passing they-came.] diye - meaning - saying - saying - from - demek - to say say - (indicates what the sigh says): TEHLIKE diye bir levha - A - A sign saying DANGER - [Lit: DANGER saying a sign.] rasgele (rast gele) - haphazardly or randomly - from - rast gelmek - to meet by chance [indicates chance [indicates the manner of doing] Bazen rasgele düşüncelerim var. - Sometime I have random thoughts Repeated, it has an idiomatic use: Gide gide postaneye mi gittin?- Going and going, was it to the post-office you went?went? - meaning: (After all that, couldn't you find anywhere better to go than to the post office?) 298
Güle güle - (Leave)smilingly (Leave)smilingly - said to someone who is departing. Gülmek - to smile. Güle güle kullan! - Use it with smile! smile! - said to someone who has obtained a new item that they desired. -(y)erek, -(y)arak - by doi doing ng / as a This adverb is constructed by the addition of the suffix -rek or or -rak to to the third person singular of subjunctive mood of the verb yields a gerund, meaning by doing or or as a. a. It produces a single act or continued activity simultaneous with or slightly before the main verb. Often meaning by doing or or with doing : bilerek = = knowingly bilmeyerek = = unknowingly Kapıyı açarak evden gitti.- Opening the door, he left the house.
Used with negative verbs bilmeyerek - unknowingly istemeyerek - reluctantly Koşarak (kös-a-rak) (kös-a-rak) gitti. - He - He went a-running . Gülerek (gül-e-rek) (gül-e-rek) baktı. - She looked laughingly. Teşekkür ederek (ed-e-rek) evden çıktı. - Thanking (his host), he left the house. (ed-e-rek) evden Telefon ederek (ed-e-rek) (ed-e-rek) sordunuz mu? - Have - Have you inquired inquired by telephoning? Gülümseyerek; (gülümsi-ye-rek) karşılık vermiş. - She answered smilingly. Yürüyerek (yürü-ye-rek) (yürü-ye-rek) gideceğim. - I - I shall go by foot (by walking). Otomobile atlayarak (atla-ya-rak) (atla-ya-rak) kaçmış. - By - By jumping into a car car he escaped. Bavulunu alarak (al-a-rak) (al-a-rak) taksiyi bindi. - Taking his luggage, he got on a train . Kapıyı açarak (aç-a-rak) odama girdim. - Opening the door I entered the room . Special case olarak (from (from olmak - to become) become) Olarak ( (ol-a-rak from from olmak - to become) become ) is widely used as in following examples: (Best translated by as a or being ) Dost olarak - As - As a friend (being a friend) kesin olarak - definitely (being sure) Memur olarak - As - As a civil servant ( being a civil servant) ilk kez olarak - for - for first time (being the first time)
-(y)erek/-(y)arak shows an action accompanying or preceding that of the main verb in the sentence. The gerund formed by affixing -rek or -rak to to the Subjunctive Base [-y)e or -(y)a] is the same for all verbs. The tense and person is taken from the main verb at the end of the sentence. -(y)ip, -(y)ıp, -(y)ıp, -(y)up, -(y)üp - and, also Used when there are two verbs with identical suffixes joined by and/also to and/also to simplify the first one. Kalkıp gittik. [not - kalktık gittik.] - We got up and we left Oturup konuşuyorlar. ( not oturuyorlar konuşuyorlar.) - They are sitting and talking. Gidip bakmalıyız bakmalıyız - We - We must go and see. doi ng or When -(y)ince, -(y)ınca, -(y)ınca, -(y)ünce, -(y)unca - On doi
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Signifies action just prior to the main verb: This often best easily translated by - On doing or or When in When in English: Otobüs Otobüs gelince kalkarım.- When the bus arrives, I will get up. up. - [on the bus arriving, I will get up.]
-inceye kadar, -inceye dek, -inceye -inceye değin - until This signifies - until [lit: [lit: to-the-on-doing the-amount] Otobüs gelinceye kadar, gidemedik. - Until the bus comes, we cannot go. [the amount to the bus on coming, we cannot go] Otobüs Otobüs varıncaya kadar, gidemedik. gideme dik.- Until the bus arrives, we cannot go. [the amount to the bus on arriving, we cannot go] Otobüs duruncaya kadar, inmeyin. - Until the bus stops, do not alight. [the alight. [the amount to the bus stopping, do not get off] The Turkish here is cumbersome so it is best learned and translated as until
-ene kadar, -ana kadar, -ene dek, -ana dek, -ene - ene değin, -ana değin - until The meaning is until but but less formal Otobüs gelene kadar, gidemedik. - Until the bus arrives, we cannot go. poi nt of -esiye, -asıya -asıya - to the poi he meaning is to the point of Dervişler bayılasıya fırıl fırıl döndüler.- The dervishes whirled to the point of fainting. f ainting. since -eli, -eli beri, -eliden beri, -diX -eli - since All the means since means since with the -di past ending conjugated as needed. Since we came to Istanbul it has not rained. Biz İstanb İstanbul'a geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı. Biz İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geleli beri beri hiç yağmur yağmadı. Biz İstanbul'a İstanbul'a geleliden beri beri hiç yağmur yağmadı. Biz İstanb İstanbul'a geldik geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı. beffore, witho wi thout ut -meden, -madan, -mezden, -mazdan - be meaning: before, without - followed by evvel or önce to mean before. Siz gitmeden evvel beni beni uyandırınız.- Wake me up before you go.
-dikten sonra, -dıktan -dıktan sonra, -dükten sonra, -duktan sonra - after after doi doi ng after doing , the converse of -meden evvel / -meden önce Beni uyandırdıktan sonra gidiniz. - Leave after waking waking me.
-r -mez, -r -maz - as soon as Used to mean , or literally, as I was between the states of doing and not-doing: Ben oturur oturmaz telefon çaldı.- As soon as I was sitting down, down, the telephone rang. long as or the the more that hat/all the while that hat -dikçe (-tikçe), -dıkça -dıkça ((-tıkça) - so long
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Dünyanın dönme hızı gittikçe artıyor. - The more the world spins its it s speeds increases. We can see that gittikçe - as it goes goes - can be translated as - gradually Dünyanın dönme hızı gittikçe artıyor. - The world's spin speed is gradully increasing. be we can form oldukça - as it becomes/as it is which is which we translate as Similarly from olmak - to become/to be we quite O kız oldukça güzel görünüyor - That girl over there is quite good quite good looking.
Adam yaşadıkça yaşlanıyor - Man - Man ages as he lives. OR lives. OR All All the time that man is living he he gets older. Ben fırıl fırıl döndükçe, fırıl fırıl döneceğim gelir! - derviş dedi. - "The more I whirl, the more I feel like whirling!", the dervish said. apart fr f r om doi doi ng or i n add addi tion tion to to doin doingg -dikten başka başka - apart
O, kapıyı açtıktan başka, evden gittim. - He, in addition to opening opening the door, left the house. house. -diği müddetçe - as long as, all the titi me O çalıştığı müddetçe şarki söyler. söyler.- He sings all the time he works. -diği halde - although or in a state of Bağırdığım halde kimse yardıma gelmedi . - Although - Although I shouted, shouted, no one came. came. Bacağı alçıda olduğu halde eve döndü. - He returned home home with his leg plastered. -diği için, -diğinden - because of the Bir hali aldığı için, vergi ödemeliyim.- Because of my purchasing purchasing a carpet, taxes taxes I must pay. -diği kadar, -dığı kadar, -duğu kadar, -düğü kadar, - as much as İstediğiniz kadar kalınız. - Stay as long as you want. Senin uyuduğun kadar ben uyuyamam. - I cannot sleep as much much as you do. -eceğine, -acağına, -ecek yerde, -acak yerde - instead of İzmir'e yürüyeceğine, otobüsü otobüsü bineceğim. bineceğim.- Instead of walking to Izmir, I will ride a bus. -mekle, -makla - with/by Günümü hep yazı yazmakla geçirdim. - All of my day I spent spent by writing. ather than -mektense, -maktansa, -mekten ise, -maktan ise - r ather
Ankara'ya gitmektense, İstanbul'a İstan bul'a gittim.- Rather than go to Ankara, Ankara, I went to Istanbul. -meksizin, -maksızın, -maksızın, -meden, -madan - without (-meden (-meden is more frequently used.) Otobüsü binmeksizin, binmeksizin, İstanbul'a İstanbul'a gittim.- Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul. Otobüsü binmeden, binmeden, İstanbul'a İstanbul'a gittim.- Without riding a bus, I went to t o Istanbul.
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Ques Questio tions ns and and Answ Answer erss Here are some questions and answers on basic grammar which were on our original Manisa Turkish website. Please click a link in the right panel for a particular exercise.
(1) The Articles English to Turkish Exercise 1. That animal is a cat O hayvan bir kedi(dir). [-dir - is is - not required in this sentence, being a Description of the Noun hayvan] 2. It 2. It is a cat. O bir kedi. 3. Cats are animals. Kediler hayvandır. [-dir - is is - is part of this sentence as it is an Assertation of Fact] 4. Some cats are large. Bazı kediler büyük(tür). 5. A 5. A few cats are small. Birkaç kedi küçük(tür). 6. The girls are in the t he dining room. Kızlar yemek odasında(dır). 7. One girl is married. Bir kız evli(dir) 8. There are a lot of cars in the street. Sokakta çok araba var. 9. The car is in the garage. Araba Araba garajda(dır). 10. There is a car on the lawn. Çimende bir araba var.
Turkish to English Exercise 1. Su şişede(dir). The water is in the bottle.
bir ağaç var. 2. Tarlada bir There is a tree in the field. bazı kişiler var mi? Evet, var. Birkaç kişi koşuyor(lar). 3. Sokakta bazı Are there any people people in the street? Yes, there there are. Some people are running. 4. Şu odada bazı yataklar var mı? Evet,var. O odada birkaç yatak var. Are there any beds beds in that room? Yes, there are. There are a few beds in that room. 302
5. Masa nerede(dir)? Masa bahçede(dir). Where is the table? The table is in the garden. 6. Hayvan(lar) tarlada(dır). O tarlada bazı havanlar var. [bazı - some - some demands demands a plural - hayvanlar] The animals are in the field. There are some s ome animals in that field. Thanks for correction to the above J. R. - Oct 2005
Some notes on the answers above. Note 1: - You will see that the verb - "to be" -dir is in parenthesis in the answers above. This is because the that it is often omitted in Turkish unless you are making a Statement of Fact ie. Iron is heavy. heavy. - Demir ağırdır. Note 2: - You will also see that one of Turkish words for - some some - bazı always takes its noun in the plural. For instance above we can see - bazı yataklar - some - some beds beds - and - bazı kişiler - some - some people.. people.. But you will see that the other word in Turkish for - some - always takes a singular noun. From the answers above we can see - Birkaç kişi - Some people people - and - birkaç yatak - some - some beds. Note 3: We should also note that if the question contains - Var mı? - Is/Are - Is/Are there? or there? or Yok mu? Isn't/Aren't there? there? - the answer must contain - var or yok in in Turkish. Whereas we in English may answer these questions with yes.. or no.. As an example: If we ask in English: Is English: Is there a car in the garage? garage? - We can answer - Yes.. or we can answer No.. - with the - there is.. or is.. or there is not.. being not.. being understood and omitted. This is not possible in Turkish - The only answer to - Garajda bir araba var mi? - must be - Var... or Yok... you cannot answer this type of question with - evet - yes - yes or hayır - no - as we can in English. Thanks to Nicholas Ragheb for comments and corrections on this page - JG - May 2007
(2) Vowel Harmony 1 Answers - Forming Plurals and Vowel Harmony QUESTION: Write down the plural of the following words according to the Vowel Harmony Rules 1. araba - car , cars cars - arabalar 2. kedi - cat , cats cats - kediler 3. köpek - dog , dogs dogs - köpekler 4. bıçak - knife, knife, knives knives - bıçaklar 5. çatal - fork - fork , forks forks - çatallar [Note: The plural suffix -lar/-ler always keeps its full form - hence we have a double -ll- with any noun which ends in -l] 6. kaşık - spoon - spoon,, spoons spoons - kaşıklar 7.cadde - road , roads roads - caddeler 8. köprü - bridge, bridge,bridges bridges - köprüler 9. çiçek - flower - flower , flowers flowers - çiçekler 10. gün - day , days days - günler 11.çocuk - child , children children - çocuklar 12. kapı - door, gate, gate, gates gates - kapılar 13. römork - trailer , trailers trailers - römorklar 303
14. palto - overcoat ,overcoats overcoats - paltolar 15. saat - hour, clock , clocks clocks - saatler [Note : This word is one of the few exceptions.] 16. köşe - corner , corners corners - köşeler
(3) Vowel Harmony 2 Answers - Vowel Harmony (2) - Adding suffixes 1. portakal - orange, orange, in the orange orange - portakalda, in the oranges oranges - portakallarda 2. elma - apple, apple, to the apple apple - elmaya, in the apples apples - elmalarda 3. domates - tomato, tomato, to the tomato tomato - domatese, from the tomatoes tomatoes - domateslerden 4. öğrenci - student - student , from the student - öğrenciden, to the students students - öğrencilere 5. saat - clock , to the clock - saate,on the clocks clocks - saatlerde 6. polis - policeman - policeman,, to the policeman policeman - polise, from the policeman policeman - polisten 7. ev - house/home, house/home, to the house/to home home - eve, from the house/from home home - evden 8. üzüm - grapes - grapes,, in the grapes grapes - üzümde, on the grapes grapes - üzümde 9. okul - school - school , at school - okulda, to school - okula 10. numaralar - numbers, numbers, to the numbers numbers - numaralara, from the numbers - numaralardan 11.yarın - tomorrow, tomorrow, from tomorrow tomorrow - yarından, on tomorrow tomorrow - yarında 12. postane - post - post office, office, to the post office office - postaneye, from the post office office - postaneden 13. taksi - taxi, taxi, in the taxi - takside, to the taxis taxis - taksilere 14. eczane - chemist , to the chemist - eczaneye, from the chemist - eczaneden
(4) Consonant Mutation Answers Vowel Harmony and Consonant Change Hint: Do not forget that for the second person - you - or - thee - that both the Singular (-in -in - un -ün) and Plural Forms (-iniz -iniz - unuz -ünüz) still exist in Turkish. [See explanation below} Note: When answering these questions please take account of the translation of - you, your, of of you, to you, from you - in Turkish. In English we used to distinguish between the Singular form - thee, thou, thy, thine ect.. and ect.. and the Plural Forms - you, - you, your, yours yours etc.. -ın - un -ün) and Plural Forms (-iniz -ınız -ınız - unuz -ünüz) still exist in Turkish. Both the Singular (-in -ın The Singular form-in- thee - is used for friends and The Plural form -iniz - yo you - is used for strangers family and informal situations. and public and formal situations. ev
house
ev
house
evin (ev-in)
your (thy) house
eviniz (ev-iniz)
your house
evinde (ev-in-de)
in your (thy) house
evinizde (ev-iniz-de)
in your house
evine (ev-in-e)
to your (thy) house
evinize (ev-iniz-e)
to your house
evinden (ev-in-den)
from your (thy)house
evinizden (ev-iniz-den)
from your house 304
evinin (ev-in-n)
of your (thy) house
evinizin (ev-iniz-in)
of your house
ev
house
evler (ev-ler)
houses
evlerin (ev-in)
your (thy) houses
evleriniz (ev-ler-iniz)
your houses
evlerinde (ev-in-de)
in your (thy) houses
evlerinizde (ev-ler-iniz-de)
in your houses
evlerine (ev-in-e)
to your (thy) houses
evlerinize (ev-ler-iniz-e)
to your houses
evlerinden (ev-in-den)
from your (thy) houses
evlerinizden (ev-ler-iniz-den)
from your houses
evlerinin (ev-in-n)
of your (thy) houses
evlerinizin (ev-ler-iniz-n)
of your houses
(5) About the Main Suffixes Answers More Suffixes Addition of the individual suffixes is shown in the third line l ine of each example below. 1. Corner. 1. Corner. To the corner. His corner. To his corner. Köşe. Köşeye. Köşesi. Köşesine. Köşe. KöşeKöşe-ye. KöşeKöşe-si. Köşe-si-ne. Köşe-si-ne. 2. In 2. In the corner. In his his corner. From their corner. Köşede. Köşesinde. Köşelerinden. Köşe -de. Köşe-siKöşe-si-nde. nde. Köşe-leri-nden. Köşe-leri-nden. 3. World. In the world. In our world. His world. Dünya. Dünyada. Dünyamızda. Dünyası Dünya. Dünya-da. Dünya-mız Dünya- mız-da. -da. Dünya-sı Dünya-sı 4. In 4. In his world. Their world. From their world (OR From his worlds). To To their world Dünyasında. Dünyaları. Dünyalarından. Dünyalarına. Dünya-sı Dünya- sı -nda. Dünya-ları. Dünya-ları. DünyaDünya-ları-ndan ları-ndan = their world (OR Dünyalar-ı Dünyalar- ı-ndan = his worlds). Dünya-ları Dünya- ları-na. See Possessive Adjectives for an explanation 5. Minute. 5. Minute. In a minute. Second. In a second. Dakika. Bir dakikada. Saniye. Bir saniyede. Dakika. Bir dakika-da. Saniye. Bir saniye-de. 6. Hour. 6. Hour. In an hour. Day. In a day. Saat. Bir saatte. Gün. Bir günde Saat. Bir saat-te. Gün. Bir gün-de 7. Week. In a week. Month. In a month. Year. In a year. Hafta. Bir haftada. Ay. Bir B ir ayda. Yıl or Sene. Bir yılda or Bir senede. Hafta. Bir hafta-da. Ay. Bir ay-da. ay- da. Yıl or Sene. Bir yıl-da yıl-da or Bir sene-de.
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8. Dog. 8. Dog. Of the dog. The dog's. A dog's. dog's. From my dog. From her dog. Köpek. Köpeğin. Köpeğin. Bir köpeğin. Köpeğimden. Onun köpeğinden. Köpek. KöpeğKöpeğ-in. Köpeğ-in. Köpeğ-in. Bir Bir köpeğköpeğ-in. Köpeğ-im-den. Köpeğ-im-den. Onun köpeğ-i-nden köpeğ-i-nden mouse's. From your mouse. mouse. From his mouse. 9. Mouse. 9. Mouse. The mouse's. Fare. Farenin. Faren(iz)den. Faresinden Fare. Fare-nin. Fare -n(iz)-den. Fare-si-nden 10. Husband. 10. Husband. To her her husband. From her her husband. From their husbands. husbands. Koca. Kocasına. Kocasından. Kocalarından. Koca. Koca -sı - sı-na. -na. Koca-sı Koca- sı-ndan. -ndan. Koca-ları Koca-ları-ndan. -ndan. 11. Wife. From my wife. From his wife. From their wives. Karı. Karımdan. Karısından. Karılarından. Karı. Karı-mKarı-m-dan. dan. KarıKarı-sısı-ndan. KarıKarı-ları-ndan. ları-ndan. 12. Apple. 12. Apple. In the apple. apple. In my apple. apple. In your apple. In his his apple. Elma. Elmada. Elmamda. Elman(ız)da. Elmasında. Elma. Elma-da. Elma-m-da. Elma-n(ız) Elma- n(ız)-da. -da. Elma-sın Elma-sın-da -da 13. It 13. It is in my apple. It is in her her apple. Those are their apples. O elmamda(dır). O elmasında(dır). Onlar onların elmaları(dır) O elma-m-da -(dır). -(dır). O elmaelma-sı-ndası-nda-(dır). (dır). Onlar onların elmaelma-larıları-(dır) 14. Radio. 14. Radio. On the radio. radio. On his radio. Of the radio. radio. His radio's Radyo. Radyoda. Radyosunda. Radyonun. Radyosunun. Radyo. Radyo-da. Radyo-su-nda. Radyo-nun. Radyo-su-nun. 15. Shade. In the shade. Sun. In the sun. Cloud. In the clouds. Gölge. Gölgede. Güneş. Güneşte. Bulut. Bulutlarda. Gölge. Gölge-de. Gölge-de. Güneş. Güneş-te. Güneş -te. Bulut. Bulut-lar-da. 16. Story. In the story. In his story. His story's. From their story Hikâye. Hikâyede. Hikâyesinde. Hikâyesinin. Hikâyelerinden. Hikâye. Hikâye-de. Hikâye-si-nde. Hikâye-si-nin. Hikâye-ler-in-den. 17. Museum. 17. Museum. At the Museum. Museum. Our museum. From From our museum. Müze. Müzede. Müzemiz. Müzemizden. Müze. Müze-de. Müze-miz. Müze-miz-den. 18. Cafe. In the cafe. At your cafe. At her cafe. Lokanta. Lokantada. Lokantan(ız)da. Lokantasında . Lokanta. Lokanta-da. Lokanta-n(ız) Lokanta- n(ız)-da. -da. Lokanta-sı Lokanta- sı-da. -da. 19. Shelf. On the shelf. On the shelves. On his shelf. s helf. From their shelves Raf. Rafta. Raflarda. Rafında. Onların raflarından. Raf. Raf-ta. Raflar-da. Raf-ı Raf- ı-nda. Onlar-ın Onlar-ın raf -ları-ndan. ları-ndan.
Adding Basic Suffixes
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1. My My ear. In my ear. ear. His ears. From his ears. Kulağım. Kulağımda. Kulakları. Kulaklarından. 2. Your foot. On your foot. Our feet. To our feet. Ayağınız/Ayağın. Ayağınızda/Ayağında or Ayaklarımız. Ayaklarımıza. 3. My 3. My wrist. Of my wrist. Their wrists. From their wrists. Bileğim. Bileğimin. Bilekleri. Bileklerinden. 4. My 4. My bank. In my bank. Her bank. bank. From her bank. bank. Bankam. Bankamda. Bankası. B ankası. Bankasından. 5. My 5. My place. In my place. From his place. Of Of our place. Yerim. Yerimde. Yerinden. Yerimizin. 6. Our door. Our doors. My door's. My doors'[Of my doors]. Kapımız. Kapılarımız. Kapımın. Kapılarımın. 7. Your club. In your club. From his club. Kulübünüz/Kulübün. Kulübünüzde/Kulübünde. Kulübünden. [Kulüb-ü-nden. = from = from his club whereas club whereas Kulübün-den = from = from your (sing.) club. club. Although this looks and sounds and is spelt the same, in reality when taken in context there are usually no mistakes.] 8. A 8. A manager. My manager. manager. From my manager. He is a manager. manager. Bir müdür . Müdürüm. Müdürümden. O bir müdürdür. 9. With your advice. It is my advice. From his advice. Öğüdünüzle. Öğüdümdür. Öğüdünden. (Öğüdünüz ile.) 10. I 10. I came from work. work. I came from my work. work. İşten geldim. İşimden geldim. 11. A 11. A sword. My sword. My swords. My sword's. Bir kılıç. Kılıcım. Kılıçlarım. Kılıcımın. 12. Book. 12. Book. Our book. book. To our book. In his book. Kitap Kitabımız. Kitabımız. Kitab Kitabımıza. Kitab Kitabında. 13. Letter. 13. Letter. My letter. Your Your Letter. In our letter. Mektup. Mektubum. Mektubunuz/Mektubun. Mektubumuzda. 14. It 14. It is my cat. I have got a cat. My cat cat has got a mouse. Kedimdir. Bir kedim var. Kedimin bir faresi var. 15. There is something in my eye. Gözümde bir bir şey var. 16. There is a car in the t he street. It is my car. Have you got a car? Sokakta bir araba var. Benim arabamdır. arab amdır. Arab Arabanız/Arab anız/Araban var mı? 17. I 17. I have a car. car. He has a car. Bir arabam var. Onun arabası arab ası var. 307
18. His 18. His car is blue. My car car is white. Arabası Arabası mavi rengidir. Arabam Arabam beyaz rengidir. 19. Where are my glasses. Are they on the table? Gözlüğüm nerededir? Masanın üzerinde midir? 20. The manager's wife's cat is in the garden. Müdürün eşinin kedisi bahçededir. 21. The answers are easier this time. Bu defa cevaplar daha kolaydır. 22. The work is very hard but in the end it is useful. Ödev çok zor fakat sonunda faydalıdır. 23. I 23. I have learned a lot from my teacher. teacher. Öğretmenimden çoğu öğrendim. 24. Debt. 24. Debt. My debt. How much do I owe? Borç. Borcum. Borcum kaça? (Borcum ne kadar?)
(6) About Adjectives Answers to Simple Adjectives araba. 1. The green car. car. - Yeşil araba. 2. It 2. It is the right road? road? - Doğru yol mu? 3. Is 3. Is it the big house? house? - Büyük ev mi? 4. The room is small. small. - Oda küçük. 5. Is 5. Is the table bright green? green? - Masa yemyeşil mi? 6. A 6. A clever man. man. - Zeki bir adam. 7. It 7. It is a very long queue. queue. - Upuzun bir kuyruk. 8. Is 8. Is it a short way? way? - Yol kısa mı? Answers to Comparatives b ir şehir 1. Ankara 1. Ankara is a large city city - Ankara büyük bir b ir şehir 2. Adana 2. Adana is as large a city city as Ankara Ankara - Adana, Ankara kadar büyük bir 3. Mehmet 3. Mehmet is richer than Ahmet Ahmet - Mehmet, Ahmet'ten daha zengin 4. Mehmet 4. Mehmet is the cleverest cleverest man man - Mehmet, en zeki adam Mehmet 5. Ahmet 5. Ahmet is not so old as Mehmet - Ahmet, Mehmet'ten daha az yaşlı 6. This is the very last question question - Bu, en son soru(dur) (7) Possessive Adjectives Translate to Turkish 1. ekmek - bread, loaf my bread - ekmeğim your bread - ekmeğin her bread - ekmeği our bread - ekmeğimiz 308
your bread - ekmeğiniz their bread - ekmekleri 2. harita - map my map map - haritam your map map - haritan his map map - haritası our map map - haritamız your map map - haritanız their map map - haritaları 3. havlu - towel my towel - havlum your towel - havlun her towel - havlusu our towel - havlumuz your towel - havlunuz their towel - havluları 4. davet - invitation my invitation invitation - davetim your invitation invitation - davetin her invitation invitation - daveti our invitation invitation - davetimiz your invitation invitation - davetiniz their invitation invitation - davetleri - (This word is Arabic Origin so the final -t does not soften to -d) 5. kibrit - match my match match - kibritim your match match - kibritin his match match - kibriti our match match - kibritimiz your match match - kibritiniz their match match - kibritleri - (This word is Arabic Origin so the final -t does not soften to -d) 6. sabun - soap - soap my soap soap - sabunum your soap soap - sabunun her soap soap - sabunu our soap soap - sabunumuz your soap soap - sabununuz sabunları their soap soap - sabunları 7. mektup - letter my letter - mektubum your letter - mektubun his letter - mektubu 309
our letter - mektubumuz your letter - mektubunuz their letter - mektupları 8. köprü - bridge my bridge bridge - köprüm your bridge bridge - köprün her bridge bridge - köprüsü our bridge bridge - köprümüz your bridge bridge - köprünüz their bridge bridge - köprüleri 9. kilit - lock my lock - kilidim your lock - kilidin his lock - kilidi our lock - kilidimiz your lock - kilidiniz their lock - kilitleri 10. köpek - dog my dog - köpeğim your dog - köpeğin his dog - köpeği our dog - köpeğimiz your dog - köpeğiniz their dog - köpekleri
(8) There is, There are Var and Yok Answers please? - Patlıcanınız var mı rica ederim? 1. Have 1. Have you any aubergines please? empty bag. bag. - Boş torbam torbam var. 2. I've 2. I've got an empty torbam yok. another bag. bag. - Başka torbam 3. I 3. I haven't got another torbanız yok mu? bag? - Başka torb 4. Haven't 4. Haven't you got another bag? 5. They've got a new house . - Onların yeni evleri var. 6. We've got an old house, haven't we? - Eski evimiz var, değil mi? bebeği var. Ayrıca kedisi var. 7. She has got a new baby. She also has a cat. - Yeni bebeği 8. I 8. I haven't got any any idea idea - Hiç bir fikrim yok. - (idea (idea - fikir, my idea idea - fikrim) NOTE:This noun fikir loses its final vowel when adding a suffix which begins with a vowel) 9. Have 9. Have you got an idea? idea? - Fikriniz var mı? - (idea (idea - fikir, your idea idea - fikriniz) haven't got any money for the 'phone. 'phone. - Bozuk paranız var mı? Telefon için 10. Have 10. Have you any change? I haven't param yok. arabaları yok mu? car? - Yeni arabaları 11. Haven't 11. Haven't they got a new car? ederim? please? - Sütünüz var mı, rica ederim? 12. Have 12. Have you any milk please? 13. Have 13. Have you got a spare tyre? tyre? - Yedek lastiğiniz var mı? 14. We've got a large garden. - Büyük bahçemiz var. 310
15. I've 15. I've got the right right answers answers - Doğru cevaplarım var 16. He 16. He has sixteen questions for me. me. - Benim için onun onaltı soruları var
(9) The Verb "to be" Positive Past and Present Tenses of the Verb "to be" Positive Note: - You will see the present tense verb - "to be" -dir in the answers below. It is often oft en omitted in Turkish unless you are making a Statement of Fact ie. Iron is heavy. heavy. - Demir ağırdır. Usually it is only added when emphasizing. However, the past tense form is always used in all cases. 1. evim kırmızıdır - my house is red 2. kırmızı bir evdir - it is a red house 3. paltom uzundur - my overcoat is long 4. uzun bir paltodur - it is a long overcoat 5. köpeğim küçüktür - my dog is small 6. küçük bir köpektir - it is a small dog 7. cadde geniştir - the road is wide 8. geniş bir caddedir - it is a wide road 9. hastayım - I - I am ill 10. hastayız - we are ill 11. mutlusun - you - you are happy bir kadınsın - you 12. mutlu bir - you are a happy happy lady 13. yorgundurlar - they are tired 14. yorgunduk - we were tired 15. kedim mutludur - my cat is happy 16. kedim kahverengiydi - my cat was brown 17. odam yeşildir - my room is green 18. odam büyüktür - my room is big 19. mor renkli bir evdi - it was a purple coloured house 20. ev mor renkliydi - the house was purple coloured
(10) The Verb "to be" Negative Answers - "to be" - Negative - Translate into English bardak değil(dir), bir fincandır 1. This is not a glass, it is a cup cup - Bu bir bardak bardak(tır) 2. Is 2. Is this a glass? glass? - Bu, bir bardak(tır) 3. That black dog is very big big - O kara köpek çok büyük 4. Is 4. Is your dog black coloured? coloured? - Köpeğin kara renkli mi? Arabam, sokakta(dır) 5. My 5. My car is in the street - Arabam, Arabam sokakta değil, değil mi? 6. My 6. My car isn't in the street, is it? it? - Arabam 7. They are not happy, they are sad sad - Mutlu değil, üzgündürler 8. Are 8. Are they happy? happy? - Mutlu mudurlar? 9. My 9. My mother is very old old but she is happy. happy. - Annem çok yaşlı, fakat mutlu(dur) 10. Your mother isn't very old, is she? - Annen o kadar çok yaşlı değil, değil mi? 11. My 11. My father is very rich but he is unhappy unhappy - Babam zengin fakat mutsuz(dur) baban zengin değildi, değil mi? 12. Your father wasn't rich last year, was he? - Geçen yıl baban 13. My 13. My sister is young and beautiful beautiful - Kız kardeşim genç ve güzel(dir). 311
14. Isn't 14. Isn't my sister beautiful - Kız kardeşim güzel değil mi? 15. My 15. My brother is strong st rong and handsome handsome - Erkek kardeşim kuvvetli ve yakışlı(dır)
Translate into Turkish 16. Is 16. Is your brother handsome? handsome? - Erkek kardeşin yakışlı mı? 17. Our family is very large. large. - Ailemiz çok büyük(tür) büyük değil(dir). 18. Your family is not large large - Ailen büyük 19. Our house is not small, it is wide and long - Evimiz küçük değil, geniş ve uzun(dur) . güzel değil mi? 20. Her 20. Her house is nice, nice, isn't it? it? - Evi çok güzel 21. You are not ill, you are very well well - Hasta değil, çok sıhhatlisiniz 22. Were you ill yesterday? yesterday? - Dün, hasta mıydınız? 23. I 23. I am right and he is wrong - Ben, haklıyım, O yanlış(tır) 24. Wasn't I right then! then! - Öylese, doğru değil miydim? 25. We are not English, we are German German - İngilizliyiz, alman değiliz. 26. I 26. I am not a German German - Bir alman değilim. 27. The white horses are in the field field - Beyaz atlar tarlada(dır) bahçede değil(dir) 28. The black cat is not in the garden - Kara renkli kedi bahçede bugün okulda(dır) 29. The children are at school today today - Çocuklar, bugün 30. Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? it? - Yarın bir tatil günü, değil mi?
(11) Present Continuous Tense Translate from Turkish 1. Şimdi yağmur yağıyor - It - It is raining now. Otobüs şimdi geliyor mu? - Has 2. Otobüs - Has the bus come yet? yet? 3.Babam bu anda radyoyu dinliyor. - My - My father is listening to the radio at the moment. [The moment. [The verb dinlemek takes takes an accuative object in turkish] 4. Bu anda çocuklar denizde yüzüyorlar. - The children are swimming in the sea at the t he moment. 5. Şimdilik bu otelde kalıyorum. - At - At present I am staying in this hotel. 6. Erkek kardeşim gelecek ay buraya geliyor. - My - My brother is coming next month. 7. Mayıs'ta evleniyoruz. - We are getting married in May. çocukları götürüyor musunuz? - Are 8. Pazar günü parka çocukları - Are you taking the the children to the park park on Sunday? kay bediyorum. - I 9. Her zaman gözlüğümü kaybediyorum. - I am always losing my glasses. kay betmiyor muyum? - Aren't 10. Daima gözlüğümü kaybetmiyor - Aren't I always losing my glasses? 11. Türkçe öğreniyorum. - I - I am learning Turkish. 12. Bu yıl her gün bahçemizi suluyoruz. - This year we are watering our garden every day. 13. Arkadaşımı bekliyorum. - I - I am waiting for my friend.
(12) Wide Tense Positive Translate from Turkish babam İstanbul'a İstanbul'a gider - My 1. Ara sıra babam - My father occasionally occasionally goes to Istanbul arabasıyla gider - Sometimes Ali goes to work in his car 2. Bazen Ali işine arab ara balarını yıkarlar - They often wash their car(s) in the street 3. Sık sık sokakta arab st reet 312
4. Bugünlerde seyrek arkadaşlarımızı görüşürüz - We seldom see our friends these days 5. Daima açık havada yemeklerimizi yeriz - We always eat our meals in the open air 6. Her yıl Alanya'da tatillerimi yaparım - I - I take my holiday in Alanya every year 7. Saatte bir kez otobüs Ankara'ya kalkar - The bus leaves for Ankara once an hour 8. Her akşam kertenkeleler şu kayalarda oynarlar - Every - Every evening evening lizards play on those rocks rocks
(13) Wide Tense Negative Translate from Turkish 1. Sizi her akşam beklerim, olmaz mı? - I'll - I'll wait for you every every evening, alright? akşama beklerdim, değil mi? - I 2. Sizi her akşama - I used to wait for you every every evening, didn't didn't I? 3. Türkçe konuşmaz mısınız? - Don't - Don't you speak Turkish? 4. Türkçe konuşmaz mıydınız? - Didn't - Didn't you used to speak Turkish? 5. Sigara içer misiniz? - Do - Do you smoke cigarettes? 6. Sigara içmez mıydınız? - Didn't - Didn't you used to smoke cigarettes? 7. Bu kitap okumak ister misiniz? - Do - Do you want to read read this book? 8. Bir gazete alır mısınız, lütfen? - Would you buy a newspaper, please? 9. Kapı çalıyor, lütfen açmaz mısınız? - The door' s ringing, wouldn't you open it please?
(14) Potential Mood "Can… Can't… " Translated from Turkish okuyabiliriz, fakat onu konuşamayız. - We can read Turkish, but we can not speak it. 1. Türkçe okuyabiliriz, 2. Bu hafta bizi ziyaret edemez misiniz? - Won't you visit us this week? 3. Gelecek hafta beni ziyaret edebilecek misiniz? - Will you be able to visit me next week? 4. Sizi dışarıda bekleyemez miyiz? - Can't we wait for you outside? konuşa bilirsiniz, ama sigara içemezsiniz. - You can converse here, but you can not smoke. 5. Burada konuşabilirsiniz, bana yardım edebilir edebilir misiniz? - Could you help me, please 6. Lütfen, bana Translated from English 3. You can find a taxi in front f ront of the hotel. - Otelin önünde bir taksi bulabilirsiniz. 2. Will you be able to go to Turkey next year? - Gelecek yıl Türkiye'ye gidebilecek misiniz sabah çantamı bulamadım. - (bul -a -ma -dım) -dım) 3. This morning I could not find my bag. bag. - Bu sabah 4. Where can English newspapers be found? - (bulun-abil-mek) (bulun-abil-mek) - Nerede İngiliz gazeteler bulunabilir? speak English here? - (konuş-abil-en) -abil-en) - Buralarda İngilizce'yi 5. Is 5. Is there anybody who can speak konuşab konuşabilen var mı? 4.
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Diminutive and Affectionate - the suffix -cik -cık -cuk -cük . This suffix is vowel harmonized forms are cik -cık It also becomes -çık -çik -çuk -çük when when it mutates to its hard form when it is added to words which end in a hard consonant. baba- father babacık - becomes - babacık - daddy Mehmetçik - [Lit: Little Mehmet] - is the t he general affectionate word for a soldier. This would be a Tommy in Tommy in English. kedi - cat - becomes - kedicik - pussycat köpek - dog - becomes - köpecik - puppy Final -k in in the noun stem is usually dropped when adding this suffix. Because the terminal -k is is dropped then the suffix takes its soft form of -cik . The following examples also show this loss of terminal "-k": küçük - small - becomes - küçücük - little ufak - small - becomes - ufacık - tiny, minute minik - small - small and nice nice - becomes - minicik - wee, tiny
Vowel Production Sometimes when adding the diminutive Suffix -cik it it causes an extra vowel to be inserted - in effect the suffix becomes -icik : az- less less - becomes - azıcık - little less as less as in birazıcık - just - just a little bir- one one - becomes - biricik - unique dar - narrow narrow - becomes - daracık -narrowish -narrowish In the word - azıcık - Although this inserted vowel is written, writt en, it is often glossed over in actual speech. babacığım! If we add the possessive pronouns such as -im to the diminutives - my my - (babacık (babacık + -ım becomes ım becomes babacığım! babacığım - (baba-cığ - daddy!). daddy! ). So you can often hear children crying - babacığım (baba- cığ--ım) - (my daddy or daddy or anneciğim (anne-ciğ (anne- ciğ-im) -im) - (my mummy or mummy or even köpeciğim! - my little puppy!. puppy! . Formation of nouns from adjectives - the suffix -lik -lık -luk -lük . This suffix is vowel harmonized forms are -lik -lık The suffix -lik is is very heavily used in Turkish. It has four main uses in Turkish as follows; 1. Formation of Abstract and Collective Nouns The main use of the suffix -lik is is to form f orm Abstract Nouns from Adjectives. güzel - beautiful - becomes - güzellik - beauty mutlu - happy happy - becomes - mutluluk - happiness iyi - good - good - becomes - iyilik - goodness - goodness çocuk - child - becomes - çocukluk - childhood zor - difficult becomes becomes zorluk - difficulty, complication It should be noted that the English Abstract nouns end in -ness, -tion, -ity, etc (generally) etc (generally) Of course these abstract nouns can be further suffixed in Turkish according to their function in meaning: mutluluğum - [mutluluğ-um] [mutluluğ-um] - my happiness Hepimiz, çocukluğumuzu mutluluk içinde geçirdik. O zamanlarda mutluluğum sonsuzdu. mutluluğum sonsuzdu. - All of us passed our childhood childhood in happiness. At that that time my happiness happiness was endless - [Hep-imiz, çocuk-luğ çocuk- luğ-umuz-u -umuz-u mut-lu-luk iç-i-nde geç-ir-dik. O zaman-lar-da mutlu-luğ mutlu- luğ-um -um son-suz-du.]
Thanks to Murat Açık for corrections to the sections a bove and below - JG, December 2012 314
Formation of Collective Nouns genç- young becomes becomes gençlik - youth - youth yaşlı - old becomes old becomes yaşlılık - age insan - person/human - person/human becomes becomes insanlık - human-kind kişi - person/individual - person/individual becomes becomes kişilik - personality/identity - personality/identity Bakan - Minister becomes becomes Bakanlık - Ministry - Ministry balık - fish - fish becomes becomes balıkçı - fisherman - fisherman becomes becomes Balıkçılık - Fishing - Fishing Club, Group, Association Association This last example shows that noun suffixes can be chained to produce further extended meanings. meanings. Thanks to Kadir Demirel for suggestions in i n this section - JG - Nov. 2006
2. Forming nouns of Usage When adding -lik to to concrete nouns or verb stems it forms nouns and adjectives meaning meaning - suitable for.. intended for... place of... tuz - salt - salt - becomes - tuzluk - salt - salt cellar biber - pepper - pepper - becomes - biberlik - pepper - pepper shaker shaker göz - eyeeye- becomes - gözlük - spectacles - spectacles kira - hire hire - becomes - kiralık - for - for hire yağmur - raın- becomes - yağmurluk - raincoat, mackintosh, oilskin
3. Forming Nouns of Location Bakan - Minister - becomes - Bakanlık - Ministry - Ministry çamaşır - linen, laundry itemsitems - becomes - çamaşırlık - a laundry orman - forest - forest - becomes - ormanlık - forest - forest place In this example of - forest - forest - we can see that Turkish uses -lik to to make a Substantive Noun of Location, as in the following example: O tepenin arkasında büyük bir bir ormanlık bulunur - There is a large forest (to be found) behind that hill. Here the word - ormanlık - is used as a general Substantive Noun of Location. We may go on to talk about yab ani hayvan varmış. - It this particular - orman - itself: O ormanda çok yabani - It seems there are many many wild animals in that forest. Many place names - (have a look at a Turkish map) - often end in the suffix -lik . One that springs to mind is Ayvalık - Place Quince - [ayva], ther e is also a place near Çeşme called Değirmenlik - Place - Place of the Quince - Place of the Mill - [değirmen] It is difficult to translate this suffix directly into English, we can only say - "Quince" or "Quinceville" and "Milltown" or "Millhill" or whatever. Arising from the above we can also form nouns of "Place of" as follows elmalık - apple orchard - from - elma - apple sebzelik - vegetable garden, stall - from - sebze - vegetable çiçeklik - flower - flower garden, stall - from - çiçek - flower - flower kitaplık - book casecase- from - kitap - book
4. The Suffix -lik with Numbers: A number is normally used as an adjective thus the number 10 (as an adjective) - on yumurta - ten eggs. eggs. Turkish changes numbers and numeric expressions into nouns by the addition of the -lik suffix suffix thus the number 10 - on- becomes - onluk - the amount of ten. ten. This is like saying Lend me a "tenner" in English, 315
where the number 10 has become a noun of the amount ten. The suffix -lik is is often added to counted nouns to produce a complex counted noun. Let us take our example of on yumurta - ten eggs. eggs. If we say I want a ten egg box. in English we understand that our requirement is "A box that will contain the amount of ten t en eggs." Let us look at some possibilities in Turkish: on yumurta bir kutu - ten eggs one box box - this example has no meaning in Turkish - it is just two t wo items "ten eggs" and "one box". Turkish will use a counted noun - on yumurtalık - ten eggs-amount - thus - I - I want a ten egg box box - becomes: On yumurtalık bir kutu istiyorum - [Lit: I want a ten egg-amount box.] eggs If we want to say - I - I want a box of ten eggs - the Turkish uses the -li - furnished - furnished with, containing - suffix: On yumurtalı bir kutu istiyorum - I containing ten eggs. - I want a box containing İki kişilik çadır var mı? - [Lit: Is there a tent of two person-amount?] - in English - Is - Is there a double tent? tent? Evet var. Kaç günlük ? - [Lit: Yes, there is. How many day-amount?] - in English - Yes there is. For how many days?
An "eggy" question Here is an "eggy" question from one of our Turkish friends, showing the diference in Turkish logic: Shouldn't that be? - "I want a ten egged box" box" - Cafer Bey by Email My answer: To your suggestion: "I want a ten egged box". I'm sorry sorr y I can not agree, I feel it should be "I want a ten egg box", as I have written. If we say it your way, it makes the box itself "modified" as in "I " I want a black coloured box" or "I want a silk lined box". But a "ten egg box" describes a box that can contain up to "ten eggs" ; that is how it is understood. Let us not forget that supermarkets in England sell their eggs in "egg boxes" not in "egged boxes" To understand the difference "I want a three key box" - a box to put three keys into, and "I want a three keyed box" - a box which need three keys to open it.
5. Formation of Negative Abstract Nouns - the suffix -sizlik in suffix to form Negative abstract nouns in The -lik suffix suffix is often added to the -siz - without, lacking in suffix sizlik sabır sabır - patience sabırsız- impatient sabırsızlık - patience - becomes - sabırsız - and the abstract noun sabırsızlık - impatience dikkat - care care - becomes - dikkatsiz - careless and careless and the abstract noun - dikkatsizlik - carelessness - carelessness
Further suffixes can be added to show the noun condition Hepimizin çocuk-luğu çocuk-luğu mutsuzluk içinde geçti [Hepimiz-in çocuk-luğ çocuk- luğ-u -u mutsuzluk iç-i-nde geçti] - All - All of our childhood(s) passed in unhappiness. Demin dikkatsizliğini [dikkat-siz-liğ [dikkat-siz-liğ-i-ni] -i-ni] fark ettim - I - I just noticed your carelessness. carelessness. dikkat - is from an Arabic Feminine Plural - and as such it does not follow Turkish Vowel harmony Rules as the final letter -a- is pronounced quite long - dikkAAt. Consequently any added suffixes take the Dotted form. More about Compound Nouns: Bisikletimizi bıraktığımız bıraktığımız yeri hatırlayamayacağız - We will not be able to remember the place where we leave/have left our bicycle(s) [Bisiklet-imiz-i bicycle(s) [Bisiklet-imiz-i bırak bırak -tığtığ-ımız yer -i hatırla-ya-ma-yhatırla-ya-ma-y-acağız] acağız] 316
In these sentences - yer - is the t he place that we can not remember where we left the bicycle, and - bisiklet - is the bicycle. Therefore both of them should be in accusative case. If we had wanted to say - I can't remember remember my bicycle's place place - then we should have said - Bisikletimin yerini hatırlayamıyorum In this sentence - Bisikletimin yeri - is a Definite Noun Combination (both nouns are substantive) The first component is in genitive form. The second component gets the suffix -i (if it ends with a vowel it usually gets the buffer letter -s except the word - su- water - which takes buffer letter -y- to produce suyu (the only irregular noun in Turkish) Many thanks to Nilda Ginn for corrections and suggestions to this above - JG JG Feb. 2006 -and -and thanks to Kadir Demirel for corrections. - JG Nov. 2006
Definite Noun Completion Here the first noun possesses the noun it modifies. The second noun is then suffixed as definitive. We should note that both components retain their grammatical function as a noun in their own right. bisikletimin garajı - [Bisiklet-im-in garaj-ı] garaj-ı] - my bicycle's garage garage - (the garage of my m y bicycle) kapının zili - [kapı[kapı-nın zil-i] zil-i] - the door-bell - (the bell of the door) Mehmet'in arabası arabası - [Mehmet'-in araba-sı] araba- sı] - Mehmet's car - (the car of Mehmet) pencerenin perdesi - [pencere-nin perde-si] - the window-curtain window-curtain - (the curtain of the t he window) All the above are Definite Compound nouns as they are both particular and both Definite. If we take the last example [the window its-curtain] - pencerenin perdesi - the window's curtain curtain - we can see that it is a particular curtain belonging to a particular window. But we can also make this an Indefinite noun "any window curtain" - pencere perdesi - window curtain curtain - This then is the t he difference between Definite and Indefinite (see below) Compound Nouns.
Indefinite Noun Completion Here the first noun acts as an adjective to describe the second noun which is suffixed as a definitive noun. When two nouns are joined - as in lamp-post , the second noun takes the third t hird person possessive suffix, e.g. ışık direği - (ışık direğ-i) direğ-i) - lamp-post [Lit: [Lit: Lamp its-post]. nightclub [Lit: night its-club]. Similarly - gece kulübü - (gece kulüb-ü) - nightclub [Lit: This is the way that Turkish shows a connection between the two words to make a complex noun - the first noun "lamp" becomes an adjective to describe the second "post" which is made into a definitive noun by the addition of the third person suffix. Of course further suffixes can be added to this complex noun as required: ışık direği - [direğ-i] [direğ-i] - (from direk) - lamp post - [lamp its-post] onun ışık direği - [direğ-i] [direğ-i] - his lamp post Mehmet'in ışık direği - [direğ-i] [direğ-i] - Mehmet's - Mehmet's lamp post onun ışık direğinden - [direğ-i-nden] [direğ-i-nden] - from - from his lamp post Mehmet'in ışık direğinden - [direğ-i--nden] [direğ-i--nden] - from - from Mehmet's lamp post If you say lamp post , , that is ışık direği, and his lamp post would would be also ışık direği. Why? Because the -i at the very end has the meaning of "Indefinite Noun Completion" as as in the first phrase, and "Possession for the 3rd. Person Singular" as as in the second. To avoid doubling only one of them is used. This shows the conflict between Indefinite Indefinite Noun Completion Suffix -i and 3rd. Person Possessed Suffix -i. But how to distinguish between them? In In order to do that, you you should bring onun - his, - his, her at at the beginning, thus onun ışık direği is clearly about possession.
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For example- The minister for tourism would bakanı. If we want to say England's minister for tourism would be turizm bakanı bakanı [not "Ingiltere'nin turizm bakanını" tourism, we should say Ingiltere'nin turizm bakanı bakanını" (or b (or bakanısı)]. akanısı)]. so bakanı çok genç(tır). we can say - England's - England's minister for tourism is very young. young. - Ingiltere'nin turizm bakanı And if you want to say - from his lamp post - then similarly you would say onun ışık direğinden ışık direğinden - [direğ-i-nden] [direğ-i-nden] - from - from the lamp post bisiklet yeri - [bisiklet yer-i] - the bicycle place kapı kolundan kolundan - [kapı kol-u-ndan] kol-u-ndan] - from - from the door handle yaz okulu - [yaz okul-u] - the summer school yolcu gemisinde - [yolcu [ yolcu gemi-si-nde] gemi-si-nde] - on the ferry boat - (Lit: the traveller boat) Ali'nin elma ağacı - [elma ağacağac-ı] - Ali's apple tree ayakkabı ayakkabı boyası - [ayakkabı [ayakkab ı boya-sı] boya-sı] - the shoe polish bilgisayar ekranı - [bilgisayar ekran-ı] ekran- ı] - the computer screen kızımın öğrenci karnesi - [öğrenci karne-si]karne -si]- my daughter's student (school) report su borusu - [su boru-su] - the water pipe deniz suyu - [deniz su-yu] - the sea water susu] - this is an In the last example above you will see that the definitive of - su (water) - is suyu- [not susu] exception, and is the ONLY unique exception in The . Many thanks to Oytun Oytun Arslan for corrections and suggestions suggestions to this page. - JG - 19 Sept 2011
Non-attached Completion Used for indicate the material used . Neither noun is made definitive - thus producing a Combined Noun. Here the first noun of material acts as an adjective describing the main noun which follows. This shows that adjectives always precede their noun in Turkish; it is important to realize this. tahta kapı - wooden door alüminyum pencere - aluminium window demir köprü - iron bridge
Nouns Nouns which which lose lose an inte interna rnall vowel vowel in Turkis Turkish h Apocop pate Definition of grammar term: Apoco verb. - To cut off or drop; as, to Apocopate a word, or the last letter, lett er, syllable, or part of a word. adj. - Shortened by apocope ; as, an Apocopate form.
Apocopating Nouns This is a comprehensive list of Turkish nouns which lose their final vowel (apocopate) when a suffix which itself begins with a vowel is added to the noun. As an example: izin - leave, time off - becomes izn-im [NOT izin-im] - my leave (ie leave (ie the final vowel of the noun root is dropped when adding a suffix which begins in a vowel.
Adding a vowel does affect the Noun iznim - my leave leave - iznimden - [izn-im-den] - since - since my time off.. off.. The Final Vowel in the noun is lost when adding -im - my.. suffix my.. suffix (which begins with a vowel)
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Adding a consonant does NOT affect the Noun izindeyim - [izin-de-yim] - I - I am on leave.. leave.. Here the vowel of izin is not lost as the first suffix -de begins with a consonant. Some Examples of Possessive Adjectives being added fikrimiz - our idea - from fikir keyfi - his/her joy joy - from keyif oğlum - my son son - from oğul boynu - his neck - from boyun nakli - his transport - from nakil - transport nakdi - his cash cash - from nakit - cash injunction - from ahit ahdi - his injunction In the last two examples above that the final consonant -t has Mutated to its soft form -d. kaybı kaybı- his loss loss - from - kayıp also undergoes a softening of the consonant -p to -b. We can thus see that the rules of Consonant Mutation are still observed in the reduced form of the noun. There are some words in this list which do not soften their root vowel as they may be considered (a) Single occasion - which Syllable Words or (b) Foreign Word Imports. As an example we cite: vakit (arb.) - time, occasion becomes - vaktim - my time Thanks to Wojtek of Poland for corrections and suggestions to the section s ection above - JG - May 2007 Thanks to Murat Açık for corrections to the a bove section - JG, December 2012
Some Examples of Case Suffixes being added Mehmet filmi seyretmiş seyretmiş - It - It seems Mehmet watched watched the film film - (film-i) Here the Direct Object suffix -i affects the noun - filim - film - film Ali'nin alnı terliyor - Ali's aln-ı) - Ali's forehead is sweating - (Ali'nin aln-ı) Here the word - forehead - forehead - is in i n the Possessive Relationship which affects the noun - alın - shortening it to aln-. Note: That if we add a suffix which begins with a consonant, then the root word retains its basic form: ağızda - in the mouth beyinden - from - from the brain kayıptan - from - from the loss But of course the root word is shortened (apocopated) (apocopated) as stated above, if the first added suffix begins with a vowel: ağzında - [ağz[ağz-ı-nda] - in his mouth beynimden - [beyn-im-den] - from - from my brain kaybımızdan kaybımızdan - [kayb-ımız [kayb-ımız-dan] -dan] - from - from our loss A Comprehensive Apocopating Noun List Nouns which lose lose their final vowel from the root word. These particular nouns are to be shortened before before adding any suffixes beginning beginning with a vowel. This list is comprehensive comprehensive to The as far as we know. Common Verbs - You can learn these words individually on this page below:
Basic Noun Direct Object Form Form Basic Meaning Meaning Aciz
Aczi - (NOT - acizi) Impotence
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Ağız
Ağzı
Mouth
Ahit
Ahdi
Injunction
Akıl
Aklı
Intelligence
Akit
Akti
Treaty
Akis
Aksi
Reflection
Alın
Alnı
Forehead
Asıl
Aslı
Origin
Asır
Asrı
Century
Azim
Azmi
Determination
Bağır
Bağrı
Bosom
Bahis
Bahsi (Bahse girmek) Bet, girmek) Bet, Wager - (to make make a bet)
Beyin
Beyni
Brain
Boyun
Boynu
Neck
Burun
Burnu
Nose
Cisim
Cismi
Substance, matter, object
Cürüm
Cürmü
Crime
Defin
Defni
Burial
Devir
Devri
Period
Ecir
Ecri
Reward/Wage
Emir
Emri
Order ; Command
Fasil
Fasli
Part, chapter
Fetih
Fethi
Conquest
Fikir
Fikri
Idea
Geniz
Genzi
Nostril
Göğüs
Göğsü
Breast
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Gönül
Gönlü
Heart/Desire
Hacim
Hacmi
Volume
Haciz
Haczi
Distraint, confiscation, seizure
Hapis
Hapsi
Prison
Hasım
Hasmı
Enemy, foe, rival
Hazım
Hazmı
Digestion
Hışım
Hışmı
Rage/Anger
Hüzün
Hüznü
Grief
İlim
İlmi
Science
İsim
İsmi
Name
İzin
İzni
Leave/Time off off
Kadir
Kadri
Worth/Value
Kahır
Kahrı
Anxiety
Karın
Karnı
Stomach
Kasıt
Kastı
Intention, purpose, deliberatness deliberatness
Kayın
Kaynı
Brother-in-law
Kayıp
Kaybı
Loss
Kesir
Kesri
Fraction (in maths)
Keşif
Keşfi
Discovery
Keyif
Keyfi
Pleasure
Kısım
Kısmı
Part (of)
Metin
Metni
Text
Nabız
Nabzı
Pulse
Nakil
Nakli
Transport
Nakit
Nakdi
Cash
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Nazım
Nazmı
Verse, poetry
Nefis
Nefsi
Self, personality
Nesir
Nesri
Prose
Neşir
Neşri
Publication, edition, broadcasting
Nutuk
Nutku
Speech, oration
Oğul
Oğlu
Son
Resim
Resmi
Picture
Sabır
Sabrı
Patience
Satıh
Sathı
Superficie, plane
Seyir
Seyri
Motion
Sıkıt
Sıktı
Miscarriage
Şehir
Şehri
City
Şekil
Şekli
Form/Shape
Şükür
Şükrü
Gratitude
Tavır
Tavrı
Mode/Manner Mode/Manner
Ufuk
Ufku
Horizon
Vakit
Vakti
Time, occasion
Vasıf
Vasfı
Characteristic, qualification, quality
Zehir
Zehri
Poison
Zihin
Zihni
Intellect
Zulüm
Zulmü
Tyranny, cruelty
Many of these words - especially the parts of the body like burun - nose becomes nose becomes burnum - my nose and nose and beyin - brain becomes brain becomes beynim - my brain etc. brain etc. are in constant daily use therefore time should be taken to learn some of this list's common words. Last but not least, a small hint in i n Turkish - for the word "şehir" itself, we perform the vowel loss; however, for the words "Eskişehir", "Nevşehir" (which ( which are actually cities in Turkey), we say "Eskişehir'e gidiyorum" or "Nevşehir'imiz çok güzel", without using vowel loss. These are proper nouns (özel isim). Many thanks to Oytun Arslan for corrections and suggestions to this page. - JG - 19 Sept 2011 322
The The Defin Definite ite Art Artic icle le in Tur Turki kish sh The Subject Definite Article - the There is no Turkish word for the subject definite article, only the context tells us when to insert the in the in English: çay pahalı - Tea is expensive çay soğuk - The tea is cold araba caddede - The car is in i n the road However when the noun is an object of a verb as in - Mehmet mended mended the radio radio - then Turkish does use an the - (called the Accusative Case in grammar). So let us content ourselves to say that the Objective Suffix the Subject Definite Article the does the does not, as a word, exist in Turkish, but it does exist as an Objective Suffix. the is discussed below. This Objective the is
The Direct Object Suffix - the This Direct Object Suffix which makes the Object substantive is one of the most diffi cult hurdles for English Speakers to surmount when speaking, speaking, reading and understanding The . It has the form of a suffix. suffix . See full discussion on the Direct Object
-i/-ı/ -i/-ı/-u/-ü -u/-ü - used with bare nouns which end in a consonant. -yi/-yı/ -yi/-yı/-yu/-yü -yu/-yü - used with bare nouns which end in a vowel. -ni/-nı/ -ni/-nı/-nu/-nü -nu/-nü - used with extended [already suffixed] nouns ending in a vowel. This suffix is called the Accusative case in Classical Grammar, but we should also note that Turkish Grammar itself does not use Classical Grammar nomenclature. We have to realize that in English we make both the Subject and and Object of a sentence substantive substantive by the use of the same Definite Article - the the - as an example: Adam kapıyı (k apıapı- yı The (subject substantive) man closed the closed the (object (object substantive) door yı) kapattı - The (subject We have learnt elsewhere that the subject is already understood as substantive in Turkish, so it does not need a Definite Article. In fact the Subject Definite Article the does not exist in Turkish, there is no " The man" as the Subject Definite Article the is the is already understood in context. However there is an Object Definite Article the in Turkish which appears as the suffix -i (governed by vowel harmony), is used when added to a bare noun stem or used with extended [already suffixed] nouns which in a in a consonant - or -(y)i - buffer letter -y is used when added to a bare noun stem ending in a vowel - or -(n)i - buffer letter -n is used when added to an already extended [suffixed] noun, according to Vowel Harmony Rules.
Nouns both bare and extended ending in a consonant: kilidi(kilid-i)kapattı - THE man locked THE lock (1) Adam kilidi(kilid-i)kapattı (The -i suffix makes the bare noun - THE LOCK - substantive as a Direct Object (2) Adam kilidimi (kilid-im-i) kapattı - THE man locked MY lock (The -i suffix makes the extended noun - MY - MY LOCK - substantive as a Direct Object Nouns both bare and extended ending in a vowel: Adam kapıyı (kapı(kapı -yı) kapattı - THE man closed THE door (The -yı suffix makes the bare noun - THE DOOR DOOR - substantive as a Direct Object Adam kapısını (kapı(kapı -sısı-nı) kapattı- THE man closed HIS door (The -nı suffix makes the extended [already suffixed] noun- HIS DOOR DOOR - substantive as a Direct Object 323
To sum up: The use of verbs needs an object pointer (grammatically called the Accusative Case) in Turkish whi ch is -ı -ü -u or -yi -yı -yı -yü -yu using buffer letter -y- after vowels. However if the object pointer follows suffix -i -ı -nı -nü -nu when another suffix then the buffer letter becomes -n- and thus the object pointer suffix is -ni -nı attached to possessed objects. Some examples of Object Pointers (Accusative Case) Direct Object pointer -y-i for Simple Noun arabayı arabayı boyuyorum - [araba-y-ı] [araba-y-ı] - I am painting the car. car.
-s-ı plus Direct object pointer -n-ı -n-ı for Extended Noun. Possessive Pronoun -s-ı arabasını arabasını boyuyorum - [araba-s-ı [araba-s-ı-n-ı] -n-ı] - I am painting his car [the [the his car..] Possessive pronoun -ları plus Object Pointer -nı for Extended Noun. arabalarını arabalarını boyuyoruz. - [araba-lar ı-n-ı] -n-ı] - we are painting their car . [the their car..] Possessive Pronoun -sı plus Direct object pointer -nı for Extended Noun arabasını arabasını boyuyor musunuz? - [araba-s-ı [araba-s-ı-n-ı] -n-ı] - are you painting his car? Possessive Pronoun -ınız plus Direct object pointer -ı for Extended Noun. Mehmet, arabanızı arabanızı boyamıyor mu? - [araba-nız [araba-nız--ı] - Isn't Mehmet painting your car? Possessive Pronoun -si plus Direct object pointer -ni for Extended Noun. kedisini aramıyor muyum? - [kedi-s-i-n-i] - Aren't cat? - Aren't I looking for his cat? Direct Object Pointer -i for Personal Pronoun Beni istiyor musun? - [ben -i] - Do - Do you want me? me? Direct Object Pointer -i for Personal Pronoun Seni istemiyor muyum? - [sen -i] - Don't - Don't I want you? you?
The Indefinite Article The Singular Indefinite Article is: bir - a, an, one bir kapı - a gate bir elma - an apple bir bardak - one glass caddede bir araba var - there is a car in the road some The Positive Plural Indefinite Article is: birkaç - som In English the Article - some - some - is only used in Positive Statements whereas - any any - is used in Negative Statements and also both in Positive and Negative Questions. Both "some" or "any" are translated as - bazı (always with a plural noun - "bazı "b azı masalar" = "some tables") - in i n Turkish.
Positive Statements use - some - some - in English: Bahçede birkaç birkaç kapı var. - There are some gates in the garden. Bahçede birkaç kedi var. - There are some cats in the garden. Caddede birkaç araba var. - There are some cars in the road.
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The Negative Singular/Plural Indefinite Article is - hiçbir- not one or one or just hiç- not any Negative Statements Statements use - any (usually any (usually with the plural) - in English. Bahçede hiçbir hiçbir kapı yok./B yok./Bahçede hiç kapı yok. - There is not a gate in the garden at all. / There aren't any gates in the garden. Bahçede hiçbir kedi yok./Bahçede hiç kedi yok. - There is not a (single) cat in the garden. / There aren't any cats in the garden. i n the road (at all). / There aren't Caddede hiçbir araba yok./Caddede hiç araba yok. - There is not a car in any cars in the road. Both Positive and Negative Questions use - a (single)? at all? all? - in English Bahçede hiçbir hiçbir kapı yok mu? - Isn't - Isn't there a (single) gate in the garden? Bahçede bir bir kedi var mı? - Is - Is there there a cat in the garden? Caddede hiçbir araba yok mu? - Isn't there a car in the road road at all? Caddede bir araba araba var mı?- Is there a car in the road? road? The Negative Plural Indefinite Article is - hiç- any, none at all Negative Statements Statements use - any any - in English: Bahçede hiç kapı yok. - There are not any gates in the garden. Bahçede hiç kedi yok. - There are not any cats in the garden. Caddede hiç araba yok. - There are not any cars in the road r oad . Both Positive and Negative Questions use - any any - in English Bahçede hiç kapı yok mu? - Aren't - Aren't there any gates in the garden? garden? Bahçede birkaç birkaç kedi var mı? - Are - Are there any cats cats in the garden? Caddede hiç araba yok mu? - Aren't there any cars cars in the road? Caddede birkaç araba araba var mı? - Are there any cars in the road? birkaç - some - some and and hiç - not any any - always take a singular noun in Turkish - but the meaning is plural in both Turkish and English. - birkaç kadın - some - some ladies, ladies, hiç ev - not any houses From the previous section we can see s ee that hiçbir - not a single one one - is used for the singular both in Turkish and English - Caddede hiçbir araba yok. - There is not a car in the road? Hiç - meaning ever or or never In normal verbal positive verbal positive questions questions - hiç - translates as - ever Hiç Alanya'ya gittiniz mi? - Have ever been to Alanya? - Have you ever In normal verbal negative questions questions - hiç - translates as - never never been to Alanya? Alanya? Hiç Alanya'ya gitmediniz mi? - Have - Have you never Other Indefinites are: bazı - some - some Caddedeki bazı bazı arab arabalar vardı, şimdi artık hiç yok. - There were some cars in the road, now there are none. azı evler - some NOTE: bazı - some - some - always takes the plural - bazı kadınlar - some - some ladies, ladies, bazı evler - some houses Thanks to Murat Açık for corrections to the a bove section - JG, December 2012
birçok - a lot of or many caddede birçok araba var - there are a lot of cars on the road. caddede birçok araba var - there are many cars on the road . road . biraz - a little, a small amount biraz şeker, lütfen - a little sugar, please 325
About Gender Generally Turkish has no gender. There is only one form of the noun, no masculine as - actor - and feminine as - actress - as in English, which has two forms f orms of these nouns, however when gender distinction is necessary within the context, then Turkish uses simple locutions: kız - girl - girl or or kadın - lady lady - can be placed in front of the noun to show human femininity: terzi - tailor - becomes - kadın terzi - tailoress arkadaş - friend - friend - becomes - kız arkadaş - girl - girl friend dişi - female - female - can be used before nouns to show a female animal köpek - dog - becomes - dişi köpek - bitch male/man - can be used to show maleness erkek - male/man kardeş - sister/brother erkek kardeş - brother - sister/brother - becomes - erkek kardeş kız - girl/maiden - girl/maiden - can be used to show femininity kardeş - sister/brother - sister/brother - becomes - kız kardeş - sister - sister This method is used whenever it is necessary to differentiate between the sexes of your brother/sisters.
The Exceptions of Family Relationships We stated above that generally there is i s no gender distinction in Turkish, unhappily this does not apply to close family relationships as, for instance many relations on the mother's side will have a different word than the father's side: Just two examples here - but they are myriad! m yriad! amca - uncle uncle - [father's brother] brother] - and dayı - uncle uncle - [mother's brother] teyze - aunt - [mother's sister] and sister] and hala - aunt - [father's sister]
A word list of Turkish Family Relations father baba mother anne baby bebek brother erkek kardeş sister kız kardeş elder brother abi (ağabey) elder sister abla elder brother's wife yenge elder sister's husband enişte son oğul, erkek çocuk daughter kız, kız çocuk aunt (mother's side) teyze aunt (father's side) hala grandfather dede, büyükbaba grandmother nine, büyükanne grandmother (mother's (mother's side) anneanne grandfather (father's side) babaanne nephew, niece yeğen uncle (father's side) amca uncle (mother's side) dayı cousin kuzen father-in-law kayınbaba, kayınpeder mother-in-law kaynana, kayınvalide sister-in-law (of a male) baldız sister-in-law (of a female) görümce brother-in-law kayınbirader brother-in-law's wife of a female elti 326
sister-in-law's husband of a male son-in-law ; bridegroom daughter-in-law ; bride sister's husband grandson ; granddaughter, granddaughter, grandchild twin twin brother, twin sister wife husband step mother step father
bacanak damat gelin enişte torun ikiz ikiz kardeş eş, hanım, karı koca üvey anne üvey baba
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