Conductismo: Watson

Cnfl{c|dsgn: Jnaf I Xo|snf

Goyço Lkb Y Cnbóf Cnbóf SNN;9=;44

Cnfl{c|dsgn 

\knyço gkcofdsds|o q{k lkscydik kb cng}ny|ogdkf|n niskypoln cngn {fo yks}{ks|o }yklkcdibk of|k bo k}kydkfcdo

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\knyço lkb o}ykfldzojk o}ykfl dzojk q{k aock äf`osds kf kb ks|{ldn lk bns cng}ny|ogdkf|ns t kpkf|ns niskypoibks t kb }yklkcdibk }o}kb lkb kf|nyfn kf bo }ynl{ccdóf } ynl{ccdóf lkb cng}ny|ogdkf|n

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Ksc{kbo lk }sdcnbnhço }oyo bo c{ob kb cnfck}|n lk cnfcdkfcdo fn kyo ú|db fd fkcksoydn kf bo lkscyd}cdóf" k}bdcocdóf" k}bdcocdóf" }ykldccdóf t cnf|ynb lk bo cnfl{c|o

Cnfl{c|dsgn Yoldcob Yoldcob •

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J& I& Xo|snf cykço `dygkgkf|k q{k kb sky a{gofn fn fock" sk aock

Ks lkcdy" lkcdy" q{k {|dbdzofln {| dbdzofln yk`{kyzns t cos|dhns" }{klks gnblkoy bo }kysnfobdlol lk {f dfldpdl{n o |{ of|njn S{ `yosk gïs `ognso ks: ‒Lolgk {fo lnckfo lk fdÿns sofns" idkf `nygolns" }oyo q{k bns kl{q{k" t tn gk cng}yngk|n o kbkhdy {fn lk kbbns ob ozoy t oldks|yoybn }oyo q{k sk cnfpdky|o kf {f ks}kcdobds|o lk c{obq{dky |d}n q{k tn }{klo kscnhky ' gäldcn" oinholn" oy|ds|o" angiyk lk fkhncdns k dfcb{sn gkfldhn n bolyóf' }ykscdfldkfln lk s{ |obkf|n" dfcbdfocdnfks" |kflkfcdos" o}|d|{lks" pncocdnfks t yozo lk s{s of|k}osolns‗ 

Jnaf Iynol{s Xo|snf !?181'?4;1$ •

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@{ä kb }ydgky }sdcóbnhn kf df|ynl{cdy t {|dbdzoy kb |äygdfn ‒cnfl{c|dsgn‗& Ni|{pn s{ ]aL kf }sdcnbnhço kf bo [fdpkysdlol lk Cadcohn !?4=?'?4=<$5 kf bo c{ob |yoiojó cngn }yn`ksny lk }sdcnbnhço cng}oyo|dpo t k}kydgkf|ob !?4=0$ \yoiojó kf bo [fdpkysdlol Jnaf An}edfs cngn Ldykc|ny lkb boinyo|nydn lk }sdcnbnhço

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@{k df`b{kfcdoln }ny kb cnfldcdnfogdkf|n cbïsdcn lk ]opbnp t bo }sdcnbnhço cng}oyolo lkb }sdcóbnhn Dfhbäs C Bbntl Gnyhof" osç cngn }ny bns kscyd|ns sniyk bo }sdcnbnhço ofdgob lk Klxoyl B \anyfldek

Ks lkcdy" bo cnfl{c|o" skhúf ks|ns o{|nyks" fn }yncklk lk dfs|df|ns fd lk fdfhúf n|yn `oc|ny n kbkgkf|n dffo|n" sdfn q{k sk olq{dkyk gkldof|k kb cnfldcdnfogdkf|n

Cnfldcdnfogdkf|n' ks {fo gnlobdlol lk o}ykfldzojk q{k cnfsds|k kf o}ykflky o yks}nflky lk {f gnln f{kpn of|k {f ks|çg{bn" q{k lk `nygo dffo|o fn }ynpnco {fo yks}{ks|o kf }oy|dc{boy Lkscydik bos cnfl{c|os o{|ngï|dcos n gkcïfdcos lk bns nyhofdsgns !dfcb{tkfln ob angiyk$ 

Cnfldcdnfogdkf|n cbïsdcn – |d}n lk o}ykfldzojk kf kb c{ob {f ks|çg{bn }ykpdogkf|k fk{|yn !q{k nydhdfobgkf|k fn }ynl{ck {fo yks}{ks|o }oy|dc{boy$ olq{dkyk kb }nlky lk hkfkyoy bo yks}{ks|o lks}{äs lk q{k kb ks|çg{bn ks yk}k|dlogkf|k osncdoln cnf n|yn q{k cngúfgkf|k }ynpnco bo yks}{ks|o 

]opbnp' niskypó q{k bns }kyyns {|dbdzolns kf bns k}kydgkf|ns fn sóbn sobdpoiof cnf bo }ykskfcdo lkb obdgkf|n kf bo inco: ios|oio q{k obh{fn lk s{s ot{lof|ks q{k bks olgdfds|yoiof bo cngdlo kf|yosk kf kb boinyo|nydn }oyo q{k sk }ynl{jksk bo gdsgo yks}{ks|o !cnfldcdnfogdkf|n cbïsdcn n cnfl{c|o yks}nfldkf|k$ 

]sdcnbnhço cng}oyolo n ofdgob' }yk|kflk cnfncky bo cnfl{c|o a{gofo t bns gkcofdsgns q{k bo }ynpncof" gkldof|k kb ks|{ldn lk n|yos ks}kcdks" t cng}oyofln bns cng}ny|ogdkf|ns ks|{ldolns cnf bns a{gofns Ks kb ks|{ldn cng}oyo|dpn lk bo cnfl{c|o ofdgob t a{gofo" }oy|dkfln lk bo |knyço kpnb{|dpo lk Caoybks Loyxdf 

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Cnfxt Bbntl Gnyhof' df|ynl{jn bn q{k sk cnfnck

cngn }ydfcd}dn lk }oysdgnfço !bkt lk }oysdgnfço n }oyq{klol$ n cofnf lk Bbntl Gnyhof Ks|oibkck q{k fn sk lkikyï df|ky}yk|oy kb cng}ny|ogdkf|n lk {f ofdgob cngn kb yks{b|oln lk {fo `oc{b|ol }sdcnbóhdco s{}kydny S{hkyço sk i{scoyo k}bdcoy bo cnfl{c|o ofdgob lk `nygo sdg}bk

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Klxoyl B& \anyfldek' ks|oibkcdó kb cnfck}|n lk

cnfldcdnfogdkf|n dfs|y{gkf|ob S{hdkyk q{k bo cnfl{c|o sdypk lk )dfs|y{gkf|n) }oyo cnfskh{dy {f `df 

Cnfldcdnfogdkf|n dfs|y{gkf|ob { n}kyof|k' kb

cnfldcdnfogdkf|n n}kyof|k ks {f |d}n lk o}ykfldzojk osncdo|dpn q{k |dkfk q{k pky cnf kb lksoyynbbn lk f{kpos cnfl{c|os kf `{fcdóf lk s{s cnfskc{kfcdos !ks|çg{bn yk`nyzolny$" t fn cnf bo osncdocdóf kf|yk ks|çg{bns t cnfl{c|os yk`bkjos kds|kf|ks !cngn nc{yyk kf kb cnfldcdnfogdkf|n cbïsdcn$

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Xo|snf }yn}{sn {f }ynhyogo lk dfpks|dhocdóf" q{k lkfn|oio bo ykcnbkccdóf lk lo|ns gkldof|k k}kydgkf|ns idkf ldskÿolns Kf|kflço q{k bo `dfobdlol lk bo }sdcnbnhço kyo }nlky }yklkcdy bo yks}{ks|o lk {f nyhofdsgn `ykf|k o {f ks|çg{bn lk|kygdfoln O ks|n sk bk cnfnck cngn bo )}sdcnbnhço lkb ks|çg{bn' yks}{ks|o) !]sdcnbnhço K'Y$ Ks|o }sdcnbnhço }yks|o kscoso o|kfcdóf o bns }kfsogdkf|ns t skf|dgdkf|ns Kb }yks|dhdn lk q{k hnzó Xo|snf ldn {f fn|nydn dg}{bsn ob ks|{ldn lkb o}ykfldzojk" cnfpdy|däflnbn kf {fo lk bos ks`kyos }ydfcd}obks lk bo }sdcnbnhço cnf|kg}nyïfko @{k kbkhdln }yksdlkf|k lk bo Osncdocdóf ]sdcnbóhdco Ogkydcofo !O]O$ kf ?4?;

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Xo|snf |yoiojó |ogidäf kf bo }{kydc{b|{yo t kf bo kl{cocdóf df`of|db }{kydc{b|{yo ' Ldscd}bdfo gäldco t oc|dpdlol q{k sk nc{}o lk }yks|oy c{dlolns o bns fdÿns }oyo s{ gkjny lksoyynbbn l{yof|k bns }ydgkyns oÿns lk pdlo a||}:..xxxxnylyk`kykfckcng.lk`dfdcdnf.}{kydc{b|{yo

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Ykcngkfloio q{k o bns ikiäs sk bks cydoyo lk {fo gofkyo g{t nyhofdzolo t sds|kgï|dco" lk gnln q{k `{kyof cnfldcdnfolns cnf`nygk o {f }bof" kf bo ldykccdóf lkskolo }ny s{s }olyks

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Ocnfskjó" olkgïs" q{k fn sk bk |yofsgd|dkyof lkgosdolos )k`{sdnfks skf|dgkf|obks)" }{ks skhúf äb äs|os fn cnf|ydi{çof o `nygoy kb coyïc|ky Bns }{f|ns lk pds|o lk Xo|snf sniyk kb lksoyynbbn a{gofn |{pdkynf hyof yk}kyc{sdóf kf bos läcolos lk ?49= t ?43= Kf|yk s{s bdiyns }{klkf gkfcdnfoysk: ]stcanbnht `yng |ak S|ofl'}ndf| n` o Ikaopdnyds| !?4?4$" Ikaopdnydsg !?49;$ t ]stcanbnhdcob Coyk n` |ak Df`of| ofl Cadbl  !?491$ a||}:..xxx}sdcnoc|dpocng.idn.idn^99a|g

Yks{gkf Cynfnbóhdcn ?181 v Jnaf Iynol{s Xo|snf focdó kf Hykkfpdbbk" Sn{|a

Coynbdfo ?14? v Kb }olyk lk Jnaf" ]dcekfs Xo|snf" lkjo o s{ `ogdbdo ?144 v Sk hyolúo lk bo [fdpkysdlol @{ygof lk Sn{|a Coynbdfo ?4=? v Ni|dkfk {f gojny kf }sdcnbnhço t {f gdfny kf `dbnsn`ço t

fk{ynbnhço kf bo [fdpkysdlol lk Cadcohn Sk coso cnf Goyt Deks ?4=3 v Ykcdik s{ lnc|nyoln lk bo [fdpkysdlol lk Cadcohn

?4=; v Fock s{ }ydgkyo fdÿo" Goyt Sk go|ydc{bo kf Jnaf

An}edfs [fdpkysd|t  ?4=0 v Xo|snf `{k cnf|yo|oln cngn dfs|y{c|ny kf bo

[fdpkysdlol lk Cadcohn ?4=8 v Xo|snf `{k cnf|yo|oln cngn }yn`ksny osncdoln lk

}sdcnbnhço kf Jnaf An}edfs [fdpkysd|t Ks oq{ç  lnflk cngdkfzo o cnfnckysk cngn kb ‒]olyk lkb Cnfl{c|dsgn‗& ?4?3 v Lo bkc|{yo t }{ibdco s{ oy|çc{bn |d|{boln )]stcanbnht os

|ak Ikaopdnyds| Pdkxs D| !]sdcnbnhço cngn bo pk kb cnfl{c|ds|o$‗&

?4?< v ]{ibdco s{ bdiyn Ikaopdny: Of Df|ynl{c|dnf |n Cng}oyo|dpk ]stcanbnht  !Cnfl{c|o: {fo df|ynl{ccdóf

o bo }sdcnbnhço cng}oyo|dpo$& ?4?; v Xo|snf pdkfk o sky kb ]yksdlkf|k lk bo Ogkydcof ]stcanbnhdcob Ossncdo|dnf !O]O$&

?4?0 v Cngdkfzo ks|{ldns sniyk kf`kygklolks gkf|obks

Cngdkfzo o |yoiojoy kf }{ibdcdlol kf bo ohkfcdo Jogks Xob|ky \ang}snf ?4?4 v ]{ibdco s{ bdiyn ]stcanbnht @yng |ak S|ofl}ndf| n`  o Ikaopdnyds|s !]sdcnbnhço lkslk kb }{f|n lk pds|o

cnfl{c|ds|o$ 

?49= v Xo|snf c{bgdfó s{ kg}bkn kf bo Jnaf An}edfs [fdpkysd|t

]{ibdcó s{ k}kydgkf|n )Bd||bk Obiky|) !]kq{kÿn Obiky|$

Sk kf`ncó kf bo }{ibdcdlol ?49< v Xo|snf pdkfk o sky kb Pdck'}yksdlkf|k lk bo ohkfcdo J Xob|ky

\ang}snf ?49; v ]{ibdcó s{ bdiyn Ikaopdnydsg !Cnfl{c|dsgn$ ?491 v Xo|snf }{ibdco s{ bdiyn ]stcanbnhdcob Coyk n` Df`of| ofl  Cadbl !C{dloln }sdcnbóhdcn lkb fdÿn t lkb df`of|k$& ?4<; v Sk yk|dyo cngn Pdck'}yksdlkf|k lk bo ohkfcdo lk }{ibdcdlol

lk Xdbbdog Ks|t ?4;1 v Xo|snf q{kgo |nlns s{s |yoiojns fn }{ibdcolns t g{kyk

}ncn |dkg}n lks}{äs a||}:..xxxg{sedfh{gkl{.v}stca.}stcxki.ads|nyt.xo|snfa|g

K}kydgkf|n gïs Dg}ny|of|k •

ks|k k}kydgkf|n `{k {fo lkgns|yocdóf kg}çydco lkb }ynckldgdkf|n lk cnfldcdnfogdkf|n cbïsdcn ykobdzolo }ny Xo|snf t s{ cnboinyolnyo kf bo [fdpkysdlol Jnaf An}edfs" Ynsobdk Yotfky ‒]kq{kÿn Obiky|‗ –

a||}:..gkhaofbhdbbhbnhs|kycng.jnaf'i'xo|snf.

Nijk|dpns lkb K}kydgkf|n •

Skhúf lkscydikf Xo|snf t Yotfky !?49=$" bns nijk|dpns lk ks|k k}kydgkf|n kyof: ? ¾]{klk cnfldcdnfoysk o {f fdÿn }oyo q{k |kgo o {f ofdgob q{k o}oykck sdg{b|ïfkogkf|k cnf {f y{dln `{ky|k> 9 ¾Sk |yofs`kydyï |ob gdkln aocdo n|yns ofdgobks { nijk|ns dfofdgolns> 3 ¾C{ïf|n }kysds|dyï |ob gdkln> a||}:..ksxded}kldonyh.xded.]kq{k+C3+I?n^Obiky|

Gk|nlnbnhço •

Sk skbkccdnfó o {f fdÿn sofn lk 4 gksks" Obiky|" }oyo kb k}kydgkf|n

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Sk bk kogdfó }oyo lk|kygdfoy sd kds|ço kf äb {f gdkln }ykpdn o bns nijk|ns q{k sk bk diof o }ykskf|oy !ofdgobks cnf }kbn$" kogkf q{k `{k fkho|dpn

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Sk dlkf|d`dcó {f gdkln o bns snfdlns `{ky|ks !cngn kb }ynl{cdln ob hnb}koy {fo bïgdfo gk|ïbdco cnf {f goy|dbbn `{ky|kgkf|k$ a||}:..ksxded}kldonyh.xded.]kq{k+C3+I?n^Obiky|

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Kb k}kydgkf|n dfdcdó c{ofln Obiky| |kfço ?? gksks t |yks lços Kb ldskÿn kyo }ykskf|oybk ob }kq{kÿn Obiky| {f nijk|n lk cnbny ibofcn t ob gdsgn |dkg}n {f y{dln `{ky|k !hnb}kofln {fo ioyyo lk|yïs lk bo coikzo lkb fdÿn$

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Lks}{äs lk poydns kfsotns" kb fdÿn snbbnzó of|k bo }ykskfcdo lk {fo yo|o" t b{khn gns|yó hkfkyobdzocdóf lkb ks|çg{bn of|k ibnq{ks" {f }kyyn" bofo" {f oiydhn" kf|yk n|yns K&D& !y{dln$

'''''''''''6

K&C& !nijk|n ibofcn$

Y&D& !bbof|n$

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Y&C & !bbof|n$

a||}:..ksxded}kldonyh.xded.]kq{k+C3+I?n^Obiky|

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Fn bbkhó o dg}bkgkf|oysk {fo skh{flo `osk lkb k}kydgkf|n" q{k cnfsds|dyço kf ks|{ldoy bo `nygo lk q{d|oy kb gdkln cnfldcdnfoln

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Obh{fos pkysdnfks o|ydi{tkf ks|o df|kyy{}cdóf o q{k bo golyk" {fo ogo lk bkcak !fnlydzo$ q{k |yoiojoio kf kb Anhoy }oyo Fdÿns Dfpïbdlns Aoyydk| Bofk t |ogidäf kf bo ]ad}}s Cbdfdc lk}kfldkf|k lk bo [fdpkysdlol Jnafs An}edfs" q{k kyo kf lnflk Xo|snf bbkpoio o coin s{s k}kydgkf|ns" yk|dyó ob fdÿn lk bo skydk lk k}kydgkf|ns

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N|yos pkysdnfks skÿobof q{k Xo|snf soiço lk c{ïf|n |dkg}n lds}nflyço lkslk kb cngdkfzn" cnf bn c{ob fn sk k}bdco bo `ob|o lk }ykpdsdóf a||}:..ksxded}kldonyh.xded.]kq{k+C3+I?n^Obiky|

Pdlkn: K}kydgkf|n ]kq{kÿn Obiky|

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a||}:..xxxlodbtgn|dnfcng.pdlkn.8pdnn^xo|snf't'kb'}kq{kfn'obiky|^scannb

Jnaf I Xo|snf

a||}:..`dsaikdf{cadcohnkl{.ob{gfda|gb

Cnfck}|ns Iïsdcns •

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O}ykfldzojk' cogidn }kyl{yoibk kf kb cng}ny|ogdkf|n q{k nc{yyk cngn yks{b|oln lk bo k}kydkfcdo O}ykfldzojk osncdo|dpn' sk ks|oibkck {f kfbock gkf|ob kf|yk lns kpkf|ns Cnfldcdnfogdkf|n' skhúf Xo|snf" ks {fo `nygocdóf lk aïid|n Ks|çg{bn dfcnfldcdnfoln !KD$'c{obq{dky ks|çg{bn q{k" cnf of|kydnydlol ob |yo|ogdkf|n k}kydgkf|ob" }ynl{ck {fo yks}{ks|o cnfsds|kf|k t gkldibk Sk |yo|o }ny bn hkfkyob lk ks|çg{bns q{k }ynl{ckf yk`bkjns dffo|ns

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Yk`bkjn' bo ykoccdóf ykbo|dpogkf|k sdg}bk k dfpnb{f|oydo q{k sk }ynl{ck kf {f s{jk|n of|k bo }ykskfcdo lk {f ks|çg{bn Ks|çg{bn cnfldcdnfoln !KC$'sk bbogo osç o {f ks|çg{bn dfdcdobgkf|k fk{|yn" q{k osncdoln cnf {f ks|çg{bn dfcnfldcdnfoln !KD$" cnf kb |dkg}n" po o nydhdfoy {fo yks}{ks|o cnfldcdnfolo !YC$ Ks|çg{bn fk{|yn' ks oq{kb q{k" ob }ydfcd}dn lkb k}kydgkf|n" fn h{oylo ykbocdóf obh{fo fd cnf bo yks}{ks|o dfcnfldcdnfolo fd cnf kb ks|çg{bn dfcnfldcdnfoln Ks|çg{bn opkysdpn' ks {f ks|çg{bn q{k |dkfk bo }yn}dklol lk sky lksohyoloibk }oyo q{dkf bn ykcdik Ks|çg{bn o}k|d|dpn' ks {f ks|çg{bn q{k |dkfk bo }yn}dklol lk sky ohyoloibk }oyo q{dkf bn ykcdik Ks|çg{bn }nsd|dpn n yk`nyzof|k

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Yks}{ks|o dfcnfldcdnfolo !YD$'ks bo yks}{ks|o q{k sk lo of|k kb ks|çg{bn dfcnfldcdnfoln c{ofln fn ao aoidln fdfhúf |d}n lk oldks|yogdkf|n n dfs|y{ccdóf Skyço bo yks}{ks|o fo|{yob

Yks}{ks|o cnfldcdnfolo !YC$' ks bo yks}{ks|o q{k" |yos {f fúgkyn lk|kygdfoln lk k}kydgkf|ns" sk ykcdik of|k kb ks|çg{bn cnfldcdnfoln

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Bkt lk `ykc{kfcdo' ks|oibkck q{k bo `{kyzo lkb

pçfc{bn kf|yk kb KC t bo YC lk}kflk lkb fúgkyn lk osncdocdnfks n }oykogdkf|ns kf|yk ogins •

Bkt lk ykckfcdo' ks|oibkck q{k oq{kbbo

yks}{ks|o q{k sk }ykskf|o dfgkldo|ogkf|k lks}{äs lk {f ks|çg{bn }oy|dc{boy" ks bo q{k |dkfk gotny }ynioidbdlol lk o}oykoysk cnf ksk ks|çg{bn Cnfncdlo |ogidäf cngn bo bkt lk }yndgdlol |kg}nyob

Coyoc|kyçs|dcos Dg}ny|of|ks lk bo \knyço •

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Ks|oibkck q{k bns skyks a{gofns }{klkf sky ks|{ldolns |of nijk|dpogkf|k cngn c{obq{dky `kfógkfn `çsdcn Fn cnfsdlkyo q{k aot ld`kykfcdo c{obd|o|dpo kf|yk kb sky a{gofn t bns ofdgobks Bns aobbozhns kf bns nyhofdsgns ofdgobks snf pïbdlns }oyo bo ks}kcdk a{gofo

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Bos niskypocdnfks cnfl{c|{obks }{klkf sky }ykskf|olos kf bo `nygo lk ks|çg{bn' yks}{ks|o [f }ynibkgo lk cnfl{c|o ks snb{cdnfoln c{ofln ogins" kb ks|çg{bn t bo yks}{ks|o snf cnfncdlns Gdkf|yos gïs `ykc{kf|k t ykcdkf|k sko {fo yk}{ks|o ks}kcç`dco of|k {f ks|çg{bn }oy|dc{boy" gïs `{ky|k skyï kf `nygo }ynhyksdpo ldcan pçfc{bn osncdo|dpn

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\yokgns lk `nygo dffo|o |yks !3$ }o{|os iïsdcos lk ykoccdnfks kgncdnfobks: kb gdkln" bo dyo t kb ogny

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O}ykflkgns lóflk gofd`ks|oykgns {fo kgncdóf lk ogny" dyo n gdkln

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Lk`dfk bo }kysnfobdlol lkslk {f }{f|n lk pds|o cnfl{c|ds|o Ks|oibkck bo }kysnfobdlol cngn bo s{go lk oc|dpdlolks q{k }nlyçof sky lksc{idky|os }ny bo niskypocdóf lk bo cnfl{c|o }ny {f }kyçnln lk |dkg}n }ynbnfholn q{k iydflk df`nygocdóf cnf`doibk

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Ykkg}bozo kb |äygdfn lk ‒kf`kygklol gkf|ob‗ cnf |äygdfns |obks cngn }ky|{yiocdnfks lk bo cnfl{c|o t cnf`bdc|n lk aïid|ns  –

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Sk cnfsdlkyo cnfl{c|o }ky|{yiolo o co{so lkb o}ykfldzojk t.n aïid|ns fn'olo}|o|dpns

Ks|oibkck kb ykcnfldcdnfogdkf|n lk aïid|ns

Kjkg}bn •

[f fdÿn ykcdik bo }dcol{yo lk {fo opds}o n oikjo" b{khn |kgk o |nln dfskc|n pnbolny" }{ks|n q{k osncdo bo k}kydkfcdo }ykpdo cnf s{ k}nsdcdóf o bo f{kpo k}kydkfcdo