ASPEK PERUNDANGAN PERUNDANGAN PERNIAGAAN AKTA KONTRAK 1950
ELEMEN-ELEM ELEMEN-ELEMEN EN KONTRAK ONTRAK •
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Tawaran Tawaran (Ofer) Penerimaan (Ae!"ane) #a$a%an (&n%i'era"i&n) Nia" (in"en"i&n "& rea"e $ea$ re$a"i&n) Ke"en"an (*er"ain"+) Ke!a+aan (Lea$ a!ai"+)
ELEMEN-ELEM ELEMEN-ELEMEN EN KONTRAK ONTRAK •
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Tawaran Tawaran (Ofer) Penerimaan (Ae!"ane) #a$a%an (&n%i'era"i&n) Nia" (in"en"i&n "& rea"e $ea$ re$a"i&n) Ke"en"an (*er"ain"+) Ke!a+aan (Lea$ a!ai"+)
TAWARAN Ialah janji yang dibuat oleh pembuat tawaran kepada penerima tawaran dengan niat untuk mewujudkan hubungan yang mengikat di sisi undang-undang. Tawaran boleh dibuat secara lisan atau bertulis. Tawaran juga berbentuk nyata atau tersirat.
Elemen-elemen tawaran: 1. Mestil Mestilah ah jelas, jelas, lengkap lengkap dan muktamad . !enerim !enerimaa tawara tawaran n harus harus ditentukan ". Tawaran #s !elaw !elawaan aan tawaran 1. $elo $elonga ngan n . Edaran dan pengiklanan pengiklanan ". !eragaan !eragaan barang barang di kedai kedai %. &ualan &ualan melalui melalui katalog katalog
Tan Ge&, K&& . Gera$' /rani% Penamatan 1 Pema" R&$e%% $wn Pa+a Tern "awaran TAWARAN E%"a"e %'n #' (1922) ML3 46 mema"a$,an I% "ama7 %ama a'a w8' ,&n"ra, ai "awaran 8a$an 60 e,ar "ana P$ain"i "e$a mema+ar RM4000 ,e!a'a %ee$m 'een'an %eaai 'e!&%i" !enerimaan Deen'an (Pa+a Tern) menan"ar %ra" ,an ,e!a'a !era+ (Tan GK) %!a+a mema+ar %e$e!a%n+a a,i RM5:000 'a$am ma%a 'a min P$ain"i mema+ar RM5:000 %e$e!a% 6 6 Pen&$a,an "awaran &$e min; 'een'an "e$a menerima a+aran "er%e" 'an mene$ar,an re%i" ,!' Tan !enerima Se$e!a% %e$an; 'een'an (Pa+a Tern) "awaran mem$an,an RM40000 ,e!a'a !era+ (Tan) 'an men+a"a,an ,&n"ra, "i'a, w8' ,erana < L!" "ari, !era+ "e$a mema" a+aran me$e!a%i "awaran "em!& 6 min : Kema"ian a"a ,e"i'a,%iman •
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Keputusan Mahkamah: Satu kontrak telah wujud kerana wujud satu siri utusan antara Tan Geok Khoo dengan Paya Terubung
Se%a" +an me%"i 'ia" %ema%a "awaran ma%i "er,a Menen",an ,ew8'an ,&n"ra, %e$e!a% "awaran Menn8,,an !er%e"8an ,e!a'a %+ara"6 +an "er,an'n 'a$am ,&n"ra, E$emen6 !enerimaan7 Penerimaan 'ia" 'a$am "em!& "awaran Menen",an ,ew8'an ,&n"ra, Pern+a"aan !er%e"8an ,e!a'a %+ara"6 'a$am ,&n"ra, S+ara"6 !enerimaan Penerimaan me%"i$a 8e$a%; m"$a, 'an "i'a, er%+ara" Me%"i$a ia%a 'an mna%aa Me%"i$a 'i,&mni,a%i,an Da$am 8an,a ma%a mna%aa Ti'a, "er,a %e$ama$aman+a Penerimaan $en,a! -
Penerimaan
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Pre%"&n *&r! S'n #' $wn E'war' Le&n 'an $ain-$ain –
I% 'a$am ,e%
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#a+aran $eian %ean+a, RM500 Tn""an a, mi$i, =$em !ere"a,an
Ke!"%an Ma,ama Ra+an7 Pera+ (Pre%"&n) "e$a mema+ar %ema ,&% !ene"a,an ,ea$i 8m$a RM500 Pera+ menaan a+aran "amaan RM62056 +an 'i,ena,an &$e re%!&n'en (E'war') %eaai a8 "amaan n", mena%i$,an =$em S+ara" n+a"a a"a "er%ira" meni,a" 'i %i%i n'an-n'an
Balasan
>ara +an 'ia+ar &$e %a" !ia, n", e$i 8an8i a"a !era"an !ia, +an $ain E$emen6 a$a%an Me%"i mem!n+ai n%r "ima$ a$i, #a$a%an "i'a, %eme%"in+a 'r!' !enerima 8an8i #a$a%an $am!a a'a$a %a 'i %i%i n'an6 Se%a" a$a%an "i'a, %eme%"in+a er!a'anan #a$a%an me%"i$a %e%a" +an %a 'i %i%i n'an6 P!"#$"%#$ T#$P# B#&#S#$ #'#&#( B#T#& K)*#&% Perjanjian atas kasih sayang Beri pampasan se+ara sukarela Balasan dipaksa,arahan mahkamah Perjanjian bertulis utk bayar hutang lapuk
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K MURUGESU $wn NADARA3A> (1920) 6 ML326 Mre% (Pera+) er%e"8 n", men8a$ rma ,e!a'a Na'ara8a ('een'an) 'enan ara RM64000 Kem'ian; Mre% mn,ir 8an8i 'an enan 8a$ rma "er%e" Deen'an m&&n pelaksanaan spesifk. Mre% mena"a,an ,&n"ra, "i'a, %a ,erana a$a%an ,&n"ra, "i'a, w8'
Keputusan Mahkamah: Mahkamah telah memutuskan walaupun suatu kontrak tanpa balasan adalah tidak sah tetapi jika janji yang dibuat oleh satu pihak lain juga memberi janji sebagai balasan- janji ini boleh membentuk balasan yang sah
S&a$an Maa"ir "e$a mema" "awaran n", men8a$ $&rin+a ,e!a'a Na8i %eara "nai 'enan ara RM60 000 wa$a!n ni$ai !a%aran ,ere"a %eenarn+a RM<0 000 Na8i er%e"8 'enan "awaran i" #er'a%ar,an ,e% ini; rai,an "ia e$emen a$a%an 'a$am n'nan'an ,&n"ra,
$%#T
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PER3AN3IAN an"ara 'a !ia, +an w8'n+a NIAT n", mena'a,an ,&n"ra, +an meni,a" 'i %i%i n'an6 Ma,ama a,an menen",an eri," %eaai 8ian ,e!a'a NIAT7 a) Per8an8ian ,e$ara a"a '&me%"i, ) Per8an8ian !erniaaan (!er8an8ian 8a$ e$i "ana) S6(a) A,"a K&n"ra, 1950 @ a!ai$a %e%e&ran men+a"a,an ,e%e'iaann+a ,e!a'a %e%e&ran +an $ain me$a,,an a"a menaan 'iri 'ari!a'a me$a,,an %e%a" 'enan ma,%' ", mem!er&$e !er%e"8an &ran i" n", era" %e%a" a"a menaan 'iri 'ari!a'a era" %e%a" ma,a &$e 'i,a"a,an aawa &ran i" mema" a'anan
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Ke"en"an K&n"ra, + %a me%"i$a mem!n+ai !ern+a"aan +an 8e$a% ai %e"ia! !er,ara + 'i8an8i,an Ke,aran? ,e"i'a,"en"an ,&n"ra,7 Pennaan aa%a +an %amar 'an ,ar Pia, +an "er$ia" aa$ mena!ai ,a"a !er%e"8an !er,ara !&,&, 'an %+ara" 8an8i –
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K*P###$
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Se,%+en 11 A,"a K&n"ra, 1950 B ,e!a+aan er,&n"ra, B 'ewa%a; era,a$ %em!rna 'an "i'a, i$an ,e$a+a,an er,&n"ra, '/#S# B 12 "an A,"a Umr Dewa%a 191 B!#K#& SMP*!$# B Kemam!an in'iCi' memaami ra%i&na$ 'an ,e%an ,&n"ra, +an g 'i!er%e"8i T%'#K (%&#$G K&##K#$ 0 %e%e&ran +an inin mema%,i ,&n"ra, a!ai$a "i'a, "er'a!a" mana-mana n'an6 mena$an era" 'emi,ian
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Lea " 3%& $wn Awan 3&ari (192) 1 ML3 606 Awan (min&r 15 "an) meme$i %ei'an "ana + 'imi$i,i &$e !era+ (Lea)
Ke!"%an Ma,ama7 Ma,ama Tini mem"%,an ,&n"ra, a"a$ Ma,ama Ra+an - S44 A,"a K&n"ra, (Lea) 'i,een'a,i a+ar a$i, RM5000 ,e!a'a Awan 'an Awan 'i,een'a,i ,e$ar 'ari!a'a "ana "er%e" K&n"ra, "er%e" "e$a "era"a$ 'ari awa$ ,erana Awan "i'a, er,e$a+a,an er,&n"ra, 'ari %ei ,e!a+aan er,&n"ra,
S#!#T1 K2$T!#K K&n"ra, %a K&n"ra, "a, %a K&n"ra, a"a$ Pe$e!a%an ,&n"ra, Reme'i
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K&n"ra, Sa –
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K&n"ra, +an &$e 'i,a",a%a,an me$a$i n'an6 8i,a e$emen-e$emen a%a% S6() A,"a K&n"ra, 1950
K&n"ra, Ti'a, Sa –
K&n"ra, +an "i'a, &$e 'i,a",a%a,an &$e n'an6 'an "i'a, mem!n+ai ,e%an 'ari %ei n'an6
K&n"ra, #a"a$? #&$e #a"a$ •
Sea6 ,&n"ra, a"a$ –
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Di $aran 'i awa n'an6 Meneewa,an mana-mana n'an6 Peni!an (r&') Men'a"an,an enana ,e!a'a 'iri a"a ar"a &ran $ain Per8an8ian "i'a, erm&ra$
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Sea6 ,&n"ra, &$e a"a$ –
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Pa,%aan Penar "a, er!a""an /r&'? Peni!an Sa$a n+a"a Ki$a
Pe$e!a%an K&n"ra, •
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Per%e"8an !ia, er,&n"ra, Denan !e$a,%anaan Denan ,emn,iran Denan "ia'a ,emn,inan Denan !ena",a%aan n'an6
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Lea " 3%& $wn Awan 3&ari (192) 1 ML3 606 –
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K&n"ra, a"a$ 'ari m$an+a
#&$e,a %e&ran in'iCi' mema%,i ,&n"ra, 8i,a 'ia ermr 'i awa 12 "an
#&$e; ,&n"ra, n", ,e!er$an i'!; ,&n"ra, ia%i%wa 'an ,&n"ra, in%ran%
REMEDI •
Pem$ian 'an an"i ri +an &$e 'i"n"" !ia, +an menerima ,e%an ,emn,iran 8an8i 'ari!a'a !ia, $ain +an me$anar !er8an8ian 'a$am %e%a" ,&n"ra,
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LIMA 3ENIS REMEDI 1 an"i ri 6 menama",an ,&n"ra, < !e$a,%anaan %!e%i=, : in8n,%i 5 an"m Meri"
S&a$an Pemaaman Ke% 17 Pia, A "e$a mema+ar RM10 000 ,e!a'a !ia, # ,erana meme$i em!a" %aam ,e!n+aan !ia, # 'a$am %ea =rma r% niaa %aam Pia, A men'a,wa 'ia meme$i %aam a,ia" SALA>NFATAAN menenai ,e'',an ,ewanan 'an ma%a 'e!an =rma i" Pia, A menami$ "in'a,an menn"" 8m$a "er%e" #&$e,a !ia, A men'a!a" wann+a ,ema$i
Ke% 6 Pia, P "e$a menawar,an n", meme$i rma !ia, 'an memerin+a ma%a %e$ama $ima min n", menerima "awaran "er%e" Da$am "em!& ma%a i"; !ia, P "e$a mema"a$,an "awarann+a A'a,a !ia, P era, mema"a$,an ,&n"ra, "er%e"
KES < Pia, "e$a er%e"8 menan"ar RM6500 ai !emia+aan i%"erin+a %ema%a 'ia e,er8a 'i $ar neeri Ma$ann+a !ia, aa$ mene!a"i 8an8in+a I%"erin+a "e$a memawa ,e% ini ,e ma,ama A'a,a "eren", ,&n"ra, an"ara mere,a 3e$a%,an
S&a$an6 U$an ,a8i •
A%!e, Pern'anan Perniaaan
Ta,ri,an A,"a K&n"ra, 1950 •
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Se,%+en 6() A,"a K&n"ra, 1950 Per8an8ian +an &$e 'i,a",a%a,an &$e n'an-n'an Per8an8ian6 %&%ia$ 'an ,e,e$araan ,an ,&n"ra, K&n"ra, mer!a,an %a" !er8an8ian +an me$ia",an !emeri?!ena'an 'an !enerima "awaran; %+ara"-6 +an 'i!er%e"8i 'a$am !er8an8ian 'an &$e 'i,a",a%a,an 'i %i%i n'an6
S&a$an 1 •
Eni, Ama' "e$a mema" "awaran n", men8a$ ,ere"an+a ,e!a'a /ari' %eara "nai 'enan ara RM<0000 wa$a!n ara !a%aran ,ere"a er,enaan ia$a RM:5000 Eni, /ari' er%e"8 'enan "awaran "er%e" #er'a%ar,an %enari& ini; "eran,an "ia e$emen a$a%an 'a$am n'an-6 ,&n"ra, H4
Balasan
>ara +an 'ia+ar &$e %a" !ia, n", e$i 8an8i a"a !era"an !ia, +an $ain E$emen6 a$a%an Me%"i mem!n+ai n%r "ima$ a$i, #a$a%an "i'a, %eme%"in+a 'r!' !enerima 8an8i #a$a%an $am!a a'a$a %a 'i %i%i n'an6 Se%a" a$a%an "i'a, %eme%"in+a er!a'anan #a$a%an me%"i$a %e%a" +an %a 'i %i%i n'an6 P!"#$"%#$ T#$P# B#&#S#$ #'#&#( B#T#& K)*#&% Perjanjian atas kasih sayang Beri pampasan se+ara sukarela Balasan dipaksa,arahan mahkamah Perjanjian bertulis utk bayar hutang lapuk
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K MURUGESU $wn NADARA3A> (1920) 6 ML326 Mre% (Pera+) er%e"8 n", men8a$ rma ,e!a'a Na'ara8a ('een'an) 'enan ara RM64000 Kem'ian; Mre% mn,ir 8an8i 'an enan 8a$ rma "er%e" Deen'an m&&n pelaksanaan spesifk. Mre% mena"a,an ,&n"ra, "i'a, %a ,erana a$a%an ,&n"ra, "i'a, w8'
3awa!an S1 •
Tia e$emen a$a%an 'a$am n'an6 ,&n"ra, +an "er'a!a" 'a$am ,e% a'a$a7 –
a) Se%a" a$a%an me%"i mem!n+ai n%r "ima$ a$i, •
Da$am ,e% ini; Eni, /ari' mema+ar RM<0000 ,e!a'a Eni, A'$ mer!a,an a$a%an ,e!a'a "awaran Eni, A'$ menerima wan RM<0000 mana,a$a Eni, /ari' menerima ,ere"a mer!a,an %a" "ran%a,%i "ima$ a$i,
Samn •
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#) %e%a" a$a%an "i'a, %eme%"in+a er!a'anan Kere"a Eni, A'$ 'i8a$ 'enan ara RM<0000 wa$a!n ara !a%aran RM:5000
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*) a$a%an me%"i$a %e%a" +an %a 'i %i%i n'an6 Kere"a +an 'i8a$ i" a'a$a mi$i,an Eni, A'$ +an %a 'an ,an ,ere"a +an 'iri
S&a$an 6 •
A!a,a ma,%' ,&n"ra, %a
3w! S&a$an 6 Tawaran Penerimaan #a$a%an Nia" Ke"en"an Ke!a+aan •
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A!a,a +an 'ima,%',an ,&n"ra, a"a$ •
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K&n"ra, +an a"a$ %e8a, m$a !er8an8ian i" 'ia" Se&$a-&$a "i'a, w8' ,&n"ra, +an 'ia" Pia,-6 +an mema%,i ,&n"ra, a"a$ "er!a,%a mem$an,an %em$a aranan +an "er$ia" %e!er"i a%a$ %ee$m ,&n"ra, 'ia" Se,%+en 6 () %e%a" !er8an8ian +an "i'a, &$e 'i,a",a%a,an &$e n'an-6 a'a$a "i'a, %a 'an a"a$
#aaimana %e%a" ,&n"ra, men8a'i "i'a, %a •
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Per8an8ian 'i$aran 'ari &$e n'an6 Per8an8ian +an meneewa,an n'an6 Peni!an Menanam n+awa 'an ar"a en'a &r $ain Per8an8ian "i'a, erm&ra$
K&n"ra, #a"a$? #&$e #a"a$ •
Sea6 ,&n"ra, a"a$ –
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Di $aran 'i awa n'an6 Meneewa,an mana-mana n'an6 Peni!an (r&') Men'a"an,an enana ,e!a'a 'iri a"a ar"a &ran $ain Per8an8ian "i'a, erm&ra$
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Sea6 ,&n"ra, &$e a"a$ –
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Pa,%aan Penar "a, er!a""an /r&'? Peni!an Sa$a n+a"a Ki$a
A!a,a Reme'i •
Reme'i ia$a a, +an &$e 'i"n"" &$e %a" !ia, "era'a! !ia, $ain +an mema" ,&n"ra, 8i,a %a" !ia, mn,ir 8an8i
