DOCTRINA FILOSÓFICA DE DIOS
2011
Apuntes de Clase
52
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INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FILOSÓFICO DE DIOS U.P.M. Facultad de Filosofía P. Rubén Betancourt García
I. OBJETIVOS 1. Capacitar a los alumnos para demostrar con certeza la existencia de Dios y así establecer el fundamento racional de la fe cristiana. 2. Obtener una recta imagen de la Divinidad por el conocimiento de sus atributos refle!ados en la creaci"n. #. Captar las bases de la religi"n natural al conocer conocer las relaciones de de Dios con el $ombre. $ombre.
II. CONTENIDO PRIMER SEMESTRE %ntroducci"n 1.1. &l problema sobre Dios Dios y su importancia importancia para el $ombre 1.1.1. Centralidad del problema 1.1.2. %nevitabilidad del problema 1.1.#. 'ersistencia del problema en la Historia de la Filosofía 1.2. %mportancia de la (eología (eología )atural para la *ilosofía 1.2.1. +u aportaci"n a la Ontología 1.2.2. A la &pistemología &pistemolo gía 1.2.#. A la ,tica 1.2.-. A la Antropología Antropología *ilos"fica 1.#. %mportancia de la (eología )atural 1.#.1. 'ara la religi"n 1.#.2. 'ara el $ombre religioso 1.#.#. 'ara el dilogo con los ateos 1.#.-. 'ara en!uiciar ciertas concepciones concepciones err"neas sobre Dios 2.1 /rados del Conocimiento Conocimiento de de Dios 2.1.2. 0bicaci"n de la (eología (eología )atural entre los grados de nuestro Conocimiento de Dios a. /rados de nuestro conocimiento b. Conocimiento acional acional prefilos"fico c. &l conocimiento filos"fico de Dios d. Conocimiento +obrenatural *e (eología +agrada &xperiencia 3ística 4isi"n eatifica 2.2. (eología )atural o (eodicea6 su definici"n y lugar en la *ilosofía
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2.#. Coincidencias y distinci"n entre (eología )atural y (eología +obrenatural 2.-. elaciones entre fe y raz"n 2.5. 4erdades accesible a la raz"n y verdades 7ue al trascienden 2.5.1. 9a doctrina sobre la doble verdad 2.5.2. 9a evelaci"n es moralmente necesaria 2.:. &l problema de la cognoscibilidad racional de la existencia de Dios 2.:.1. 9a postura de la filosofía cristiana ortodoxa 2.:.2. &l 3agisterio &clesistico 2.;. 2.;.
Corrie Corr ient ntes es 7ue 7ue opo opone nenn fe fe y raz" raz"nn 2.;.1. &l *ideísmo 2.;.1.1. espuestas al *ideísmo 2.;.2. (radicionalismo 2.;.2.1. espuesta al (radicionalismo 2.;.#. &l Agnosticismo Agnosticismo 2.;.#.1. Definici"n y desarrollo $ist"rico del Agnosticismo
#. &l Ateísmo Ateísmo66 9a )egaci"n )egaci"n *ilos"fica *ilos"fica De Dios Dios #.1.
9a )egaci"n de de Dios6 el Ateísmo #.1.2. )oci"n y tipos de Ateísmo a. &timología b. Ateísmo Ateísmo practico c. Ateos positivos d. 'anorama
#.2. Algunas formas Algunas formas de Ateísmo #.2.1. &l 3aterialismo #.2.2. &l 'ositivismo #.2.#. &l 'anteísmo #.2.-. efutaci"n conclusiva #.#. Características del Ateísmo del Ateísmo Contemporáneo #.#.1. %nmediatez #.#.2. 0niversalidad #.#.#. 'ositividad y Constructividad #.#.-. &l principio de %nmanencia #.-. Nietszche #.-. Nietszche y y la muerte de Dios #.5. &l ateísmo &xistencialista de Sartre -. &l Argumento Argumento Ontol"gico
-.1. Invalidez -.1. Invalidez de de las pruebas a priori histórica del argumento -.2. Relevancia -.2. Relevancia histórica del -.#. &xplicaci"n del nombre
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-.;. Crítica de #ant de #ant al al argumento argumento ontol"gico -.=. He$el -.=. He$el y y el argumento argumento ontol"gico -.>. 'ruebas de la invalidez del Ar$mento %ntoló$ico 5. 'ruebas a 'osteriori6 9as Cinco vías de (oms de A7uino 5.1. Consideraciones generales 5.2. &l proceso de la Demostraci"n 5.2.1. 5.2.1. 9a vía vía de acceso acceso a la demost demostraci" raci"nn de Dios 5.2.2. 5.2.2. 9os elemento elementoss integra integrantes ntes de las vías 5.#. 9as cinco vías de (oms de A7uino 5.#. 5.#.1. 1. 9a prim primer eraa vía vía 5.#. 5.#.2. 2. 9a segu segund ndaa vía vía 5.#. 5.#.#. #. 9a terc tercer eraa vía vía 5.#. 5.#.-. -. 9a cuar cuarta ta vía vía 5.#. 5.#.5. 5. 9a 7uin 7uinta ta vía vía 5.-. Otras demostraciones Clsicas de la &xistencia de Dios 5.-.1. 5.-.1. 9a prueb pruebaa de las las verda verdades des eter eterna nass 5.-.2. 5.-.2. 'rueba 'rueba por la concie conciencia ncia de de la ley ley moral moral natural natural 5.-.#. 5.-.#. 'rueba 'rueba por por el deseo deseo natural natural de felic felicidad idad 5.-.-. 5.-.-. 'rueba 'rueba del consentim consentimiento iento universal universal
SEGUNDO SEMESTRE :. 9a naturaleza de Dios :.1. Atributos negativos :.1.1. Aseidad Aseidad de Dios :.1.2. +implicidad de Dios :.1.#. %nfinitud de Dios :.1.-. %nmensidad de Dios :.1.5. %nmutabilidad de Dios :.1.:. &ternidad de Dios :.1.;. 0nicidad de Dios A. &l dualismo . &l 'oliteísmo C. %nvisibilidad e incomprensibilidad de Dios :.2. Atributos positivos :.2.1. :.2.1. 9a inteli inteligen gencia cia Divina Divina :.2.2. :.2.2. &xiste &xistenc ncia ia de la la cienc ciencia ia Divin Divinaa :.2.#. :.2.#. Ob!eto Ob!eto de la la cien ciencia cia Divina Divina :.2.-. :.2.-. 3edio 3edio de la cien ciencia cia Divina Divina
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:.#.2. :.#.2. Ob!eto Ob!eto de la la volu volunta ntadd Divin Divinaa :.#.#. :.#.#. Cualid Cualidad ades es del del amo amorr divin divinoo :.#.-. :.#.-. Omnipo Omnipoten tencia cia y person personali alidad dad de Dios Dios
Conclus!n "#l Cu$so S#%#s&$'l 9ectura obligada para tener derec$o a examen parcial6
GILSON &tienne &l &tienne &l Filósofo ' la (eolo$ía (eolo$ía publicado en la colecci"n de 9ibros del 3onograma. &diciones /uadarrama 3adrid 1>:2. *ec$as de entrega de reporte oral6 'rimer examen parcial +egundo examen parcial (ercer examen parcial
Capítulos Capítulo Capítulo
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pp. 1#:pp. :5>; pp. >=1-1
III. BIBLIOGRAF(A B)SICA "ibro de (e)to (e)to ' apo'os de primera6 primera6 ?ngel 9uís /onzlez (eolo$ía natral &unsa 1>5#. ?ngel /onzlez ?lvarez (ratado (ratado de metafísica. metafísica. (. %%6 (eología natural /redos 1>:=. obert +paemann "o +paemann "o natral ' lo racional ialp 1>=>. !ios ialp 1>=2. Cornelio *abro !rama *abro !rama del hombre ' misterio de !ios arbadette arbadette '.+.+. (eodicea (eodicea o (eolo$ía eolo$ía Natral Natral &ditorial &ditorial (radic (radici"n i"n 3exico1>= 3exico1>=2 2 (raducci"n de +alvador Abascal. Complementarios* &nri7ue &nri7ue 3oros Claramunt Claramunt &l ar$mento ontoló$ico modal 6
>2. ar$mento ontoló$ico modal de Alvin +lantin$a +lantin$a &unsa &nri7ue 3oros Claramunt &l Claramunt &l ar$mento 1>>;. *rancisco Conesa !ios Conesa !ios ' el mal, "a defensa de !ios frente al mal de Alvin +lantin$a &unsa 1>>=.
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!ios C.+.%.C 1>5B. @ess /arcía 9"pez Nestra 9"pez Nestra sabidría racional de !ios alter *arrell O.'. Gía de la Sma (eoló$ica (eoló$ica %. &l ar7uitecto del universo 3orata 1>:2. introdcción al problema teoló$ico teoló$ico ialp 1>:1. Cornelio *abro !ios. *abro !ios. introdcción 9uis Clavell &l Clavell &l nombre propio propio de !ios. !ios. se$/n Santo (omá (omáss de A0ino A0ino &unsa 1>=B. 9eonardo 'olo 12i3n es el hombre4 5n espírit en el tiempo tiempo ialp 1>=#. 8gis @olivet &l @olivet &l !ios de los filósofos ' de los sabios sabios Casal i 4all 1>5=.
IV. EVALUACIÓ EVALUACIÓN N 1. 2. #. -. 5.
&xposici" &xposici"nn de parte del 'rofeso 'rofesor r de los los textos seala sealados dos con anterio anterioridad ridad.. Diez minuto minutoss de anlisis anlisis de un un Document Documentoo u Obra para para cada clase clase.. &ntrega &ntrega de comentari comentarios os y preguntas preguntas semanale semanaless de lecturas lecturas obligadas obligadas.. evisi"n evisi"n de de lecturas lecturas para para tener tener derec$o derec$o a exame examenn parcial. parcial. (res (res exmene exmeness parciales parciales escrit escritos. os. &xame &xamenn *inal oral.
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INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FILOSÓFICO DE DIOS %ntroducci"n 1.1. &l problema sobre Dios y su importancia para el $ombre 1.1.1. Centralidad del problema 1.1.2. %nevitabilidad del problema 1.1.#. 'ersistencia del problema en la Historia de la Filosofía 1.2. %mportancia de la (eología (eología )atural para la *ilosofía 1.2.1. +u aportaci"n a la Ontología 1.2.2. A la &pistemología &pistemolo gía 1.2.#. A la ,tica 1.2.-. A la Antropología Antropología *ilos"fica 1.#. %mportancia de la (eología )atural 1.#.1. 'ara la religi"n 1.#.2. 'ara el $ombre religioso 1.#.#. 'ara el dialogo con los ateos 1.#.-. 'ara en!uiciar ciertas concepciones concepciones err"neas sobre Dios Aprender de 6emoria 6emoria66 1. 'or 7u8 podemos afirmar 7ue el problema sobre Dios es para el $ombre Eel problema de los problemas. 2. 'or 7u8 este problema se nos plantea a todos y mayormente a los fil"sofos de modo inevitable. #. 'or 7u8 no se puede $ablar seriamente sobre la esencia del $ombre sin abordar la cuesti"n de Dios. -. Fu8 le aporta la (eología )atural a la (eología +obrenatural.
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INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FILOSÓFICO DE DIOS 2.2 /rados del Conocimiento Conocimiento de de Dios 2.1.2. 0bicaci"n de la (eología (eología )atural entre los grados de nuestro Conocimiento de Dios a. /rados de nuestro conocimiento b. Conocimiento acional acional prefilos"fico c. &l conocimiento filos"fico de Dios d. Conocimiento +obrenatural *e (eología +agrada &xperiencia 3ística 4isi"n eatifica 2.2. (eología )atural o (eodicea6 su definici"n y lugar en la *ilosofía 2.2.1. Ob!eto material 2.2.2. Ob!eto formal 2.2.#. (ratados 7ue constituyen la (eología (eología )atural 2.2.-. %ntroducci"n al 38todo de la (eología (eología )atural 2.#. Coincidencias y distinci"n entre (eología )atural y (eología +obrenatural 2.-. elaciones entre fe y raz"n 2.5. 4erdades accesible a la raz"n y verdades 7ue al trascienden 2.5.1. 9a doctrina sobre la doble verdad 2.5.2. 9a evelaci"n es moralmente necesaria 2.:. &l problema de la cognoscibilidad racional de la existencia de Dios 2.:.1. 9a postura de la filosofía cristiana ortodoxa 2.:.2. &l 3agisterio &clesistico Aprender de 6emoria 6emoria66 1. &labora un es7uema gradual de los grados del conocimiento de Dios y explícalo. 2. Da cinco razones de c"mo no existe contradicci"n entre fe y raz"n.
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INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FILOSÓFICO DE DIOS 2.;. Corrientes 7ue oponen fe y raz"n 2.;.1. &l *ideísmo 2.;.1.1. espuestas al *ideísmo 2.;.2. (radicionalismo 2.;.2.1. espuesta al (radicionalismo 2.;.#. &l Agnosticismo Agnosticismo 2.;.#.1. Definici"n y desarrollo $ist"rico del Agnosticismo
Aprender de 6emoria* 6emoria* 1. &lementos del *ideísmo *ideísmo de 9utero y tres respuestas al al problema. 2. 'or 7u8 el (radicionalismo (radicionalismo es es contradictorio. #. Fu8 entendemos por Agnosticismo y menciona algunos de los representantes en *ilosofía 3oderna. -. Describe tres críticas al 'ositivismo de Comte.
"ectra %bli$atoria6 %bli$atoria6 &tie &tienn nnee GILSON &l %ri$en de la Idea de !ios !ios 0n capítulo del libro de de la Academia *rancesa titulado 7&l difícil ateísmo8 &studio introductorio introductorio y traducci"n de &loy +ardon. +ardon. &diciones 0niversidad 0niversidad Cat"lica Cat"lica de C$ile. C$ile. +antiago de C$ile 1>;>. 'gs. ->:B.
Ratio en Colec JUAN PABLO II Fides et Ratio Colecci" ci"nn 3agist 3agisteri erio o &d. (rad (radici ici"n "n 2BB 2BB1. 1.
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EL ATEISMO, ATEISMO, LA NEGACION FILOSOFICA FILOSOFI CA DE DIOS #.1. 9a )egaci"n de Dios6 el Ateismo #.1. )oci"n y tipos de Ateismo a. &timología b. Ateismo Ateismo practico c. Ateos positivos d. 'anorama
-.1. Invalidez -.1. Invalidez de de las pruebas a priori -.2. Relevancia -.2. Relevancia histórica del histórica del argumento -.#. &xplicaci"n del nombre -.-. *ormulaci"n de San Anselmo Ganilón y la defensa de defensa de +an Anselmo -.5. Crítica de Ganilón y -.:. Argumento Argumento ontol"gico en el racionalismo #.#.1. 9a prueba ontol"gica en !escartes en !escartes #.#.2. &l argumento ontol"gico en "eibniz en "eibniz -.;. Crítica de #ant de #ant al al argumento ontol"gico -.=. He$el -.=. He$el y y el argumento ontol"gico -.>. 'ruebas de la invalidez del Ar$mento %ntoló$ico
Aprender de de 6emoria6 6emoria6
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INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FILOSÓFICO DE DIOS
-. 'ruebas a 'osteriori6 9as Cinco vías de (oms de A7uino A7uino %. Consideraciones generales %%. &l proceso de la Demostraci"n 1. 9a vía vía de acced accedoo a la demos demostra traci" ci"nn de Dios Dios 2. 9os 9os eleme elemento ntoss integra integrante ntess de las las vías vías %%%. 9as cinco vías de (oms de A7uino 1. 9a pri prim mera vía 2. 9a se segund gundaa vía vía #. 9a ter terccera vía vía -. 9a cua cuarta rta vía vía 5. 9a 7u 7uinta ví vía %4. Otras demostraciones Clsicas de la &xistencia de Dios 1. 9a prue prueba ba de de las las verda verdade dess etern eternas as 2. 'rueba 'rueba por por la concienc conciencia ia de la ley ley moral moral natural natural #. 'rueba 'rueba por por el des deseo eo natur natural al de felic felicida idadd -. 'rueba 'rueba del del conse consenti ntimie miento nto unive universa rsall Aprender de de 6emoria6 6emoria6 1. De 7u8 autore autoress $ace uso uso (om (oms s para el el planteamie planteamiento nto de las vías. 2. 'or 7u8 7u8 decimos decimos 7ue 7ue las vías son demost demostracio raciones nes a poster posteriori iori #. &xpl &xplica ica los los tre tress punt puntos os dond dondee Fabro sintetiza Fabro sintetiza el valor metlico de la inteligencia para el acceso especulativo de la existencia de Dios. -. Cules Cules son los elemen elementos tos integran integrantes tes en la estructu estructura ra de las las vías. vías. 5. Cul Cul es el punto punto de partida partida y termino termino de cada cada una de las vías vías y cual cual su aplicac aplicaci"n i"n a la causalidad. :. &xpl &xplic icaa la pos postu tura ra de de Sarez y Sarez y #ant #ant respecto respecto al 'rimer 3otor %nm"vil. ;. Fu8 crítica crítica le podem podemos os $acer $acer al argume argumento nto del Consent Consentimient imientoo universal. universal. =. &xplica &xplica la prueba prueba del deseo deseo natural natural de felicid felicidad ad con una aportac aportaci"n i"n crítica crítica desde desde la metafísica. >. Cree Creess 7ue ya no se puede puedenn mante mantene nerr desd desdee la Filosofía Contemporánea Contemporánea las pruebas
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INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FILOSÓFICO DE DIOS
5. 9a naturaleza de Dios %. Atributos negativos 1. Aseidad de Dios 2. +implicidad de Dios #. %nfinitud de Dios -. %nmensidad de Dios 5. %nmutabilidad de Dios :. &ternidad de Dios ;. 0nicidad de Dios A. &l dualismo . &l 'oliteísmo C. %nvisibilidad e incomprensibilidad de Dios %%. Atributos positivos 1. 9a inte inteli lige genc ncia ia Div Divin inaa 2. &xist &xistenc encia ia de de al al cienc ciencia ia Divi Divina na #. Ob Ob!e !eto to de de la cie cienc ncia ia Div Divin inaa -. 3edi 3edioo de la la cien cienci ciaa Divi Divina na 5. 'ropie 'ropieda dades des de la la cienc ciencia ia Divin Divinaa %%%. 9a voluntad de Dios 1. &xist &xistenc encia ia de de la la volun voluntad tad Divina Divina 2. Ob Ob!et !etoo de de la la volu volunta ntadd Divi Divina na #. cuali cualidad dades es del del amo amorr divi divino no
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EL PROBLEMA DE DIOS SU IMPORTA I MPORTANCIA NCIA PARA PARA EL /OMBRE 1.1.1. CENTRALIDAD DEL PROBLEMA 1. &l probl problem emaa de Dios se le pres presen enta ta al $ombr $ombree como como &9 3A+ 4%(A9 D& +0 &G%+(&)C%A.. &G%+(&)C%A 2. +e trat trata a en efec efecto to de de 0) 'O9&3A D& /A4&DAD +0'&3A +0'&3A al grado 7ue de 8l puede decirse 7ue es el problema de los problemas. #. &n compara comparaci"n ci"n de 8l 8l y por muy acucian acuciantes tes 7ue sean sean como como en realidad realidad lo son son los problemas problemas econ"micos econ"micos políticos políticos y sociales sociales 7ue nos afectan afectan &+09(A) +&C0)DA%O+.. +&C0)DA%O+ -. &l conocimiento de la existencia de Dios &+ &9 COO)A3%&)(O D& (ODA 9A *%9O+O*HA y representa la cumbre ms elevada a la 7ue le es dado acceder a la raz"n $umana. 5. De dic$o conocimiento depender la O%&)(AC%I) D&*%)%(%4A 7ue el $ombre dar a su conducta a sus obras a su vida entera. :. 9a solu oluci"n i"n al prob roblem lema 7ue la exis xisten tencia de Dios ios nos plant lanteea (%&)& CO)+&C0&)C%A+ %&) 'A(&)(&+ &) 9A C09(0A en la ordenaci"n de la sociedad y en la vida religiosa y es 7ue el problema de la existencia de Dios Jel de determinar lo 7ue la raz"n r az"n puede conocer sobre su naturaleza y operaciones responde al problema del +&)(%DO K CO)(&)%DO D& 9A 4%DA 4%DA así como al del ser en general. ;. )o es pues de extraar 7ue el A(&H+3O A(&H+3O contem contemporneo porneo $abiendo negado a Dios
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Jtodo lo cual nos lleva a in7uirir por un fundamento absoluto libre de la limitaci"n 7ue advertimos en lo infinito y 7ue sea nuestra causa fundamental y fundante. f undante. -. &l problema sobre Dios constituye un rasgo característico de una verdaderamente $uma $umana na al punt puntoo 7ue 7ue pode podemo moss afir afirma marr 7ue 7ue el prob proble lema ma sobr sobree Dios Dios ES EL PROBLEMA ESENCIAL DEL /OMBRE ESENCIAL . 5. K es 7ue aun al $ombre $ombre en aparienci aparienciaa c"modamente c"modamente instalado instalado en la finitud finitud se le presentaran n día los eternos problemas sobre el ori$en. fndamento ' sentido de s vida. así como el del ser en $eneral . :. &n efecto cual7uie cual7uierr persona persona por poco reflexiva reflexiva 7ue sea se preguntara preguntara en algn momento sobre todo cuando llega la $ora del dolor del fracaso de la enfermedad y de la inminencia de la muerteJ J7u8 sentido tiene esta vida lo 7ue condice a la pregunta por Dios 7uien es la clave del enigma $umano6 $umano6 +% D%O+ &G%+(&
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:. 'or otra parte la raz"n por la 7ue la filosofía no puede desentenderse del problema sobre Dios.
IMPORTANCIA DE LA TEOLOG(A NATURAL PARA LA FILOSOF(A 1.2. IMPORTANCIA 1.2.1. Su '*o$&'c!n ' l' On&olo4' 1. 3ediante al (eología )atural la investigaci"n causal del ser infinito estudiado por la Ontología se llevara $asta sus ltimas consecuencias raz"n por la 7ue se dice 7ue la Ontología primera es el coronamiento coronamiento de la segunda. segunda. 2. &n efecto el estudio del ser finito realizado por la Ontología no se concluye $asta no descubrir su causa absolutamente primera y su fin ltimo6 tal es el cometido de la (eología (eología )atural J7ue se encarga de llevar a t8rmino el estudio de lo real estudio 7ue permanece inconcluso $asta el momento en 7ue descubrimos descubrimos a la 'rimera Causa y 0niversalísima de 0niversalísima de todo cuanto existe. #. A$ora bien explicar explicar al ser finito en su ltimo por7ue es abordar el problema de Dios problema planteado bien 7ue de manera implícita desde la primera pgina de la Ontología. -. (oca a la (eología )atural luego de un' l'$4' 5 $4u$os' n3#s&4'c!n el afirmar de manera implícita la existencia del +er absoluto %nfinito y (rascendente 7ue es la Causa 'rimera del 0niverso. 5. K es 7ue siendo la *ilosofía la ciencia de las cosas por sus ltimas causas obtenida por la luz natural de la raz"n ella no puede excluir de su reflexi"n el estudio de la Causa Absolutamente 'rimeraJ
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fundamento a Dios 4erdad plena y suprema 7ue participa los diversos grados de ser y de verdad a todas las cosas. Al demostrar la existencia de Dios la (eología )atural descubrir la fuente del ser y de la verdad por 7uien son verdaderas las cosas 7ue son verdaderas. 9a importancia importancia de lo 7ue acabamos acabamos de decir no debe subestimar subestimarse6 se6 el valor de los primeros principios ló$icos ' el de nestras certezas le$itimas tiene s fndamento en la ve vera raci cida dadd mi mism smaa de !i !ios os lo 7ue 7ue nos nos pond pondr r a salv salvoo del del rela relati tivi vism smoo y del del escepticismo. 1.2.#. Su '*o$&'c!n ' l' 6&c' 'or otra parte y tambi8n como una de las razones por las 7ue la (eología )atural es de decisi decisiva va import importanc ancia ia para para la filosof filosofía ía figura figura el 7ue ella ella descu descubre bre el fundam fundament entoo absoluto sobre el 7ue reposa el orden moralJ Jya 7ue si bien es cierto 7ue el fundamento pr"ximo de la ley moral es la naturaleza su*$#%o l#4sl'"o$ "#l del $ombre el fundamento ultimo de dic$a naturaleza es Dios su*$#%o Un3#$so. (an indi indisp spen ensa sabl blee resu result ltaa Dios Dios para para conf confer erir irse se a la mora morall un fund fundam amen ento to verdaderamente absoluto 7ue el mismo Lant luego de declararlo nco4noscl# en su Critica a la az"n 'ura se vio en la necesidad de recuperarlo a titulo de postulado de la moral en su Critica a la az"n 'rctica. &n el mismo sentido tambi8n resulta elocuente el pensamiento de @.'. +artre 7uien en su conferencia de 'ostguerra titulada &l &xistencialismo es un
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An&$o*olo4' Flos!c' 1.2.-. +u aportaci"n a la An&$o*olo4' No #s *osl# 9'l'$ #n s#$o so$# #l 9o%$# sn 9'l'$ "# Dos 7uien es su Creador y el ien perfecto e infinito capaz de colmar la aspiraci"n de su voluntad. 9a (eología (eología )atural al abordar el estudio filos"fico sobre la existencia de Dios y lo 7ue nuestra raz"n puede conocer sobre su naturaleza y operaciones mostrara 7ue todo el dinamismo espiritual del $ombre apunta $acia un Dios existente y 7ue a los an$elos de nuestra voluntad les corresponde un correlato ob!etivo y no una 7uimera. Así Así mism mismo o la (eolog ología ía )a )atu tura rall cont contri ribu buir ir a ilum ilumin inar ar el enig enigma ma del del $omb $ombre re mostrndole su esencial religaci"n con respecto a Dios por 7uien parafraseando con san 'ablo 4%4%3O+ )O+ 3O4&3O+ K +O3O+.
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0%CAC%I) D& 9A (&O9O/HA )A(0A9 &)(& 9O+ /ADO+ D& )0&+(O CO)OC%3%&)(O D& D%O+
G$'"os "#l conoc%#n&o "# Dos De manera general podemos distinguir dos clases o niveles de conocimiento sobre Dios6 el natural 7ue se obtiene mediante la sola razón razón y el sobrenatural 7ue se vale de la razón ilminada por la $racia. $racia .
Conoc%#n&o $'con'l "# los!co 1. &ste conoci conocimien miento to es por así decirlo decirlo doblemente doblemente natural natural por7ue por7ue se vale vale de la sola luz natural de la raz"n y por 7u8 no es t8cnico científico an 7ue es vlido en su orden. 2. &ste &ste cono conoci cimi mien ento to filos filos"f "fic icoo es el 7ue 7ue el 9o%$# 9o%$# co%:n alcanza al aplicar la causalidad a las maravillas del universo a las 7ue a pesar de sus distintas percepciones percepciones descubre c"mo sometidas al desgaste como finitas como no
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5. )uestr )uestroo conoc conocimi imient entoo de 8l es media mediato to e imperf imperfect ecto o pero aun así así se trata trata del ms elevado 7ue le es dado a la raz"n $umana 7ue así conoce infinitamente al infinito.
LA FE 1.
Anteriormente la definimos como asentimiento intelectal a la verdad revelada. revelada . 'or medio de ella alcanzamos verdades inaccesibles para la sola raz"n pues en este nivel ella es asistida por la gracia de Dios 7ue se revela y 7ue no puede engaarnos ni engaarse.
2. Aun7ue Aun7ue la fe supone supone a la raz"n raz"n 7ue le ofrece ofrece los prem prembul bulos os de ella ella la fe la supera pues en ella es Dios 7uien da a conocer su intimidad.
TEOLOG(A SAGRADA Ofrece un conocimiento superior pues la (eología es un saber divino$umano6 divino divino por7ue por7ue arranca la fe ' en ella descansa descansa $uma $umano no por7 por7ue ue emplea la
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7ue $ace al $ombre capaz de ser elevado a la visi"n beatifica por la luz de la gloria.
2.1.1. Uc'c!n "# l' T#olo4' #olo4' N'&u$'l #n&$# los 4$'"os "# nu#s&$o conoc%#n&o "# Dos. Como puede advertirse a partir de lo anterior la (eología (eología )atural permanece al segundo grad gradoo de cono conoci cimi mien ento to natu natura rall 7ue 7ue sobr sobree Dios Dios pedi pedimo moss alca alcanz nzar ar.. 3edi 3edian ante te el conocimie cono cimiento nto filos"fico filos"fico cono conocem cemos os a Dios de manera manera valida valida pero muy imperfecta imperfecta y limitada en esto estriba su grandeza y su miseria.
2.2. T#olo4' N'&u$'l o T#o"c#', s# "#nc!n 5 lu4'$ #n l' loso'. 1. De manera manera general general pod podem emos os definirla definirla como como la ciencia ciencia de Dios obtenid obtenidaa por medios naturales. 2. &l nombre de 7(eodicea8 7(eodicea8 de (eos6 os6 Dios Dios y DiQe DiQe66 !ust !ustif ific icac aci" i"n n sign signif ific icaa !ustificaci"n de Dios y se debe al fil"sofo f il"sofo alemn /. 9eibniz 7uien en 1;1B lo emple"J
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#. Fue el nomb ombre de (eolo ología gía )a )atu tura rall pued puedaa lle llevar var a algu lgunos nos a pensa nsar err"neamente 7ue se trata de un saber no filos"fico sino teol"gico para evitar tal e7uivoco debemos enfatizar 7ue s# &$'&' "# un s'#$ on"o *o$ l' sol' lu; n'&u$'l "# l' $';!n de modo 7ue es un conocimiento filos"fico tanto por su m8todo por el instrumento de su elaboraci"n. Ofreci Ofrecida da la defini definici" ci"nn etimol etimol"gi "gica ca del t8rmin t8rminoo 7(eodicea8 7(eodicea8 así como una primera definici"n real de la (eología )atural a continuaci"n ofrecemos otra 7ue nos permite determinar con mayor precisi"n su naturaleza6 1. Ciencia de Dios obtenida por la luz natural de la raz"n. r az"n. Decimos 7ue #s c#nc' por7ue se trata de un con!unto orgnico de verdades 7ue se concluyen por demostraci"n a partir de premisas ciertas decimos 7ue #s c#nc' "# Dos por7ue la Causa 'rimera de todas las cosas es el ob!eto material de la (eología )atural decimos 7ue s# o&#n# *o$ %#"o "# l' lu; n'&u$'l "# l' $';!n por7ue con ello expresamos el ob!eto formal de la (eología )atural y la distinguimos de la +obrenatural 7ue se vale del dato revelado.
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#. esponde esponderr a esta esta dificu dificultad ltad nos nos lleva lleva a precisa precisarr el o=#&o de la (eodicea6 esta no tiene por ob9eto material a !ios considerado en sí mismo. sino como casa primera del ente particlar . -. 9o ante anteri rioor sign ignific ificaa6 la T#olo4' N'&u$'l no alcanza a Dios en su esencia 7secndm 0id in se est8 est8 por7ue esto rebasa infinitamente la capacidad de nuestra raz"n 7ue nicamente puede conocer a Dios partiendo de las cosas como causa de ellas.
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1. +iendo +iendo la (eolo (eología gía )atura )aturall parte parte de la 3etafís 3etafísica ica el m8todo m8todo es comn comn para ambas6 ni solo a prio priori ri ni solo a posteriori posteriori ni s"lo por inducci"n ni solo por deducci"n. 2. &l m8todo m8todo es mixto6 mixto6 para la demost demostraci" raci"nn de la existenc existencia ia de Dios la (eolog (eología ía )atural emplea el m8todo a posteriori y posteriori y la indcción indcción una vez $ec$o lo cual utiliz utilizaa el m8todo m8todo a prio priori ri y la la dedcción dedcción para estudiar lo 7ue nuestra raz"n puede conocer conocer de la naturaleza naturaleza y operaciones operaciones divinas.
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&l problema de las relaciones entre ambas es antiguo y e7uivale al de las relaciones entre filosofía y (eología (eología +obrenatural entre naturaleza y gracia.
/'5 #n&$# #ll's '$%on' 5 %u&u' col'o$'c!n 1. Al respec respecto to en san Agust Agustín ín y en san Anse Anselmo lmo de Canterb Canterbury ury encontra encontramos mos la afirmaci"n del primado de la fe y tambi8n la de sus '$%!nc's $#l'con#s con la raz"n. 2. (oms (oms de A7uino
parte estableci" estableci" 7ue entre las verdades de de la fe y las de
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LA FE NO ES RACIONAL RACIONAL PERO SI ES RAONABLE RAONABLE 6 $ay s"lidas razones para pensar 7ue son increíbles los misterios 7ue la revelaci"n nos propone como ob!etos de fe. 1. 9a raz"n raz"n prepara prepara la ad$esi ad$esi"n "n a la fe y nos nos $ace $ace capaces capaces de de dar cuenta cuenta de de ella la fe por su parte como criterio extrínseco preserva a la raz"n del error y le da a conocer verdades 7ue la superan. 2. &n este este punt punto o reiter reiteram amos os 7ue 7ue 9A *& &+ 0) DO) +O +O&) &)A A(0A9 0A9 7ue 7ue
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2. Jesto no no $ace sino sino subraya subrayarr la A3O)HA A3O)HA K *&C0) *&C0)DA DA &9AC &9AC%I) %I) 7ue sin confundir sus respectivas atonomías atonomías encuentra la filosofía cristiana ortodoxa entre la fe y la raz"n entre la *ilosofía y la (eología. (eología. #. Como Como resulta resulta evident evidente e la *.C.O *.C.O.. confía confía en la raz"n raz"n o dic$o dic$o de otra manera manera valora la inteli$encia a partir de lo sensible y superndolo es capaz de acceder a lo metafísico lo 7ue nos permite un conocimiento muy limitado pero valido de Dios.
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'&)+A3 '&)+A3%&) %&)(O (O D,%9 D,%9 7ue la I4l#s' consciente de 7ue nuestra raz"n es
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2 &l "#s%o del 7ue luego nos ocuparemos ocuparemos considera 7ue dada la trascendencia
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Así Así en Ro% 1- 206 7!esde la creación del mndo los atribtos invisibles de
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son dos sistemas completos ni en filosofía ni en teología desplegando casi toda su
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B. DOCTRINA DEL FIDE(SMO
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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