“ACTIVIDAD FINAL”
TEORIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE Y LA INSTRUCCION MAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN PRIMER CUATRIMESTRE Maestro: MARIO CAPIZ ALVAREZ
Presenta: CINTHIA YARELY PULIDO ROCHA
COTIJA DE LA PAZ, PAZ, MICHOACÁN
17 DEOCTUBRE DE !1"
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Índice
INTRODUCCI#N$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ INTRODUCCI#N$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ $$$ DESARROLLO$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%os (e) a'ren(%*a+e$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a'ren(%*a+e$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e %n(%%(-a)%(a(:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %n(%%(-a)%(a(:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e .-n(a/enta&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .-n(a/enta&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e /ot%a&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /ot%a&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e ra(-a&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ra(-a&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e re)a&%0n entre teor2a 3 'r4&t%&a:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 'r4&t%&a:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e retroa)%/enta&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ retroa)%/enta&%0n:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e a-to&ono&%/%ento:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a-to&ono&%/%ento:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e trans5eren&%a:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ trans5eren&%a:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Pr%n&%'%o (e) res-)ta(o:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Teor2as (e) A'ren(%*a+e$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Teor2a (e) A'ren(%*a+e 'or Aso&%a&%0n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ Teor2a Teor2a (e) A'ren(%*a+e 'or Reestr-&t-ra&%0n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Reestr-&t-ra&%0n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ $$$ Teor2a Ps%&oen6t%&a$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ Teor2a Teor2a Constr-&t%%sta$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Constr-&t%%sta$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ Teor2a So&%o&-)t-ra)$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ Teor2a H-/an%sta$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ Estrate%as (e Me(%a&%0n Pe(a0%&a$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Pe(a0%&a$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ ELECCI#N DE LA ESTRATEIA PEDAOICA$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ CONCLUSIONES 8 APORTACIONES$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ BIBLIORA.9A 8 ANEOS$$$$$$$$$$$$ ANEOS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $
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INTRODUCCIÓN <%%/os en -n /-n(o (on(e e) (esarro))o te&no)0%&os son tan a&e)era(os =-e (e -n a>o a otro -n art%&-)o '-e(e 'asar 'asar (e ser )o /4s noe(oso a &onert%rse en -n 'ro(-&to o?so)eto$ Estos aan&es (e (e?en a )os &onstantes est-(%os e %nest%a&%ones =-e e) @o/?re est4 &onstante/ente rea)%*an(o en estas 4reas$ As2 &o/o estos aan&es en )a te&no)o2a, ta/?%6n se @an (a(o en to(as )as (e/4s 4reas (e est-(%o 'or )o tanto s% to(o e))o se @a %(o (esarro))an(o, )o /%s/o s-&e(e enton&es &on )a 'e(ao2a$ Estos aan&es en e) 4rea (e )a e(-&a&%0n @an (a(o )-ar a -n &on+-nto (e teor2as 3 'r%n&%'%os =-e e')%&an &0/o es enten(%(a )a 5or/a en =-e )os %n(%%(-os a'ren(e/os &on e) 'aso (e) t%e/'o$ A &ont%n-a&%0n se 'resentan -na )as (%st%ntas 5or/as (e &on&e?%r e) a'ren(%*a+e 3 )os 'r%n&%'%os =-e %nter%enen en este 'ro&eso (on(e )a 'ersona a a(=-%r%en(o &on&e'tos n-eos$
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DESARROLLO E) a'ren(%*a+e es -n 'ro&eso /e(%ante e) &-a) )os seres @-/anos a(=-%r%/os &ono&%/%entos, @a?%)%(a(es, a)ores 3 a&t%t-(es 'or /e(%o e) est-(%o, )a ense>an*a o )a 'ro'%a e'er%en&%a$ D%&@o D%&@o 'ro&eso s-re (e) &onta&to 3 )a re)a&%0n entre )os a)-/nos 3 e) 'ro5esor, 3 en e) %n5)-3en (%st%ntos as'e&tos tanto 52s%&os &o/o 'ersona)es 3 so&%a)es, es 'or e))o =-e e) a'ren(%*a+e es enten(%(o a 'art%r (e (%ersas 'ost-ras, es (e&%r, e%sten (%5erentes teor2as =-e e')%&an e) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e 3 )os 5a&tores =-e %n5)-3en en e)$ Las 'ersonas, se ent%en(en &o/o entes so&%a)es =-e son /%e/?ros (e -na so&%e(a(, esta/os e'-estos (2a &on (2a a )a re)a&%0n &on n-estros se/e+antes, estas re)a&%ones se (an /e(%ante )a &o/-n%&a&%0n 3 nos 'er/%ten &rear e'er%en&%as 5or/a)es e %n5or/a)es a tra6s (e )as &-a)es a/os a'ren(%en(o$ Con ?ase a estos &ono&%/%entos =-e s-ren (e )as e'er%en&%as (e )a %(a (%ar%a 3 &on )as re)a&%ones =-e esta?)e&e/os &on )o =-e nos ro(ea, tanto e) entorno 52s%&o &o/o )as 'ersonas, a/os a'ren(%en(o n-eos +-%&%os, -t%)%*an(o )os &ono&%/%entos 're%os &o/o an&)a+e 'ara &onstr-%r -n a'ren(%*a+e n-eo$ Por e+e/')o (e n%>os @a&e/os )as &o/%(as (%ar%as 'or=-e n-estras /a(res nos )o %n(%&an, son e))as )as =-e nos @an 5%+a(o -n @orar%o 'ara &o/er 3 ta/?%6n e))as se en&aran (e (arnos -na a)%/enta&%0n sana, 'ara )o &-a), nosotros n%&a/ente sa?e/os =-e a) &o/er (eter/%na(os a)%/entos sere/os /4s 5-ertes 3 &re&ere/os /as, /%entras =-e otros a)%/entos, &o/o )a &o/%(a &@atarra nos '-e(e &a-sar -n /a) a n-estro &-er'o$ Pero es @asta )a e(-&a&%0n 'r%/ar%a 3 as an en e) n%e) /e(%o =-e enten(e/os )os 'ro&esos =-e o&-rren en n-estro oran%s/o a )a @ora (e &ons-/%r -n a)%/ento, 3 enton&es )os &ono&%/%entos 're%os so?re )a a)%/enta&%0n son 5-n(a/enta(os 3 enten(%(os &o/o 'ro&esos ?%o)0%&os (e) &-er'o @-/ano 3 (e esta /anera se &on%erte en -n a'ren(%*a+e s%n%5%&at%o$ Pero a(e/4s (e )a e'er%en&%a, es ne&esar%o &ontar &on @4?%tos 3 t6&n%&as t6&n%&as (e est-(%o =-e 'er/%ten trans5or/ar -n &ono&%/%ento e/'2r%&o a -n a'ren(%*a+e
s%n%5%&at%o 3 este 'ro&eso se (a /e(%ante )a re)a&%0n (e) 'ro5esor 3 e) a)-/no, 3a =-e es e) 'ro5esor =-%en s%re &o/o /e(%a(or 'ara )orar =-e a tra6s (e (%st%ntos 'r%n&%'%os =-e nos 'er/%ten &o/'ren(er e) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e
Principios del prendi!"e Principio de indi#id$lidd% e) &-a), &o/o 'ro5esores, &o/'ren(e/os a )os a)-/nos &o/o /%e/?ros (e -n r-'o es&o)ar, 'ero re&ono&%en(o en &a(a -no s- 'ro'%a %n(%%(-a)%(a(, s-s &a'a&%(a(es 3 a't%t-(es, )o &-a) %/')%&a -na re)a&%0n 'ersona)%*a(a, (e 5or/a =-e se est%/-)en )as 5orta)e*as (e &a(a est-(%ante a3-(e a re&ono&er s-s (e?%)%(a(es 3 s-?sanar)as$ A 'esar (e =-e en e) sa)0n (e &)ase 'o(a/os tener a)-/nos 'ertene&%entes a -na /%s/a &-)t-ra 3 so&%e(a(, &a(a -no t%ene s- 'ro'%a 'ersona)%(a(, s-s 5orta)e*as 3 (e?%)%(a(es, es 'or e))o =-e &o/o /aestros (e?e/os a'ren(er a (%5eren&%ar estas &ara&ter2st%&as (e )os a)-/nos, 3 &ontr%?-%r a) (esarro))o 'ersona) (e &a(a -no$
Principio de &$nd'en(ci)n% e) &-a) (e&)ara =-e to(os )os &ono&%/%entos =-e ?-s&a/os trans/%t%r a )os a)-/nos, (e?en tener -n 5-n(a/ento, 'ro'0s%to o 5%na)%(a(, (e &o/o =-e to(o )o =-e se>a sea 'ara )orar )os o?+et%os esta?)e&%(os a) %n%&%o (e) &-rso$
Principio de 'o(i#ci)n% -no (e )os 'r%n&%'%os /4s %/'ortantes a )a @ora (e ense>ar, 3a =-e e) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e %/')%&a (e tra?a+o 3a sea 52s%&o o %nte)e&t-a) 'or 'arte (e) a)-/no, 'ara esto es %/'ortante (es'ertar en e) a)-/no &-r%os%(a( 'or e) te/a, (e esta 5or/a 'on(r4 /a3or aten&%0n 3 se %nteresar4 'or a(=-%r%r n-eos &ono&%/%entos$ Co/o 'ro5esores, (e?e/os -t%)%*ar /ater%a)es 3 t6&n%&as (e /ot%a&%0n =-e atra%an a) a)-/no 3 =-e )o %n&%ten a) a'ren(%*a+e$ Los /aestros &onta/os &on -n a/')%o &-/-)o (e /ater%a)es 3 @erra/%entas t%)es 'ara /ot%ar a )os a)-/nos, 3 estos /e(%os (e /ot%a&%0n ar2an (e'en(%en(o (e )a e(a(, 'or e+e/')o /%entras =-e a -n n%>o se )e '-e(e /ot%ar &on -na estre))%ta (e oro, 'ara -n a)-/no (e se&-n(ar%a ser4 ne&esar%o &ono&er s-s &ara&ter2st%&as 3 -t%)%*ar re&-rsos (e /ot%a&%0n en ?ase a s-s ne&es%(a(es$
Principio de *rd$ci)n% a-na(o a) 'r%n&%'%o (e /ot%a&%0n, esta?)e&e )a %/'ortan&%a (e %r as&en(%en(o &on5or/e a )a e(a( 3 e) n%e) &onos&%t%o &on =-e &-enta e) a)-/no$ Lo &-a) a /a3or n%e) %/')%&a )a ense>an*a (e &ono&%/%entos /4s &o/')e+os, =-e 'er/%tan a) a)-/no se-%r (esarro))4n(ose$
Principio de relci)n en(re (eor+ , pr-c(ic% &o/o s- no/?re )o %n(%&a, 'ro'one -n sent%(o (e tras&en(en&%a (e )os &on&e'tos a )a 'r4&t%&a o e'er%en&%a$ Este 'r%n&%'%o 'er/%te )a &rea&%0n (e a'ren(%*a+es s%n%5%&at%os, 3a =-e e) a)-/no a) tras)a(ar )os &ono&%/%entos te0r%&os a'ren(%(os en &)ase, a a&&%ones &on&retas, son a5e&ta(os /as sent%(os, 'or )o &-a) e) te/a es %nter'reta(o &on /a3or 5a&%)%(a( 3 se )ora as2 s- &onsera&%0n en )a /e/or%a
Principio de re(roli'en(ci)n% es -n 'ro&eso /e(%ante e) &-a) )os 'ro5esores (a/os res'-esta a )os a)-/nos$ Por e+e/')o a) re%sar -na a&t%%(a(, se (e?e (ar -na retroa)%/enta&%0n 'r%/ero se'aran(o )o &orre&to (e )o %n&orre&to, (es'-6s e')%&an(o 'or=-e est4 ?%en 3 'or =-6 no )o est4 3 'or )t%/o se s-%ere a) a)-/no estrate%as (e /e+ora$ ra&%as a )a retroa)%/enta&%0n e) /aestro (es&-?re e) n%e) (e enten(%/%ento =-e t%enen )os a)-/nos &on re)a&%0n &on e) te/a, 3 (a )-ar a reso)er 'ro?)e/as o a&)arar )as (-(as =-e )os a)-/nos tenan$
Principio de $(oconoci'ien(o% e) &-a) esta?)e&e -n &ono&%/%ento 'or 'arte (e )os a)-/nos (e s-s 'ro'%as &a'a&%(a(es 3 &ara&ter2st%&as, (e /o(o =-e &a(a est-(%ante re&ono*&a )o =-e @a a'ren(%(o 3 )os &on&e'tos =-e )e @a&en 5a)ta a'ren(er$ No so)o &o/o a)-/nos, s% no ta/?%6n &o/o /aestros, (e?e/os (ete&tar esas 5orta)e*as =-e tene/os 'ara sa?er)as a'roe&@ar en )a e(-&a&%0n, a) %-a) =-e (e?e/os re&ono&er n-estras (e?%)%(a(es 3 tra?a+ar en e))as$
Principio de (rns.erenci% 'er/%te a) a)-/no a')%&ar )os &ono&%/%entos a'ren(%(os a (%5erentes &ontetos 3 s%t-a&%ones (e s- %(a, =-e a-na(o a) 'r%n&%'%o 'ra&t%&o, 'er/%te tener -na /e+or &o/'rens%0n (e) te/a$
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Principio del res$l(do% e) &-a) 'er/%te re&ono&er )os aan&es =-e se an )oran(o en )a /ater%a$ Una e* =-e se ana)%*an )os res-)ta(os (e )a /ater%a, se '-e(e &o/'arar s% e) tra?a+o =-e se @a esta(o rea)%*an(o a en&a/%na(o a )os o?+et%os 3 /etas =-e nos @e/os ')antea(o en -n %n%&%o, 3 (e no ser as2, se %/')e/entar4n estrate%as =-e nos 'er/%tan a)&an*ar (%&@os o?+et%os E%ste -na ran (%ers%(a( &a'a&%(a(es, &ara&ter2st%&as 3 a't%t-(es 'resentes en &a(a -no (e n-estros a)-/nos, es 'or e))o =-e (e?e/os sa?er -t%)%*ar )os (%5erentes 'r%n&%'%os 'r%n&%'%os (e a'ren(%*a+e, (e /o(o =-e se 5aore*&a )a ense>an*a 'ara to(o )os est-(%antes (e /anera 'art%&-)ar 3 r-'a)$
Teor+s del Aprendi!"e A(e/4s (e )os 'r%n&%'%os (e ense>an*a, e) /aestro (e?e (e &ono&er )os 'ro&esos 52s%&os 'or )os &-a)es 'asa e) ser @-/ano 'ara a(=-%r2 &ono&%/%entos$ Estos 'ro&esos (e %/'-)sos ner%osos =-e se &rea en n-estro &ere?ro (an or%en a -n &on+-nto (e teor2as &onos&%t%as, )as &-a)es est-(%an )os 'ro&esos /enta)es 3 )as estr-&t-ras (e) 'ensa/%ento (e )os %n(%%(-os$ E) 'ro&esa/%ento (e )a %n5or/a&%0n se ent%en(e &o/o )a &a'a&%(a( )o&a)%*a&%0n, &o/'ara&%0n, &o(%5%&a&%0n, a)/a&ena/%ento (e (atos &on e) 5%n (e %nnoar, &rear 3 aten(er a &%r&-nstan&%as 5-t-ras$ Se '-e(e enten(er e) 5-n&%ona/%ento &on%t%o (e )os @-/anos re)a&%on4n(o)o &on )a 5or/a en =-e -n &o/'-ta(or a(=-%ere %n5or/a&%0n 3 )a a)/a&ena en s- /e/or%a, &)as%5%&4n(o)a 'or te/as 3 'or t%'os (e %n5or/a&%0n, (e %-a) /anera a'ren(e/os )os %n(%%(-os, a(=-%r%en(o %n5or/a&%0n, a)/a&enan(o )a %n5or/a&%0n t%) 3 &)as%5%&4n(o)a 'or te/as$ Las teor2as (e) A'ren(%*a+e 3 )a Instr-&&%0n &o/'ren(en -n &on+-nto (e 'ost-)a(os =-e (eter/%nan )a 5or/a en =-e e) @o/?re 'or /e(%o (e )a s%na's%s a'ren(e, %n5)-en&%a(o 'or est2/-)os 3 5a&tores =-e )o ro(ean$ Estas teor2as &onos&%t%as nos 'er/%ten re&ono&er e) 'ro&eso &on%t%o, e) /enta) 3 )as
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estr-&t-ras (e 'ensa/%ento %n(%%(-a) =-e %n5)-3en en )as 'ersonas 'ara (-rante e) a'ren(%*a+e, a &ont%n-a&%0n se (es&r%?en:
Teor+ Teor+ del Aprendi!"e por Asocici)n E) a'ren(%*a+e 'or aso&%a&%0n se ?asa en )a e(-&a&%0n 'or est2/-)os, (on(e se 5or/an a&t%t-(es 3 @4?%tos /e(%ante 're/%os Gre&ono&%/%entos, '-ntos etra o (-)&es 3 &ast%os Gtareas o tra?a+os etras 3 '-ntos /enos$ E) a)-/no (es(e s-s 'r%/eros a>os (e est-(%o, es e(-&a(o 'ara a'ren(er a (%5eren&%ar )o ?-eno (e )o /a)o, esta (%5eren&%a&%0n 'er/%te &rear -na aso&%a&%0n entre )as &on(-&tas 3 )as &onse&-en&%as =-e nos traen rea)%*ar (%&@a a&&%0n$
Teor+ Teor+ del Aprendi!"e por Rees(r$c($rci)n Esta t6&n%&a ?-s&a %(ent%5%&ar, ana)%*ar 3 /o(%5%&ar )as %nter'reta&%ones a )os 'ensa/%entos err0neos =-e )as 'ersonas e'er%/entan en (eter/%na(as s%t-a&%ones o =-e t%enen so?re otras 'ersonas$ E%sten " t%'os: A'ren(%*a+e s%n%5%&at%o: S-re a) re)a&%onar %n5or/a&%0n n-ea &on )os &ono&%/%entos 're%os, a+-stan(o )os &on&e'tos =-e se 'oseen 'ara (ar )-ar a )o n-eo$ Ser2a /-3 (%52&%) 'ara e) 'ro5esor tener =-e e')%&ar -n te/a (e) &-a) e) a)-/no (es&ono*&a 'or &o/')eto, a) %-a) =-e 'ara e) a)-/no 3 %/')%&ar2a /-&@o tra?a+o, e %n&)-so estr6s a) %ntentar a'ren(er -n te/a &on e) &-a) no est4 re)a&%ona(o, es 'or e))o =-e &o/o 'ro5esores ne&es%ta/os )%ar )os n-eos &on&e'tos a &ono&%/%entos 're%os, &rean(o -n an&)a+e entre a/?os 3 5a&%)%tan(o e) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e$ A'ren(%*a+e s%t-a(o: Re)a&%ona e'er%en&%as (e ense>an*a &on &ontetos rea)es (e )a %(a (%ar%a, (e esta 5or/a se )e (a -na -t%)%(a( a )os &ono&%/%entos s%t-4n(o)os en -n &onteto rea) As%/%)a&%0n Con%t%a: t%ene )-ar &-an(o ra*ona/os 'or /e(%o (e &on&e'tos &)aros =-e 'er/%ten )a a(=-%s%&%0n (e n-eos &on&e'tos &o/')e+os$ Es %/'ortante =-e antes (e ense>ar te/as =-e t%enen -n ra(o (e &o/')e+%(a( /a3or, se e')%=-e (e 5or/a &)ara )as &on&e'tos 're%os, 3 ase-rarse (e =-e
e) a)-/no )os &o/'ren(e 3 (o/%na, 'ara =-e -na e* =-e se 'ase a )a ense>an*a (e) te/a, este se ent%en(a &on /a3or 5a&%)%(a( 3 se e%te )a 5r-stra&%0n$ Oran%*a(ores a aan*a(os Gson -n tra?a+o 're%o a) /ater%a) =-e se 'resentar4 3 ant%&%'a(os Ga(e)anta -n 'anora/a enera) (e )a /ater%a$ Estos oran%*a(ores 'er/%ten %ntro(-&%r a) a)-/no a) te/a =-e se (esea 'resentar, 5or/an(o as2 %n5or/a&%0n 're%a =-e 5aore*&a )a as%/%)a&%0n (e) te/a$
Teor+ Teor+ Psico*en/(ic Des(e e) na&%/%ento, )os seres @-/anos &o/en*a/os a (esarro))ar e) &ono&%/%ento 'ro'%o, en -n 'r%n&%'%o (e 5or/a e/'2r%&a 'or /e(%o (e )os sent%(os 3 &on e) 'aso (e )os a>os, &-an(o e) %n(%%(-o a a(=-%r%en(o /a(-re* 3 sen )as &on(%&%ones =-e )o ro(ean, a &rean(o ra*ona/%entos )0%&os @asta )orar -na &o/'rens%0n /4s &o/')eta (e) /-n(o =-e )os ro(ea$ E) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e en )a teor2a Ps%&oen6t%&a se (a /e(%ante )a a&o/o(a&%0n 3 )a as%/%)a&%0n (on(e se &onstr-3en n-eos n-eos &ono&%/%entos ?as4n(o)os en &ono&%/%entos =-e @e/os a(=-%r%(o en e) 'asa(o, )os &-a)es (e'en(en (e )a /a(-re* ?%o)0%&a =-e tene/os$ La teor2a nos 'resenta )a %/'ortan&%a (e &ono&er e) ra(o (e /a(-re* (e) a)-/no, (e enten(er )os 'ro&esos (e a'ren(%*a+e (e'en(%en(o (e s- e(a( 3 (e estr-&t-rar e) (%s&-rso 'e(a0%&o en ?ase a estas &ara&ter2st%&as, 3a =-e (e'en(%en(o (e )a e(a( (e) a)-/no (e?er4n (e -t%)%*arse estrate%as 3 a&t%%(a(es =-e &ontr%?-3an a) (esarro))o (e s- a'ren(%*a+e$
Teor+ Cons(r$c(i#is( E) &onstr-&t%%s/o, a(e/4s (e re&ono&er )a %/'ortan&%a (e) sa?er 're%o, a>a(e e) an4)%s%s (e )a /a(-ra&%0n or4n%&a 3 )a @%stor%a &-)t-ra)$ En e))a se re&ono&e a) a)-/no &o/o -n ente a&t%o, (on(e se @a&e res'onsa?)e (e )os &ono&%/%entos =-e &o/o 'ro5esores )es trans/%t%/os 3 no so)o )os a'ren(en s%no =-e a(e/4s &onstr-3en s-s 'ro'%os &ono&%/%entos$ Co/o /aestros a )a 1!
@ora (e e)a?orar -na &)ase no (e?e/os )%/%tarnos n%&a/ente a trans/%t%r )os &ono&%/%entos =-e 'osee/os, &o/o se @a&2a anter%or/ente, es ne&esar%o &rear )os /e(%os 3 5or/ar -n a/?%ente (on(e e) a)-/no sea &a'a* no (e (es&-?r%r e) &ono&%/%ento s%no (e &rear s-s 'ro'%os &on&e'tos a 'art%r (e s- 'ro'%a 5or/a (e ser$ De esta /anera )os a)-/nos a-toa'ren(en (%r%%en(o s-s &a'a&%(a(es a &%ertos &onten%(os 3 &onstr-3en(o e))os /%s/os e) s%n%5%&a(o (e esos &onten%(os =-e @an (e 'ro&esar$
Teor+ Teor+ Socioc$l($rl A (e/4s (e re&ono&er a) est-(%ante &o/o -n ente a&t%o, &a'a* (e &onstr-%r s-s 'ro'%os &ono&%/%entos, )a teor2a So&%o&-)t-ra), re&ono&e a) %n(%%(-o &o/o -n ser %ntera(o, &on5or/a(o no so)o 'or )o 52s%&o s%no ta/?%6n 'or )o &-)t-ra) 3 so&%a), es 'or eso =-e en e) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e %n&)-3e as'e&tos (e (%&@o &ar4&ter, &on e) 'ro'0s%to (e 5aore&er -n a'ren(%*a+e /4s &o/')eto$ Tanto )a so&%e(a( &o/o )a &-)t-ra an &onstr-3en(o )a 'ersona)%(a( (e )os %n(%%(-os =-e en e))as @a?%ta/os, es 'or e))o =-e a) ense>ar es ne&esar%o -t%)%*ar /ater%a)es 3 estrate%as =-e se re)a&%onen &on e) entorno, 'ara 5a&%)%tar &ontr%?-%r a) (esarro))o (e )a 'ersona en to(as s-s 4reasK 52s%&as, 's%&o)0%&as, so&%a)es 3 &-)t-ra)es$
Teor+ 0$'nis( Esta teor2a re&ono&e a) est-(%ante &o/o -n ser %ntera(o, n%&o 3 &on ne&es%(a(es 'ersona)es$ Se &entra en )a 'ersona, 3 @a&e 6n5as%s en e) a'ren(%*a+e a-to (%r%%(o 3 )a a-toea)-a&%0n &onstante 3 se ?asa en e) (esarro))o (e %n(%%(-o en )os (%st%ntos a/?%entes en =-e se (esarro))a La teor2a H-/an%sta ana)%*a )as ne&es%(a(es (e )os %n(%%(-os 3 &rea a/?%entes &o)a?orat%os =-e 'er/%ten a) a)-/no (esarro))ar s-s 'oten&%a)%(a(es$ Co/o /aestro tra?a+a/os &on r-'os n-/erosos (on(e 'are&%era %/'os%?)e @a&er -na aten&%0n 'ersona)%*a(a, 'ero atrees (e a&t%%(a(es 3 (%n4/%&as, (e?e/os 5aore&er a) (esarro))o 'ersona) (e &a(a -no 11
(e n-estros a)-/nos, re&ono&%en(o )as @a?%)%(a(es (e &a(a -no 3 &ontr%?-3en(o a s- /4%/o (esarro))o
Es(r(e*is de Medici)n Ped*)*ic La /e(%a&%0n 'er/%te reso)er )os &on5)%&tos &on -n ter&er e)e/ento =-e es e) =-e s%re &o/o /e(%a(or$ Ha?)an(o (e en t6r/%nos 'e(a0%&os, esta /e(%a&%0n re'resenta )as a&&%ones o a&t%%(a(es a&t%%(a(es =-e se (an en a/?%ente e(-&at%o 'ara 5a&%)%tar e) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e 3 ense>an*a 5a&%)%tan(o )a %nter&o/-n%&a&%0n entre )os /%e/?ros, &one&t4n(o)os &on s-s a)ores 3 sent%/%entos, 5aore&%en(o s%t-a&%ones =-e a3-(en a en5rentar )os &on5)%&tos ra&%as a )os est-(%os 'e(a0%&os 3 a )os aan&es =-e esta ra/a @a ten%(o, se @a (a(o -n aan&e en )a 5or/a (e 'er&%?%r e) a'ren(%*a+e 3 en )as teor2as =-e (an or%en a) /%s/o$ A &ont%n-a&%0n se 'resentan a)-nas estrate%as (e /e(%a&%0n 'e(a0%&a =-e 5a&%)%tan )os 'ro&esos (e ense>an*a 3 a'ren(%*a+e:
Anlo*+s% &ons%ste en -na re'resenta&%0n -t%)%*a(a 'or e) (o&ente &on e) o?+et%o (e ense>ar -na %n5or/a&%0n n-ea, 3 &ons%ste en esta?)e&er -na re)a&%0n entre )os e)e/entos (e (e -na %(ea &on e)e/entos e)e/entos (e otra %(ea, (e )a &-a) 3a se t%enen &ono&%/%entos$ Las ana)o2as se ?asan en )os &ono&%/%entos 're%os, 3 son -t%)%*a(o estos &o/o &o/'ara&%ones 'ara a(=-%r%r a(=-%r%r )os &ono&%/%entos n-eos$ Por e+e/')o en )as &)ases (e /s%&as se &rean ana)o2as a) a'ren(er a to&ar -n %nstr-/ento n-eo, -na e* =-e e) a)-/no 3a &ono&e otro %nstr-/ento, (e esta 5or/a se 5a&%)%ta e) a'ren(%*a+e n-eo 3 se re)a&%onan a/?os &ono&%/%entos
Aprendi!"e 1sdo en pro1le's% )a estrate%a se @a&e e)a?oran(o e=-%'os 3 (e /anera r-'a) se )es 'resenta -na 're-nta a )os a)-/nos, (on(e (e?er4n e))os en&ontrar -na res'-esta$ Para e))o es ne&esar%a )a 'art%&%'a&%0n (e to(os )os a)-/nos 3 e) tra?a+o &o)a?orat%o 'ara en&ontrar )a so)-&%0n$ Esta estrate%a (e /e(%a&%0n 'er/%te a) a)-/no e)a?orar s- 'ro'%o an4)%s%s so?re (eter/%na(o 'ro?)e/a 3 &rea en 6) @a?%)%(a(es (e reso)-&%0n (e &on5)%&tos$ 1
ELECCIÓN DE L A ESTRATE2IA ESTRATE2IA PEDA2O2ICA
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CONCLUSIONES Y APORTACIONES Las teor2as 3 'r%n&%'%os (e) a'ren(%*a+e nos 'er/%ten &ono&er )as (%st%ntas 5or/as en =-e se (a este 'ro&eso (e as%/%)a&%0n (e) &ono&%/%ento, 3a =-e no es enten(%(o e) a'ren(%*a+e &o/o -n 'ro&eso 5%+o 3 n%&o, s%no &o/o -na ran ar%e(a( (e o'&%ones =-e (e'en(%en(o (e )as &ara&ter2st%&as (e )os a)-/nos 3 (e) 'ro5esor, se %/')e/entan en e) sa)0n (e &)ases 'ara 5aore&er e) 'ro&eso ense>an*aa'ren(%*a+e$ ra&%as a )os aan&es 3 est-(%os =-e se @an rea)%*a(o rea)%*a(o en e) 4/?%to e(-&at%o es 'os%?)e enten(er (es(e (%st%ntas 'ers'e&t%as e) 'ro&eso (e a'ren(%*a+e, 3 es enton&es (on(e entra en +-eo )as @a?%)%(a(es (e) /aestro 'ara sa?er %/')e/entar )os 'r%n&%'%os &orre&tos 'ara ense>ar a s-s a)-/nos$ ra&%as a este est-(%o, '-e(o, &o/o (o&ente, a')%&ar )as teor2as 3 'r%n&%'%os (e a'ren(%*a+e en e) a/?%ente )a?ora), @a&%en(o 'r%/ero -n an4)%s%s (eta))a(o (e )as &ara&ter2st%&as (e &a(a -no (e )os r-'os a )os =-e )es %/'arto, est-(%an(o e) t%'o (e as%nat-ra 3 se)e&&%onan(o e) 'r%n&%'%o o e) &on+-nto (e 'r%n&%'%os =-e /e 'er/%tan (ar -na &)ase &on /a3or 'ro5es%ona)%s/o (e /o(o =-e 5aore*&a e) a'ren(%*a+e 'or 'arte (e )os a)-/nos 3 =-e &ontr%?-3a a s- (esarro))o %nte)e&t-a) 3 e(-&at%o
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3I3LIO2RA&ÍA Y ANE4OS Mar=-6s, P$ G1$ Con&e'&%ones so?re e) a'ren(%*a+e$ UAB Teor2as (e) a'ren(%*a+e 3 )a %nstr-&&%0n$ Gs$5$ Re&-'era(o (e: @tt':/oo()e$-n%($e(-$/'osra(os/o(-r)%e$'@'%(;;F;!;re(%re&t1 E) a'ren(%*a+e en )a teor2a 's%&oenet%&a$ Gs$5$ Re&-'era(o (e: @tt':es$s&r%?($&o/(o&1!"F7"E)a'ren(%*a+een)ateor%a's%&oenet%&a Eta'as (e (esarro))o &on%t%o sen P%aet$ Gs$5$ Re&-'era(o (e: @tt':a'ren(%en(o/ate/at%&as$&o/(%(a&t%&aeta'as(e(esarro))o &on%t%ose-n'%aet Reee, J$ G!1 Mot%a&%0n 3 e/o&%0n$ GQ e($$ M6%&o: E(%tor%a) M&raH%))$ Para(%/as 'e(a0%&os re&-'era(o (e: @tt's:'s%&o)o%a(e)a'ren(%*a+eF!F$%%s'a&es$&o/5%)e%eTRABAJOIN DI
@tt':e(e!1!$?)os'ot$/!1!!"estrate%as(eensenan*a)as ana)o%as$@t/) "Aprendizaje basado en problemas". Re&-'era(o (e:
%nnoa&%one(-&at%a$-'/$es$$$A'ren(%*a+eW?asa(oWe$$$
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