1
MENI MENING NGKA KATK TKAN AN KE KETE TERA RAMP MPIL ILAN AN SISW SISWA A KE KELA LAS S IV SD 2 BE BESI SITO TO GEBOG GEBOG KUDUS KUDUS DALAM DALAM MENENTUK MENENTUKAN AN FPB DAN KPK MELALUI MELALUI COOPERATIVE COOPERATIVE LEARNING LEARNING SNOWBALL SNOWBALL THROWING TAHUN PELAJARAN 2010/2011
PENELITIA PENELITIAN N TINDAKAN TINDAKAN KELAS KELAS
Disusun oleh :
Nama
: Sutiyono, S.Pd.SD
NIP
: 19640513 198608 1 001
Pangkat/Go /Gol : Pemb embina/ na/ IV A Unit Kerja
: SD 2 Besito UPT Pendidikan Kecamatan Gebog
DINAS PENDIDIK PENDIDIKAN AN PEMUDA DAN DAN OLAHRAGA OLAHRAGA KABUPATEN KUDUS PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH 2011
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2
PENGESAHAN
1. Judul Penelitian
:
MENI MENIN NGKATKA TKAN KETE ETERAMP RAMPIILAN SIS SISWA KEL KELA AS IV SD 2 BE BESITO SITO GEBOG GEBOG KUDUS KUDUS DALA DALAM M MENENTU MENENTUKAN KAN FPB FPB DAN DAN KPK MELAL MELALUI UI COOPERATIV COOPERATIVE E LEARNING LEARNING SNOWBALL SNOWBALL THROWING THROWING TAHUN PELAJARAN
2010/2011 2. Identitas Pe Peneliti
:
Nama Peneliti
: Sutiyono, S.Pd.SD
NIP
: 19 1 9640513 198608 1 001
Pangkat / Gol. Ruang
: Pembina / IV A
Institusi
: SD 2 Besito UPT Pendidikan Kecamatan Gebog
Kabupaten
: Ku Kudus
Provinsi
: Jawa Tengah
Alamat Kantor
: Jln.Rahtawu No.17 Besito RT 04/05 Gebog Kudus
3. Lama Pe P enelitian
Dari 4. Sumber Dana
: 3 bu b ulan
: bulan Februari sampai Ap April 2011 : Swadana
Mengetahui
Kudus, 4 April 2011
Kepala SD 2 Besito
Peneliti,
Muzayanah, S.Pd. NIP 19631015 198304 2 005
Sutiyono, S.Pd. SD NIP 19640513 198608 1 001
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3
ABSTRAK Sutiyono, S.Pd.SD
Pene Peneli litia tian n Tinda Tindaka kan n Kela Kelass ini ini bertu bertujua juan n untuk untuk meng mengat atah ahui ui:: (1) (1) penin peningk gkat atan an keterampila keterampilan n siswa siswa kelas kelas IV SD 2 Besito Besito Gebog Gebog Kudus Kudus dalam menentukan menentukan FPB dan Cooperativ ativee Learni Learning ng Snowba Snowball ll Throwing Throwing tahun pelajaran 2010/2011 , KPK melalui Cooper
(2) meningkatk meningkatkan an profesiona profesionall guru dalam melaksanak melaksanakan an pembelajar pembelajaran an dan perbaikan perbaikan pembelajara pembelajaran n serta keterampil keterampilan an melakukan melakukan penelitian penelitian dan menulis menulis karya karya tulis ilmiah. Metode Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan strategi tindakan tindakan yang berupa perenca perencanaan, naan, pelaksan pelaksanaan, aan, observas observasi, i, dan refleksi. refleksi. Penelitia Penelitian n dilakukan dilakukan di SD SD 2 Besito Besito UPT Pendidikan Pendidikan Kecamata Kecamatan n Gebog Gebog Kabupaten Kabupaten Kudus. Kudus. Subj Subjek ek dala dalam m pene peneli litia tian n ini ada adala lah h sisw siswaa kela kelass IV SD 2 Bes Besito ito tah tahun un pela pelaja jara ran n 2010/2011 2010/2011 berjumlah berjumlah 22 siswa. siswa. Penelit Penelitian ian dilakukan dilakukan dengan dengan tiga siklus berkelanjuta berkelanjutan n yang masing-masing siklus terdiri dari perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi.
Analisis
data
menggunakan
deskriptif
komparatif
dengan
cara
membandingkan hasil penilaian tes formatif siswa dalam pembelajaran konvensional Cooperative Learning Learning Snowball Snowball Throwing. dengan pembelajaran Cooperative
Berdasarka Berdasarkan n hasil hasil penelitian penelitian tindakan tindakan kelas ini dapat disimpulkan disimpulkan bahwa bahwa Cooperative Learning Learning Snowball Snowball Throwing Throwing pada melalui Cooperative pada pemb pembel elaj ajar aran an mate matema mati tika ka
tentan tentang g menent menentuka ukan n FPB dan KPK KPK,, ketera keterampi mpilan lan siswa siswa mening meningkat kat.. Hal Hal ini terbu terbukti kti Cooperati ative ve Learni Learning ng Snowba Snowball ll Throwi Throwing ng sebelum dilakukan pembelajaran Cooper
kema kemamp mpua uan n awal awal sisw siswaa rata rata-r -rat ataa nila nilaii sisw siswaa 59.5 59.5 pada pada sik siklu luss I, naik naik men menja jadi di 69.1 69.1 pada pada siklus siklus II, II, dan dan pada pada siklus siklus III III menjad menjadii 80.9. 80.9. Persen Persentas tasii kena kenaikan ikan dari dari kemam kemampua puan n awal awal atau atau siklus siklus I sebelu sebelum m dilakuka dilakukan n perbai perbaikan kan sampai sampai siklus siklus II mengal mengalami ami kenaik kenaikan an sebesar sebesar 6.90%, sedangka sedangkan n kenaikan kenaikan dari siklus siklus II ke ke siklus III III sebesar sebesar 8.09%. 8.09%. Ini berarti berarti Pembelaja Pembelajaran ran Aktif, Aktif, Krea Kreatif, tif, dan dan Menyenangk Menyenangkan an (PAKEM) (PAKEM) melalu melaluii penerapan Cooperative Learning Snowball Throwing berhasil berhasil memuaskan memuaskan..
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4 KATA PENGANTAR
Alha Alhamd mdzu zulil lilla lah, h, puji puji dan dan syuk syukur ur sena senant ntia iasa sa penel peneliti iti panja panjatk tkan an ke hadir hadirat at Allah SWT yang telah melimpahka melimpahkan n rahmat, rahmat, taufik, taufik, hidayah, hidayah, dan inayah-Ny inayah-Nyaa kepada kepada kita, sehingga sehingga penyusunan penyusunan Laporan Laporan Hasil Penelitian Penelitian Tindakan Tindakan Kelas Kelas yang berjudul berjudul Mening ngka katka tkan n “Meni
Kete Ketera ramp mpila ilan n Sisw Siswaa Kel Kelas as IV SD 2 Besi Besito to Geb Gebog og Kudu Kuduss dala dalam m
Menentukan FPB dan KPK melalui Cooper Cooperativ ativee Learning Learning Snowba Snowball ll Throwing Throwing Tahun Pelaja Pelajaran ran 2010/2011, 2010/2011, ini dapat dapat terselesa terselesaikan. ikan. Penelitian Penelitian ini dapat berjal berjalan an baik baik dan lancar lancar,, juga berkat berkat bantuan, bantuan, bimbinga bimbingan, n, dan arahan arahan dari berbagai berbagai pihak. pihak. Untuk itu dengan dengan segala segala hormat hormat dan penghargaan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingg setinggi-tingginya, inya, peneliti peneliti sampaikan sampaikan ucapan terima terima kasih kepada: kepada: 1.
Drs. H. Sudjatmiko iko, M.Pd., Kepala Dinas Pe Pendi ndidikan Pemuda da dan Ola Olah hraga Kabupaten Kabupaten Kudus, Kudus, yang telah telah member memberikan ikan motivasi motivasi dalam penelitian penelitian ini; ini;
2.
Drs. Drs. H. Didik Didik Harto Hartoko, ko, MM, MM, Kepa Kepala la Bidang Bidang Pendi Pendidik dikan an Dasa Dasarr Dinas Dinas Pend Pendidi idikan kan Pemuda dan Olahraga Kabupaten Kudus, yang telah memberikan motivasi dalam penelitian penelitian ini;
3.
Drs. rs. Bamb Bamban ang g Gun Gunad adi, i, MM, MM, Kasi Kasiee Kur Kurik ikul ulum um Dina Dinass Pend Pendid idik ikan an Pemu Pemuda da dan dan Olahraga Kabupaten Kudus, yang yang telah memberikan arahan arahan dalam penelitian ini;
4.
H.M. H.M. Suhart Suharto, o, S.Pd. S.Pd.,M.P ,M.Pd., d., Kepala Kepala UPT UPT Pendidi Pendidikan kan Kecamata Kecamatan n Gebog Gebog Kabupaten Kudus yang telah memberikan motivasi dan arahan dalam penelitian ini;
5.
Suwar Suwarton tono, o, S.Pd., S.Pd., Pengaw Pengawas as TK/SD TK/SD/SD /SDLB LB UPT UPT Pendi Pendidik dikan an Keca Kecamat matan an Gebog Gebog Kabupaten Kabupaten Kudus, Kudus, yang telah memberik memberikan an petunjuk petunjuk dan dan bimbinganny bimbingannyaa dalam penelitian ini;
6.
Muzaya Muzayanah nah,, S.Pd S.Pd., ., Kepala Kepala SD 2 Besi Besito to yang yang telah telah member memberikan ikan ijin peneliti penelitian an ini;
7.
Sulipah, Sulipah, S.Pd. S.Pd.,, teman teman sejawat sejawat yang telah membantu membantu dalam penelitian penelitian ini;
8.
Hj. Inayah, Inayah, S.Pd.SD, S.Pd.SD, teman teman sejawa sejawatt yang telah membantu membantu dalam dalam peneli penelitian tian ini; ini;
9.
Bapak Bapak dan dan Ibu Ibu Guru Guru SD SD 2 Besi Besito, to, yang yang telah telah memban membantu tu dalam dalam memper memperlanc lancar ar penelitian ini;
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5 11. Semua Semua pihak pihak yang yang tidak tidak dapat disebutkan disebutkan satu persatu persatu yang yang telah telah membantu membantu dan memb member erik ikan an moti motiva vasi si sehi sehing ngga ga dapat dapat ters tersel eles esai aika kann nny ya Pene Peneli liti tian an Tinda Tindaka kan n Kela Kelass ini. ini. Semoga Semoga amal amal baik baik semua semua pihak pihak terseb tersebut ut mendap mendapatk atkan an balasa balasan n dan dan imbala imbalan n yang setimpal dari Alla llah SWT. Akhirnya nya pen peneliti iti berharap, semoga lap laporan peneli penelitia tian n tindaka tindakan n kelas kelas ini dapat dapat berman bermanfaa faatt bagi penge pengemba mbanga ngan n dan kemaju kemajuan an pendidikan.
Kudus, Kudus, 4 April April 2011 2011 Peneliti,
Sutiyono, S.Pd.SD NIP 19640513 198608 1 001
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6 DAFTAR ISI
Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL ……...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...
i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN …………………………………………………. .
ii
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….. .
iii
KATA PENGANTAR ……………………………………………………… .
iv
DAFTAR ISI ...……………………………………………………………… .
vi
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN …………………………………………………
1
A.
Latar Belakang Masalah
……………………………………… .
B.
Identifikasi Identi fikasi Masalah …………………………………………..
6
C.
Analisis Masalah ………………………………………………
6
D.
Rumusan Masalah ……..………………………………………
8
E.
Tujuan Penelitian……………………………………………….
8
F.
Manfaat Penelitian ……………………………………………..
8
BAB II KAJIA KAJIAN N PUSTAK PUSTAKA A ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...
A.
B.
1
10
Pembel Pembelaja ajaran ran Mate Matema matika tika .... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...
10
1. Hakikat Belajar ........................ .................................... ........................ ....................... .................... .........
10
2. Pengertia Pengertian n prestasi prestasi Belajar Belajar Matematika Matematika ........ ............ ......... ......... ........ ........ ...... ..
11
3. Penger Pengertia tian n Matema Matematika tika .... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..
12
4. Fungs Fungsii Mata Mata Pelaja Pelajaran ran Matemat Matematika ika ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....
14
5. Tujua Tujuan n Mat Mataa Pel Pelaj ajar aran an Mate Matema mati tika ka di Seko Sekola lah h Das Dasar ar .... ...... .... ..
15
6.
Ciri Ciri-c -cir irii Pem Pembe bela laja jara ran n mate matema matik tikaa di di Sek Sekola olah h Das Dasar ar .... ...... .... ....
17
7. Ruan Ruang g Ling Lingku kup p Mater Materii Mate Matema matik tikaa di Sek Sekol olah ah Das Dasar ar ... ..... .... .... ..
18
Metode Metode Pembel Pembelaja ajaran ran ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..
19
1. Penger Pengertia tian n Metode Metode Pembe Pembelaj lajara aran n ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..
19
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7 C.
Kerangka ngka Piki ikir .......………………………… .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
24
D.
Hipotesis Hipotesis ........ ............ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .... ....... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....
24
BAB III PELAK PELAKSAN SANAAN AAN PENELI PENELITIA TIAN N ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....
25
A.
Tempat Tempat dan waktu waktu Pelaks Pelaksana anaan an ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..
25
B.
Pros Prosed edur ur Pene Peneli liti tiaan ...... ...... .... .... .... ..………………………….… ..........
25
C.
Desk Deskri rips psii Per Per Sikl Siklus us .... ...... .... .... .... .... ………………………….… .... ...... .... .... .... 26 1.
Siklus I ........ ............ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... 26
2.
Siklus II ........ ............ ........ ........ ........ ......... ......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... ..
32
3.
Siklus III ........ ............ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... ..
36
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN…………………..
BAB BAB V
40
A.
Hasil Hasil Peneli Penelitia tian n ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... .....
40
B.
Pembah Pembahasa asan.. n..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....
61
PENU PENUTU TUP P .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... …..............................
……………………
65
A.
Simpulan ……………………………………………………. ..
65
B.
Saran …….……………………………………………………
67
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ……………………………………………………….
67
LAMPIRAN ................... ................... …………………………………………………….
69
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN ...................... .................................... ......................... ....................... ........................ ................. .....
1) Lampiran Lampiran 1 : Rencana Rencana Pelaksanaa Pelaksanaan n Pembelajar Pembelajaran an ......... ............. ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....
69
70
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8
BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Lata Latarr Be Bela laka kang ng Masa Masala lah h
Di era era abad abad ke-2 ke-21 1 yan yang g serb serbaa glob global al,, menu menunt ntut ut kita kita untu untuk k memi memili liki ki kompetensi kompetensi yang tinggi di berbagai berbagai segi kehidupan. kehidupan. Oleh karena karena itu dunia pendidikan pendidikan dihadapkan dihadapkan pada tantanga tantangan n berat, terutama terutama dalam penyiapan penyiapan sumber sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang berkualitas. Di sisi lain pendidikan nasional dihada dihadapka pkan n pada pada permas permasala alahan han mendas mendasar ar yakni yakni : (1) masih masih rendah rendahnya nya pemerataan memperoleh pendidikan, (2) masih rendahnya kualitas dan relevansi pendidi pendidikan kan,, dan dan (3) masih masih lemah lemahnya nya manaje manajeme men n pendi pendidika dikan n (Depd (Depdikn iknas, as, 2005:2). Realitas pendidikan hasil paradigma lama adalah pendidikan sebagai inst instrrume umen
poli politi tik, k,
ala alat
peny penyer erag agaaman, man,
pese peserrta
didi didik k
seba sebaga gaii
obje objek, k,
mengutamakan aspek kognitif, dan pendidik sangat dominan sehingga pemb pembel elaj ajar aran an berp berpus usat at pada pada guru guru.. Pend Pendidi idika kan n yan yang g meng mengut utam amak akan an aspe aspek k kecerdasa kecerdasan n intelektual intelektual (kogniti (kognitif), f), mengakibatk mengakibatkan an krisis krisis kehidupan kehidupan masyar masyarakat akat yang multi dimensional sebagai refleksi krisis pendidikan. Perubahan dunia di era era glob global alis isas asii
yan yang g serb serbaa cepa cepatt di sega segala la bida bidang ng kehi kehidu dupa pan n sang sangat at
mempengaruhi paradigma pendidikan. Paradigma Paradigma baru pendidikan pendidikan diharapkan diharapkan dapat memecahka memecahkan n permasala permasalahan han pendidikan. Pendidikan sebagai subjek pembangunan, schooling menjadi learning (sekolah menjadi belajar) dengan paradigma pembelajaran learning to know (belajar untuk mengetahui), learning to do (belajar untuk bekerja), learning to be (belajar untuk hidup), learning to live together (belajar untuk
hidup bersama), cara belajar siswa aktif menjadi belajar reflektif, pendidikan berbasis pada kehidupan masyarakat, keragaman keragaman dalam keseragaman, keseragaman, anak didik
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9 berfungsi mengembangkan kemampuan dan membentuk watak serta peradaban bangsa yang bermartabat dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, bertujuan bertujuan untuk berkembang berkembangnya nya potensi peserta peserta didik agar menjadi menjadi manusia manusia yang beriman dan bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berakhlak mulia, sehat, berilmu, cakap, kreatif, mandiri dan menjadi warga negara yang demokratis serta bertanggungjawab (Dirjen Dikdasmen, 2003:3). Bertitik tolak dari dari konsepsi visi dan misi tersebut tersebut di atas, atas, dapat ditarik suatu pengertia pengertian n bahwa untuk meningka meningkatkan tkan mutu pendidikan pendidikan diperlukan diperlukan peran peran serta dari berbagai komponen yang terkait dalam sistem pendidikan dan pengajaran. Untuk merealisasikan merealisasikan paradigma tersebut di atas, perlu perlu berbagai upaya upaya yang harus harus dilakukan dilakukan oleh lembaga lembaga atau instansi instansi yang yang memiliki memiliki tugas dan tanggung tanggung jawab jawab terhadap terhadap penyelengga penyelenggaraan raan dan pengelol pengelolaan aan pendidikan. pendidikan. Guru Guru sebagai ujung tombak tombak dalam peningkatan kualitas atau yang melaksanakan melaksanakan tugas di lapangan sangat sangat terkait dengan dengan masalah-masalah masalah-masalah dan bertanggungjawab atas masalah tersebut. Bagi seorang guru selain sebagai perencana pembelajaran, juga harus melaksanakan pembelajaran, serta melakukan evaluasi untuk mengetahui berhasil tidaknya pendidikan bagi generasi bangsa. Berbagai Berbagai upaya untuk mening meningkatkan katkan mutu pendidi pendidikan kan telah dilakukan dilakukan oleh seluruh seluruh penyele penyelenggara nggara dan dan penanggungj penanggungjawab awab pendidik pendidikan, an, baik pihak pihak pemerinta pemerintah, h, swasta, swasta, maupun masyarak masyarakat, at, namun belum menunjukka menunjukkan n hasil yang memuaska memuaskan. n. Upaya tersebut tersebut di antaranya antaranya dengan memberla memberlakukan kukan UndangUndangUndang tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional dan Rencana Strategis Pendidikan. Pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar meliputi tiga tingkatan atau taha tahapa pan, n, yaitu, itu, (1) pena penana nama man n kons konsep ep,, (2) pem pemaha ahaman kons konseep, dan dan (3) pembinaan keterampilan. Matematika merupakan suatu bahan kajian yang memiliki objek abstrak. Matematika dibentuk melalui proses penalaran deduktif. Pembelajaran Matematika bertujuan agar peserta didik memiliki
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10 atau media lain untuk untuk memperj memperjelas elas keadaan keadaan atau masalah masalah;; (5) memiliki memiliki sikap sikap menghargai kegunaan matematika dalam kehidupan, yaitu memiliki rasa ingin tahu, perhatian, dan minat dalam mempelajari matematika, serta sikap ulet dan percaya diri dalam pemecahan masalah (Depdiknas, 2006). Keberhasi Keberhasilan lan seorang seorang siswa ditandai ditandai dengan perubahan perubahan tingkah laku, kemaju kemajuan an presta prestasi, si, dan berta bertamba mbah h keteram keterampila pilanny nnya. a. Presta Prestasi si belajar belajar siswa siswa khususnya khususnya mata pelajaran pelajaran matematika matematika sangat dipengaru dipengaruhi hi oleh berbagai berbagai faktor, faktor, salah satunya adalah kelengkapan fasilitas belajar serta pemanfaatannya bagi kepentingan belajar siswa. Selain itu keberhasilan dalam proses belajar mengajar dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal (dalam diri siswa) terdiri dari faktor jasmaniah (kesehatan jasmani) dan faktor rohani (psikologis) sedangkan faktor eksternal (dari luar siswa) dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu faktor keluarga, faktor sekolah, dan faktor masyarakat. Sedangkan keberhasilan dalam proses belajar mengajar selain dipengaruhi oleh guru juga dipengaruhi oleh cara belajar. belajar. Untuk mendukung cara belajar yang yang efektif efektif dan efisien efisien maka maka perlu perlu didukung didukung oleh metode dan dan media pembelajara pembelajaran. n. Dalam Dalam proses proses pembe pembelajara lajaran, n, guru selalu selalu dihadapka dihadapkan n pada suatu kenyataan tentang keanekaragaman kemampuan siswa. Keanekaragaman kemampuan ini akan membuat tingkat penguasaan belajar yang berbeda antara siswa yang satu dengan yang lain, sehingga ada siswa yang mencapai prestasi belajar yang amat baik, dalam arti menguasai seluruh bahan pelajaran. Tetapi ada pula siswa siswa yang tidak mampu mampu mencapai mencapai prestasi prestasi belajar belajar secara tuntas. tuntas. Begitu pula ada siswa yang memang tergolong memiliki kemampuan akademik yang kurang. Jika siswa yang tidak mampu menguasai bahan pembelajaran secara tuntas ini dibiarkan terus menerus, akan berdampak negatif terhadap penguasaan bahan pelajaran
pada pembelajaran berikutnya, sehingga bahan bahan
belajar yang belum mampu dikuasai menjadikan siswa mengalami kesulitan
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11 terhad terhadap ap siswa siswa belum belum maksim maksimal, al, (3) masih masih terbat terbatasn asnya ya buku-b buku-buku uku matem matemati atika, ka, (4) pemanf pemanfaa aatan tan media media atau atau alat alat pera peraga ga yang yang seadany seadanya, a, sehing sehingga ga membua membuatt rendahnya rendahnya minat minat siswa siswa dalam dalam mengikuti mengikuti pembelajar pembelajaran, an, (5) perhatian perhatian orangt orangtua ua terhadap terhadap belajar belajar anak di di rumah rumah masih masih kurang kurang,, (6) dan ditambah ditambah lagi lagi masih masih adanya adanya suatu paradig paradigma ma tentang tentang matematika matematika sebaga sebagaii mata pelajaran pelajaran yang yang sulit dan menakutkan. Dalam pembelajaran matematika di kelas IV ini, siswa telah mampu menentukan FPB dan KPK dari suatu bilangan, namun kemampuan tersebut belum didukung dengan keterampilan atau kecepatan dalam menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan yang berhubungan dengan FPB dan KPK. Sebagai ilustrasi bahwa keterampilan siswa dalam pembelajaran mate matema matik tikaa dian diangg ggap ap kuran kurang, g, bila bila sisw siswaa terse tersebu butt belu belum m mamp mampu u meny menyel eles esai aika kan n satu soal dalam dalam waktu maksimal maksimal 3 menit. Asumsi ini didasarkan pada suatu kenyataan di lapangan bahwa setiap kegiatan UTS, UUS, UKK, ataupun ujian mata pelajaran matematika, siswa dituntut mampu menyelesaikan 40 soal dalam waktu waktu 120 menit. Denga Dengan n demikian demikian dapat disimpulka disimpulkan n bahwa siswa siswa yang terampil, mampu menentukan FPB atau KPK kurang dari 3 menit per soal.
B. Iden Identi tifi fika kasi si Masa Masala lah h
Berdasar Berdasarkan kan hasil observasi observasi dan evaluasi evaluasi terhadap terhadap proses proses pembelajaran pembelajaran matematika matematika,, siswa siswa telah telah mampu mampu menentukan menentukan FPB dan KPK. KPK. Namun Namun kemampuan kemampuan tersebut tersebut belum ditunjang ditunjang dengan keterampil keterampilannya annya.. Kemampuan Kemampuan siswa dalam menentukan FPB dan KPK tersebut masih lambat dan memerlukan wakt waktu u lebi lebih h dari dari 3 meni menitt per per soa soal. l. Dal Dalam am hal hal ini ini penu penuli liss berh berhas asil il mengid mengident entifi ifikas kasii beberapa beberapa perma permasal salaha ahan n pembel pembelaja ajara ran, n, antara antara lain, lain, (1) siswa siswa kura kurang ng tera teramp mpil il dala dalam m mene menentu ntuka kan n fakto faktorr prima prima,, (2) (2) sisw siswaa kura kurang ng tera teramp mpil il dala dalam m mene menent ntuk ukan an fak fakto tori risa sasi si pri prima ma,, (3) (3) sisw siswaa kura kurang ng tera teramp mpil il dal dalam am
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12 kete ketera ramp mpil ilan an sis siswa wa dal dalam am mene menentu ntuka kan n FPB FPB dan dan KPK KPK terse tersebu butt dapa dapatt ditingk ditingkatk atkan an melalu melaluii pener penerapa apan n model model Cooperative Learning Snowball Throwing.
Zoltan P. Dienes adalah seorang matematikawan yang memusatkan perhatiannya pada cara-cara pengajaran terhadap siswa-siswa. Dasar teorinya bertumpu pada Piaget, dan pengembangannya diorientasikan pada siswa-siswa, sedemikian rupa sehingga sistem yang dikembangkannya itu menarik bagi siswa yang mempelajarinya. mempelajarinya. Menurut Dienes, Dienes, permainan permainan matematika matematika sangat penting sebab operasi matematika dalam permainan tersebut menunjukkan aturan secara kongkret dan lebih membimbing dan menajamkan pengertian matematika pada anak didik. Dalam permainan permainan yang disertai aturan siswa sudah mulai meneliti pola-pola dan keteraturan yang terdapat dalam konsep tertentu. Keteraturan ini mungkin terdapat dalam konsep tertentu tapi tidak terdapat dalam konsep yang lainnya. Anak yang telah memahami aturan-aturan tadi. Berdas Berdasar arkan kan teori teori belaja belajarr Zolta Zoltan n P. Dienes Dienes tentan tentang g teor teorii permai permainan nan matema matematika tika dan teori teori belaja belajarr Willia William m H Burton Burton (Muha (Muhamm mmad ad Ali;200 Ali;2000;1 0;13), 3), dengan memberi perangsang (stimulus), (stimulus), bimbingan, bimbingan, pengarahan, dan dorongan kepada siswa agar agar terjadi proses belajar, belajar, maka hal tersebut tersebut memberikan inspirasi inspirasi kepada peneliti bahwa kekurangmampuan kekurangmampuan siswa tersebut dapat dikurangi dengan memberi perangsang dan dorongan kepada siswa untuk belajar melalui bentuk permainan dengan menerapkan model Cooperative Learning Snowball
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13 E.
Tuju Tu juan an Penelit elitia ian n
Peneli Penelitia tian n tindaka tindakan n kelas kelas ini bertuj bertujuan uan untuk untuk : 1. Mend Mendeeskr skripsi ipsika kan n
pene penera rapa pan n
mode modell
Cooperative
Learning
Snowball
pembelajar lajaran an matematik matematikaa untuk menentuk menentukan an FPB dan Throwing dalam pembe KPK. 2. Meningkatka Meningkatkan n keteram keterampilan pilan siswa siswa dalam dalam menentukan menentukan FPB dan KPK, KPK, 3. Meningkatka Meningkatkan n prestasi prestasi hasil belajar belajar siswa siswa pada pembelajar pembelajaran an matema matematika. tika.
F. Manf Manfaa aatt Pene Peneli liti tian an
Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi manfaat bagi : 1. Siswa a. Meningkatka Meningkatkan n minat minat belajar, belajar, khusus khususnya nya mata mata pelajar pelajaran an Matemat Matematika. ika. b. Meningkatka Meningkatkan n kemamp kemampuan uan memahami memahami konsep konsep matema matematika. tika. c. Mampu Mampu memeca memecahkan hkan masalah masalah dalam dalam kehidupan kehidupan sehari-har sehari-hari. i. d. Mening Meningkatk katkan an ketera keterampi mpilan lan dan hasil hasil belaja belajarr siswa siswa.. 2. Guru a. Untu Untuk k men menge geta tahu huii kelem kelemah ahan an / kele kelebih bihan an guru guru dala dalam m meny menyam ampa paik ikan an materi pelajaran dan mengelola kelas, b. Memberika Memberikan n alterna alternatif tif pemecahan pemecahan masalah masalah dalam suatu pembelajar pembelajaran. an. c. Memb Memban antu tu guru guru dala dalam m mela melaku kuka kan n perb perbai aika kan n pemb pembel elaj ajar aran an..
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14
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA
A. Pembelajaran Matematika 1. Hak Hakikat ikat Be Belaja lajarr
Jika ditelaah dari berbagai sumber, maka akan dijumpai berbagai pengertian tentang belajar yang perumusannya satu dengan yang lainnya berbeda. Untuk memahami, mengalami, dan mempunyai gambaran yang jelas. Ini diberikan beberapa pengertian menurut beberapa ahli sebagai berikut : a. Winkel Winkel (1984:162) (1984:162) mengutarak mengutarakan an pengertia pengertian n belajar belajar suatu suatu proses proses mental mental yang mengarah kepada penguasaan, kecakapan / skill, kebiasaan atau sikap yang semuanya diperoleh, disimpan dan dilaksanakan sehingga menimbulkan tingkah laku yang progresif dan adaptif. b. Slam Slameeto (1991 1991:22)
“Belajar adalah suatu proses yang dilakukan
individu
untuk memperoleh suatu perubahan tingkah laku sebagai hasil interaksi dengan lingkungannya dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. c. Gagne Gagne (dalam (dalam Dadang Dadang Garnida Garnida,, 2001:56) 2001:56) mengarti mengartikan kan belajar belajar terjad terjadii jika rangsangan bersama dengan isi rangsang mempengaruhi siswa, sehingga perilaku siswa berubah sebelum dipengaruhi dan setelah dipengaruhi. d. Nana Sujana Sujana (dalam (dalam T Nur Nur Djannah, Djannah, 2002:8) 2002:8) mengar mengartikan tikan belajar belajar adalah adalah suatu proses yang ditandai dengan perubahan dengan diri seseorang.
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15 2. Penge Pengerti rtian an Prest Prestasi asi Belaj Belajar ar Matem Matemati atika ka
Menurut Tirtonegoro (1989:43),
“Prestasi belajar matematika adalah
penilaian hasil usaha kegiatan belajar–mengajar dari ilmu yang menyangkut seluk beluk beluk bilangan bilangan beserta beserta hubungannya hubungannya dan dan dinyatakan dinyatakan dalam dalam bentuk simbol, angka, huruf maupun kalimat yang dapat mencerminkan hasil yang
dicapai oleh setiap siswa dalam periode tertentu.” Menurut Pasaribu dan Simanjuntak (1980:115), menyatakan yang
dimaksud dengan “Prestasi
belajar matematika adalah achievement, isi /
kapasitas seorang yakni hasil yang diperoleh seseorang setelah mengikuti kegiatan dan latihan yang ada hubungannya dengan bilangan, dan prosedur operasional yang digunakan dalam penyelesaian masalah mengenai bilangan
yang ditentukan melalui pemberian tes akhir pada pendidikan itu”. Dari rumusan–rumusan di atas dapat penulis simpulkan bahwa prestasi belajar matematika adalah hasil penilaian belajar atau hasil belajar yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang ada hubungannya dengan bilangan, dan prosedur operasional yang digunakan dalam penyelesaian masalah mengenai bilangan diukur dengan tes dan hasilnya berupa angka-angka atau huruf – huruf yang mempunyai arti penting dalam pendidikan. Angka–angka atau huruf –huruf tersebut bisa memberikan gambaran tentang keadaan atau pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran.
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16 susunan, besaran, dan konsep-konsep yang berhubungan lainnya dengan
jumlah yang banyak”. Menurut Soedjadi (1999 : 11) bahwa matematika memiliki beragam definisi, antara lain : a. Matematika Matematika
adalah adalah cabang ilmu pengetahuan pengetahuan eksak dan terorganisir terorganisir
secara sistimatik. b. Matematika Matematika adalah adalah pengetahua pengetahuan n tentang tentang bilangan bilangan dan dan kalkulasi. kalkulasi. c. Matematika Matematika adalah adalah tentang tentang penalar penalaran an logik logik dan berhubunga berhubungan n dengan dengan bilangan. d. Matematika Matematika adalah pengetahuan pengetahuan tentang fakta-fak fakta-fakta ta kualitatif kualitatif dan masalah tentang ruang dan bentuk. e. Matematika Matematika adalah adalah pengetah pengetahuan uan tentang tentang struktu struktur-str r-struktur uktur yang yang logika. logika. f. Matem Matemati atika ka adalah adalah penget pengetahu ahuan an tentan tentang g atur aturanan-atu aturan ran yang yang keta ketat. t. Menurut Sunardi (1997:1), Matematika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari mempelajari seluk seluk beluk beluk bilan bilanga gan n beserta beserta hubu hubunga nganny nnya. a. Sedang Sedangkan kan Hudoyo Hudoyo (198 (1988: 8: 1), mengatakan bahwa bahwa matematika merupakan disiplin ilmu yang yang mempelajari mempelajari sifat khas khas kalau dibandingka dibandingkan n dengan disiplin disiplin ilmu lain. Karena Karena kegiatan kegiatan belajar dan mengajar matematika seyogyanya juga tidak disamakan begitu saja dengan ilmu lain. Karena peserta peserta didik yang belajar matematika itu pun berbeda-beda pula kemampuannya, maka kaitan belajar mengajar harus tetap memperhatikan adanya perbedaan individu dan karakteristik ka rakteristik siswa.
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17
untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan”. Mata mengem emba bang ngka kan n kema kemamp mpua uan n berfungsi “untuk meng
dalam sistem pembelajaran pelajaran matematika
berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan bilangan dan simbol-simbol serta ketajaman penalaran yang dapat membantu, memperjelas, dan menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari” (Depdikbud, 1994: 96). Mata
pelajaran
matematika
berfungsi
untuk
mengembangkan
kemampuan berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan bilangan dan simbolsimbol serta ketajaman penalaran yang dapat membantu memperjelas dan menyelesa menyelesaikan ikan permasala permasalahan han dalam dalam kehidupan kehidupan sehari-har sehari-hari. i. Di sekolah sekolah dasar diutamakan agar siswa mengenal, memahami serta mahir menggunakan bilangan dalam kaitannya dengan praktek kehidupan sehari-hari (Depdikbud,1996:95) Berdasarkan uraian tersebut di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa fungsi matematika matematika sekolah sekolah dasar adalah adalah sebagai sebagai instru instrumen men input yang memiliki memiliki objek
dasar
abstrak
dan
berlandasakan
kebenaran
konsisten
untuk
mengembangkan kemampuan berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan bilangan
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18 b. Mempersia Mempersiapkan pkan siswa siswa agar agar dapat dapat menggunak menggunakan an matematik matematikaa dan pola pola pikir matematika dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan mempelajari berbagai ilmu pengetahuan. c. Menumbuhkan Menumbuhkan
dan
mengemba mengembangkan ngkan
keterampil keterampilan an
berhitung berhitung
(menggunakan bilangan) sebagai alat dalam kehidupan kehid upan sehari-hari; d. Menumbuhkan Menumbuhkan kemampuan kemampuan siswa yang dapat dialihg dialihgunaka unakan n melalui melalui kegiatan matematika; e. Mengembang Mengembangkan kan pengetahu pengetahuan an dasar dasar matema matematika tika sebaga sebagaii bekal bekal lebih lanjut di Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama (SLTP) dan; f. Membentuk Membentuk sikap logis, kritis, kritis, cerma cermatt dan kreatif kreatif dan dan disiplin. disiplin. Menurut Wahyudin (2003 : 3) tujuan pengajaran matematika secara
keseluruhan “agar siswa memiliki pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan untuk menambah perbendaharaan pengetahuan khususnya di bidang
matematika”. Tujuan Tujuan khusus khusus pembelaj pembelajaran aran Matematika Matematika di sekolah sekolah dasar dasar adalah : a. Menumbuhkan Menumbuhkan dan mengem mengembangka bangkan n keterampil keterampilan an berhitung berhitung sebagai sebagai alat
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19 abstrak abstrak ke konkrit. konkrit. Oleh karena karena itu itu pembelajar pembelajaran an matematika matematika di sekolah sekolah dasar memiliki karakteristik tersendiri dan menjadi perhatian dari para ahli matematika. Menurut Karso (2004: 15), pembelajaran matematika memiliki ciri tersendiri dibandingkan dengan mata pelajaran lainnya, yakni: memiliki objek kejadian yang abstrak, berpola pikir deduktif, dan konsisten”. Berdasarkan Kurikulum Sekolah Dasar 1994, matematika sekolah
adalah “Matematika yang diajarkan di Pendidikan Dasar” (Depdikbud, 1994: 1). Matematika sekolah terdiri atas bagian-bagian matematika yang dipi dipili lih h gun guna: a: (a) (a) menu menumb mbuh uhke kemb mban angk gkan an kema kemamp mpua uann-ke kema mamp mpua uan; n; (b) (b) mem membent bentuk uk prib pribaadi sisw iswa;
(c) ber berpadu padu pada pada per perkemb kemban ang gan
ilm ilmu u
pengetahuan dan teknologi. 7. Ruang Lingkup Materi Matematika di Sekolah Dasar
Matematika sekolah memiliki ruang lingkup yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan tingkat dan jenjangnya masing-masing. Ruang lingkup bahan
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20 B. Meto Metode de Pembe Pembela laja jara ran n 1. Penge Pengerti rtian an Metode Metode Pemb Pembela elajar jaran an
Metode pembelajaran merupakan salah satu komponen yang harus ada dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar. Pada dasarnya metode mengajar merupakan cara atau teknik yang digunakan guru dalam melakukan interaksi dengan siswa pada saat proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Metode pembelajaran ialah cara yang digunakan oleh guru untuk menyampaikan
pelajaran
kepada
pelajar.
Karena
penyampaian
itu
berlangsung dalam interaksi edukatif, metode mengajar dapat diartikan sebagai cara yang dipergunakan oleh guru dalam mengadakan hubungan dengan pelajar pada saat berlangsungnya pengajaran. Dengan demikian, metode mengajar merupakan alat untuk menciptakan proses belajar mengajar (Rahim, 2001 : 88). Metode pembelajaran yang ditetapkan guru banyak memungkinkan siswa belajar proses (learning by process), bukan bukan hany hanyaa belaja belajarr produk produk (learning by product ). ). Belajar produk pada umumnya hanya menekankan
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21 pembelajaran memberi warna pada proses pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan di suatu sekolah (Sumiati, 2008 : 96).
2. JenisJenis-Jen Jenis is Meto Metode de Pem Pembel belajar ajaran an
Metode pembelajaran pembelajaran menekankan pada pada proses belajar siswa secara aktif
dalam
upaya
memperoleh
kemampuan
hasil
belajar.
Metode
pembelajaran yang dipilih tentunya menghidari upaya penuangan ide kepada siswa sebagaimana terjadi dalam pembelajaran dengan pendekatan imposisi (Sumiati, 2008 : 96) Berbagai metode yang dapat digunakan dalam proses proses pembelajaran pembelajaran matematika antara lain : metode penugasan, diskusi, tanya jawab, latihan, ceramah, simulasi, proyek, studi lapangan/widyawisata, demonstrasi dan ekperimen (Noehi, 2004 : 5.15). Dari Dari beberapa beberapa metode metode yang yang dapat diterapkan diterapkan untuk proses proses pembelajara pembelajaran n
Matemat Matematika ika
di di
SD kelas kelas
IV materi/kom materi/kompeten petensi si
dasar dasar
menentukan FPB dan KPK, maka peneliti memilih dan menggunakan metode
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22 dan pengembangannya diorientasikan pada siswa-siswa, sedemikian rupa sehingga sistem yang dikembangkannya itu menarik bagi siswa yang mempelaja mempelajarinya rinya.. Menurut Menurut Dienes, Dienes, permainan permainan matematik matematikaa sangat penting penting sebab operasi matematika dalam permainan tersebut menunjukkan aturan secara kongkret dan lebih membimbing dan menajamkan pengertian matematika pada anak didik. Dalam permainan yang yang disertai disertai aturan siswa sudah mulai meneliti pola-pola dan keteraturan yang terdapat dalam konsep tertentu. Keteraturan ini mungkin terdapat dalam konsep tertentu tapi tidak terdapat dalam konsep yang lainnya. Anak yang telah memahami aturanaturan tadi.
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23 Keunt Keuntung ungan an penera penerapan pan model model Cooperative Cooperative Learning Learning Snowball Snowball Throwing adalah : 1. Siswa Siswa beba bebass menge mengemuk mukaka akan n pendap pendapat. at. 2. Efekt Efektif if untuk untuk menga mengajuk jukan an permas permasala alahan han.. 3. Mempertin Mempertinggi ggi peran peran serta serta siswa siswa secara secara perorangan. perorangan. 4. Mendo Mendoron rong g rasa rasa persa persatua tuan n dan sosi sosial. al. 5. Mengemba Mengembangkan ngkan kepemimpina kepemimpinan n dan menghayati menghayati kepemimpi kepemimpinan. nan. Belajar adalah suatu proses kegiatan yang dilakukan individu untuk memperoleh perubahan tingkah laku yang berupa pengertian / pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap. Menurut Sardiman A.M. (2002: 20), belajar dimaksudkan sebagai usaha penguasaan materi ilmu pengetahuan yang
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24 D. Hipotesis
Berdasarkan landasan teori dan kerangka pikir di atas maka dapat
dirumuskan
hipotesis penelitian tindakan kelas “Melalui
penerapan model
ketera ramp mpil ilan an sis siswa wa kela kelass IV SD SD 2 Cooperative Learning Snowball Throwing, kete Besito Besito Kecamatan Kecamatan Gebog Kabupa Kabupaten ten Kudus Kudus dalam dalam menentuka menentukan n FPB dan dan KPK KPK dapat meningkat".
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25 BAB III PELAKSANAAN PENELITIAN
A. Tempat dan Waktu Waktu Penelitian Penelitian
Pelaksanaan
penelitian
tindakan
kelas
dalam
rangka
perbaikan
pembel pembelaja ajaran ran ini berte bertempa mpatt di SD 2 Besito Besito Kecam Kecamata atan n Gebog Gebog Kabu Kabupat paten en Kudus Kudus,, pada mata pelajaran pelajaran matematika matematika kelas IV Tahun Pelajaran Pelajaran 2010/2011. 2010/2011. Adapun Adapun jadwal jadwal pelaksanaan pelaksanaan penelitian penelitian terdapat terdapat pada tabel tabel berikut ini. Tabel 3.1 Jadwal Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Matematika
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26 Skema Siklus
TINDAKAN
TINDAKAN
Siklus I RENCANA
ANALISIS DATA
Siklus II RENCANA
TINDAKAN
ANALISIS DATA
Siklus III RENCANA
ANALISIS DATA
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27 tentang tentang pertanyaan pertanyaan-pert -pertanyaa anyaan n yang yang digunakan digunakan untuk menjajagi menjajagi seberapa seberapa jauh pengetahua pengetahuan n siswa siswa tentang tentang FPB dan KPK. KPK. Pada saat guru memberikan apersepsi dengan melontarkan beberapa pertanyaa pertanyaan n tentang FPB dan KPK, KPK, beberapa beberapa siswa menjawa menjawab b namun jawabanny jawabannyaa
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28 Pada pembelajaran siklus I ditemui beberapa kelemahan / kekurangan baik guru maupun siswa. Kelemahan yang dialami guru yakni, (1) guru kurang memperhatikan siswa sehingga siswa banyak yang ramai sendiri dan kurang memperhatikan, (2) guru kurang memberi motivasi sehingga pada saat
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29 d. Tahap Refleksi Siklus I
Pada tahap refleksi ini, pengumpulan data dimulai sejak proses pembelajaran siklus I, dibantu oleh teman sejawat. Dari permasalahan yang dicatat, kemudian dikonsultasikan kepada kepada pembimbing. Adapun instrumen instrumen yang yang
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30 2. Siklus II II
Pembelajaran siklus II kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan langkah-langkahnya sama sama sepert sepertii pada siklu sikluss I, melalu melaluii empat empat tahap tahap yaitu, yaitu, (1) tahap tahap perenca perencanaa naan, n, (2) tahap pelaksanaa pelaksanaan, n, (3) tahap pengumpula pengumpulan n data dan tahap refleksi. refleksi. Adapun kegiatan kegiatan
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31 menja menjawa wab b perta pertany nyaa aan n guru. guru. Dar Darii 4 sisw siswaa yang yang meng mengac acung ungka kan n tang tangan an 2 sisw siswaa yang ditanya, ditanya, 1 siswa dapat dapat menjawa menjawab b dengan dengan benar dan 1 siswa siswa menjaw menjawab ab kurang tepat. Guru terus berusaha memberikan motivasi kepada siswa dengan menciptakan situasi kelas untuk mendorong siswa tertarik pada pelajaran yang
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