Ноты Soap_and_Skin_-_Piano_Sheets. Загадочная австрийская девушка Аня Пляшг (Anja Plaschg) играет на своем фортепиано не менее загадочную музыку. Каждое прикосновение её нежных пальцев, как слова и...
Ноты Soap_and_Skin_-_Piano_Sheets. Загадочная австрийская девушка Аня Пляшг (Anja Plaschg) играет на своем фортепиано не менее загадочную музыку. Каждое прикосновение её нежных пальцев, как …Descripción completa
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soap prepearation, soap and detergent properties' comparison. one of uitm's laboratory experiment for bachelor of engr(hons) chemical and process engineering. data obtained in the report are…Full description
Material SOAP
kasus farmakoterapiFull description
SOAP note Warfarin clinicFull description
CASE PNEUMONIA
schoolFull description
MakalahDeskripsi lengkap
CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER SOAP What is soap?
Soa# is so"i!m sa%t or sa%t or #otassi!m sa%t o$ sa%t o$ %ong&c'ain $att( aci"s. General formula
RCOONa* RCOO- * or R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can b sat!rat" or !nsat!rat". [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound] The history of soap manufacturing
Soaps can be prepared through sa#oni$ication sa#oni$ication.. What is saponification?
' sa#oni$ication #rocss is t' #rocss o$ '("ro%i(/ing $ats or $ats or oi% oi% !n"r !n"r a%+a%in con"itions. con"itions. Therefore,
' sa#oni$ication #rocss in0o%0s boi%ing $ats or oi%s it' oi%s it' concntrat" so"i!m '("roi" to #ro"!c g%(cro% g%(cro% an" an" t' so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci"s or soa#s soa#s.. General equation
Fats)oi%s * concntrat" a%+a%is a%+a%is , soa# * g%(cro% g%(cro% What is fat?
Fats)oi%s ar nat!ra% str t'at #ro"!c b( combination o$ $att( aci" it' g%(cro%. What happen to the fat during saponification?
Fats)oi%s !n"rgos '("ro%(sis '("ro%(sis in in a%+a%i a%+a%i con"ition con"ition an" t'n bra+ !# to $att( to $att( aci" an" aci" an" g%(cro% g%(cro%.. 'n3 $att( aci" i%% ract it' a%+a%i a%+a%i to to $orm so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci" 4soa#5 4soa#5.. Consider this reaction;
Fats/oil in concentrated sodium hydroxide
Fatty acid + glycerol
1
Fatty acid + alkal i/sodium ion sodium salt fatty acid/soap + water !erall" Fats/oil + alkali/sodium ion soap + glycerol Preparation of soap by saponification
S'(# 1" #alm oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a beaker) heated) stirred until it boiling the layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled. %lass rod &eaker
#alm oil $oncentrated sodium hydroxide solution
*ire gaue
66666666666666666 66666 'ripod stand
&unsen burner
S'(# -" *ater and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added)boiled again and cooled. *hite precipitate is formed and floats on the surface of the mixture. Spatula Sodium chloride istilled water
#recipitation of soap is float
,ixture of fatty acids) salts and water 66666666666666666 66666
Sodium chloride reduces the solubility of soap in water) therefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats.
-
S'(# 0" ,ixture is filtered by filter paper.
Filter paper 6esidue 4soap5
,ixture of fatty acids) salts and water
Filter funnel $onical flask Filtrate
S'(# 3" Solid soap is washed with distilled water to remo!e excess alkali and salt.
6esidue 4soap5
istilled water
Filtrate
Proc"!r: 1. 1 cm0 of palm oil is measured with measuring cylinder 1ml and poured into a beaker -ml. -. cm0 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution mol dm 20 measured with measuring cylinder ml and poured in the beaker. 0. 'he mixture is heated and stirred with glass rod until its boiling for minutes. 'hen) the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. 3. cm0 water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added to the mixture and boiled again for minutes. 'hen) the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. ['it #rci#itat is $orm" an" $%oats]. . 'he mixture is filtered with filter paper) and the residue 4soap5 is washed by distilled water.
' c%ansing action o$ soa# an" "trgnt 'he cleansing action for soaps and detergent results from their abilityC i. to lower the surface tension of water) ii. to emulsify oil or grease / dirt) and iii. to hold them in suspension in water. 'his ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergent )tructure of soaps
Soap consists of so"i!m)#otassi!m cations an" soa# anions. *hen a sodium/potassium soap is dissol!e in water) it will form soa# anions and so"i!m ion3 Na* or #otassi!m ion3 - * Sodium soap soa# anions + sodium cations [8a+] #otassium soap soa# anions + potassium cations [; +] What is soap anions? 0 -
$7
$7
$7-
$7-
$7-
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
$7-
7ydrophobic [hydrocarbon chains]
O
$7C
O 7ydrophilic [carboxilate group]
COO Soap anions From the diagram abo!e shows that the structure of soap anions consists of) i. hydrocarbon chains known as '("ro#'obic part ii. carboxylate/ionic group known as '("ro#'i%ic part )tructure of detergent
etergent of so"i!m cations an" "trgnt anions. *hen a detergent is dissol!e in water) it will form "trgnt anions and so"i!m ion3 Na*. What is detergent anions?
i5 Sodium alkyl sulphate detergent
D
$70
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
$7$7-
7ydrophobic [hydrocarbon/alkyl chains]
GH
ESE 8a+ G 7ydrophilic [sulphate ions] OSO=
$70 $7-
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
$7-
$7$7-
$7-
7ydrophobic [hydrocarbon/alkyl benene chains]
$7-
G H ESE 8a+ G 7ydrophilic [sulphonate ions]
SO=
From the diagram abo!e shows that the structure of alkyl benene sulphonate anions consists of) i. hydrocarbon/alkyl benene chains known as '("ro#'obic part ii. sulphonate/ionic group known as '("ro#'i%ic part
>n water) soap and detergent dissol!es to form soap anions and detergent anions. 'he anions will carry out the cleansing action) because these anions consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic part. ;'(< 7ydrophobic is water2hating part) is so%!b% in oi%)gras)"irt) but insoluble in water. 7ydrophilic is water2lo!ing part) is so%!b% in atr but insoluble in oil/grease/dirt. &oth of the properties of anions) makes soap and detergent act as an effecti!e cleansing agent. • • •
I
*o" soap and detergent carry out the cleansing action?
Sodium ion
+
E
+
E E +
Soap/detergent ion
E
+
+
E
E
%rease/dirt
E
+
+
+
+
E
E
irt cloth 2 'he cloth is dipped in a soap or detergent solutions. 2 Soap and detergent reduces the surface tension of water. 2 'his increase the wetting ability of water) therefore the surface of the cloth is wetted thoroughly.
+
+
+
+ +
+
E
E E
E E E E E E
+
7ydrophilic part
+
+
7ydrophobic part
2 7ydrophilic part dissol!es in water. 2 7ydrophobic part dissol!es in dirt/grease.
J
+
+
+
+
+ E E E E E +
+
E E E E E E E E E E
+
+
+
2 ,echanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt/grease free) and break the grease into small part.
+ +
E E E E + E E E E E E
+
E E E E E E E E E E
+
E E E E + E E E E E E +
+
+
2 'he droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion between the negati!e charges on their surface. 2 'he droplets is suspended in the water forming an emulsion. 2 6insing washes away these droplets and lea!es the surface clean. ' $$cti0nss action o$ soa# an" "trgnt +dantages of soap
1.
Soap are $$cti0 cleaning agent in soft water . 2 Soft water did not contains ,g -+ ions and $a-+ ions. 2 (xample" rain water) tap water
1
-.
Soap "os not polluted the en!ironment. 2 Soap is biodegradable 4can be decomposed by bacteria5 because it was made from substance that found in animal and plant.
0.
Soap will not 'arm" the aKuatic life. 2 Soap will not change p7 !alue of ri!er and pool because soap is salt and weak alkali.
-isadantage of soap
1. Soap is not s!itab% for use in hard water . a. 7ard water contains ,g-+ ions and $a-+ ions. b. (xample" Sea water) ri!er water *hy not suitableL c. ,g-+ and $a-+ ions react with the soap ions to form an insoluble precipitate known as soa# sc!m. d. Soap scum reduces the amount of soap a!ailable for cleaning) thus wasting soap. e. Soap scum does not rinse away easily. f. Soap scum can form deposits on clothes causing them to be grey or yellow in colour. -. Soap did not effecti!e in acidic water. 2 Soap ion react with ion 7+ to produce carboxylic acid molecule.
+dantage of detergent
1. etergent is effecti!e in hard and soft water. g. etergent do not form scum with hard water. h. etergent form soluble substances with calcium or magnesium ions. -. etergent effecti!e in acidic water 2 etergent ion did not combine with 7 + . 0. etergent is synthetic cleansing agent. 2 Structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties.
-isadantage of detergent
1. etergent can cause pollution to en!ironment i. etergents not biodegradable) so that it cannot be decomposed by bacteria -. etergent harmed to aKuatic life 2 etergent contains phosphate fertilier will increases the growth of seaweed and algae in pond or ri!er. @ots of soluble oxygen in water will be use up by bacteria to decompose seaweed and algae when the plant died. 'he content of oxygen in water decreases) thus can kill aKuatic life. 0. etergent produce a lot of foam. 2 Foam can co!er the water surface and pre!ent the oxygen dissol!es into water) thus will kill aKuatic life.
11
A""iti0s in "trgnt 'he main substance in detergent is so"i!m a%+(% bn/n s!%#'onat and so"i!m a%+(% s!%#'at. (xample of detergent is shampoo) clothes washing powder and dishes washing liKuid. Marious type of additi!e is also added to detergent to enhance the cleaning efficiency and to meet the needs of consumers. a""iti0s
F!nction as bleach agent to !anished the colour stain but did not fade the *hitening agent 4sodium perborate5 6eact colour of the clothes. &iological enymes 4amilase) lipase) 6eact to substance that in organic properties like blood) food and water. protease) selulase5 (nymes dissol!e and change it to substance that can dissol!e in water. Fluorescent agent ,ake the clothes more white) shiny and bright. 4&lancophor5 &uildup agent -+ -+ Soften hard water) expel ion ,g dan $a . increase the p7 !alue 4sodium tripoliphosphate5 rying agent 4sodium sulphate) (nsured that the detergent is always in a dry condition. Sodium silicate5 Stabiliers 'o pre!ent the formation of foam #erfumes 'o make clothes smell fresh and clean.
,odern
ra"itiona% m"icin: "ri0" $rom nat!ra% so!rcs s!c' as #%ants an" anima% it'o!t bing #rocss" c'mica%%( Traditional medicine
%inseng
uses
'o impro!e the o!erall health and increasing energy) endurance and reducing fatigue 'reating itchy skins and burns on the skins >ncrease body temperature and make it sweating
,odern medicine " 2 known as chemotherapy 2 made in !arious type like pill) capsule) paste and solution
1-
,odern medicine is classified in 3 categories" 1. ANALESICS
R%i0 #ain or somtims ca%%" #ain +i%%r example "
2. ANI>IOIC
As#irin 4act(% sa%ic(%ic5 2 #ain killer 2 6educe fe!er 2 'reat arthritis 4muscle aches5 2 #re!ent clotting of blood and reduce the risk of heart attacks and stroke Paractamo% ) #ana"o% 2 #ain killer 2 6educe fe!er 2 6eplace aspirin for children Co"in 2 6elie!e minor to moderate pain 2 Suppressing cough 2 $an cause addicted
7stro( or #r0nt t' grot' o$ in$ctio!s microorganism (xample "
Pnici%%in 2 'reat disease cause by bacteria) such as pneumonia) gonorrhea and syphilis Str#tom(cin 2 treating tuberculosis
=. PS?CHOHERAPEUIC ME7ICINE Group
Stimulants
rating mnta% or motiona% i%%nss .unction 2 stimulate4excite5 the acti!ity of brain and central ner!ous system 2 increasing alertness and physical abilities to prepare for demanding or energetic acti!ities 2 increase the brainPs le!el of neurotransmitters) thus impro!ing mood and also make a person feel calm and sleepy
2 treating schiophrenia 4people lose touch with
Example
Hormon is a organic s!bstanc t'at #ro"!c b( '!man n"ocrin g%an" to contro% #'(sio%og( #rocss an" 'omostasis 7ormone example " Ins!%in 2 treating diabetes
Stroi" is nat!ra% %i#i" com#o!n". Stroi" is "i0i" to stroi" anabo%ic an" corticostroi" 10
2 ha!ing anti inflammation characteristics and treating $ortisone asthma and arthritis rheumatoid 4Noint illness5 #rednisone
Si" $$cts o$ mo"rn m"icin ,odern medicine ha!e side effects" Type of modern drug
)ide effect
&leeding in stomach) allergic reaction) skin rashes and asthmatic attacks ncrease the weigh) diy) giddy) constipation and acti!e. >ncrease the weigh) high blood pressure) Noint illness) muscle cramps) headache)
A""iti0 S!bstancs In Foo" .//- +--0T01E)
?PES #reser!ati!es
EAMPLE Sodium nitrite) Sodium benoate) (thanoic acid) Sulphur dioxide sopropyl citrate ,onosodium glutamate)
FUNCION 'o pre!ent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus. 'o pre!ent the oxidation of fats and oils by oxygen in the air 'o make food taste better 'o enable oil and water in the food to mix together properly 'o thicken the liKuid and to pre!ent 13
Nelly) the food from becoming liKuid. gelatin) pectin <o compound 4yellow) red) brown) 'o gi!e colour black5 'artraine 'riphenyl compounds 4green) blue) hyacinth5
