WHAT IS SOAP????? 1: Defnation:- Soap is a sodium salt or Potassium salt o long !ain att" aids t!at !as leansing ation in #ater$ • %!emial ormula o soap$$
O
3 Na& -O% ' (%)*+1,%)
)istor" o soap.$ • t!e frst soap ma/ers #ere 0a"lonians2 3esopotamians2 4g"ptians2 as #ell as t!e anient 5ree/s and Romans$ • 0a"lonians #ere t!e frst one to master t!e art o soap ma/ing
!at is oil and at;;; •
-d representation o a at$$ A >at2 Or trigl"eride2 3oleule$ T!e T!ree >att" Aid %!ains Atta!ed To T!e %entral 5l"erol Portion O T!e 3oleule$
T"pes o soap$$ • 1 )ard soap:- t!is is made " reating at #it! sodium !"dro6ide$ • 46$ %astile soap2marseille soap2 et$ • * sot soap:-soap t!at is li=uid or easil" solule2 usuall" made " saponifation #it! potassium instead o t!e more t"pial sodium !"dro6ide$
Soap;; • Soap is a sodium salt o long !ain att" aid$ • It ontains t#o part:• 1 polar part :- t!e !ead part o t!e moleule is polar$ polar moleule are #ater-lo?ing (or !"drop!ili+$ • * non polar :-nonpolar molecules do not dissol?e in #ater as t!e" annot orm !"drogen onds$
or/ing o soap • Soap rea/s up t!e oil into smaller drops2 #!i! an mi6 #it! t!e #ater$ It #or/s eause soap is made up o moleules #it! t#o ?er" di@erent ends$ One end o soap moleules lo?e #ater - t!e" are !"drop!ili$ T!e ot!er end o soap moleues !ate #ater - t!e" are !"drop!oi$
$
3ielles • !en #e mi6 soap into t!e #ater t!e soap moleules arrange t!emsel?es into tin" lusters (alled mielles+$ • T!e #ater-lo?ing (!"drop!ili+ part o t!e soap moleules points out#ards2 orming t!e outer surae o t!e mielle$ T!e oil-lo?ing (!"drop!oi+ parts group toget!er on t!e inside2 #!ere t!e" dont ome into ontat #it! t!e #ater at all$ 3ielles an trap ats in t!e enter$
%ritial mielle onentration • T!e concentration o suratants ao?e #!i!micelles orm and all additional suratants added to t!e s"stem go to micelles$ • 0eore rea!ing t!e %3%2 t!e surface • tension !anges strongl" #it! t!e onentration o t!e suratant$ • Ater rea!ing t!e %3%2 t!e surae tension remains relati?el" onstant or !anges #it! a lo#er slope
or/ing.$$
%leansing ation o soap
What are fatty acids? • >att" aids are merel" aro6"li aids onsisting o a long !"droaron !ain at one end and a aro6"l group (-%OO)+ at t!e ot!er end$ T!e" are generall" RCOOH$ represented as
Unsaturated fatty acids • Unsaturated att" aids ontain one or more doule onds et#een aron atoms$ • 46ample: Olei aid (% 1C)%OO)+
Glycerol 5l"erol !as t!ree alcohol untional group (-O)+$
Formation of triglyceride • 5l"erol !as t!ree 'O) groups2 t!ree att" aids must reat #it! one gl"erol moleule to ma/e t!ree ester untional groups and orm triesters o gl"erol or trigl"eride$
!echanism in"ol"ed
Saponi#cation $rocess !en trigl"erides in atoil reat #it! a=ueous NaO) or 9O)2 t!e" are on?erted into soap and gl"erol$ T!is is alled al/aline !"drol"sis o esters$ Sine t!is reation leads to t!e ormation o soap2 it is alled t!e Saponi#cation proess$
Reaction
&ype of Reaction • T!e saponifation reation is e'othermic in nature2 eause !eat is lierated during t!e proess$ • Soap is preipitated as a solid rom t!e suspension " adding ommon salt to t!e suspension$ T!is proess is alled Salting out of Soap(
Step 1(-2: Ion e6!anger • 1E-*GH gl"erin ' remo?ed rom ottom o to#er and sent or ion e6!ange • Impurities are remo?ed in ion e6!ange
Use
o Ion 46!anger in Saponifation
Use
o Ion 46!anger in Saponifation
1E ' *GH gl"erin along #it! impurities rom t!e !"drol"ser is put to t!e suessi?e eds o anion and ation e6!ange resin$ T!e gl"erin reats #it! salts$ Ion e6!ange remo"es the colour and dissol"ed salts$
Step 3(a2 )ig! Jauum Still • %rude att" aids are ?auum distilled$ • >att" aid produt sent to !olding tan/$
Step 3(-2 Triple 4@et 4?aporator • 5l"erin sent to triple e@et e?aporator or onentration$ • %onentrated gl"erin sent to a Still$
Step (a2 Al/ali addition • Addition o austi soda to att" aids in ontinuous !ig! speed mi'er$ • >urt!er sent to slo# speed -lender$ • Saponi#cation is completed$ • Soap ' pumped ?ia !eated Step reo?er" lines (-2 to ar5l"erin soap2 La/e or • spra" 5l"erin rom still undergoes dr"ing e=uipment$ moisture remo?al$ • Pa/aging operations$ • 445 yello* glycerin stored in !olding tan/s or industrial use$ • MMH gl"erin adsored on ati?ated aron ollo#ed " fltration$
6d"antages of continuous process o"er -atch process • >le6iilit" in ontrol o produt distriution • )ig!er gl"erin "ields (GH+ • 8ess o@ olour prodution during s!ort time !"drol"sis step • Re=uires less spae and manpo#er
5l"erine reo?er" • 5l"erol is an important "-produt o soap manuature$ • T!e proess o soap manuature rom ats and oils usuall" "ield gl"erol to aout 1GH o t!e ?alue o t!e soap ormed and eause o its appliation in man" uses2 its reo?er" is ?er" important or etter eonom" o soap manuature$ • Some o t!e maQor industrial appliations o gl"erol inlude manuature o al/"l resins and Le6ile pol"uret!ane or plasti industr"$ • It is also an important ingredient o osmetis and ad!esi?e manuature$ • S#eet #ater rom #as! olumn and l"e rom t!e stati separator ontaining gl"erol is proessed or produing gl"erine$
Steps in?ol?ed • T!e frst step is t!e pretreatment o l"e or remo?al o traes o solule soap in t!e l"e$ >erri !loride is added to t!e l"e to preipitate t!e solule soap as erri soap #!i! is separated " fltration$ • T!e aidi fltrate ater remo?al o soap is aidi and ontains e6ess erri !loride$ T!is is treated #it! austi soda and erri !loride is separated as erri !"dro6ide preipitate #!i! is separated " fltration$ • T!e fltrate ater remo?al o soap is sent to e?aporation setion$ In multiple e@et e?aporator2dilute gl"erine is onentrated to E*H gl"erine$ Some salt is separated at t!is stage$
%ontd$$ • T!e onentrated li=uor ater separation o salt is entriuged and t!e onentrated gl"erin is sent to anot!er single e@et e?aporator to a!ie?e a onentration o aout ,H gl"erin$ • T!is is alled rude gl"erin #!i! is urt!er refned in speial distillation olumn at 1,G deg% and CEE mm)g$ • T!e distillation olumn ontains t!ree ondensers in series rom #!i! di@erent ration o gl"erin are reo?ered #!i! is urt!er treated #it! ati?ated aron to a!ie?e t!e fnis!ed produt$
4n?ironmental aspets • Suratants and t!e !aardous #astes and euents t!at are dis!arged into t!e #ater odies su! as ri?ers2 la/es et rom t!ese industries an e to6i to t!e a=uati lie$ • Also2 some anti-aterial soaps ontain 3IT (met!"lisot!iaolinone+2 #!i! some studies !a?e ound to e allergeni2 "toto6i and lin/ed to ner?e ell deat!$ Ot!er anti-aterial !emials ommonl" used are trilosan and triloan$ T!ese !emials are registered #it! t!e 4n?ironmental Protetion Agen" as pestiides and an destro" ragile a=uati eos"stems • Soaps ontain a ?ariet" o !emials and ragranes #!i! an !arm t!e en?ironment$ Some !emials used in soap ragranes !a?e een pro?en to ause irt! deets and li?er damage in animals$
%ontd$$ • Storage o uels and !emials !as an added ris/ o spillage #!i! auses soil ontamination2 fre !aards as #ell as #ater pollution$ • Noise and odours are generated during t!e manuaturing proess gi?ing rise to noise and air pollution respeti?el"$
Steps ta/en or en?ironment saet" during soap manuaturing • T!e t!ree prime soap ingredients " ?olume B ost are perumes2 austi and oil$ Oils B perume are insolule in #ater$ • T!ese produts are transported t!roug! trained arriers2 and t!e e=uipment and s"stems or pumping rom t!e tru/ are designed areull"$ • Perumes are roug!t in lined steel drums t!at are ade=uatel" roust2 and Lammale perumes are not used in t!e manuaturing o soaps$ • All t!e storage tan/s are ounded to at! t!e ontents o t!e tan/2 in ase it ruptures or t!e ?al?es ail$ • !en t!e storage s"stems are designed2 t!e di@erent saet" eatures (li/e aess to tan/ and ?al?e+ are designed too2 as #ell as t!e proesses re=uired to deal #it! t!e produt in ase it ends up in t!e ounded area$
%ontd$$ • Inside t!e plant2 all t!e proess and operational areas are also ounded2 and t!e trade #aste is piped to an intereption tan/ eore draining to t!e ounils trade #aste s"stem$ • T!e ontents o t!e intereption tan/ are onsistentl" monitored or al/alinit" or aidit"2 and are designed to maintain solids or lig!t p!ase !emials in rig!t amount$ I in t!e ase2 a spill is oser?ed in t!e plant itsel2 a part o t!e intereption tan/ an e isolated o@ and t!e onse=uenes o t!e spill neutralied eore t!e #aste is dumped$ • At times2 an o@-spe produt an e re"led and lended rat!er t!an dumped2 and e?en t!e #aste#ater an e reproessed to minimie t!e dis!arges rom t!e plant$ • In some ases2 t!e manuaturing met!od itsel an e losel" monitored to ensure t!at an" losses or #astes are /ept to a minimum$ %onsistent measurement o /e" !arateristis2 li/e - eletrol"ti le?els and t!e moisture ot! assure t!at t!e end produt is eing designed to speifations and t!e te!ni=ue is untioning properl" as it #as designed to$
Ot!er remedies • 4o-riendl"iodegradale soaps an e used to a?oid t!e need o !armul !emials in its manuaturing$ • T!e non-addition o additi?es2 li/e perumes2 olor and rig!tening agents dereases t!e to6iit" o soaps$ • 3inimal pa/aging also !elps in reduing t!e !arm to en?ironment$ • Non-petroleum suratants or ?egetale oil soaps an e used to replae s"nt!eti suratants$ • Sodium itrate and sodium iaronate an e used to replae uilders li/e p!osp!ates and t!e use o d"es and ragranes an e redued or eliminated$
4onomis • India is t!e largest soap manuaturer in t!e #orld$ • In 1MM1-M*2 t!e apait" o t!e units manuaturing soaps in t!e organied setor !ad rea!ed EGG2GGG tons and t!e prodution #as aout ,G2GGG tons$ • In 1MM-M,2 t!e prodution ?olume or toilet soaps #as 1$,M million tons and t!e organied setor used up G$,* million tons$ • T!e 4ig!t! >i?e Year Plan doument proQeted t!e apait" o soaps at FGG2GG tons and prodution at EG2GGG tons in 1MMF-MC$
46ports B imports • India made signifant progress in t!e e6port o soaps and detergents$ • In 1MCE-CF2 t!e ?alue o total e6ports o soaps and detergents #as Qust Rs$ ,F million #!i! esalated to Rs$ F milion " 1MM1-M*$ • 0ot! de?eloped and de?eloping ountries su! as Oman2 Katar2 Saudi Araia2 UA42 0anglades!2 %anada2 apan2 3ala"sia2 Singapore2 T!ailand and t!e Repuli o Tanania imported soaps rom India$
>ators a@eting$$ • During t!e past *$E "ears2 t!ere !as een a drasti !ange in t!e eonomi poliies$ • T!e on?ertiilit" o rupee and e6emption o inome ta6 on profts rom e6ports are t#o measures #!i! inreased e6ports$ • T!ere are t#o ators a@eting t!e e6port o soaps$ • One is t!at t!e =ualit" o indian soaps is o international standards and t!eir pries are ompetiti?e leading to !ig!er e6port earnings$ • Seondl"2 t!ere !as een an inrease in t!e prodution o edile oils #!i! !as inreased t!e gro#t! pattern as EGH o t!e ost o soaps ot! toilet and laundr" is due to presene o oils and ats$