Tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen - Zahir Meksem

Zahir MEKSEM

Tagmert d tesleḍt

Asqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa 2010

Zahir MEKSEM

Tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen Tagmert d tesleḍt

Asqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa 2010

Enchainez un peuple dépouillez-le fermez-lui la bouche, il est encore libre. Privez-le de son travail, de son passeport de la table où il mange du lit où il dort et il est encore libre. Un peuple devient pauvre et esclave lorsqu'on lui vole la langue qu'il a héritée de ses aïeux il est perdu à jamais. Ignazio Buttit, Lingna e dialetu ( Sicile 1899)extrait de Marti F. et al. Un monde de paroles, paroles du monde, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2006, p. 61. Qqen agdud âerr-it ndel-as imi, ad yeqqim d ilelli. Kkes-as amahil-is, apaspor-is tagida $ef itett ussu $ef yeggan ad yeqqim d ilelli.

Agdud yettu$al d igellil, d akli mi ara s-tettwakkes tutlayt i yas-d-ǧǧan yimezwura-s. Tasuqqilt : Meksem Zahir

AƔAWAS

1. Asissen n umahil 2. Tarrayt n usismel

11 13 Iɣef amezwaru Asismel n yiḍrisen

Tazwart 1. Tawuri n tsensekka n yiḍrisen deg uselmed 2. Tabadut n tmiḍrant tasekka 2.1. Tasensekka taḍrisant 2.2. Tasensekka talemmast 2.2.1. Tasensekka ilmend n twuri 2.2.2. Tasensekka n waddad n yinan 2.2.3. Tasensekka ilmend n wadeg (typologie situationnelle) 2.2.4. Tasensekka timgerredt (hétérogène) 3. Tamiḍrant n tewsit deg tesnalmudt 3.1. D acu-tt tewsit ? 3.2. Tawsit deg uselmed Iɣef wis sin Tasleḍt n yiḍrisen ilmend n tsekka Tazwart 1. Tasekka n wullis 1.1. Taɣessa n wullis

17 18 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 31 33 34

41 42 43

1.1.1. Addad amezwaru 1.1.2. Addad n tigawin 1.1.3. Addad n taggara 1.2. n wudmawen Azenziɣ 1.3. Allalen n tutlayt 1.4. Amedya ɣef wullis 1.4.1. Tasleḍt n tuddsa 1.4.2. n wudmawen Azenziɣ 1.4.3. Allalen n tutlayt 1.4.3.1. Talɣiwin n umyag 1.4.3.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 1.4.3.3. Isuraz 2. Tasekka n yimsegzi 2.1. Tuddsa n yimsegzi 2.2. Allalen n tutlayt 2.2.1. Isuraz 2.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 2.2.3. Talɣiwin n umyag 2.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris imsegzi 2.3.1. Asnekwu n temsukt-is 2.3.2. Allalen n tutlayt 2.3.2.1. Isuraz 2.3.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 2.3.2.3. Talɣiwin n umyag 3. Tasekka n uḍris afuklan 3.1. Tuddsa n uḍris afuklan 3.1.1. Taɣessa taḥerfit 3.1.2. Taɣessa tuddist 3.2. Allalen n tutlayt 3.2.1. Udmawen n tjerrumt

43 43 44 44 46 47 49 51 51 51 52 54 55 56 58 58 59 60 62 64 65 65 66 67 68 69 69 69 71 71

3.2.2. Talɣiwin n umyag 3.2.3. Isuraz 3.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris afuklan 3.3.1. Tuddsa 3.3.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 3.3.2.1. Isuraz

71 72 72 74 76 76

3.3.2.2. Udmawen 3.3.3. Talɣiwin n umyag 3.4. Amedya wis sin ɣef usfukel : aḍris n usussen 3.4.1. Tuddsa 3.4.2. Allalen n tutlayt 4. Tasekka n uḍris n tgelma 4.1. Tuddsa 4.1.1. Tiɣin (ancrage) 4.1.2. Asettwel (aspectualisation) 4.1.3. Aleddem n usentel 4.1.4. Agassa (miseɣen relation) 4.2. Tarrayin n uglam 4.3. Iferdisen n tutlayt 4.4. Amedya ɣef tgelma 4.4.1. Tuddsa-s 4.4.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 4.4.2.1. Arbib 4.4.2.2. Asemmad n yisem 4.4.2.3. Imataren n wadeg 5. Tasekka n uḍris imsendeh/imwelleh 5.1. Tuddsa n udṛis imwelleh 5.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 5.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris imwelleh 5.4. Tuddsa-s

79 81 82 83 85 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 93 94 95 95 96 96 99

5.5. Iferdisen n tutlayt 5.5.1. Talɣiwin n umyag 5.5.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 5.5.3. Isuraz 6. Tasekka n udiwenni 6.1. Tuddsa

99 99 100 100 102 102

6.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 6.3. Amedya n udiwenni 7. Taggrayt 8. Iɣbula 9. Amawal 10. Ammud n yiḍrisen Ullis Ullis + imsegzi Ullis + aglam Imsendeh / imwelleh Imsegzi Aglam Afuklan Asussen (adellel) Tawsit tamezwarut : asusen n radyu Tawsit tis snat : isusnen n ssuq

103 104 106 108 112 116 116 132 136 138 142 162 170 180 180 182

Tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen – Tagmert d tesleḍt

Iswi n umahil-a d agmar d tesleḍt n yiḍrisen ara yilin ilmend n tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Deg tama, iḍrisen-a ad ilin d allalen isensegmiyen i kra n win yesran i tsekkiwin n yi ḍrisen: wid ara d-yessufɣen idlisfusen, iselmaden, inelmaden. Deg taɣult-a ammud ad yili daɣen d aɣbalu i yiselmaden akken ad suddsen tugzimin n uselmed ara yessifsen aselmed n tsekiwin n yiḍrisen akken inelmaden ad siwḍen ad d-snekwun yerna ad semgirden gar yiḍrisen n tmaziɣt. Deg tama-nniḍen, zemren ad ilin d ammud i yimnuda deg tesdawiyin akken ad gen tiselḍin deg taɣulin yemgaraden : tasnilest, tasnilest taḍrisant d tsensekka taḍrisant akked tesnalmudt, atg. Ma nmuqel anagar ɣer tixutert-is tasensegmit, ammuda ad yili d aɣbalu ideg ara yaf yiwen iḍrisen ara yessemres deg taɣulin yemgaraden. Tamezwarut, ad yili d tala i yiselmaden ideg zemren ad d-kksen iḍrisen ara sqedcen deg tneɣriyin acku deg umahil-a llant aṭas n tsekkiwin. Tin ɣur-s, tisekkiwina ad ilint d amedya ideg ara ẓren, ladɣa yinelmaden, llant aṭas n tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen deg tmaziɣt ; iḍrisen-a ur mgaraden ara kan deg yisental, maca mgaraden daɣen deg talɣa-nsen. Nnig wannect-a, inelmaden ad gzun amek ttwrun yiḍrisen ayen ara 11


ten-yeǧǧen ad awḍen ɣer tzemmar tutlayanin n tegzi d ufares. D annect-a ara d-yessegmun tigensas yelhan yelhan ɣef tutlayt-a deg wallaɣ, amedya, n yinelmaden. Iḍrisen-a i d-negmer ad nessassen-iten-id ilmend n tulmisin yerzan yal tasekka : taɣessa (tuddsa) d wallalen utlayanen. D tineggura-ya ara yilin yaru, ad ifares war uguren deg tmazidɣt.allal s yezmer yime ɣri ad Ammud-a d win i d-nekkes seg yiɣbula : ungalen, tulizin, tisɣunin, iɣmisen… i d-yeffɣen s tmaziɣt aṭas-aya segmi tebda tettwaru seg tazwara n tasut tis 19- D iɣbula-ya, s umata, iseg nessaweḍ negmer-d iḍrisen iḥeqqaniyen (authentiques) ilmend n tsekkiwin yemxalafen, yerna d wid yettwasmettin. Tin ɣur-s iḍrisen d wid yettmeslayen ɣef yisental yemgaraden i d-icudden ɣer waṭas n taɣulin : tudert tatrat, ilmeẓyen, timetti… Amgired n yiḍrisen yeskan-d tutlayt n tmaziɣt tuɣ deg waṭas n taɣulin, yes-s nezmer ad naru ɣef waṭas n yisental i yesɛan assaɣ d waṭas n taɣulin, ur tenṭiḍ ara kan deg yiwet tewsit yecban timucuha d tmedyazt. Γef waya ad negzu tamaziɣt tennerna tihawt-is deg tmetti.

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Deg tazwara nessasmel iḍrisen-a d tigruma ilmend n tsekkiwin : aḍris afuklan, imsegzi, aḍris imwelleh (imsendeh), ullis, atg. Asismel am wa yella-d ilmend n yiswi amaynut i ɣer tezzi tiṭ n tesnalmudt i yefkan azal, taggara-ya, i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen iwatan i uselmed n tutlayin. Seld afran d usismel n yiḍrisen-a nessassen-d ittewlen s yezmer umdan ad d-yesnekwu yal tasekka n uḍris. Gar-asen ad naf ittewlen i d-yeqqnen ɣer tuddsa d wid i d-yeqqnen ɣer wallalen utlayanen. D wi, s umata, ara yessifsen tigzi d ufares n uḍris.

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Ixef amezwaru

Asismel n yiḍrisen


Deg yixef ad d-nessegzi tamḍrant n usismel n yiḍrisen d wayen akk i d-icudden ɣur-s. deg tazwara ad d-nuɣal ɣer taɣult n tsensekka, ssyin akin ad d-nessegzi tisensekkiwin yemgaraden, s ɛerḍen yimusnilsen ad d-ad d-sbedden isismlen n yiḍrisen. Maca, send ameslay ɣef wannect-a ad d-nebdu seg txutert n tsensekka deg taɣult n uselmed.

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Iswi agejdan n uselmed n tutlayt, am wakken yeẓra yal yiwen, d asiweḍ n yinelmaden akken ad smeɣren tamussninsen n umawal n tutlayt akked usiweḍ-nsen akken ad sɛun tizemmar iwatan deg tɣuri d tira 1 n yifuras n tutlayt akken ma llan. D annect-a i d iswi amezwaru n uɣerbaz. Deg tilawt, mi ara nmuqel ad naf d tirmad i d-icudden ɣer uselmed n yilugan n tira akked tseddast i ye ṭṭfen amur ameqqran deg tneɣrit. D acu, ma nerra tamawt deg u ɣerbaz anagar ɣer uselmed n tirawalt d tjerrumt ad nerr deg rrif ayen yellan d agejdan yerna yesɛa azal deg tmusni n tutlayt. Annecta yerza tira d tɣuri n yiḍrisen yemgaraden. D tamawt am ta i yeǧǧan tasnalmudt ad tger tiṭ-is ɣer yiswiren-nniḍen deg uselmed n tutlayt. Yerna terra deg rrif tarrayt n zik i yefkan azal anagar i yiḍrisen n tsekla d uselmed n tjerrumt d tirawalt. Tura tettwali tixutert deg yiferdisen-nniḍen, wid izemren ad ilin d tallalt i unelmad akken ad yezmer ad yaru, ad yegzu 1

Tira : anamek-is deg tseddart-a d amatu, yerza akk ayen yettwarun deg tutlayt akken tebɣu tili.

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iḍrisen akken tebɣu tili tsekka-nsen. Acku tutlayt ur tettwaseqdac ara kan neɣ ur d-ttbin ara kan anagar deg taɣult n tsekla. Tutlayt d ayen i d-yettmagar umdan yal ass deg tmetti. D ta i d-yewwi ad yelmed unelmad ma nra ad yuɣal d anesɣim n tmetti ideg yettidir. annect-a daɣen iara waya ad negzu tutlayt D d aferdis agejdan ila t-yesmettin. umdan akkenDeg ad yekcem deg tmetti acku s tutlayt ara yelmed akk ayen yerzan timetti : ansayen-nsen, tasekla-nsen, axemmem-nsen. A.S. Boulifa yuki-d i tmuɣli-ya aṭas aya, asmi i d-yura adlis-is wis sin ideg d-yessegza tarrayt i yssemres deg-s i uselmed n tmaziɣt. Hata wayen i d-yenna deg useggas 1913 : «Win yebɣan ad yissin tutlayt, yessefk ad yissin lɛeqliya, tidmi akked tḥerci n wid i tt-yettmeslayen : d acu l ɛeqliya n ugraw imetti ur yezmir yiwen ad tt-yekcem, ad tt-yegzu s telqey anagar ma yezrew s wudem usdis axxemmem-nsen d wansayen-nsen. D annect-a i nettwali d abrid s nezmer ad nesseqdec tarrayt tusridt 1 » 2 . D wasmi tura tutlayt tettwaselmad ilmend n wamek i tettwaseqdac deg tmetti. Dɣa ttarran tamawt ɣer tutlayt akken A.S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxième année, Ed. Jourdan, Alger. 2 D tasuqqilt n yinnan-a : «Connaître la langue, c’est connaître la mentalité, l’esprit, le génie, de ceux qui parlent cette langue : or, la mentalité d’un groupe quelconque d’individus, ne peut être pépétrées, saisie et comprise que par une étude exacte de leur caractère et de leurs moeurs. C’est là, pensons-nous, l’esprit de la méthode directe ». 1

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tella deg tmetti acku ur nezmir ara ad neǧǧ tutlayt n uɣerbaz tegguga (tebɛed) aṭas ɣef tin n yal ass. Timentelt-a tewwi-d ɣef tesnalmudt ad tewwet amek ara d-tesbedd tarrayin s ara yelmed unelmad tutlayt akken ad tessemres deg tudert-is taɣurbizt akked tin n yal ass. D annect-a i ye ǧǧan aṭas n yimsensegmiyen ad d-gren krad wa n yiseqsiyen ɣer taara ɣultdegn tesnalmudt. Anezgum i d-ilulen : ma ur d-yewwi uselmed n tutlayt ad nbeddel tarrayt-a taqburt i yerran tamawt ɣer uselmed n yilugan n tjerrumt yerzan anagar aswir n tefyirt. S wawal-nniḍen, ma, deg uselmed n tutlayt, ur ilaq ara ad n ẓer amek ara nessiweḍ inelmaden ad gzun amek i ttwasuddsen yiḥricen yugaren tafyirt akken ur nettiɣimi ara kan deg uselmed n tjerrumt n tefyirt. Amek ara d-naf abrid ara yawin inelmaden ad gzun iḍrisen, ad d-farsen s timad-nsen, da ɣ nutni, iḍrisen ? Γef wannect-a i d-tenna C. Barré-De Miniac : «D tidet, tamussni n tutlayt d wamek i tettwasuddes d ayen yellan d agejdan. Acku amek ara naru ma ur negzi ara ayen i d-icudden ɣer tseddast, ɣer umawal akked yiḍrisen ? Maca tizemmar-a, iman-nsent, ur caḍent ara akken ad seknent amek ara d-nfares iḍrisen yelhan, igerzen yerna lan tawuri, atg. 1 «.

Barré-De Miniac C., 2000, Barré-De Miniac C., 2000, Le rapport à l’écriture. Aspects théoriques et didactiques, Paris, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, p. 13. 1

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S umata d iɣeblan am wi i d-yewwin tamuɣli-nniḍen ɣer uselmed n tutlayt. Deg tama, deg wayen yerzan iḍrisen, tura tezzi tiṭ ɣer yisemras utlayanen n tmetti (productions langagières de la société). Deg tama-nni ḍen isemras-a ilaq ad ttwaslemden deg talɣa-nsen tummidt i yettakken anamek i 1

tutlayt. D ti(grandes i wimi yessemma M. Bakhtine n tutlayt masses verbales) ackuiḥricen wi imeqranen (iḥricen-a) ttbinen-d amzun d leqwaleb neɣ d timudmawin ideg yessuddus umdan tiktiwin-is mi ara neb ɣu ad tent-idyessenfali, ad tent-id-yessufeɣ. Ihi, ticki ira ad d-yini kra, yesɛa yakan deg uqerruy-is tarrayin i yas-d-yeskanen amek ara dyalles, ara d-yeglem, ara d-yessegzi… D aswir-a (aselmed n yisemras imettiyen deg talɣa-nsen tummidt) iɣer terra tamawt tesnalmudt deg uselmed tura acku d nutni i yeskanen talɣa d unamek n -nneɣ. D iswi am wa i yeǧǧan taggara-ya ad yettunefk wazal ameqqran i n yiḍrisen. Anamek-is d asbedded n yiḍrisen d tisekkiwin ; yal aḍris ila tasekka iɣer yettekki.

1

Bakhtine Mikhaïl Mikhaïlovitch (1895-1975) est considéré avant tout comme un historien de la littérature. Il a écrit aussi sous le pseudonyme de V.N Volochinov. Mais ce n’est qu’en 1963 que son œuvre s’est affirmée comme essentielle. Il a écrit notamment : Le marxisme et philosophie du langage,paru en 1929, traduit en français en 1977 et Esthétique et théorie du roman en 1978 et Esthétique de la création verbale, traduit en français en 1984. Informations citées dans le Dictionnaire de genres et notions littéraires, 2° édition, Paris, Encyclopaedia Universalis et M Albin, p. 60.

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Tikti-ya n usmudem tuɣ-d aẓar seg yimahilen n Yirussiyen (les formalists russes) i gan ɣef uḍris. S yimahilen-a sawḍen ad d-snekwun taɣessa (neɣ tamsukt) n wullis, azenziɣ n wudmawen akked wassaɣ yellan gar tikli tamatut n u ḍris (son fonctionnement global) d tikli-is tagensant (son fonctionnement mi tama, d-kecmen uselmed, wwin-d local). yid-senImahilen-a, amaynut. Seg ldin annar tawurt ni tezrawt n tewsatin-nniḍen n wullis i yecban : tamacahut, tadyant yeḍran, atg.. Nnig n waya lulent-d waṭas n tirmad n tira i yessifsusen almad n wullis. Gar-asent ad naf : ilu ɣma yerzan aseggem n uḍris, tačcart n yilmawen, tifin n tazwara n wullis, asemmed n taggara n uḍris… Seg tama-nniḍen imahilen-a neǧren-d abrid akken ad ilint tezrawin d timaynutin i yerran tamawt ɣer tsekkiwin-nniḍen n yiḍrisen s ara yishil uselmed n tutlayt. D annect-a, ihi, i yefkan tagnit akken ad d-ffɣen a ṭas n tezrawin d yimahilen. Imnuda, deg tallit-nni, ran ad gen tasleḍt i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen-nniḍen yerna ad d-sbedden aswir-nniḍen i tesleḍt n tutlayt ara yeflen akin i uswir n tjerrumt imi, taneggarut-a, terza ladɣa ayen i d-yeqqnen ɣer tefyirt D tiktiwin am ti, d imahilen am wi i d-yeslulen tasnilest taḍrisant. Tasleḍt deg taɣult n tesnilest-a tezzi ɣer tuddsa n yiḍrisen akked unadi n yiferdisen n tutlayt (neɣ n tjerrumt) imezgiyen. S wawal-nniḍen deg tesleḍt n uḍris ttmuqulen tuddsa neɣ aɣawas i yellan d llsas i tira n yal a ḍris. S yin akin ttmuqulen allalen n tesnilest i yettusemrasen deg yal aḍris. Tasleḍt am ta tettili ilmend n wakken mgaraden yi ḍrisen. S wakka yal tasekka n uḍris ad d-nesnekwu aniwi allalen iwatan 22


akken ad tt-id-naru. Iswi n usnekwu n tuddsa n uḍris akked yiferdisen utlayanen d tikci i unelmad tissura ara s-yilin d tasalelt akken ad yezmer ad yegzu yerna ad d-yaru, da ɣ netta, aḍris ilmend n tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Ihi, d tamusni-ya ara yeǧǧen anelmad ad yezmer ad yesseqdec tutlayt deg yal ta ɣult, ama degDeg uɣebaz ama deg tegnatin erbaz. : ɣen i uɣyenna-d wayen yerzan tikti-ya, yeff E. Roulet, «Seg yiseggasen n 70 d asawan, medden akk ḥsan d akken iswi n uselmed d ulmad n tutlayin : tanyemmat ne ɣ tis snat mačči d awwaḍ ɣer tezmert tasnilsant yeɛni tazmert deg usuddes d tegzi n tefyar, maca anelmad yessefk ad yaweḍ ɣer tezmert n teywalt neɣ ad d-iniɣ tazmert n yinaw, s unameknniḍen tazmert deg ufares d tigzi n yinawen yemgaraden 1 » 2 . Deg tikti-ya ad negzu aselmed n tutlayt ibeddel tanila ; yuɣal yerra tamawt ɣer wayen yellan d amatu ideg yezmer unelmad ad iẓer, deg tazwara, amek tettwaseqdec tutlayt deg yal tagnit. Tin ɣur-s, ad yesɛu allalen s ara tt-yelmed akken ad d-yessenfali ɣef yal tikti-s, ɣef yal tamuɣli-s, deg yal tagnit. S wakka anelmad ad yuɣal . E. Roulet, 1999, La description de l’organisation du discours,LAL, Didier, Paris, p. 9. 2 Innan-a s tefransist : «On admet généralement depuis les années soixante-dix que l’objectif de l’enseignement-apprentissage des langues maternelles et secondes n’est pas seulement d’acquérir une compétence linguistique, c’est-àdire la capacité de construire et d’interpréter des phrases, mais d’acquérir une compétence de communication, ou je dirais plutôt une compétence discursive, c’est-à-dire la capacité de produire et d’interpréter des discours variés ». 1

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Segmi neẓra s umata tixutert s d-glan yimahilen n tesnilest n uḍris i taɣult n uselmed, ad neɛreḍ tura ad d-nuɣal ɣer usenfar-nneɣ yerzan tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen. Awal ad aɣyawi ɣer umeslay ɣef tesnsekka s umata, ɣef tmiḍrant n tsekka.

Aṭas n yimahilen i yellan ɣef tsensekka n uḍris. Yal amnadi yewwet amek ara d-yesbedd tarrayt s ara yezmer ad dyessemgired gar yiḍrisen. Amgired deg tsensekkiwin-a yettuɣal ɣer tiẓri n tasleḍt n yal amnadi. Maca, aseqsi iwatan d wa : d acu i d imataren s nezmer ad d-nesbedd tasensekka ? Tiririt ɣef useqsi-ya ad aɣ-tawi ad d-nebder H. Isenberg i dyesseknen amek i d-yettili usbedded n tsensekka. Γur-s : Tasensekka tbedd ɣef : - Llsas n tsensekka, deg-s ad naf : isfernen ibanen (ama mtawan, ama mgaraden, ama msezwaren ama ala) n usismel n yiḍrisen ; - Taɣult n , ta terza ammud n yiḍrisen i ilan ittewlen i d-yettwasbadun deg llsas n tsensekka ; - Tigin n wassaɣ gar llsas d taɣult, annect-a yebɣa ad dyini yessefk ad yili wassaɣ gar yisfernen-nni akked d yiḍrisen1 » 1 . 1

D tasuqilt n : «La typologie met en œuvre :

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S umata d wa i d adasil n tsensekkiwin yettwasnen. Hatenta s umata tsensekkiwin iɣef d-yettili wawal.

Tasensekka-ya s yisem n ibedd tsensekka tamtawit (homogène) tettwassen acku adasildanɣen usismel-ines ɣef yiwet kan n taɣult n usismel. Asismel-a yettuɣal ɣer umahil n E. Werlich akked d umahil n J. M. Adam. Tasensekka-ya tettarra tamawt ɣer uɣawas neɣ ɣer tuddsa iɣef tbedd tira n uḍris akked d wayen i wimi semman « imataren n tesnilest « i yellan d ittewlen n yal tasekka. Amedya i nezmer ad d-nefk ɣef wannect-a d aseqdec n talɣiwin n umyag, asemres n yimqimen udmawanen, asemres n yisuras, atg. Tisekkiwin yettwasnen, yeqqnen ɣer usismel-a d ti : ullis, aglam, imsegzi, afuklan, adiwenni, tamedyazt, a ḍris n usfilet neɣ ukacef (iḍrisen n « ukacef» ideg amaru yeqqar-d d acu ara yeḍrun deg yimal : prédictifs. Maca deg teɣzi n umahil n J. M. Adam 2 yerzan taɣult-a n tesnilest n uḍris, yuɣal yassader aswir n tesleḍt ɣer yiwen n

- Une base de typologisation : ensemble de critères explicites (homogènes ou hétérogènes, hiérarchisés ou non) de classement des textes ; - Un domaine de validité : c’est-à-dire un corpus de textes qui possèdent les caractéristiques définies dans la base de typologisation ; - Une mise en rapport de la base et du domaine, c’est-à-dire un certain nombre de principes d’application mettant les critères en relation avec les textes… 1 K. Canvat, 1996, idem. 2 J.M. Adam, 1990, Eléménts de linguistique textuelle. Théorie et pratique de l’analyse textuelle, Liège, Mardaga. 25


uḥric yellan ddaw n uḍris i wimi yefka isem «tugzimt».Tugzimt d aḥric neɣ d amur deg uḍris. Γef wannect-a yenna-d, s umata, yuqa akken ad naf aḍris ibedd anagar ɣef yiwet n tsekka acku deg uḍris nezmer ad naf dduklent-d tikwal aṭas n tsekkiwin. Γer J. M. Adam, yal aḍris deg-s n tugzimin, d tasekka: polytypologie» deg u ḍris-nni. Ilmendaṭnaswaya i d-teffeɣyal tmitugzimt ḍrant « agetsekka i d-yeskanan deg uḍris ttilint aṭas n teskkiwin taddayin (prototype). Ma d ayen yerzan tugzimt, hatan tabadut i yas-dyefka Adam :

»2. S wakka tugzimt d allal s nezmer ad d-nesnekwu tayunin yemgaraden yettwasmersen deg yiwen n uḍris.

Fkan-as isem-a acku adasil (llsas) n tsensekka-ines ibedd ɣef waṭas n yisfernen n usismel. Asismel deg tsensekkaya ibedd ɣef : addad n yinan (mode énonciatif), iswi n teywalt akked waddad n ufares (conditions de production). Dɣa ɣef

Sqedceɣ awal «tayunin» s unamek «macro-proposition, ma d awal «isumar» yabɣa ad d-yini «micro-propositions». 2 J.M. Adam, 1990, op. cit., p. 85. 1

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wannect-a ad naf ffɣent-d deg tasensekka-ya kraḍ (03) n yisismlen yemgaraden.

Ta tbedd ɣef yimahilen n R. Jakobson, lad ɣa azenziɣ n teywalt i d-yesnekwa ideg llan sdis n yiferdisen : ɣ-a i yellan d . D azenzi llsas i tsensekka-ya acku, ilmend n yal aferdis yellan deg-s, nezmer ad nessemgired gar yiḍrisen yerna ad d-nessufeɣ tawuri n yal yiwen. Yal tikelt ideg nra ad d-nesnekwu tawuri n uḍris ad nennadi deg-s anwa aferdis i wimi yefka azal ameqran umaru deg uḍris-is. Amedya ma yella aḍris yefka azal i tangalt (code), akka am deg yisegzawalen, deg tjerrumt, deg tbadut ; ad d-nini aḍris-a ila tawuri taɣeftutlayant acku yesseqdec tutlayt akken ad d-yemmeslay ɣef tutlayt. Ma yella deg uḍris awal iress ɣef umazan, ad d-nini tawuri n uḍris-a d tanfalant acku ad naf win i d-yettmeslayen yuɣ-d awal ɣef tektiwin-is, ɣef yiḥulfan-is d wayen i t-iceɣben. Ihi, tasensekka-ya terra tamawt ɣer sdis n twuriwin i nezmer ad naf deg uḍris. S umata, yal aferdis yellan deg uzenziɣ n teywalt, yesɛa tawuri : *Ẓer ismawen-nniḍen i twuriwin-a : tanermisant ilaq assaɣ : tawuri tanfalant : (Fonction expressive, émotive) ; tawuri tudyizt : (Fonction poétique) ; ; tawuri tanaḍant : (Fonction impressive, conative) ; : tawuri tamselɣant : (Fonction référentielle) ;

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: tawuri tanermisant : (Fonction phatique) ; : tawuri taɣeftutlayant : (Fonction métalinguistique).

Taggayt-a tis snat tuɣ-d aẓar seg yimahilen n E. Benvesniste, ladɣa ɣProblèmes générale de 1966, i d-yewwin ef waddad den linguistique yinan (énonciation). E. Benveniste, yessemgared gar sin n wudmawen n usemres n tutlayt. Annect-a yessaweḍ-it ad yebḍu gar wayen yellan d ullis akked wayen yellan d inaw. Deg tama, ma inan icudd ɣer win i t-id ifarsen, yewwi-t-id ɣef ddemma-s, neɣ tban titlin-is deg-s, ad d-nini d inaw. Deg tama-nniḍen, ma yella beṭṭu gar yinan d win i t-id-ifarsen, s wawal-nniḍen ma yella amaru ur yekki ara deg wawal i d-yuɣ ad d-nini d ullis. Deg waya ad negzu win i d-yettmeslayen, deg yinaw ad tili tihawt-is deg yinan ; ma deg wullis, ad yili d uffi ɣ i yinan-is. Deg snat n tegnatin-a llan yiferdisen i seqdacen yimdanen akken ad d- semgirden gar-asent. Iferdisen-a d : Tawuri n yineggura-ya d askan n wassa ɣ n umsiwel deg yinan-is d wamek tella tihawt-is daxel. Tasenkka-ya terra tamawt ladɣa ɣer yiferdisen i d-yeskanen asatal neɣ addad n yinan ideg yella : umsiwel, win neɣ wid i wimi yettmeslay, adeg akked wakud d wi i d iferdisen igejdanen ɣef tres tsensekka-ya.

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Asismel-a yerza amahil n J-P. Bonckart d ugraw d wi yettmahal. Deg tazwara, deg tezrawin-nsen rran azal i waddad n yinan : (win d wi yettmeslay). Maca, ddan deg umahil-nsen, rnan(lieu gren-d aferdis agejdansegmi ɣer tezrawin-nsen, wa d adeg imetti social) ideg tḍerru termidt tutlayant.

Tasensekka-ya tis kraḍ terza asismel n yiḍrisen ilmend n tewsit. Fkan-as isem n tsensekka timgerredt (hétérogène) acku llsas n usismel-is ibedd ɣef waṭas n yisfernen. M. Bakhtine deg udlis-is Esthétique et théorie du roman yenna-d yettwali d akken yewwi-d ad kecmen iferdisen-nniḍen deg usismel n yiḍrisen yeffɣen i tesnilest. S umata ibder-d : «Adeg imetti d tsuddwin*, addad n ufares, iswi n teywalt, udem n waddad n yinan, tuddsa n uḍris, asentel-is 1 » 2 . Maca, send ad d-nemmeslay ɣef wawal amaynut i dyellan ɣef tewsit, ilaq ad nẓer tamiḍrant-a n tewsit d tin i dyuɣen aẓar deg tsekla. Ssyin, taggara-ya kan i tettusemres deg taɣulin n tesnilest n uḍris iwakken ad d-temmel ifuras utlayanen (productions langagières) akken ma llan. Deg tsekla 1

«L’ancrage socio-institutionnel, la situation de production, l’intention communicationnelle, le mode énonciatif, l’organisation formelle, le contenu thématique». 2 K. Canvat, 1996, op. cit.

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tawsit tettbin-d amzun d tamudemt (d lqaleb) terza taɣult n tira n yidlisen n tsekla: tamedyazt, ungalen, amezgun… Tawsit d tasekka timezgit i yeṭṭafaren wid yettaraun. Yal tira n tsekla teṭṭafar yiwet seg tewsatin yettwasnen. S umata, d Hegel i dibanen d amaru i d-yewwin awal ɣef unagraw n tewsit (système générique). tilin n kra ḍ n tewsatin tigejdanin iɣefHegel tbeddyemmeslay-d tsekla tansaytɣef : l’épopée, poésie lyrique et la poésie dramatique. Maca, ma neffeɣ i taɣult n tsekla, ad naf d ayen-nniḍen, ɣef wannect-a i d-yenna D. Maingueneau : «Ticki annect-a ur yerzi ara ayen i d-yesnulfa umaru s timad-is akka am ungal, akka am uneqqis n tannant, neɣ akka am uneqqis anaddal deg tiliẓri neɣ tamsirt deg tesdawit, atg., wi ur sɛin ara assaɣ d wayen yellan yakan yettwassen (s wawalnniḍen ur telli ara tmudemt tban ara ḍefren) ; ttbinen-d d tannumi, d tiwsatin timezgiyin ɣer medden akk. Maca, d tiwsatin yezgan ttbeddilent, ttneflint» 1 . 2 Tiwsatin am ti, i yellan d ifuras imettiyen i ɣer d-yewwi ad tezzi tiṭ tura acku simmal ntteddu keccmen-d annar n uselmed. D. Maingueneau, 1998, Analyser les textes de communication, Nathan, Paris, p. 50. 2 Quand il s’agit non d’œuvres singulières mais de rapports de stage, de reportages sportifs télévisés, de cours d’université, etc., il n’y a pas de relation de filiation à l’égard d’œuvres consacrés : ce sont des routines, (souligné par l’auteur) des comportements stéréotypés et anonymes qui se sont stabilisés peu à peu mais sont sujets à variation continuelle. 1

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Deg unnar n tesnalmudt n tutlayin, mi ara d-ttwabder tmiḍrant n tewsit ur tt-ttwalin ara s unamek i tla deg tsekla. Hatan n umamek-is deg usegzawal Dictionnaire de didactique

du français langue étrangère et langue seconde : «Deg tsensekka n yiḍrisen d yinawen, nezmer ad naf amgired gar tsekkiwin am : ullis, afuklan, aglam, atg., akked tewsatin ; tid yeṭṭafaren tasuddut n tsekla am : tamacahut, tullizt, atg, ideg nezmer ad naf myekcamen uglam d wullis. Deg tsuddwin-nniḍen, amedya taɣamsa ad naf ttwasmersent tewsatin-nniḍen. Ihi, tisekkiwin d timadwanin, ur ttbiddilent ara neɣ rekdent (stabes) deg wakud. Ma d tiwsatin d tid yettbeddilen ilmend n wakud, n yidelsan akka am tewsatin n tsekla d tid n uɣerbaz 1 « 2 . Γef wannect-a deg taɣult n uselmed tamiḍrant n tewsit terza yal afares utlayan yettwseqdacen deg teywalt, ama d ayen

1 Tasuqqilt n : «Dans la typologie des textes et discours, on peut ainsi distinguer des types comme narratif, le descriptif, l’argumentatif, etc., et des genres, caractéristiques de l’institution littéraire comme le conte, la nouvelle, etc., qui mêlent moments descriptifs et moments narratifs. D’autres institutions, comme la presse par exemple utiliseront à un moment donné un autre éventail de genres. Alors que les types abstraits seraient a priori stables diachroniquement et synchroniquement, les genres varieraient d’une manière très sensible en fonction des époques et des cultures comme le montrent les genres littéraires ou scolaires». 2 J.P. Cuq, (dir.), 1990, Dictionnaire de didactique du français langue étrangère et seconde, CLE International, Paris.

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yellan s tira, ama d ayen yellan d timawt. Ilmend n waya B. Schneuwly yura : «Yal aḍris yettlal-d seg usatal imetti. Yal win ara dyarun aḍris ila iswi (asenfali ɣef yiḥulfan, asedhu n

yimsefliden, tazrirt n umserti neɣkra asegzi n kra n tɣawsa), yesɛa win i wimi yettmeslay iban, deg wadeg imetti (d anelmad ad yaru i uselway n tɣiwant, d amezdaɣ ad yaru i yimezdaɣnniḍen deg uɣmis, d amaru amanun i yinelmaden n tneɣrit, atg.). Yal asatal yessawal (neɣ yesra) i talɣa n uḍris i t-yeɛnan. Talɣa-ya n uḍris tettili d allal n taywalt ara yessiwḍen ɣer yiswi d wayen ttrajun yims ul ɣa. D tal ɣa-ya i wimi semma ɣ 1«2. S yifuras-a utlayanen yettilin deg tmetti deg tudert n yal ass, s nezmer ad d-nefk anamek i uḍris am wakken d tawsit timettit. Akeccum n tmiḍrant n tewsit ɣer unnar n tesnalmedt, ɣef wakken yettwali K. Canvat 3 , yeqqen ɣer umusnaw M. Tout texte résulte d’un contexte social. C’est-à-dire qu’à travers son texte, le scripteur vise un certain but (exprimer ses sentiments, divertir un public, convaincre un politicien ou encore expliquer un processus complexe), s’adresse en tant qu’énonciateur d’un certain type à un certain destinataire dans un lieu social donné (en tant qu’élève au maire, en tant que citoyen à travers le quotidien local aux concitoyens, en tant qu’apprenti-écrivain aux élèves d’une classe, etc.). A chaque contexte correspond typiquement une forme textuelle - qui est l’outil communicatif le plus performant pour atteindre le but étant donné les usages et les attentes des destinataires. J’appellerai cette forme un ». 2 B. Scheuwly, 1993, « Enseigner à écrire des textes», dans A. Bentolila (dir.) Les entretiens Nathan. Parole, écrit, image.Nathan, Paris, pp. 14 -152. 3 K. Canvat, 2003, «L’écriture et son apprentissage : une question de genres ? Etat des lieux et perspectives»,dans Pratiques, n° 117/118, pp. 171 - 179. 1

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Bakhtine, i yewten akken ad tili tezrawt n wayen i wimi yessemma (iḥricen imeqranen n tmenna : les grandes messes verbales). Yenna-d daɣen K. Canvat seg yimahilen n M. Bakhtine i yellan d llsas akken ad nissin ittewlen n tewsatin n yiḍrisen.

S umata hatnan yittewlen n tewsit i d-yesbedd K. Canvat seg yimahilen n M. Bakhtine. - Tiwsatin bḍant d lesnaf war tilas. - Tiwsatin d talɣiwin timezgiyin n yinaw yettwasnen. Tineggura-ya d timudmawin i neṭṭafar deg tmeslayt n yal ass, maca ttaǧǧant tagnit akken yal amsiwel ad tent-yesseqdec ilmend-is. (Rendent possibles les variations singulières). - Tiwsatin sɛant tazrirt ɣef yal aswir deg uḍris, ama d taɣessa-s ama d tuddsa-s tagensant. (Strucure et texture). Imenzayen-a d iferdisen igejdanen ɣef tres tmiḍrant n tewsit. D nutni ara yilin d allal s ara d-nessegzi tamiḍrant-a. Ihi, nezmer ad d-nini tiwsatin s umata : - Mgaradent seg yidles ɣer wayeḍ, seg tmetti ɣer tayeḍ ; - Ttwagzant anagar ilmend n wadeg akked wakud ideg d-ffɣent ; - D tismilin i yettwaseqdacen s wudem usrid (spontanée), war ussis n wallaɣ, acku kecment deg tnummi n umeslay n yal ass.

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S wakka sawḍen yimusnawen deg taɣult n tussniwin n (sciences du langage), ad d-inin d akken anamek n tmiḍrant n tewsit yugar anamek i tla deg tsekla imi tawsit, terza akk tiwsatin n yinaw.

K. nCanvat, umagrad yuɣal ɣer yimahilen ugraw deg n Genève ladɣia d-nebder ayen gan yakan, B. Schneuwly et J. Dolz yesken-d d akken tawsit tbedd ɣef kraḍ n tzemmar (capacités) : - Tazmert n usastel1 , amsiwel yessefk ad yezmer ad yessemtawi (adapter) gar yinan-is akked usatal imetti ideg t-idyenna ; - Tazmert n usuddes neɣ n usileɣ (structuration) n yinaw, amsiwel yessefk ad yezmer ad yesseqdec timudmawin iwatan yal tagnit n yinan ; - Tazmert n tira n uḍris (textuallisation : ), annect-a yerza tamusni n tutlayt, amsiwel yewwi-d ad yezmer ad d-yefren tayunin tisnilsanin akken ad d-yaru aḍris d amaynut.

Gar yiseqsiyen igejdanen ɣer tezzi tiṭ deg tesnalmudt, ad naf aseqsi-ya : Ma amezwaru, akken neẓra, d win yeqqnen ɣer tarrayin n uselmed, wis sin yerza agbur ara yesselmed uselmad deg ɣ amatar «S» n - Asastel : awal-a yekka-d seg wawal «asatal : contexte» i wim rni uswaɣ + talɣa n yisem s uzwir «A». Sqedeceɣ-t s unamek «contextualisation». 1

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tneɣrit. Deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayt, iseggasen-a ineggura imnuda ttwalin tuɣalin neɣ asekcem n tewsit ɣer uɣerbaz, i wakken ad tili d allal n ulmad n tutlayt tla tixutert d tameqqrant acku tiwsatin tinmettiyin (genres sociaux) d tid ara yeǧǧen anelmad ad yessiweḍ ad yesɛu tizemmar tutlayanin iwatan. ad Aselmad yezmer ad tent-yessemres, akken d-isuddes yes-sent tugzimin nead ɣ tent-yesselmed isenfaren deg tneɣrit. Tin ɣur-s, akken ẓran akk medden, yella wassaɣ gar wayen i wimi tesra tmetti akked d wayen yettwaselmaden deg uɣerbaz. Deg wassaɣ-a ad negzu taneflit n tmetti deg tallit ɣer tayeḍ yeslalay-d lḥewǧ amaynut d yiswan imaynuten deg wayen yerzan asegmi s umata, d wayen yerzan tasnalmedt s wudem usdis. Ihi, d assaɣ-a gar unefli n tmetti d wayen tettraju tmetti-ya deg uɣerbaz i yeǧǧan simmal tettnefli tudert ttilint-d tmuɣliwin d teẓriyin timaynutin i yessemhazen tasnalmudt. Dɣa taggara-ya, ilmend n unefli ɣef d-nemmeslay, deg taɣult n uselmed n tutlayin lulen-d inezgumen-nniḍen neɣ iberdan-nniḍen deg unadi, amedya : - Tura tuɣal tigawt n uselmed tettarra tamawt tameqqrant ɣer unelmad imi yessefk ɣef uselmad ad iẓer d acu i wimi yesra unelmad ad t-yelmed, akken ad d-yesbedd ahil neɣ ad yessewjed agbur ara yesɣer ;

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- Aselmed n tutlayt akken i tettwasemres deg tmetti. Γef wannect-a i yuɣal wazal deg uselmed ɣer tirmad n tira akked tirmad n tmenna ; - Asekcem n yiḍrisen inmettiyen, (sociaux) n timawit d wid yuran, ɣer uɣerbaz ; - Leb yilitmetti. umtawi neɣ umqarab gar yiḍrisen ɣi akken iɣurbizen d wid yettilinaddeg - Asekcem ɣer uɣerbaz n tewsatin n yiḍrisen yettwaseqdacen deg tmetti, smenyifen-tent ɣef tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen i d-yettbanen d tiẓrayanin1 . Tanila-ya tamaynut n unadi i d-yetilin deg tsenalmudt akked yisental imaynuten, deg tama-nsen, slulen iseqsiyen-a : - Aniti tiwsatin i d-yewwi ad ttwaslemden t ? Ma nezmer ad nesselmed tiwsatin tinmettiyin akken ma llant ? - D acu ara nesseɣer deg tewsatin ? - Amek ara d-nesbedd tarrayin s ara nesselmed tiwsatin-a ? Deg tmaziɣt, tiririt ɣef yiseqsiyen-a ad aɣ-tessiweḍ ad nẓer amek ara tt-nesselmed, d acu ara nesselmed deg-s. Acku iwakken tutlayt ad tuɣal d tin ara yettwalmaden ilaq ad tbedd ɣef kuẓ n tzemmar tutlayanin tigejdanin : snat rzant taɣult n timawt : tigzi n wayen yella d imaw akked ufares s timawt ; snat rzant taɣult n tira : tigzi n wayen yellan yura akked ufares

Γef tektiwin-a, ẓer : Z. Meksem, 2007, Pour une sociodidactique de la langue amazighe : approche textuelle,thèse de doctorat, Université Grenoble 3, p. 128/129. 1

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s tira. S wudem-nniḍen tizemmar-a sawaḍent anelmad akken ad yegzu ayen yellan d timenna d wayen yuran, deg tama ; sawaḍent-t daɣen, deg tama-nniḍen, ad d-ifares s wawal akked tira. Ihi, kuẓ n tzemmar-a yessefk ad d-awint anelmad ad yezmer ad yessemres tutlayt deg yal tagnit ama deg uɣerbaz, ama deg tudert n yal ass. S wakka ad negzu tiwsatin n yiḍrisen ttilint d timudmawin (leqwaleb) s nezmer ad nemsel s tefses tutlayt, yerna ad nessiweḍ ad tt- negzu, ad d-nfares yes-s. Γef wannect-a i d-yenna Y. Reuter ɣef yimi n Bakhtine : «Almad n umsal1 n tmeslayt yettili-d s tewsatin. Yal tikelt ara nsel i umdan yettmeslay, nettḥulfu deg tazwara yakan anta tawsit ideg yella, nettaki-d i te ɣzi n wawal-is akked tuddsa-s. Nezmer ula ad nḥulfu i taggara n tmesalyt-is, acku deg tazwara i nettaki i talɣa n yinaw deg udem-is amatu 2 » 3 . Hatan, deg tneggarut, acuɣer aselmed n tutlayin i yerra tamawt ɣer uselmed n tewsatin.

Amsal : sqedceɣ-t s unamek n tikci n talɣa i tɣawsa. Tasuqqilt n «Nous apprenons à mouler notre parole dans les formes du genre et, entendant la parole d’autrui, nous savons d’emblée, aux tout premiers mots, en pressentir le genre, en deviner le volume, la structure compositionnelle donnée, en prévoir la fin, autrement dit, dès le début nous sommes sensibles au tout discursif ». 3 Bakhtine M., cité par Y. Reuter, ???????? 1 2

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Ixef wis 2

Tasleḍt n yiḍrisen ilmend n tsekka


Aselmed n tutlayt yefka daɣen azal i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen. Tamiḍrant-a akken i tt-nesbada iwsawen (ẓer 2.1. tasensekka taḍrisant) ula d nettat tla azal deg uselmed acku tettili d tamudemt s yezmer unelmad ad yegzu aḍris, am wakken ara yissin amek ara t-d-ifares. Deg tesleḍt n tsekka n uḍris nettakk azal ladɣa i tɣessa-ines akked yiferdisen utlayanen i yettwasqedecen deg-s. Sin n yiferdisen-a i s nezmer ad d-nesnekwu yal tasekka iman-is. Deg umahil-a ad neɛreḍ ad nessukk tiṭ ɣef 6 n tsekkiwin n tmaziɣt akken ad nẓer aniwi i d ittewlen n yal yiwet. S yin akin, ad yili d talalt i uselmad d unelmad akken ad walin d acu i ilaqen deg tira n yal aḍris.

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D aḍris ideg amaru yettales-d (iḥekku, yettawi-d) ayen yeḍran neɣ ayen yellan d asugnan. Yessemlili-d aṭas n tigawin yerzan kra n tedyant teḍra neɣ d tasugnant, iḍerrun deg wakud. Ullis yerza akk ayen i d-ttalsen yimdanen. Γas ulama yella wayen yellan d asugnan akka am ungal, tamacahut, tullizt ; yettili daɣen wayen yellan d tilawt akka am tadyant yeḍran, tudert n umaru.

S umata, akken t-id-snekwan yimnuda n tsekla, ullis ibedd ɣef semmus n waddaden. D nutni i d-yemmalen tuddsa neɣ taɣessa iɣef ibedd wullis. S wawal-nniḍen, mi ara d-yawi umdan tamacahut neɣ ad yales i kra n tedyant d addaden-a ara yeḍfer akken ad d-yebdu seg tazwara alma d taggara n wullis. Asnekwu n tɣessa n wullis yettili d tagnit akken ad tifsus tegzis akked tira-s. Hatenta semmus n tegnatin iɣef yebna wullis 1. Addad n talwit, d tagnit tamezwarut; 2. Aferdis n urway ; 3. Tigawin ; 42


4. Tifrat n ugur ; 5. Addad n taggra.n tegnatin. Nezmer daɣen ad nwali tuddsa-ya ilmend n kraḍ n waddaden igejdanen : Addad amezwaru ; Addad Addad n n tigawin taggara. ; Deg wayen i d-iteddun ad neɛreḍ ad d-nesnenkwu azenziɣ-a :

D tazwara n wullis, qqren-as acku kra ur yeḍri. Deg waddad-a yettil uglam neɣ usissen n wudmawen, n wadeg akked wakud. S umata d tagnit n talwit yersen, kra ur yeḍri deg-s. Akken ad bdunt tigawin, yessefk ad ad yennulfu uferdis d amaynut, ara d-yeslalen uguren.

Deg waddad-a ad naf : - Aferdis n urway D ayen ara d-ikecmen ɣer tegnit, ad d-yennulfu ; ad dyas ad ibeddel udem i tegnit-nni n talwit n tazwara, s wawalnniḍen ad yesluɣ tagnit. - Tigawin Segmi ara yerwi wudem n talwit-ni n tazwara neɣ segmi ara d d-yennulfu umaynut, ad yebdu ḍerru n tigawin. 43


Iswi-nsent d asisi n talwit-nni jennejlan neɣ d tuɣlin ɣer tegnitnni tamezwarut yersen. - Tifrat n ugur Deg-s ad kfunt tigawin. Deg-s ad yili uferdis-nniḍen d amaynut ara d-yefken tagnit-nniḍen n talwit, dɣa ad yefru wugur. Taggara n wullis neɣ taggara n tesri tezmer ad tili s wudem yelhan neɣ s wudem n dir. Deg-s, tagnit ad d-tuɣal tres, ad tfak tesri, ad fakent tigawin.

Azenziɣ-a yeskan-d udmawen yettilin deg tedyant Imnuda i wimi semman «les fromalistes ruses» i d imezwura i iɛerḍen ad d-sbedden udmawen ilan tawuri deg wullis, fkanasen isem «les forces agissantes, les actants», i ɣalen i isedduyen ullis. Azenziɣ-a ires ɣef kraḍ n tyugwin : asaḍ/ (iswi) objet, amazan/anermas, amalal/amnamer. Ad naf ihi : «Seddis n wudmawen i yettikkin deg wullis. Seddis-a n wudmawen ttemlilin sin sin ilmend n twuri-nsen. Sin yesdukel-iten wassaɣ n lebɣi «bɣan ad awḍen ɣer kra», yettnadi neɣ yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer . Sin-nniḍen, yesdukel-iten wassaɣ n tezmert, yeggar afus n talalt, ireggel-d abrid i wasaḍ. Ma d sin ineggura, d yesdukel-iten wassaɣ tmusni/taywalt acku d nutni i 44


d-yemmalen d acu ara yexdem wasaḍ, d nutni daɣen ara dyefken tamuɣli ɣef tigawt n wasaḍ telha neɣ xaṭi» 1.2 d win iɣef beddent tigawin n wullis. S wawalnniḍen d udem agejdan. asaɣḍef, dyettnadi ayen iɣwasa er ira yaweḍ. Yezmerdadayen yili idisedduyen yal taɣawsa ḍ :add amdan ad t-id-yefdu, d ttar ad t-yerr, d tayri n tme ṭṭut, d agerruj, d nnif, d tilelli, atg. d udem i yettnadin ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi. D win ara yaznen asaḍ ad yeg tigawin ilaqen iwakken ad d-yaweḍ ɣer yiswi. Tikwal ur nezmir ara ad nebḍu neɣ ad nessemgired gar-asen acku asaḍ yezmer ad yesɛu snat n twuriwin, yettili d udem agejdan d amazan deg yiwet n tegnit. d udem iɣer ara tuɣal tigawt neɣ d win ara yesfaydin seg tigawt n wasaḍ. d udem ara yefken afus n talalt i wasaḍ.

REUTER, Y., 2005, L’analyse du récit, Paris, Armand Colin, p.31. Ces six catégories se reproupaient deux par deux selon des axes fondamentaux pour définir les conduites humaines. Sur le premier axe -celui du désir, du vouloir- le sujet chercherait à s’opproprier l’objet. Sur le second axe -celui du pouvoir- l’adjuvant et l’opposant aident ou s’opposent à la réalisation de la quête. Sur le troisième axe -celui du savoir et de la communication- le destinateur et le destinataire, déterminent l’action du sujet en le chargeant de la quête et en désignant les objets de valeur. Ils sanctionnent cette action en reconnaissant son résultat et le sujet qui l’a accompli. 1 2

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d win ara d-yeffɣen mgal asaḍ, d ɣa ad asyili d ugur.

Tikwal kra n wudmawen zemren ad ilin d tiɣawsiwin tikmamin : adrar, er, times, tudmawanin : tismin,iɣẓtayri, ttar, ddadfel… ɣel… neɣ d tiɣawsiwin

Allalen n tutlayt rzan iferdisen n tjerrumt i yettilin d imezgiyen deg yal tasekka n u ḍris. Ad negzu deg waya d akken deg tira n uḍris, ttilin kra n yiferdisen n tjerrumt zgan ttwseqdacen ilmend n tsekka n uḍris-nni. Ilmend n wannect-a i yasen-semman iferdisen imezgiyen. Wi rzan s umata : . 1 Akken nezmer daɣen ad naf asemres n yiferdisen n tesnukyist. Amedya deg wullis, deg wayen i d-icudden ɣer talɣiwin n umyag, ad naf, s tuget, ttwasemrasent talɣiwin-a : izri, urmir ussid. Deg wayen yerzan imqimen akked yimataren, ad naf : udem wis kraḍ. Ma d isuraz ttilin wid i d-yesnekwayen akud n ḍerru n tigawin. S umata, d nutni i d-yemmalen amek i yettili umyezwer gar tigawin, seg tmezwarut ar tneggarut. Yewwi-d ad nerr tamawt

Ẓer amahil : Z. Meksem, 1999, taywalt ɣef wullis, ??????. Deg wayen yerzan isuraz, ẓer amahil : Z. Meksem, 2008, Isuraz n usdakel d tnemẓla n tmaziɣt : agmar d tesleḍt, HCA, Alger. 1

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deg wullis ugten s waṭas, yal aḍris aniwi i yellan deg-s. Maca, ad ten-naf bḍan ɣef sin n wudmawen : - Wid i d-yeskanen ayen iḍerrun ilmend n wayen yellan deg yimir n yinan ; qqnen ɣer umatar n wakud : ass-a, imir-a, tura… tegnatin : wid i d-yemmalen tigawin ḍ ni d-yemmalen yeḍran Mmalen deg yizri,kra wid tigawin iḍerrun imir-nni akked wid i d-yemmalen ayen ara yeḍrun deg yimal ; - Wid i d-yemmalen ayen yeḍran, yekfan. Wi cudden ɣer umatar n wakud i nezmer ad naf deg wullis-nni. Bḍan daɣen ɣef kraḍ n tegnatin : wid i d-yeskanen tigawin yezrin, tid iḍerrun, tid ara yeḍrun ɣer zdat ilmend n umatar n wakud d tid iḍerrun deg yimir n umatar. Amedya, ma yebda-d umdan ullis akka : yiwen n wass : akud-a (yiwen n wass) ad yili d amatar iɣer qqnent akk tigawin n wullis acku ayen-nniḍen nettmuqul-it ilmend-is. Tigawin yezrin nesseqdac isuraz-a : zgelli, iḍelli-nni, ilindi-nni, aseggas uqbel… Ma d tigawin i yeḍran seld amatar «yiwen n wass» nesseqdac isuraz-a : azekka-nni, qabel-nni, kra n yiseggasen akken… S umata yal ullis aniwi isuraz ɣef yebna.

Tukksa n sser Qbel nfaq 1 aneggaru, yella yiwen n uxxam d ameqqran ḥeddad deg Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix A useggas 1871. 1

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n ccurafa deg Ɛmrawa i wimi qqaren axxam n Sidi Crif Ajennad. Deg lweqt-nni, la s tjadit-is, la s leqraya-s, ulac wi mechuren am Sidi Crif deg Leqbayel. Yella d netta i d aqerru deg lɛerc. Γur-s yiwen n wakli i d-irebba am mmi-s, ɣef ur iḥeǧǧeb ara. Sidi Crif, ttkabaren akk medden, yella yesɛa sin n warrawAsmi d teqcict. meqqrit, taqcict tewweḍ d tameṭṭut, tekker teɛceq deg wakli n baba-s armi teɣli yid-s. Kra akka, iban-d fell-as uɛebbuḍ. Ma yella d akli-nni yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel deg yiḍ, ur yeẓri ḥedd anta tamurt i t-yeččan. Akken yesla Sidi Crif s lmusiba i d-yeɣlin fell-as, iceyyeɛ ɣer lɛerc ad yennejmaɛ akken yella ɣer temḍelt. Iruḥ netta d mmi-s ɣer tmeqbert, yeɣza aẓekka. Yiwen ur yefhim i wimi. Lweqt deg i d-leḥqen akk medden, yewwi-d yelli-s gar lɛerc akk, armi d aẓekka. Iɛedda yezla-tt netta s ufus-is. Yekker netta d mmi-s me ḍlentt. Imdanen akk ad yili akter n walef, ttmuqqulen wehmen deg leɛjeb yeḍran. Lweqt deg yeffeɣ lexber, fehmen yimdanen ssebba n wannect-a, uɣalen ameẓẓyan, ameqqran ttcekkiren deg-s ; yalmi yuɣal, ɣef tin yexdem, ɣef nnif, ttawin-t-id d lemtel ; win yekkren ar wayeḍ yini-yas : «D anifi am Sidi Crif». Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 13 d 14.

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Deg wayen i d-iteddun ad neg tasleḍt i uḍris-a akken ad nẓer amek i yebḍa wullis. Beṭṭu-ya yeskan-d ayen iwimi qqaren azenziɣ n wullis neɣ tuddsa n wullis yebḍan ɣef kraḍ n waddaden.

S umata yettili d aglam n wayen i d-yezzin i tigawin. Deg-s yettili usissen n wudmawen, n wadeg akked wakud. D addad-a ara d-yefken i yimeɣri iferdisen s ara yegzu ullis. Deg uḍris-a yellan d amedya, ad naf addad amezwaru yebda seg : Qbel nfaq 1 aneggaru… alma d : yella yesɛa sin n warraw d teqcict. Am wakken neẓra, amaru deg uḥric-a n uḍris yessassen-d : - Udmawen : Sidi Crif Ajennad, sin n warraw d teqcict, akli ; - Adeg : Ɛmrawa (deg tmurt n Leqbayel). - Akud : Qbel nfaq aneggaru.

D aḥric agejdan deg yal ullis ; deg-s i ḍerrunt tigawin. Γef waya i yas-semman aḥric n tigawin. Ad t-naf yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n tegnatin neɣ llan deg-s kraḍ n yiferdisen :

ḥeddad deg Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix A useggas 1871. 1

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- Aferdis n urway : nezmer ad t-naf daɣen s yisem aferdis n ubeddel. Yettban-d mi ara ibeddel wudem n tegnit tamezwarut, ad tuɣal ad tenwawel cwiṭ talwit-nni. Deg wullisa, yebda mi meqqrit warraw n Sidi Crif, yelli-s : Tekker teɛceq deg wakli n baba-s armi teɣli yid-s. Kra akka, iban-d fell-as uɛebbuḍ. Ma yella d akli-nni yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel. D ta i d tadyant i yerwin tagnit yersen n wullis. Ayen ara yeḍrun ɣer zdat icudd ɣur-s. - Tigawin : segmi tenwawel tegnit n tazwara d ayen tluɣ, udem agejdan yewwi-d ad yeg kra akken ad tifrir tegnit yerna ad d-tuɣal talwit-nni yennejlan. Dɣa lulent-d aṭas n tigawin ara yessiwḍen ɣer yiswi-ya. Hatenta tigawin tigejdanin : - Akli yefhem tin yexdem, … Akken Sidi ɣer lɛerc… Crif… netta d mmi-s ɣer tmeqbert, aẓekka… yelli-s… … netta d mmi-s -tt. Imdanen… … - Tifrat n ugur : s tifrat-a ara kfunt tigawin, ad tefru tmukrist n wullis. Deg wullis-a, taggara n tigawin tettbin-d mi ara yessired Crif Ajennad nnif-is ad gzun yimdanen d acu i yexdem.

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Taggara n wullis-a tettbin-d deg ferru n tedyant, mi medden ẓran d acu yexdem Crif Ajennad yerna sbedden-t d azamul n lḥerma yalmi d-yeǧǧa awal deg tmetti.

Tazrawt n uzenziɣ n wudmawen teskan-d iɣalen (forces) ilan tawuri deg wullis. Deg u ḍris-a udmawen yekkin deg tigawin d wi : - Asaḍ : Sid Crif Ajennad ; - Iswi : tarda n nnif-is ; - Amazan : d netta yakan Crif Ajennad ; - Anermas : netta akked uxxam-is i wimi yessefk ad as-d-yerr isseɣ; - Amallal : mmi-s - Amnamar : deg ḍerru n tigawin Sidi Crif Ajennad ur dyemlal ara imnamren, maca ayen i yas-d-yeslulen uguren d yelli-s akked wakli-is.

Yerza asnekwu n yiferdisen n tjerrumt imezgiyen deg wulli-s.

Akken neẓra deg wullis yettili usuget n talɣiwin-a : izri, urmir ussid. Hatenta tigawin tigejdanin yeftin ɣer yizri :

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i dyid-s -d

-tt

-d

tin aẓekka

-tt

degdeg tigawin-a ayen yezrin ; tuget degsent adTuget tent-naf waddadmmalent-d wis sin n wullis. Tigawin-a ttbintd myezwarent ta deffir ta, yerna wezzil ḍerru-nsent deg wakud. - Tid yeftin ɣer wurmir ussid :

Tigawin-a ftint ɣer wurmir ussid, talɣa-ya tettwasemres akken ad d-temmel tigawin ɣezzifen, yeṭṭfen aṭas n wakud deg ḍerru-nsent. Ma nmuqel-itent ad naf kuẓ seg-sent kkant aṭas deg walud, yeɛni d iseggasen, akka am : ur iḥeǧǧeb ara, Ttkabaren, ttcekkiren, Ttawin. Anagar yiwet seg-sent i d tameẓẓyant deg ḍerru-ines, tekka kra n teswiɛt kan, ma nesserwes-itt d tid-nniḍen : ttmuqqulen.

Deg uḥric-a ad nẓer aniwi udmawen n tjerrumt i yugten deg wullis. Ad d-nesmekti tasleḍt i nga yakan ɣef usentel-a, nufa-d , maca tikwal ttwasemrasen

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wudmawen-a : XXXX 1 . Yewwi-d ad negzu udmawen-a zemren ad ilin d imqimen, d imataren neɣ d iwsilen i dyemmalen win terza tigawt. Deg wayen yerzan a ḍris-a haten udmawen yettwasqedcen :

wid yerzan Crif Ajennad : la tjadit- , la s leqraya- ,... ella d ... Γur- … am mmi- , ɣef ur ḥejjeb ara… ella esɛa… Akken esla Sidi Crif… fell-a , ceyyeɛ… ruḥ d mmi- , eɣza… ewwi-d yelli- . ɛedda ezla-tt s ufus- . ekker d mmi- meḍlen-tt… ttcekkiren deg- ; yalmi uɣal… exdem… ttawin- -id… Wid yerzan akli-s : ur iḥejjeb ara… teɣli yid-s… akli-nni efhem tin exdem, erwel… ur yeẓri ḥedd anta tamurt i -yeččan. Wid yerzan yelli-s : taqcict tewwe … ekker eɛceq n baba- armi eɣli yid-s / iban-d fell- uɛebbuḍ… Iɛedda yezla- … meḍlen- … - Wid yerzan imdanen i d-yusan ɣer tmeqbert : d-leḥqe akk medden, imdanen ttmuqqule wehmen… fehme … - Wid yerzan imdanen s umata : i wimi qqare axxam n Sidi Crif Ajennad… uɣale ttcekkire deg-s ; ttawi -t-id…

1

Tazrawt n lmajister akked d umagrad n temlilit.

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snekwu n wudmawen yettilin deg uḍris yerza akk iferdisen i d-yemmalen udem neɣ taɣawsa i d-yettwabedren yakan deg uḍris. Akken amaru ur d-yettales ara anagar i yiwen n yisem n wudem neɣ n tɣawsa yessemras tikkesrert. Tikkesrert-a tettili s sin n yiberdan : - Yezmer umaru, deg tama, ad yesseqdec tikkesrert n umawal ; da ad yessexdem awal deg um ḍiq n wawal-nniḍen. Amedya amaru yezmer deg wadeg n Sidi Crif Ajennad ad yesseqdec awalen-nniḍen ; amɣar, amɣar n taddart, aqerruy n Lɛerc, anifi,… - Yezmer, deg tama-nniḍen, ad yesseqdec tikkesrert n tjerrumt ; da deg wadeg n wawal ad yessemres iferdisennniḍen n tjerrumt, s umata wiyi ttilin d udmawen : imqimen, imataren, iwsilen, imassaɣen. Amedya deg uḍris, ad naf : - Imqimen : netta ; - Imataren : esla, eɣli, uɣale , - Iwsilen n yisem neɣ n umyag n tenzeɣt: yelli- , afus, i -yeččan, meḍlen- , ttawin- , deg- , fell- … - Imasaɣen : qqaren.

D awalen i yettgen assaɣ gar tefyar d tsedarin deg uḍris. Yes-sen i yezmer yimeɣri ad yegzu akken iwata aḍris. Deg wullis tuget n yisuraz d wid n wakud i yettwaseqdacen. Deg uḍris-a, ad naf :

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Qbel nfaq 1 aneggaru… Deg lweqt-nni... Asmi meqqrit… Kra… Akken… Lweqt deg… Lweqt deg… Deg tneggarut d annect-a s umata ɣef ibedd wullis, d wi i d iferdisen iɣer ttarrant tamawt deg tseleḍt n tsekka n uḍris-a.

Aḍris imsegzi d aḍris i d-yessegzayen kra n tɣawsa. Deg yal taɣult, win ara terr tegnit ad d-yessegzi yalmi ila tamussni yugaren win i wimi yettmeslay. Aneggaru-ya d amdan yessuturen ad yissin neɣ ad yegzu kra n tedyant, n tɣawsa neɣ n tumant. Ihi, ad t-naf d aḍris i yekkaten amek ara isemmed tamussni n umdan. Aḍris imsegzi yerza yal taɣult. Nezmer ad t-naf deg tudert n yal ass mi ara ttmeslayen yimdanen; nemzer daɣen ad yerzu taɣulin timadwanin n tfelseft ; maca nettaf-it s tuget deg ta ɣulin n tussna akken ma llant. S umata aḍris-a d win s ara d-yebnu umdan tamussni tamaynut neɣ d win s ara isemmed tamussni-s yerna ad tt-idyeǧǧ i wiyiḍ.

ḥeddad deg Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix A useggas 1871. 2 Z. Meksem, 2004, «Aḍris imsegzi», deg Tannant n usileɣ n tmaziɣt / «L’explicatif» Actes du «Stage de perfectionnement des enseignants de la langue amazighe ». Zeralda, les 30 et 31 mars 2004, Publication de HCA, Alger. - M. Fedila «Le texte explicatif de la langue amazighe », Mémoire de licence, soutenu en juin 2003, universite de Béjaia. - Z. Meksem, 2007, Pour une sociodidactique de la langue amazighe : approche textuelle, Thèse de Doctorat, Laboratoire LIDILEM-Grenoble 3. 1

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Deg tuget n tegnatin aḍris imsegzi yettili d tiririt ɣef yisastan-a : - Acuɣer ? - Amek ?

Tuddsa neɣ tamsukt n uḍris imsegzi tbedd ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen. d aḥric n , n (Problématisation). S umata, aḥric-a yettili deg tazwara n uḍris. Deg-s i d-yessissin umaru asentel n uḍris, ssyin akin ad d-yefk aseqsi iɣef ara d-yerr. Yezmer daɣen ad t-id-yefk srid deg uzwel. Maca llant tikwal yettili d uffir, s leqraya n u ḍris ara yegzu yimeɣri agnu-ines. deg uḥric-a i tettili tririt ɣef useqsi n tazwara. Deg-s i d-yessegzay umaru ayen yerzan asentel-nni. d aḥric n tsemlilt, deg-s ara d-yesmekti umaru ayen i d-yessegza.

Maca, mačči anagar tuddsa-ya iɣef ibedd uḍris imsegzi. Llan yiḍrisen i iḍefren talɣa-nniḍen, am wakken i d-yenna D. Coltier :

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«Kraḍ n yiḥricen ur d-ttbinen ara yal tikelt s umyezwer-a, yerna mačči yal tikelt yewwi-d ad yili useqsi deg uḥric amezwaru. Tin ɣur-s, ma ulac, llan sin n wudmawen s zemren ad myezwaren yiḥricen n usegzi.

nezmer ad d-nebdu s useqsi imir ad 1d-te tririt neSeg ɣ adtama, d-nefk srid tiririt ssyin akin ad d-nessegzi « 2 . ḍfer - Tikwal aḥric-a aneggaru ur yettili ara. Kra n yimnuda ttwalin yezmer ad yili akken yezmer ur yettili ara. Ma yella, yettbin-d s sin n wudmawen : - D awal aneggaru ɣef usentel-nni ; amedya, ma yessegza-d amek i d-yekkat ugeffur, amaru yezmer ad d-yini : hata ihi amek i d-iɣelli ugeffur… - D ameslay ɣef tɣawsa-nniḍen yerzan asentel-nni, amedya, yezmer ad d-yini: ageffur d ayen ilan azal deg tudert n umdan.

Coltier D, 1986, «Approches du texte explicatif», dans la revuePratiques, n° 51, pp. 3 – 22. 2 Bien entendu, ces trois moments du texte explicatif n’apparaissent pas nécessairement, ni dans cet ordre, et la phase de questionnement ne contient pas obligatoirement une interrogative indirecte. Pour ce qui est de l’ordre, il existe deux façons au moins d’enchaîner les différents éléments qui composent le texte explicatif: on peut, soit aller de la question à la solution, soit donner la solution dès le début et enchaîner par un énoncé qui justifie la solution. 1

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Anadi ɣef wallalen n tutlayt yerza anadi ɣef yiferdisen n tjerrumt imzegiyen deg yal tasekka. Deg yimsegzi wid i dyettwaseqdacen s waṭas d wid i izemren ad fken i u ḍris udem ames tira-nsen, Γɛefrewannect-a, ɣef win yarun,ɣaran. ad ye ḍ amek aradegt-yebrez segyewwi-d wayen akk yesɛara an assaɣ d yiḥulfan-is d tmuɣliwin-is. Swakka ara d-ibin d amesɣaran. D acu ihi i d allalen-a ?

Deg wayen yerzan isuraz, deg uḍris imsegzi ttuwaseqdacen s tuget isuraz n tmeẓla, d wi i d-yesskanen assaɣ gar tektiwin akked d ubrid i yewwi umaru deg usegzi-s. Haten yisuraz yettilin deg yimsegzi. - Wid n usmiwer neɣ n ubdar, d isuraz i d-yeskanen amyezwer yellan gar tektiwin n umaru, amedya : amezwaru, wis sin..., deg tazwara, tin ɣur-s..., deg tama, deg tamanniḍen... - Wid n tguri (n usekcem) n yimedyaten : d awalen i yettwaseqdacen akken amaru ad d-yessekcem amedya deg uḍris-is, amedya : nezmer ad d-nefk amedya… amedya, ɣef umedya, akka am... - Wid n ulsegzi : d awalen neɣ d tinfaliyin s nezmer ad d-nger asegzi s wudem-nniḍen i kra n tikti neɣ n wawal i d58


yettbanen yuɛar i yimeɣri, amedya : s wudem-nniven, s wawalnniḍen, s unamek-nniḍen… - Wid n userwes : am, amzun, yettanzi, yettak anzi, ad as-tinniḍ… - Wid n tmeẓla neɣ n useɣzen : acku, akken, imi, axaṭer…

Deg yiḍrisen n usegzi, akken neẓra deg yimahilennniḍen, imqimen yugten s waṭas d wid s yezmer umaru ad dyefk udem amesɣaran i uḍris-is. S umata ttilin wudmawen-a : - Udem amezwaru asget : «Nekni», yetwaseqdac wudem-a mi ara yebɣu umaru ad d-yemmeslay ɣef kra n tɣawsa i ixeddem netta, i xeddmen medden-nniḍen yellan am netta, wid yezdi kra n umahil neɣ kra n lḥirfa. S umata, yerza nek + nutni. aselmad mi ara d-yemmeslay ɣef uskazal, ad d-yini : «Deg uselmed nessemras askazal deg tazwara, deg tlemmast akked taggara n tugzimt n uselmed». Afran n wudem-a yettili akken win i d-yettmeslayen ad d-yesken mačči anagar netta i terza taluft maca medden akk xeddmen akka neɣ ttwalin akka.

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- Udem wis kraḍ asget : «Nutni», udem-a yettwasemras mi ara yili ayen ɣef d-yella usegzi yerza imdanen akken llan. Mi ara t-yesseqdec umaru yettak-as azal ardabu. mi ara d-yettmeslay yiwen ɣef usuter n uselmed n tamzi : «Suturen aselmedara n ɣt ad d-yiniyerna tmaziɣt acku d tutlayt-nsen ẓran mamedden ur tt-slemden ad tenger…». - Udem wis kraḍ asuf : «netta, nettat», s umata udmawwen-a ttwaseqdacen mi ara d-nettmeslay ɣef yimdanen i yezdi kra n umahil neɣ kra n tɣawsa. Deg tegnit udem wis kraḍ asuf ur yerzi ara kan yiwen n umdan. Ihi, nessemras-it mi ara yezmer ad yili d agensas n ugraw neɣ n medden «Aselmad ara yesseɣren s usenfar, ad dyessewjed isental, s yin akin ad ten-yessumer ɣef yinelmaden akken ad fernen win i yasen-yehwan…»

Timeẓra i yettwaseqdacen s tuget deg uḍris imsegzi d urmir ussid d ad + urmir.

Ɣas deg waṭas n tegnatin urmir ussid akked ad+urmir i d-yessenfalyen azal awarkudan neɣ amatu (atemporel ou général), maca tikwal yettili umgired, amedya gar umyag amagnu d umyag n tɣara. Yella wadeg anida azal-a amatu 60


yessenfaly-it-id yizri, amedya mi ara d-nini «Iṭij zeggaɣ», ɣas d tidet tamatut (vérité générale) maca anagr izri i izemren ad dyessenfali tikti-ya tawerkudant acku ur nezmir ad nessexdem la Ad + urmir «Iṭij ad-yettizwiɣ», la urmir ussid : «Iṭij yettizwiɣ». Deg waya ad negzu tikwal d tasekka n yinaw akked takken umyagS.i Chaker d-yeqqaren talɣa iwatan ad tettwaseqdec, ɣara nd-yenna 1. - Urmir ussid: acku d timeẓri i d-yessenfalayen tigawt ɣezzifen urɛad temmid d ayen iḍerrun deg yimir n tmeslayt yeɛni deg umha. Deg yimsegzi yettwasemras akken ad dtessenfali tigawt ɣezzifen i d-yettalsen neɣ i d-yettuɣalen, yal tikelt kif kif-is. S wawal-nniḍen temmal-d tigawt iḍerrun yal tikelt s yiwen n wudem. «Imdanen ttidiren d igrawen acku yiwen, iman-is, ur izemmer ara ad iqabel uguren n tudert». S. Chaker, 1989, «Aspect (verbe)», Encyclopédie berbère VII, p. 971-977. – «C'est en fait toute une typologie des discours qu'il convient d'élaborer : discours didactique, descriptif, poétique... Chacun de ces conditionnements discursifs peut déterminer un fonctionnement particulier du système verbal : dans chacun d'eux, l'inventaire des formes n'est pas nécessairement le même et les signifiés peuvent être profondément différents. Ainsi, une séquence ad + aoriste sera un ḍ azekka = «il indicatif futur dans un échange d'information courant (ad yawe arrivera demain») et un atemporel général abs-trait dans l'énoncé d'un mode de fabrication (ad kksen anåadn-nni... = «on enlève les poils»). Variabilité à laquelle il faut, bien sûr, rajouter celle liée au sémantisme particulier des verbes qui suppose de son côté l'élaboration d'une typologie lexico-sémantique des verbes. Un thème déterminé n'aura évidemment pas la même valeur pour un verbe d'action ponctuelle, un verbe d'action à durée intrinsèque, un verbe d'état ou de qualité...». 1

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- Ad + urmir : ugtent tegnatin ideg tettwasemras tmeẓri-ya acku tla aṭas n wazalen. Tezmer ad d-tessenfali : imal, warilaw, asirem neɣ tigawin tiwarkudin. Γef wurmir + ad, S. Chaker yenna-d : 1

Deg amedya tugzimt «ad n tmeslayt n yal assYezmer, Ad+urmir ad yili d imal, yaweḍ azekka». degyezmer tugzimtnniḍen, ad yili d warakud amadwan amedya «ad kksen anzaden-nni2 « 3 . Ihi, deg yimsegzi ttwaseqdacent talɣiwin-a acku mmalent-d tigawin iḍerrun yal tikelt s yiwen n wudem yerna ur cuddent ara ɣer kra n tiremt deg wakud. Yal tikelt kif kif i ḍerrunt.

: Taɣerma d uwanek ɣer Ibn Xeldun Taɣerma d uwanek akken i ddukulen ɣer Ibn Xeldun. Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiṭ uwanek, acku war awanek ur

Awal tugzimt ila anamek n uḥric n uḍris neɣ n yinan ilan anamek yemmed. Une séquence ad+aoriste sera un indicatif futur dans un échange d'information courante (ad yaweḍ azekka = « il arrivera demain») et atemporel général abstrait dans l’énoncé d'un mode de fabrication ad kksen anzaden-nni = «on enlève les poils. 3 Chaker S., 1991, Manuel de linguistique berbère II. Syntaxe et diachronie, Alger, ENAG. p. 58. 1 2

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tettili tɣerma, ma d tamettant ad tili deg yiwen n wakud. Tudert n tɣerma icuba-tt ɣer tin n wales, acku yebḍa-tt ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen : tallit n unegmu, temɣer d ufrak, di taggara tewser d ugrireb ! Hatan wamek yettwali iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is : Di tazwara, ad d-yekker uɣella, ad yessali awanek s yiserdasen n udrum-is. Ssyin ad yebnu tamdint tamaynut ara yilin d taɣremt i udabu-s. anabaḍ n tallit-a ad yili gar yiεeggalen n yiwen udrum. Taluft-a isemma-yas Ibn Xeldun «lεasabiyya», yerra-tt d ajgu alemmas di tezmert n udabu. Aḥric wis sin yerza abeddel neɣ tamhezt n tɣerma i dyettilin di tegti di tallit n ugellid wis sin neɣ wis kraḍ. Di tsertit, adabu ad ibedd ɣef yifadden-is akken iwulem, asrad (lehna) d tneflit ad d-uɣalen ɣer yal tamnaḍt n tmurt. Assaɣ n «lεasabiyya» ad yeqqers, acku ad bdun ijentaḍen ad kecmen ɣer udabu. Dɣa yenna ɣef waya : «deg uḥric wis sin, ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu». Di tdamsa, afares n yisufar n tudert ad yali, asnuzu ad yefti, acku tagnit n tsertit ters. Idles d tẓuri ad ǧǧuǧgen di temdinin. Di tallit-a, awanek d tɣerma ad awḍen ɣer tqacuctnsen.

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Deg uḥric wis kraḍ, adabu ad teɣli tezmert-is. Agellid ad yuɣal d asnaraf (d amesbaṭli) ɣef ugdud, ad yessenker ṭṭrad d yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa. D wi i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma ɣer Ibn Xeldun. D a tamettant-is tettεeṭṭili das-d-yezzin. ara ad d-taweḍ, s tnekra n kra n uɣɣella neɣ s ufus nuryiwunak H. Belaid, 1996, «Tira n Ibn Xeldun», deg Izen Amaziɣ, uṭṭun 6, isebtar 35, 36.

Deg tazwara ad d-nesmekti aḍris imsegzi ibedd ɣef kraḍ n tegnatin ; maca tikwal ur ttilin ara akk. Deg umedya-ya, amaru yebḍa aḍris-is akka : d aḥric ideg yettili useqsi ɣef ara dyerr umaru. Aḥric-a yebda seg : «Taɣerma» alma «yidlisen» ; deg uḍris-a mačči d aseqsi i d-yefka umaru maca yessassen-d deg-s ayen ɣef ara d-yemmeslay. Deg-s, yesnekwa-d asentel yerzan assaɣ gar tɣerma d uwanek ɣer Ibn Xeldun. Dɣa s tezwert-a ad negzu ɣef wacu ara d-yawi uḍris. Ladɣa yessexdem tafyirt taneggarut :s«hatan wamek iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is» i d-yeskanen wudem usdis yettwali d acu i ira ad dyessegzi.

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d aḥric ideg tettili tririt ɣef ugnu, tebda seg «Di tazwara» alma «d tilisa», deg uḥric-a yessegza-d tudert n tɣerma i yettakken anzi ɣer tudert n umdan acku nettat daɣen tettekk-d ɣef kraḍ n waddaen. Dɣa amaru yessegza-d amek i ttilin waddaden-a d wamek i yella wassaɣ gar tɣerma d uwanek. aḥric-a, deg tama, yezmer ad yili yezmer ur yettili ara. Deg tama-nniḍen, ma yella yezmer ad yili d tasemlilt n usentel neɣ amaru yezmer ad d-yaɣ awal-nniḍen yerzan asentel-nni. Deg uḍris-a ad naf taggrayt tella-d d tasemlilt ɣef wayen yezrin. Amaru yessegra-d s tikti tamaut : D wi i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma ɣer Ibn Xeldun…

Tura ad d-nesken iferdisen i yesseqdec umaru akken ad yeg assaɣ gar tefyar d tektiwin n uḍris iwakken ad yessiweḍ ad d-yesken aseɣzen ɣef ibedd uḍris-is. - Isuraz n usmiwer : yes-sen i d-yesken umaru addaden ɣef d-tettekk yal taɣerma, ɣef waya i yefren isuraz-a : D tazwara,… ssyin,… aḥric wis sin,… aḥric wis kraḍ… - Isuraz n useɣzen :

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- Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiṭ uwanek war awanek ur tettili tɣerma. - Tudert n tɣerma icuba-tt ɣer tin n wales yebḍa-tt ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen. wamek yettwali iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is. ric wis tamhezt n tɣerma… wis sin - Aḥwis kraḍsin . yerza abeddel yenna ɣef waya : «deg uḥric wis sin, ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu». i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma. tamettant-is ur tettεeṭṭil ara ad d-taweḍ. Yal yiwen deg yisuraz-a ila tawuri : acku yessenfalay-d tamentilt, hatan, D wi : d isuraz n usissen neɣ d imeskanen, neɣ : yessenfalay-d afran gar t ɣawsiwin, dɣa : yessenfalay-d tagrayt neɣ agmuḍ.

Deg yimsegzi seqdacen udmawen n tjerrumt i izemren ad d-senfalin tikti n tmesɣara s yezmer umaru ur d-yeskan ara iḥulfan-is. Hatnan yimataren i d-yemmalen udmawen-a deg uḍris : - Udem wis kraḍ asuf : a)- Nettat (taɣerma) : ad -id-yezwir, icuba- , ur ettili ara tɣerma, tamettant- . b)- Netta : (awanek) : ad tt-id- ezwir.

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- Netta (aɣella) ad d- ekker, ad d- essali, udrum- , ad ebnu, udabu- . ad ekkes ayetma- , Agellid 1 ad uɣal… ad essenker ṭṭrad d yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa. - Netta (adabu) : ad ibedd, ifadden- , tezmert- , Taɣerma d uwanek : ad awḍe ɣer tqacuct. Udmawen-a akken ma llan ttwasqedcen s unamek amatu acku Ibn Xeldun, deg taɣult-a n tussna, yettmeslay-d ɣef yal taɣerma, ɣef yal awnek d wamek i ttnernin ssyin akin amek i ɣellin.

Ma nuɣal ɣer yimahilen yemmugen yakan ɣef usentel-a, ad naf deg yimsegzi tuget n talɣiwin i d-yettuɣalen d urmir ussid akked urmir + ad. Ttwasemrasent talɣiwin-a acku, yessent, nezmer ad nefk taɣara tamesɣarant i uḍris. Ad nẓer dag uḍris-a anta timeẓra i yettwasqedcen d waniti tiwuriwin i ilant. Amaru deg uḍris-a ideg d-yessegzay tiẓri tussnant n Ibn Xeldun yesseqdec . Yes-s ira ad d-yesken udem amesɣaran n wayen i d-yura. Timeẓri-ya tettwaseqdec akken ad d-yemmel yes-s ayen i wimi yessemma S. Chaker tigawin tiwarkudin. Tigawin-a d tid ur nli ara asaɣ d kra n wakud ibanen imi d tigawin izemren ad ḍrunt yal akud. D ta i d tawuri-s deg uḍris-a. Hatnan yimedyaten ideg yettwaseqdec wurmir + ad. d-yekker uɣella, awanek. 1

Agellid neɣ aɣella d imegdawalen, senfalyen-d yiwet n tikti.

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- Anabaḍ n tallit-a gar yiεeggalen n yiwen udrum. ɣef yifadden-is. - Adabu ɣer yal tamnaḍt n tmurt. - A d- Assaɣ n «lεasabiyya» , acku ijentaḍen ad kecmen... -Afares Ageldun ayetma-s seg n yisufar n tudert . udabu. - Asnuzu . -. Idles d tẓuri di temdinin. ɣer tqacuct-nsen. - Awanek d tɣerma - Adabu tezmert-is. - Agellid d asnaraf (d amesbaṭli) ɣef ugdud, ṭṭrad …

Aḍris afuklan d aḍris ideg amaru yekkat amek ara yefk afud i rray-is neɣ i tmuɣli-s akken ad tettwaqbel sɣur win i wimi yettmeslay neɣ sɣur yimeɣri. Iswi n usfukel d abeddel n tmuɣli neɣ n uxemmem n yimeɣri. Dɣa yal tikelt asfukel yettbin-d tagnit ideg amaru yettaɛraḍ ad d-yesken tidet n tmuɣli-s zdat n tmuɣliwin-nniḍen akken ad tesɛu azal ugar tidyiḍ. D wasmi i semrasen deg usfukel tarrayin n useɣzen. S useɣzen-a ara yezmer umaru ad ig tazrirt ɣef yimeɣri ; ssyin akin ad as-ibeddel tamuɣli, ad t-iwelleh ar tnila i yas-yehwan. D wa, deg taggara, i d iswi n yal aḍris afuklan, s wawal-nniḍen deg uḍris-a amaru yekkat ad izerrer amselɣu (imeɣri neɣ d 68


amseflid). D wasmi aḍris afuklan, akken yebɣu yili, ibedd ɣef ugemmir (tamuɣli n wid i d-yettmeslayen neɣ ayen yettxemmim). Ssyin yal agemmir ila ifukal i yas-yettilin d tasalelt s ara ibedd. Tin ɣur-s yal afakul, tikwal, rennun-d ɣur-s imedyaten ara yefken tazmert neɣ ara d-yesseknen tidet n yifukal.

Tasleḍt n uḍris afuklan tettili akken ad d-nesnekwu tarrayt i yeḍfer umaru deg usfukel-is. Tarrayt-a teskan-d amek i d-yefren abrid s yezmer ad izerrer imeɣri. S wawal-nniḍen tasleḍt ad tili d allal s ara d-nesnekwu talɣa s yesbedd asfukel s ara yefk afud i tmuɣli-s akken ad tesɛu tazmert ugar tin neɣ tid ira ad yesseɣli. S umata aḍris n usfukel yettili s snat n tuddsiwin neɣ snat n tɣessiwin.

Tuddsa-ya tettili mi ara yili uḍris ibedd kan ɣef yiwen n ugemmir. Amaru deg tegnit-a ad yesnekwu tikti-s neɣ tamuɣlis, ssyin akin, deg , ad d-yefk ifukal s ara d-yesken tixutert akked tidet n wayen ɣef d-yettmeslay. Deg ad d-yefk awal aneggaru izemren ad yili d tasemlilt ɣef tmuɣli-s.

Tuddsa-ya tettili mi ara yili uḍris ibedd ɣef sin n yigemmiren yemgaraden. Yettwasuddes s kraḍ n tegnatin. 69


Yettili deg-s ugemmir amezwaru d ugemmir i yellan mgal-is ( ) akked tsemlilt ara yessemtawin gar-asen. Tuddsa-ya tettwassen s tuget deg taɣulin n tfelseft akked tsertit… Akken ad d-naf tuddsa-ines tameẓlant nettmuqul deg tazwara i d ad yesseɣili. yesse umaruɣef neɣtmu anwa ɣefTin ḥbibir agemmiranwa i yekkat ɣur-s, nettnadi ɣli-si nd umaru, ifukal-is, akked yimedyaten i yettilin d anzaten ɣef usentel. yezmer ad yili d ayen ibanen neɣ d uffir deg uḍris. Ma yella d uffir d imeɣri ara t-id-yesnekwun ar taggara n tɣuri n uḍris-nni. d nutni i d-yeskanen tazmert n ugemmir, ttilin akken amaru ad d-yesken d akken tamuɣli tebna ɣef wayen yellan yerna ad d-yesken timental ɣef ibedd ugemmir-s. ttilin akken ad d-rnun tixutert i yifukal, ad asen-fken afud ugar yerna ttakken i usfukel udem akmam. Tikwal, mi ara yili ufakul d uffir d amedya ideg nezmer ad tid-nesnekwu. ttilin akken ad d-seknen tanmeẓla d wassaɣ yellan gar yifukal. Llan yiḍrisen ideg amaru yessissen-d agemmir-is deg tazwara, llan wiyiḍ ttaǧǧan-tt d taneggarut alamma ibder-d aseɣzen-ines s yifukal d yimedyaten.

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Deg uḥric-a ad nẓer iferdisen n tjerrumt i d-yettuɣalen s tuget deg uḍris afuklan.

Ayen i d-yufraren deg uḍris n usfukel deg wayen yerzan udmawen yugten deg-s d akken deg yal asfukel imsulɣa (win i d-yettmeslayen d win neɣ wid i wimi yettmeslay) ttbinen, acuɣer ? Acku neẓra iswi n usfukel d azerrer ; azerrera yettili s tiktiwin n umaru d ɣa, ama s wudem usrid, ama s wudem arusrid, d udem amezwaru d wudem wis sin i yerza usfukel. Amedya deg uḍris n usussen (adellel), s umata d udem wis sin i yugten acku amaru yettmeslay srid i win ara yaɣen ; d acu yezmer, deg kra n tegnatin, ad yessemres udem wis kra ḍ. Dwasmi ur yettwagdel ara tilin n wudmawen-nniḍen. Yal aḍris amek ila tarrayt n useɣzen. Dɣa asemres n wudmawen ur iris ara ɣef kra n udmawen ulmisen. Ad nwali annect-a deg tesleḍt ara neg i yiwen dg yi ḍrisen.

Deg ufran n tmeẓra aḍris afuklan yesseqdac timeẓra ilmend n waddad n yinan ; nezmer ad naf aseqdec n yal timeẓri tid i d-yessenfalayen ayen yeḍran, ayen iḍerrun d wayen izemren ad yeḍru. Am wudmawen n tjerrumt asemresnsent icudd ɣer talɣa n useɣzen akked waddad n yinan.

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Akken ad yessiweḍ umaru ad d-yesbedd aḍris n usfukel s ara yezmer ad izerrer ime ɣri, yewwi-d fell-as ad isuddes akken iwata asfukel-ines. Γef waya i yesra ad yesseqdec isuraz s ara d-yesbedd aseɣzen-ines s wudem anme Dɣɣaɣer deg uḍrisd ugemmir n usfukelassa ttagten yisuraz i dẓlan.assa yeskanen yifukal ɣ gar yimedyaten d ugemmir d yigmaḍ n useɣzen. D annect-a ara yefken tagnit i yimeɣri ad yegzu abrid i ye ḍfer uḍris. Ihi, deg usfukel amaru yesra i yakk isuraz. Isuraz i d-yettuɣalen s waṭas d wi : acku, imi, laxaṭer… (analkam) : dɣa, d wasmi, ihi, d acu, meɛna, maca amezwaru, wis sin…, deg tazwara, tin ɣurs, rnu, deg taggara…

Γef usfukel ad d-nessisen sin n yiḍrisen yemgaraden, yiwen ad yili d aḍris amagnu ɣef wazal n tmeṭṭut deg tmurt n Leqbayen, wayeḍ d aḍris n usussen. Tameṭṭut n Leqbayel Aṭas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ɣef tmeṭṭut d lḥala n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen acu ɣef llan, wala fehmen ṭṭbiεa n 72


lejdud-nsen, yettwassnen seg wasmi d-texleq yemma-s n ddunit.

Гret, steqsit, sani terram, anda tewḍem ad tafem awal yiwen : d ayen yenna umezwaru i yenna uneggaru. Гef wawalnsen, wakken tmussni-nsen «tame ɣef ur ṭṭut am ɣer Leqbayel teswi, i uryasen-tefka terri ; argaz yeḥseb-itt am nettat zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ ; ad tt-yaɣ, ad tt-yezzenz am wakken ara yaɣ, yezzenz taɣaṭ neɣ tafunast deg ssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesεi rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yili mazal-itt me ẓẓiyet, deg-s cwiṭ n lmenfiεa, hatan iban; asmi meqret, tekcem-itt tewser, ad tt-εezlen ɣer rrif, ad tt-deqren am nettat, am uqecwal iqersen «. Aya yakk d lekteb. Nekni yessnen akken tella lḥala n Leqbayel, ifehmen, yeẓran acu yellan deg wul n Uzwawi, nezmer ad neggal ur nḥennet belli ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli am tmeṭṭut-is, εlaxaṭer yeẓra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ, axxam din ur yelli. Kra n lbaḍna d rray yellan, teεlem yes-s tmeṭṭut. Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : «Ulac i yu εren, i nettagd am lehḍur n tsumta». Meẓẓi meqqer, ɣur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqam lḥaǧa melba ccwer n uxxam-is. Lemmer d lecɣal n rray d ttedbir i yettarran bunadem d argaz, yili amur ameqqran deg Leqbayel yessefk d nutni ara yelsen icwawen, ad ǧǧen iberniyas i tulawin-nsen εlaxater, ɣef wakken nessen neẓra teddun lecɣal, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen. Kullec ɣef ufus-nsent, ula ma ur heddrent ara deg tejmuyaε akked leswaq, d lehḍur-nsent i iḍerrun, d rray-nsent i 73


ixeddmen s ddaw ufus; aqerru n uxxam d tame ṭṭut, am wakken i yas-qqaren : «Axxam bla tameṭṭut am lebḥer melba lḥut». Meḥsub d lḥaǧa ur nekmil ara. Aɣbalu : S. A. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxième année, Alger, Adolphe Joudan (Editeur), Isebtar, 276/277.

Deg tesleḍt n uḍris-a, ad d-nessukk tiṭ ɣef yiferdisen imezgiyen i d-yettuɣalen deg usfukel. S umata d nutni i yettakken i uḍris udem n usfukel. Dɣa ad nwali tuddsa-s ssyin akin ad nezrew iferdisen n tutlayt ɣef yezmer uselmad ad yesbedd tugzimin-is deg tneɣrit.

S.A. Boulifa deg uḍris-a ira ad yesseɣli neɣ ad d-yesken tikerkest n tmuɣli n yiberraniyen yettwalin tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur tli tixutert, d tin rran deg rrif am t ɣawsa kan. Akken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-s yefren aḍris afklan s tɣessa tuddist ibedden ɣef sin n yigemmiren. Yessasen-d deg tazwara d acu i ttxemmimen wiyiḍ, ssyin yefka-d tamuɣli-s netta i yellan mgal tamezwarut. Hattan tuddsa n uḍris amek tella.

taseddart ḍris. Asentel-adeg-s yessasen-d s umatad asentel n utamezwarut, yerzaamaru wid yettmeslayen ɣef Leqbayel nutni urǧin ẓran amek ttidiren neɣ amek tella tmetti-nsen.

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- Agemmir : (neɣ tamuɣli tamezwarut) d taseddart tis

snat, deg-s i tella tmuɣli n medden, wid yettwalin tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur tli azal, tettwaḥsab d taɣawsa neɣ d aɣersiw. Γef waya yessassen-d umaru ifukal ɣef ibedd ugemmir-a.

- Tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri. - Tettwaḥsab am zzayla. ttaɣen-tt, znuzun-tt am yal aɣersiw yettnuzun deg ssuq. - Ur tesɛi rray deg kra, yerna mi wesret ur tezmir i kra, ttarran-tt deg rrif am tɣawsa. tiseddarin tis kraḍ akked tis ukuẓ, deg uḥric-a n uḍris ad naf tamuɣli tis snat yemgaraden ɣef tmezwarut. S tmuɣli-ya amaru yewwet amek ara d-yesken tikerkest n tmuɣli n wiyiḍ iwakken ad tt-yesseɣli yerna ad dyesken amek tella tidet ɣef waddad n tmeṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel. Dɣa yessassen-d ifukal i yefkan afud i tmuɣli-s.

Ad naf deg uḍris yal afakul amaru yefka-d tamuɣlinniḍen magal tin n yiberraniyen yerna yessegza-d annect-a s s yifukal d yinzaten neɣ imedyaten. Hattan tmuɣli numaru : Tameṭṭut tla azal tla rray yerna tettucawar deg kra yellan. Acku :

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- Ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli am tmeṭṭut-is. - Teɛlem s kra n lbaḍna d rray yellan. - D rray-nsent i ixeddmen. - Kullec ɣef ufus-nsent. - Aqerru n uxxam d tameṭṭut.

- Ɛlaxaṭer yeẓra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ, axxam din ur yelli. - Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : «Ulac i yu εren, i nettagad am lehḍur n tsumta». - Meẓẓi meqqer, ɣur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqam lḥaǧa melba ccwer n uxxam-is. - Ula ma ur heddrent ara deg tejmuya ε akked leswaq, d lehḍur-nsent i iḍerrun, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen s ddaw ufus ; - Am wakken i yas-qqaren : «Axxam bla tame ṭṭut am lebḥer melba lḥut». Meḥsub d lḥaǧa ur nekmil ara. Deg usfukel-is amaru yewwet amek ara iqenneɛ imeɣri s tektiwin-is, dɣa yal afakul yerna-yas-d amedya, tin ɣur-s yuɣal ɣer yidles d wansayen n tmetti yewwi-d kra n yinzan s dyesken d akken ayen i d-yenna d ayen ttxemmimen akk medden, ur yelli d tamuɣli-s iman-is.

Isuraz mmalen-d assaɣ yellan gar tefyar, yes-sen i nezmer ad negzu tidmi n umaru d use ɣzen-is deg uḍris ; yessen i tettifsus tɣuri-ines. Deg uḍris-a n Boulifa llan yisuraz-a : 76


- Ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli am tmeṭṭut-is, yeẓra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ. d lecɣal n rray d ttedbir… , ɣef wakken nessen neẓra teddun lecɣal, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen. heddrent ara deg itejmuya ε akked leswaq, d lehḍur-nsent i ur iḍerrun, d rray-nsent ixeddmen. Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren «Axxam bla tameṭṭut am lebḥer melba lḥut». d lḥaǧa ur nekmil ara. Amaru yessemres ɛlaxaṭer (snat n tikal) akken ad dyefk timental n tikti-s. Yesseqdec daɣen lemmer akken ad yessenfali assaɣ n tewtilt. Assaɣ n umgired yessemres ulama. Ar taggara n uḍris yessemres meḥsub d asaraz n usegzi yessexdem-it iwakken ad d-yefk anamek n yinzi i d-iger deg uḍris. Ma nerra tamawt ad naf deg uḍris-a amaru ur yessuget ara deg yisuraz, yesmenyif ad ilin d (implicites). Hatna yimedyaten ideg imeɣri ad iḥulfu s wassaɣ gar tefyar maca amaru ur ten-yessemres ara : - Aṭas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ɣef tmeṭṭut d lḥala n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen… Assaɣ i nezmer ad d-nesnekwu deg tefyirt-a d assaɣ n umgired (n tmegla), amaru yesmenyif asemres n ticcert deg wadeg n usaraz i izemren ad yili d : meɛna, d acu, maca, ɣas, ulama… 77


- Gar tseddart tis snat d tis kra ḍ, amaru ur d-yessenfali ara assaɣ yellan gar-asent s usaraz n tenmegla, amedya : meɛna, d acu, maca…; Γas akken imeɣri yezmer ad t-idyesnekwu seg tɣuri n uḍris. Ladɣa imi amaru yebda taseddarta s tefyirt : Aya yakk d lekteb… i d-yeskanen tamuɣli-s temgarad maḍɣer i ɣrrif ef tmezwarut. wiyiḍ seg rrif d tikerkest. Yes-s yesken-d ayen qqaren - Yella wadeg-nniḍen anda amaru yefren ad yesseqdec asmiwer1 deg wadeg n usemres n yisuraz n tmerna neɣ n ubdar asemres am wa ttarran ɣur-s yimura mi ara xsen ad fken udem afessas i uḍris deg tɣuri, dɣa beddren-d iferdisen wa deffir wa, war isuraz. Amedya aḥric-a n uḍris : «Tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri ; argaz yeḥseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ ; ad tt-yaɣ, ad ttyezzenz am wakken ara yaɣ, yezzenz taɣaṭ neɣ tafunast deg ssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesεi rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yili mazal-itt meẓẓiyet, deg-s cwiṭ n lmenfiεa, atan iban ; asmi meqret, tekcem-itt tewser, ad tt-εezlen ɣer rrif, ad tt-deqren am nettat, am uqecwal iqersen». Am wakka d-yettbin deg tseddart-a yezmer umaru ad iger aṭas n yisuraz n tmerna (addition) : rnu, tin ɣur-s, nnig n

ɣ-t s unamek n Asmiwer : ila anmek n «abdar», deg tefyirt-a sqedce «juxtaposition». 1

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waya, rnu ɣur-s… s ara yeqqen ifukal i d-yessassen. Deg umedya :

Tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri yeḥseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ…

argaz , deg

uxxam ur tesεi rray… Ad negzu s wakka deg uselmed n tsekka n uḍris-a yewwi-d ad nerr tamawt tameqqrant ɣer yisuraz acku lan tawuri tameqqrant deg usfukel.

Amdiq i sɛan wudmawen deg tsekka-ya ur yelli d ameẓyan acku asfukel s umata ires ɣef uzerrer n umselɣu. D wasmi, deg tama, yewwi-d ad d-nesnekwu tihawt n umaru deg udṛis. Acku yezmer ad yessemres udem amezwaru asuf ne ɣ amalay «nek, nekni, nkenti » ; yezmer da ɣen ad yefren ad yesseqdec udem wis kraḍ asget «nutni » s unamek n medden akken ma llan, ideg ila azal n wardabu. D annect-a ara dyesseknen, i win ara igen tasleḍt, ma amaru yebna «assumer» ɣef tektiwin-is, ma yekcem s yiḥlfan-is deg wayen i d-yeqqar ; neɣ ira ad as-yefk udem amatu ideg ara negzu ma čči anagar netta i yettxemmimen akka. Deg tama-nniḍen, yewwi-d ad nezzi tiṭ ɣer wudmawen yerzan amselɣu iwakken ad nẓer anwa i wimi yettmeslay umaru, ma i yiwen ibanen neɣ i medden s umata. Annect-a ad d-yemmel amek i yasen-yettmeslay, anwa udem i yesseqdec. 79


Deg uḍris-a, deg wayen yerzan win i wimi yettmeslay, win i d-yeqsed s wawal, amaru yessemres udem wis sin asget, yettmeslay-asen srid akken ad yessiweḍ ad yekkes yir tamuɣli i zemren ad sɛun ɣef tmeṭṭut n Leqbayel. D wasmi i yasenyettmeslay srid, annect-a yettban deg yimedyaten-a :

Гre , steqsi , sani erra , anda ewḍe ad tafem awal yiwen. Deg uḍris-a amaru yessemres udem amezwaru asget akken ad d-yemmeslay s yisem n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n Leqbayel, yerna akken ad yefk afud ameqqran i yifukal-is. Yes-s ira ad d-yini mačči d rray-is kan i d-yefka maca d tamuɣli n wid akk yesnen tilawt n tmurt n Leqbayel. D ɣa yefren udem amezwaru asget «nekni», akka am : yessnen akken tella lḥala n Leqbayel, … ezmer ad eggal ur nḥennet… S umata ur ɛdilen ara yiḍrisen n usfukel, yal yiwen anwa udem i yezmer ad yesseqdec. Maca s umata imi iswinsen d azerrer, ttarran tamawt tameqqrant i wudem wis sin, ama d asuf ama d asget. S wannect-a amaru iqessed srid amselɣu. A. S. Boulifa, deg tesddart tamezwarut d tis snat ira ad yesseɣli tiktiwin n wid i d-yuran d wid iheddren akked d widnniḍen ur nban. Dɣa yesmenyif ad yesseqdec udem wis kraḍ asget «nutni », yeqsed-d yes-s wid d-yessufɣen tikerkas ɣef waddad n tmeṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel. Maca ur asen-yettmeslay ara 80


srid i nutni, yeǧǧa tagnit d tamatut ideg yal yiwen ad ye ɛqel iman-is. Imedyaten :

Akken i yaɣ-d-iban deg yiḍrisen i wimi nga tasleḍt, yal amaru iferren talɣiwin iwatan aḍris ilmend n waddad n yinan akked d yiswi n usfukel-ines. S wannect-a ad negzu yal talɣa n umyag tezmer ad tettwasemres deg usfukel. Deg uḍris-a, d amedya, amaru yessemres : iheddren, inesxen, yesnen, ifehmen, yeẓran,… amaɣun yettusemres ilmend n tsekka n tefyar i yessemres umaru aḍris-is ; ad tent-naf srant i useqdec n umasaɣ « i » i d-igellun s umaɣun s wazalen yemgaraden : ama akken ad d-yessenfali tigawt ɣezzifen deg wakud, amedya : iheddren, inesxen…, ama akken ad d-yessenfali ayen yeḍran yekfa, amedya : yesnen, yeẓran… ur ssinen, llan, yettwasnen, tefka, yeẓra, tefreɣ, teɛlem… Гret, steqsit. ad neggal, ad ǧǧen…

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Ma d timeẓra-nniḍen, azal-nsent icudd ɣer waddad n yinan yal yiwet yettusemres akken ad d-yessenfali tigawt ilmend n ḍerru-ines. Izri i wayen yekfan, anaḍ i usendeh, ad+urmir yesqedce-it umaru s uzal amatu neɣ s wazal arakudan akken ad d-yessenfali tigawt timezgit, i d-yettuɣalen s yiwen n wudem.

Aḍris n usussen ila ismawen-nniḍen s yettwassen ; yella wanda s qqaren adellel, yella wanda s qqaren aberreḥ. Yettili s waṭas n wudmawen. Nezmer ad t-naf d aḍris yuran deg uɣmis, deg tesɣunt,nezmer adt-naf daɣen d aḍris imaw deg radyu, nezmer ad t-naf d aḍris (audio-visuel) deg tiliẓri, deg Internet. Deg usussen amaru yekkat amek ara izerrer amdan akken ad yaɣ taɣawsa d wasmi i yettwaḥsab d tawsit i ikečmen deg taɣult n asfukel. Deg tmaziɣt ɣas adellel s timawt yella seg zik deg leswaq, udmawen-nniḍen n usussen d imaynuten ; nnulfan-d taggrara-ya, segmi tuɣal tmaziɣt tesɛa amḍiq deg wallalen n teywalt yerna tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Ayen yerzan tuddsa-s akked wallalen n tutlayt imezgiyen ad ten-id-nesukkes deg tesleḍt ara neg i uḍris-a i dnessekles seg radyu Summam d wiyiḍ iseg ara d-nefk imedyaten.

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Ssif ilḥeq-d. Asewjed n tmeɣriwin yebda. La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfellaḥ n zik n Yiḥeddaden, tessewjed-d le salon wis sin n leǧhaz n teslit, seg 26 mai Ili-ken alma d 10 i d-iteddun. di juin ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 n sbeḥ alma d 10 n yi ḍ. Aɣbalu: Radyu Summam.

Taɣessa n usussen tbedd ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen. yettili d awezlan, tafyirt neɣ snat ; deg-s amaru yettak-d isalli ɣef tɣawsa iɣef d-yella usussen. Tawuri-s d ajbad n lwelha n win ara ya ɣen. S umata yettili-d s kraḍ n wudmawen. - Yezmer ad yili d aseɛlem kan n medden ɣef tɣawsanni ; amedya : «Ilmend n useggas ajdid «Bougie-viande» tettxebbir belli asenqes deg ssuma n uksum d l ḥut seg wass n sebt 20 disembr ». (Aḍris uṭṭun 21 ). - Yezmer ad yili d asmekti ɣef wayen snen, ẓran akk medden; amedya: «Ssif ilḥeq-d, asewjed n tmeɣriwin yebda» (ẓer ɣer zdat aḍris i d-nefren d amedya, uṭṭun 1). 1

D uṭṭun n uḍris deg tjenṭeḍt.

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- Yezmer ad yili d asmekti ɣef wayen ttnadin akk madden, amedya : «Tettnadim ɣef tkerrust i ken-ilaqen». d agejdan deg usussen acku deg-s i yettili usissen n yifukal s ara izerrer umaru imeɣri neɣ amseflid. Deg uḥric-a iwasmi yekkati umaru amekakk ara allalen d-yeslalnlebtutlayt: n tɣawsa-nni d ɣi i tiɣinirbiben, yesseqdec aserwes, akken ad d-yesken ayen yufraren deg-s. Dɣa, tikwal yettili usmiwer neɣ ubdar n yiferdisen yelhan deg tɣawsa-nni, akka am uḍris (uṭṭun 2) : «Ayen tebɣam ad tafem-t dina s rxa : lmakla-nwen, lebsa-nwen, les cosmétiques akked les articles de ménage ». Tikwal-nniḍen, aḥric wis sin yettili d askan n ubrid ara yawi win yettnadin kra neɣ d tiririt ɣef useqsi-ines, akka am uḍris (uṭṭun1) : «La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfellaḥ n zik n Yiḥeddaden, tessewjed-d le salon wis sin n leǧhaz n teslit, seg 26 mai alma d 10 juin i d-iteddun. « , d asiwel neɣ d tiɣri srid i umsaɣ akken ad yaɣ. Yettili s umata d tafyirt tawezzlant ideg semrasen akk iferidisen n tesnukyist, akka am: anya, tameɣrut, imesliyen 1 . Yes-sen i tettcebbiḥ tiɣri taneggarut n usussen, yes-s daɣen i zuzunen tamezuɣt n yimeɣri. S umata wid i d-yessewajeden

1

Sqedceɣ awal s unamek n «sonorités».

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asussen semrasen tafakust i yettwaseqdacen deg udellel imawi n leswaq 1 . Ama deg udellel2 ama deg yiḍrisen yuran neɣ n radyu, amsussen yekkat amek ara tili tefyirt n tiɣri neɣ tafyirt taneggarut d tawezlant, d tagrurzant, d tafessast i cfawat d umekti. ideg ara aḥric yettilinedɣ ḍrisen awelleh nMaca umsallan ɣ ɣeryium ḍiq ideg yaf aneggaru ayen yettnadi yettili d awal uḥdiq n ukyis n usnebgi. Amedya : «Les galeries marchandes de l’Atlas, c’est la classe » 3 /ẓer wiyid r turagt/ «Ili-ken di ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 n sbeḥ alma d 10 n yiḍ». «Aigle Azur tessaram-awen tirza yelhan».

Iswi n uḍris-a d azerrer n umseflid akken ad d-yas ad yaɣ ayen ɣef d-yella usussen. Dɣa, amaru yekkat amek ara dyesken cbaḥa n tɣawsa-nni, ayen yellan d iferdisen, aniti tulmisin i tesɛa iman-is kan. Tin ɣur-s, iwakken ad d-yejbed amsaɣ yessaqdac allalen s ara iḥulfu umseflid i netta srid i wimi d-yettmeslay neɣ d netta i terza taluft. Dɣa ɣef wannecta i ttwasemrasen s tuget yiferdisen-a : Ẓer imedyaten deg tjentaḍt ɣef usussen imawi n ssuq. Hatnan kra n yimedyaten i germreɣ deg leswaq ɣef usussen imawi : - «Lubya n lefuruḥ, lhem ad iruḥ». - «Tiẓurin, d ddwa i umuḍin». - «D amerreḥ, d aserreḥ, mačči d aderreḥ». - «Ččina n yilmaten, ččem, ɛerḍem ay atmaten». 1 2

3

Amedya-ya n radyu Summam yettwaxdem akka s tefransist.

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mmalen amek temmug, amek tga, amek tettwaxdem tɣawsa ; amedya : aẓidan, ameqqran, ahrawan, awraɣ, uḥdiq… d abdar n wayen tla tɣawasa akka am uḍris (u dina s rxade : lmakla-nwen, ṭ.2) : «Ayen ɣam ad tafem-t lebsa-nwen, les teb cosmétiques akked les articles ménage ». yettwaseqdac akken ad nini i umseflid d acu ara yexdem neɣ ad t-nwelleh, deg usussen nesseqdac-it akken ad nessegzi srid i win ara yaɣen d acu n tigawt ara yeg. Amedya : - Aḍris (uṭ.1) : «Ili-ken di ttiɛadd...». - Aḍris (uṭ. 5) : «Azelt ɣer…». - Udem wis sin : acku d allal s ara d-nejbed win i disellen akken yebɣu yili. Ad iḥulfu i netta srid i wimi nettmeslay Amedya : - Aḍris (uṭ.1) : «Ili-ken di ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen». - Aḍris (uṭ. 3) : «Aigle Azur tessaram-awen tirza yelhan». - Uudem wis kraḍ : tikwal yettili maca iseɛɛu azal ardabu. Udem yettussemras ladɣ deg yiḍrisen n usussen n leswaq, wid i yettilin d iamawiyen. Amedya : - «Win yesɛan afrux, ad as-yawi lxux». - «Win yebɣan ad yili labas, yawi abesbas».

Mačči anagar iferdisen-a i yettilin deg usussen, mazal 86


allalen-nniḍen ɣef ur d-nemmeslay ara akka am : urmir, ad + urmir. Imeɣri yezmer, ma yesra i waṭas n yisallen, ad imuqel amahil n doctorat ideg giɣ tasleḍt ɣef tewsit-a n uḍris.

Aḍris n uglam yeskan-d amek iga neɣ yemmug umdan, taɣawsa neɣ adeg. S umata aglam d asnekwu n tulmissin n wayen i d-yettwagelmen neɣ d abdar n yiferdisen iɣef ibedd wayen i d-yettwagelmen. Ih, aglam d asissen n tɣawsa s wawalen. Nezmer ad t-naf d aḥric deg ungal ideg amaru yessissen-d udmawen, imeḍqan neɣ n tiɣawsiwin ara yefken i yimeɣri tikti ɣef wayen iḍerrun deg wullis-nni. Aglam, ihi, d tugna tusdist n i d-yettakken tikti i yimeɣri ɣef wayen i dyettwagelmen. S umata, amaru, mi ara d-yeglem taɣawsa, yezmer ad d-yebder iḥricen-is, neɣ tiɣarawin-is, neɣ tulmisinis. Am wakken i yezmer ad –t-id-yessissen ilmend n umḍiq ideg yella, ilmend n wakud neɣ ilmend n yiferdisen-nniḍen i dyezgan ɣer tama-s.

Adam J.-M. deg umahil-is (1990) yettwali aglam ibedd ɣef tuddsa i d-yettbanen deg tnemhal-a (opérations) : tiɣin : (ancrage), asettwel : (aspectualisation), agassaɣ: (mise en 87


relation), alsawal (reformulation), aleddem n uglam : (thématisation)1 . Tinemhal-a i d-yettakken talɣa i uḍris n uglam.

iɣef d-yellaNessemma-yas uglam, J.-M. ɣin d asnekwudanɣentɣawsa Adam Ti yessemma-yas asentel-azwel. tiɣin acku d netta i d aferdis agejdan iseg ara ya ɣ uglam. Yes-s i d-yessissin umaru asentel amatu n uglam. Yezmer ad yili deg tazwara n uḍris neɣ ar taggara-s, d asegri (affectation). Ma yella-d deg taggara, alamma yekfa yimeɣri taɣuri n uḍris ara iẓer asentel n uglam.

Nefren awal asettwel acku send asnekwu n usentelazwel, amaru ad yebdu aglam n yiferdisen ne ɣ iḥricen n tɣawsa i yerza uglam yiwen yiwen. Yal yiwen deg-sen ad dyefk ittewlen-ines. Deg tegnit-a i yettili uglam, deg-s ara yebḍu umaru taɣawsa i d-yeglem d iḥricen, yal yiwen ad d-yini : amek iga, amek yemmug, d acu n yinni ila, atg.

- Ti ɣin, asettwel, aleddem n uglam, agasseɣ, alsawal : Awalen-a d isumar, ur lin ara d timiḍranin i d-yeddan deg kra n usegzawal, nesseqdec-iten i tikelt tamezwarut deg umahil-a. Sin deg-sen :tiɣin d agassaɣ ttwasqedcen yakan deg tezrawt n turagt n : Rabdi K. & Rabhi L., 2005,Aḍris aglaman, tasdawit n Bgayet. 1

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Aleddem 1 n usentel (thématisation) d aseɣzef n uglam neɣ d aglam deg uglam. Annect-a yettili mi ara d-yuɣal umaru ɣer kra n uferdis n usentel-azwel ad as-yeg daɣen aglam.

Deg uglam yella wanda i d-ngellem (nessidig : situer) taɣawsa ilmend n wadeg neɣ ilmend n wakud ideg tella. Maca tikwal nessemras aserwes neɣ tanɣumnayt akken ad d-nesken tiɣawsiwin iɣer tettkanzi (tettemcabi). D annect-a i wimi qqaren agassaɣ. S umata deg wayen yerzan tuddsa, aḍris n uglam ibeddu s usissen n wudem amatu ssyin yettuɣal-d ɣer yiferdisen yiwen yiwen. Yezmer daɣen ad yebdu seg yiferdisen, ssyin ad yefk tugna tamatut ne ɣ ad yeǧǧ imeɣri ad d-yesbedd iman-is udem amatu n tɣawsa-nni. Amedya : mi ara yili uglam n taddart, taddart ad tili d . Ssyin ad yeḍfer : d aglam n yiferdisen neɣ n yiḥricen yiwen s yiwen, amedya : ixxamen, iberdan, tibḥirin… izemren ad d-fken tugna-s tummidt. Ma yuɣal-d ɣer yiwen n uḥric igellem-it-d daɣen, qqaren-as .

1

Aleddem : yekka-d seg umyag «ldem» anamek-is timerna n kra i wayen iteddun ad yekfu. Amedya: ma tella lḥila teččur d aman, mi qrib ad tfak ad as-nernu, timerniwt-a i wimi qqaren «aleddem ».

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Ma d d aseqdec n userwes n tinɣumnayin. Yes-s i dyeskan umaru ɣer wacu i tettkanzi tɣawsa-nni. Hattan temsukt taddayt n uglam i d-yefka J.-M. Adam 1 . Tuddsa-ya tettemgirid seg uḍris ɣer wayeḍ. Tezmer ad timɣur ma aḍris ila aṭas n yiḥricen i d-yeglem yerna yefka-d id yal yiwen ulsawal . ittewlen-ines s usemres n yirbiben, aserwes akked Asentel - azwel

agassaɣ

Asettwel :

Iḥricen

ittewlen

Deg uglam amaru ila aṭas n tarrayin s yezmer ad dyessissen taɣawsa. Tarrayin-a nezmer ad asent-nsemmi iɣawasen i yezmer ad yessemres deg uglam. Yella wanda amaru ad d-yezwir seg udem n zdat, ayen i dyettbanen d amezwaru, (avant-plan) ɣer wayen yellan deffir J.-M. Adam, 1990, Eléments de linguistique textuelle, Bruxelles-Liege, Mardaga, p.135. 1

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(arriere-plan), s wawal-nniḍen izewwir-d deg wayen yellan , yečča-d tiṭ neɣ yeččur-d tiṭ ɣer wayen yellan , i dyezgan d asmadan. Yella wanda ara naf amaru izewwir-d seg iwsawen d akessar neɣ seg ukessar d asawen, seg zelmeḍ ɣer yeffus, seg yeffus ɣer zelmeḍ. Annect-a yezmmer ad d-ibin s uzenziɣ-a : - (akka akkin), (iwsawen akessar, akessar iwsawen ), (zelmeḍ yeffus, yeffus zelmeḍ). 









Deg uglam ugten ladɣa iferdisen i d-yemmalen s wudem usdis tugna n wayen i d-igellem ; dɣa ttilin : yirbiben, isuraz azalyeffus, meqqerɣef acku d nutni i yessuddusen tagelman wadeg amedyai ilan : ɣef zelme ḍ, nnig, ddaw…, isemmaden n yisem, imyagen n tɣara, imeskanen akked kra n yiferdisen n tesnukyist akka am aserwes d tanɣumnayt / amerwes1 .

Taxxamt n Salas Deg texxamt deg yella Salas, llan rebɛa n wusawen, sin n ṭṭiqan i d-yezgan ɣef tama n ufella weɛɛan ɣer temdint. Mi 1

Sin n wawalen-a ttwasemrasen s unamek n «métaphore».

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ara tbedeḍ zdat-sen, ad k-id-iqabel udrar n Yicellaven, ɣer tama tayeffust, yella unnar n ddabex n uḍar, ɣef yiri-s d ixxamen n usɣar bnan Yibiljikiyen. Ixxamen-nni d iqehwiyen, derren wa zdat wa, wa nnig wa, seg yal tama yezzi-yasen-d ẓẓerb. B. Tazaɣart, Salas d Nuja, 200 ?, asbt. 07

Aḍris-a, ɣas d ameẓyan, deg-s aṭas n yiferdisen ara yilin d imataren akken imeɣri ad yegzu amek i yettili uglam.

Deg uḍris-a amaru yezwar-d seg usissen n taxxamt d takemmalit d wayen yellan deg-s : usawen,

ṭṭiqan. Ssyin akin yesken-d ayen i yas-d-yezzin : adrar n Yicellaḍen, annar n ddabex, ixxamen. D ineggura-ya i wimi qqaren neɣ . Ad negzu deg tgelma-ya d akken amaru yefka-d tugna tamatut n texxamt ssyin akin yuɣal-d ɣer yiḥricen yiwen yiwen. Akka ad yesɛu yimeɣri tugna ɣef wayen terza tgelma. S uzenziɣ-a ad negzu amek tbedd tuddsa-s.

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Asentel-azwel

Asettwel :

Ussawen

Agassaɣ

Icellaḍen annar ixxamen (ulac aglam-nsen) ṭṭiqan n ddabex n usɣar Iqahwiyen…

Deg uḍris-a taselḍt ad terzu anagar wid ilan tixutert deg uglam : irbiben, imyagen n tɣara, isuraz neɣ imataren n wadeg…

Arbib d awal i d-yeskanen amek tga neɣ temmug tɣawsa, deg uḍris-a amaru yessemres yiwen : Iqahwiyen, yes-s i d-yefka inni n yixxamen.

Asemmad n yisem, d isem wis sin i yessimiden isemnniḍen i t-id-yezwaren. Gar-asen tettili tenzeɣt «n» i tenyetteqnen. Tawuri-s am urbib, yeskan-d taɣara n tɣawsa neɣ amek temmug. Amedya deg uḍris-a ad naf : 93


Yella unnar n

n

, ɣef yiri-s d ixxamen n

.

Awalen : ddabex, uḍar, usɣar yesseqdec-iten umaru akken ad d-yemmel s wacu ttwaxedmen neɣ amek gan : annar, ddabex, ixxamen.

D wi i ilan azal ameqqran deg uglam acku yes-sen i yettwasuddes uḍris, tin ɣur-s d nutni i d-yemmalen i yimeɣri amek ara yeḍfer tiṭ yettwalin n win i d-igelmen. Hatnan wid yellan deg uḍris :

Ɣef tama n ufella… zdat-sen… ɣer tama tayeffust… ɣef yiris… derren wa zdat wa, wa nnig wa, seg yal tama...

1. Akken nwala mazal aṭas n yiferdisen yerzan aglam, ur llin ara deg uḍris-a, yessefk ɣef win ara iselḍen neɣ win ara yeslemden aḍris n uglam, ad yerr tamawt ɣur-sen, amedya : amyag n tɣara, asmiwer akked yiferdisen n tesnukyist : aserwes d tenɣumnayt neɣ amerwes. (Comparaison et métaphore). 2. mazal daɣen deg uglam ayen yerzan amgired gar uglam urkid d uglam imwiwel (itinérante et statique).

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Aḍris-a d win ideg amaru yettak-d nehwat, iwellihen, tisunḍiwin (ordres), tinemlin (indications). D aḍris i dyeskanen i umdan amek ara yeg kra neɣ d acu ara yeg, d acu ur yetteg ara. d askan i umdan neɣ d ahettem fell-as akken ad Iswi-s yerr tamawt ɣer yisuḍaf neɣ ɣer yiwellihen i yettilin anda yettidir. Aḍris-a, tikwal teddun-d yid-s kra n yizenziɣen akked tugniwin. Nezmer ad t-naf deg tsafart n tenwalt, ilugan n useqdec (mode d’emploi), iwellihen n usellek (règles de secours) seg kra n twaɣit, akka am tmes, znezla…, tiferret n userkeb, (notice de montage) isuḍaf (règlements intérieurs) i yettilin deg tsuddwin akka am yiɣerbazen, sbitarat, luzinat) ara ayeḍfer umdan deg umahil-is ; yettili daɣen deg tfertin n ddwa, atg.

Deg wayen yerzan talɣa-s, ad tt-naf temgarad ɣef yiḍrisen-nniḍen acku aḍris-a ur ibidd ara d tiseddarin akken nwulef nettwali wiyiḍ. Taɣessa-s s umata tettili d abdar s wudem usdis, wa deffir wa n yiwellihen neɣ n yilugan. Amaru yessissen-d yal alugen neɣ awellih deg tseddart iman-is, yettbin-d s ujerrid deg tazwara. 95


Allalen n tjerrumt i yugten deg tsekka-ya d ayen fessusen i usnekwu yerna d wid i d-yettwafernen akken ad tifsus tigzi n yizen. S wannect-a imeɣri ad iẓer srid d acu i yessefken ig ne d acu ur d-yewwi ad ḍyexdem. Dɣaaddeg uḍɣris imwelleh yettiliara wana neɣ ad + urmir, udem wis sin neɣ udem amezwaru ma amaru iger iman-is deg yiwellihen i d-yettak. Ma d ayen yerzan isuraz, i izemren ad seknen tarrayt n useɣzen neɣ assaɣ gar tefyar d tseddarin, mačči d wid i yugten aṭas acku aḍris yettwasuddes s tefyar neɣ s tugziminn d tilelliyin, ur srint ara i tuqqna gar-asent. Maca nezmer ad naf isuraz ttwasqedcen kan deg tefyar akken ad d-mmlen assaɣ gar yiferdisen-is.

Lqanun n taddart n Teslent Wa d lqanun n taddart n Teslent, ɣef wakken llant tudrin n Leqbayel deg zman amezwaru almi d tura. 1.u. Win yukren axxam deg yiḍ, iban fell-as ayen i yewwi, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt ; xemsin d l ɣerm i bab n uxxam. Ad yernu ad yefk azal n wayen yewwi neɣ, ma yella, ad t-yerr. w.2. Win yukren tibḥirt, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk xemsa u ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, xemsa u

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ɛecrin d lɣerm i bab n tebḥirt. Ad yernu ad yerr ayen yewwi i bab n tebḥirt. w.3. Win yewten s tmekḥelt ad yefk meyya i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-s, win akken yewwet. Wamma ma yejreḥ-it, ad yerr ttar-is win yettewten. Alama ye ad ad yaɣ l ḥeqq n yidammen-is, ayen i yasɛfa-yas,lqaimir-nni iqedder ḍi. w.4. Ma yella yenɣa, ayla-s ulamma deg waman, ad tyečč l ɛerc, ad yernu ad yemmet, neɣ ad yefk ddiya, ma qeblen yimawlan n win yemmuten. w.5. Win yewten s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-sen. Wamma ma yejreḥ yes-sen, ad yerr ttar win yettewten. Neɣ ma yeɛfa bab n lǧerḥ ɣef ttar-is, ad yaɣ ayen i yas-iqedder lqaḍi deg yidammen-is. w.6. Win iwehhan s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk tmanya n teryalin. w.7. Win yewten s tɛekkazt neɣ s ud ɣaɣ, ad yefk xemsa n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Ad yerr ttar win yettewten, neɣ ma yeɛfa fell-as, ad yefk lḥeqq n lǧerḥ, ma yejreḥ-it. Ma yella ur t-yejriḥ ara, ur yettak wayra. w.8. Win iwehhan s tɛekkazt neɣ s udɣaɣ, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk taryalt d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. w.9. Tameṭṭut ma tɛeyyeḍ s lɛerḍ-is, yewweḍ-d chada ɣer tejmaɛt, ad yefk urgaz xemsin n teryalin d lex ṭiyya i tejmaɛt d timecreṭ. Ad ternu tejmaɛt ad terẓ lqermud n uxxam n win ixedmen lamer-nni.

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w.10. Win yukren ṭerḥa neɣ taffa deg yiḍ, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk lɣerma i bab n ṭerḥa neɣ n taffa. Ad yernu ad yexser ayan yewwi. Ad yernu, ma yeccekta yes-s i umeqran n tejmaɛt, ad yefk ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya. Ma yella ur yeccekta ara yes-s win yettwakren, ulac fell-as. w.11.neWin yukren ye lexrif rremman, ɣ azemmur neɣ tiẓurin, ɣ ddukkar, ṭṭef-itnebab n cci, ad ne as ɣyefk lɣerm, ayen i t-ihan Rebbi fell-as. Ad yernu ɛecra n teryalin i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Ma ur yeccekta ara yes-s bab n cci i umeqran ur yettak wayra. w.12. Win yennuɣen d tmeṭṭut ad yefk xemsin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, ama tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut neɣ ur t-tewwiḍ. Lameɛna ma tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut ad yefk urgaz-is ayen iger fellas umeqran. W.13. Win ur neḥdir ara i unejmaɛ ad yefk snat n teryalin. Win ur d-nelḥiqq ara lɛadad ad yefk rebɛa alamma iserreḥ-as umeqran neɣ ṭṭamen. Aɣbalu : A. Hanoteau, 1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle, -Les principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Djurdjura et spécialement les Igaouaouen ou Zouaoua. Suivi d’une note et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits Tifinar’ et en langue tamacer’t-, Bastide, Alger, Isebtar: 315, 316, 317.

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Deg talɣa-s yettbin d aḍris imwelleh acku, tamezwarut aḍris-a yettwasuddes s usmiwer (abdar) n yisuḍaf. Tin ɣur-s yal taseddart tbedd iman-is s tuɣalin ɣer uzarig amaynut yerna yettwassissen-d s wuṭṭsemrasen un-is iman-is. yiḍrisenn deg wadeg n wuṭṭunen, ijerriḍMaca en degllantazwara yal asaḍuf. Ihi, tugna-ya n uḍris i ɣef d-nemmeslay i d-yettaken talɣa n yimwelleh.

Deg uḍris-a, d wid yettakken anzi ɣur-s, llant snat n tmeẓra, ttwasuddsent d tayuga : izri d ad + urmir. Maca azal n yizri deg uḍris-a ibedd ɣef umaɣun d yizri i d-yemmalen tigawt yemden, tekfa. Tayuga-ya tessenfalay-d sin n wazalen yemcudden deg ḍerru-nsen. Izri yemmal-d tigawt tamezwarut (antérieure), ad + urmir yemmal-d agmuḍ neɣ ayen s ara dteglu tigawt yeftin ɣer yizri. Assaɣ-a yettili akka : mi ara teḍru tigawt, d ayen temmed = izri tgellu-d s unelkam neɣ s ugmuḍ = ad + urmir. Isuḍaf yellan deg uḍris-a ad ten-naf akk ftin s wassaɣ-a ameẓlan. Amedya : - Win yukren axxam deg yiḍ, iban… xemsin n teryalin... azal… t. - Win yennuɣen d tmeṭṭut xemsin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt…

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Ɣas deg uḍris-a nufa d amaɣun, d yizri akked ad + urmir i yugten, deg yiḍrisen-nniḍen, i yettilin s tuget, d anaḍ. Ẓer imedyaten-nniḍen deg tjenteḍt. Deg tsekka-ya d ayen ibanen udem iɣef tbedd d udem wis sin d asuf neɣ d asget. D udem-a i yugten acku iswi n uḍris d nehwat neɣ d awelleh n yimdanen, yemmal-asen d acu i d-yewwi ad t-gen, d acu ur nlaq ara ad t-gen. Am wakken i yasen-yemmal daɣen abrid ara win deg kra n tegnatin. Deg uḍris-a i wimi nga tasleḍt, d udem wis kraḍ i yugten. Hatnan yimedyaten n uḍris : - Win… fell-as… ewwi, ad efk… Ad ernu ad efk… ewwi… ad t- err. - Win… ad efk… ewwet. Wamma ma ejreḥ-it,… - Win… fell-as… ad efk... Ad ernu ad exser ayen ewwi. Ad ernu,… yes- … ad efk ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya... Aḍris-a aken ma yella yerza udem wis kra ḍ. Yessemres-it umaru akken ad yefk azal amatu i yisuḍaf, s wawal-nniḍen, udem-a ila azal amatu, yerza yal amdan.

Am wakken d-nenna iwsawen aḍris imwelleh ur yesri ara i yisuraz, ara d-yesseknen aseɣzen d wassaɣen gar tseddarin acku tineggura-ya d tilelliyin, ur zdint ara d a ḍris yedduklen. Dɣa isuraz i yellan deg u ḍris-a d wid yettgen assaɣ 100


gar tefyar n yal taseddart neɣ n yal asaḍuf. Hatnan kra n yimedyaten. - Win yewten s tmekḥelt ad yefk meyya i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-s, win akken yewwet. Wamma ma yejreḥ-it, ad yerr ttar-is win yettewten. Alama ye ad yaɣ lḥeqq n yidammen-is, ayen i yasɛfa-yas,lqaimir-nni iqedder ḍi. Deg tseddart-a yella usaraz yessenfalay-d tawtilt : ma, yiwen yessenfalay-d amgired : wamma, yiwen yessenfalay-d akud maca deg tefyirt-a ila azal n ugmuḍ : imir-nni. Deg taggara yewwi-d ɣef yimeɣri ad yerr tamawt, tuget deg uḍris imwelleh neɣ imsendeh seqdacen deg-s anaḍ neɣ ad+ urmir d wudem wis sin. Yettili wannect-a acku mi ara yebɣu umdan ad yesken abrid neɣ ad iwelleh wayeḍ yewwi-d ad as-yemmeslay srid i netta, d ɣa iwellihen yesseftay-iten ɣer wanaḍ imi s talɣa-ya s yezmer ad t-yessendeh. Amdya deg ferret n ddwa iwellihen ttilin s wudem-a : - Uqbel ad tesweḍ ddwa-ya, seḥmu aman. - Smir-iten ɣer tqeɛet alma teččur. - Rwi taqeɛet-nni alma texleḍ akken iwata. - S wakka ad tili ddwa tewje ḍ, tess snat n tɣenǧawin n wučč i wass ɣer yimekli. Iwellihen-a zemren daɣen ad ilin ftin ɣer ad + urmir.

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Tasekka n udiwenni, d aḍris i d-yettawin tameslayt yellan gar sin neɣ ugar n yimdanen. Nezmer ad t-naf deg teywalt n yal ass, deg umezgun, deg tsastanin i ttgen yine ɣmassen, useqsi d tririt. deg uskasi akken yebɣu yili. Ibedd s umata ɣef Adiwenni yettili daɣen deg ungalen mi ara yebɣu umaru ad d-yawi tameslayt ɣef yimi n wudmawen yellan deg wullis. Awway-a n tmeslayt yettili srid war kra n ubeddel1 .

Adiwenni yettwaɛqal s tefses ama iman-is i yella, ama yekcem deg uḍris am wullis. Ila sin n wudmawen ne ɣ n talɣiwin : yettbin-d s kra n yittewllen i d-icudden, s tuget, ɣer usenqeḍ, dɣa amaru mi ara t-iger deg uḍris yessemras : - Amyag n wuduf neɣ n tguri am «yenna, yerra…» i wimi d-yesseḍfar snat n tneqḍin. - Tuccar (« … ») deg tazwara n udiwenni akked tagarra-s, ti skanent-d tilist-is.

Awway n tmeslayt deg yiḍrisen d aḥric-nniḍen i yesran i tezrawt akken ad dibin amek i yettili deg tmaziɣt yinnaw usrid akked yinaw arusrid. Yezmer yimeɣri ad iẓer imahilen yemmugen ɣef usentel-a, amedya : Senhadji Wassila, 2008, Inaw usrid d yinaw arusrid, Tasdawit n Bgayet. 1

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- Tu ɣalin ɣer uzarig amaynut, d tririt n ujerrid yal tikelt ara d-yemmeslay wudem. s umata d talɣa-ya yakan i yettɣiman maca llan kra n yimura ur rennun ara tuccar-nni acku ttwalin yezmer yime d-yesnekwu deg uujerrid ɣri adanagar ḍris. Dyal ɣa semrasen tuɣalin ɣser tefses uzarig adiwenni amaynut akked tikelt ara tbeddel tmeslayt. (ẓer aḍris amezwaru).

Llan yiḍrisen akka am umezgun bedden anagar ɣef udiwenni srid maca amaru yettaru-d yal tikelt deg tazwara n yal tameslayt isem n win ara d-yemmeslayen. Am wakken yella udiwenni ideg amaru yessissin-d tuddma n wawal tamaynut s tuɣalin ɣer uzarig akked umyag n tguri. (ẓer aḍris wis sin).

Deg udiwenni s umata tettuɣal tamawt ɣer yimayagen n tguri neɣ wuduf n tmeslayt, am : yenna, yerra, isuɣ, iɛeyyeḍ, yessawel, inebbeh, yeggul, iṛgem, yesseqsa, yessegza, yessumer,…. Ma deg wayen yerzan timẓra d addad n yinnan (situation d’énonciation) i d-yemmalen aniti talɣiwin i iwatan i izemren ad mlent ayen yeḍran, ayen ara yeḍrun ilmend n tegnit-nni neɣ imir-nni n tmeslayt. D ta i yettilin d amatar (repère) n ḍerru n tigawin. Akken ula d udmawen n tjerrumt rzan srid wid yettmeslayen : udem amezwaru d wudem wis sin.

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Adiwenni deg wullis

d timec tuɣara mas, daxel ṭaḥ sawalent ujelbab,Snat awaln ntullas Rebbi. Tullas-nni ur wwigar ḍent ahat rbenɛṭac n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-nsent. D tulawin n uzekka. D Lezzayer n uzekka, daɣen. D tḥdayin-nni d azekka, d aẓekka. - Ur nettɣimi ara ! Ad nruḥ, ma yehwa-yas ɣer Burkina Fasso ! - D acu ? - Ulac asirem deg tmurt-a, a Dalila ! Nɣan-aɣ ula deg dduḥ. - Anida ara naf asirem ? - Anda ur ttmettaten yifrax. Tewweḍ-d tmacint. Nerkeb. Neṭṭef imukan. - Tif lkar ! - Amek, a Dalila ? - Nniɣ-ak : tamacint-a tif lkar. - Ula d tamacint armi d ass-a i tt-tesneḍ ? - Armi d ass-a. Tesla-yaɣ-d Nadya, tecmumeḥ. - Twalaḍ akken tettaḍsa fell-am Nadya. - D sseḥ, fell-i i teḍsiḍ ? - Ala fell-awen ! Amacint tsadd. Dalila tettmuqqul deg yidurar nettaǧǧa deffir. Nadya tḥennec ɣer Murad, awal ulac. Nettayeṭṭef-as 104


afus. Muqqleɣ seg ṭṭaq, iban-iyi-d wiss ma d bururu neɣ d agerfiwyers ɣef teslent. Neffeɣ Bumerdas ? Tserreḥ tmacint i tikli. T. Oould-Amar, 2006, Bururu, Tizrigin Azur, Isebtar : 122, 123.

Irgazen1 Nnig leḥkem d cci ssebba tis tlata n tezmert d irgazen. Lketra n tegmat d cci, neɣ ɛad tif cci. Tusa-d yiwet n tmeṭṭut ɣer Ccix, tebda la s-tettru, tuɣḍaḍ aṭas. Yenna-yas : Acu kem-yuɣen ? Tenna-yas : Anɛam a Ccix, efk-iyi-d kra s lemɛun. Yenna-yas : Ayen ? Tenna-yas : Kkatent deg-i tulawin s wawal. Yenna-yas : Amek ? » […] Tenna-yas : Yiwet ad testeɛmil ad tcennu zdat-i, teqqar-as : «Ay yifer n yibawen Yegman d asawen Amek ara k-id-yas yiḍes A win yeɛan yiwen». Yenna-yas Daya ? nek awal-a yerḥa-yi […] Tenna-yas :Ccix Anɛ:am a Ccix,

1

Aḍris- a yella d ummid deg tjenṭeḍt.

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Yenna-yas : Ad am-d-mleɣ amek ara sent-teqqareḍ, mi ara m-d-qqarent akka. Tenna-yas : Anɛam a Ccix amek ? Yenna-yas : qqar-asent : «Ay yifer n yibawen Yegman asawen Xellun-ttdɛecra Iɛemmer-itt yiwen». Dɣa seg wass-nni yeqqim-d wawal-a d lemtel. M. Mammeri, 1990, Yenna-yas Ccix Muḥend, Laphomic, isebtar : 123, 124.

Amahil-a yekcem deg tesnilset n uḍris, yella-d akken ad d-yeldi abrid i tselḍin yerzan iḍrisen iwakken ad nissin iferdisen imezgiyen n yal yiwen deg-sen, ama d ayen yerzan tuddsiwin-nsen, ama d ayen yerzan iferdisen n tulayt yettwaseqdacen deg yal yiwen. Asnekwu d tmusni n wallalen s yettwaru yal aḍris yessifsus, deg tama, i yimeɣri tigzi akked tira-ines acku d iferdisen-a i d tisura i yessefk ad ilint ɣer unelmad akken ad yesnerni tutlayanin. tamanniḍen, asnekwu-ya yezmer tizemmar-is ad d-yefk tikti i uselmadDeg akken ad iẓer aniwi iferdisen iwatan yal tasekka n u ḍris akken ad tenyesselmed neɣ akken ad d-yesbedd tugzimin-ines tisnalmudin.

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Amahil-a ur d-yessukk ara tiṭ ɣef tsekkiwin akken ma llant ; mazal amedya tasekka tudyizt neɣ tasekka n tesnukyist (type poétique ou rhétorique) akked tsekka n ukacef neɣ n usfilet1 (type prédictif). Tin ɣur-s yessefk ad ilint tezrawin 2 ara yerren tamawt ɣer tewsatin n yiḍrisen acku lulent-d tura deg 3

tmazi n tsekkiwin yuklalen tiselḍin akken ad ten-idɣt aad ṭastent-nesle negmer, ḍ, ad tent-nissin. Dɣa amahil-a nezmer ad t-nwali zun d tirẓi n usalu akken ad d-rnunt tezrawin-nniḍen deg taɣult n tesnilest n uḍris acku tamaziɣt tesra i waṭas n yimahilen yecban wa. D imahilen-a, akken nettwali, i izemren ad ilin d tallalt i tmusni n tulmisin n yal aḍris akked tmusni n wayen teḥrez tutlayt d tiwsatin iwatan ad ttwaslemdent. Tiwsatin neɣ akken tentttwalin yimusnilsen «ifuras utalayanen : productions langagières» d nutenti i d iqulab neɣ d nutenti i d timudmawin i neṭṭafar mi ara nettmeslay neɣ mi ara nebɣu ad d-naru aḍris.

1

Aḍris n ukacef d win i d-yemmalen d acu ara yeḍrun deg yimal. Adris-a yerza sumata: tawenza (horoscope), tugnewt(météo), akked ugezzen. Ur as-yettunefk ara yisem ulmis iban, dɣa deg umahil-a smerseɣ awal «akacef, neɣ asfilet». 2 Iɣer ara d-nuɣal deg yimahilen i d-iteddun. 3 Yezmer yimeɣri ad iẓer tazrawt n Doctorat ideg d-snekwaɣ twsatin yemgaraden n tmaziɣt yellan deg tallit-a.

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1990, Eléments de linguistique textuelle, Bruxelles-Liège, Mardaga. 1992, Les textes : types et prototypes -

Récit, description, argumentation, explication et dialogue, Paris, Nathan. 1999, Linguistique textuelle. Des genres de discours aux textes, Paris, Nathan. 2005, La linguistique textuelle, Paris, Armand Colin. 2001, Atalanta, tasuqqilt n Instant crucial n Pierre Bellemare. 1996, «Tira n Ibn Xeldun», deg Izen Amaziɣ, uṭṭun 6. 1998, Ussan di tmurt, Tasuqqilt n ungal «Les jours de Kabylie» M. Feraoun. , 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle–Cours de deuxième année, Alger, Adolphe. Iẓuran 38, Yennayer 2003. (Aḍris «Tamaziɣt»). 2003, «L’écriture et son apprentissage : une question de genres ? Etat des lieux et perspectives», dans Pratiques, n° 117/118, pp. 171 - 179. 1989, «Aspect», Encyclopédie berbère VII, p. 971-977. 1991, Manuel de linguistique berbère II. Syntaxe et diachronie, Alger, ENAG. p. 58. 108


E.D.B n° 12. (Aḍris Tifinaɣ). Tasɣunt «Timmuzɣa», HCA, Un 16, 2008. (Tullizt «Ɛecrin duru»). 1986, «Approches du texte explicatif», dans la revue Pratiques, n° 51, pp. 3–22. taqbaylit, HCA, Alger.2007, Tiwsatin timensayin n tmedyazt «Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie d’évolution». (Aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2), aḥric wis kraḍ «Tigujelt». Yamina At Ɛmer U Saɛid 1947. (Aḍris n ???). «Un village kabyle Taguemount-Azouz», FDB, 1972. Educaion familale en Kabylie, FDB n°89, 1966. «Le sage Bou-Amrane», 1965. , 1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle. Les principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Jurjura par les Igaouaoouen ou Zouaoua, suivi de notes et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits tifinagh et en langue tamachr’t, Bastide, Alger. 2006-2007, Timɛayin n Leqbayel, HCA, Alger. Tasɣunt TIRA, uṭṭun 02, 2000. 1990, Inna-yas Ccix Muhend, Alger, Laphomic. 109


«Aneskin ɣef wullis», yedda-d deg Yirit (Document) n temlilt n yiselmaden, 1997, deg Bgayet. Ammud n yiḍrisen n uselmed, i d-sufɣen yiselmaden deg temlilt n 15 ar 17 mayyu 1999, Bgayet. (A ḍris : Tamɣart n setti). «Aḍris imsegzi», deg Tannant usileɣ n tmaziɣt, Actes du «,Stage de perfectionnement des enseignants de la langue amazighe». Zeralda, les 30et 31 mars 2004, Publication de HCA, Alger 2004. Communication «L’introduction de tamazight à l’école et la didactisation des textes», présentée au colloque : «L’évolution de l’amazighité depuis son introduction dans les institutions étatiques» organisé les 12 et 13 mai 2008, au Palis de la Culture d’Oran. 2007, Pour une sociodidactique de la langue amazighe : approche textuelle, Thèse de Doctorat, Laboratoire LIDILEM-Grenoble 3. 2008, Tigejdit n tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa», HCA, uṭṭun 16. 1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Alger. Yugar ucerrig tafawet. Ed. Yuba Wis sin. 2006, Bururu, Azur, Bgayet. 2004, Akli ungif, Lezzayer, HCA. Alger. 1958, Textes berbères dans le parler des Irjen, Imprimerie «La Typo-Litho et jules Carbonel, Alger. 2008, «Tamaziɣt di internet», Tasɣunt «Timmuzɣa», Uṭṭun 16.

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1992, Enseigner et apprendre à écrire Construire une didactique de l’écriture, ESF, Issy-lesMoulineaux. 2005, L’analyse du récit, Paris, Armand Colin. 1993, à écrire Parole, des textes», dans A. Bentolila (dir.) Les «Enseigner entretiens Nathan. écrit, image, Nathan, Paris, pp. 14 -152. n Tiddukla tadelsant n Udrar n Fad, meɣres 2008. 200?, Lǧerrat. ????, Salas d Nuja. 2007, Tasleḍt nusussen n tutlayt n tmaziɣt, Tasdawit n Bgayet. 2008, Adris afuklan, Tasdawit n Bgayet. 2008, Inaw usrid d yinaw arusrid, Tasdawit n Bgayet. 2005, Aḍris aglaman, Tasdawit n Bgayet. 2003, Le texte explicatif de la langue amazighe, universite de Béjaia. 2007, Tasekka n wullis : amedya temɛayt, Tasdawit n Bgayet.

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adasil base 25 agemmir thèse 69 allalen isensegmiyen moyens pédagogiques 11 amatar / n wakud repère / indice temporel 47 amesɣaran / tamesɣara objectif / objectivité 58 ammud corpus 10 amsussen publicitaire 85 anesɣim membre 19 asatal contexte 27 aseɣzen raisonnement 65 asisseɣ / agassaɣ mise en relation, mise en rapport 9 asmiwer énumération 78 asussen publicité 10

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azenziɣ n teywalt schéma de la communication 27 azenziɣ n wudmawen schéma actanciel 22

idlisfusen manuels 11 imsensegmiyen pédagogues 20 isfernen critères 24 leqwaleb neɣ d timudmawin moules 21 snekwun identifier 11 tadyant yeḍran fait divers 42 taɣult domaine 11 tamsukt structure 22 tasensekka typologie 7 tasnalmudt didactique 18 113


tazrirt influence 32 tasnukyist rhétorique 46 tezmert tasnilsant compétence linguistique 23 tidmi

pensée 19 tigensas représentations 12 tigruma (cf : tagruma) ensembles 13 tihawt tirant présence graphique 12 tikkesrert substitution 54 tirawalt orthographe 18 tirmad n tira activités d’écriture 22 tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen types de textes 24 tugzimin n uselmed sequences d’enseignement 11 tumant phénomène 55 urkud (awarkudan) atemporel 60

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usis effort usmudem (asmudem) modélisation 21

yettwasmettin socialisés 12 yettwasmettin, asmetti socialisés, socialisation 12 yinefkan données

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Yiwen n wass ruḥen sin n lxuyan ad d-akren. Fetken ɣer yiwen, kecmen i sin ar daxel n uxxam ; bdan ttqelliben, ttnadin armi mlalen d yiwet n tdebrit ; wet kksen-as aɣumu ufan-tt teččur d udi yesbek lamer n Rebbi. Yenṭeq umeẓyan ɣer umddakel-is, yenna-yas ar umeẓẓuɣ : Rfed s lemḥadra ad tt-nessufeɣ, d udi aleqqaq i teččur. Yesferfec wayeḍ s ufus-is armi d immi n teqdurt-nni yebbeɣ-it, yeɛreḍ-it : Ḥḥay, d leɛǧeb i tesneḍ ? Ta d tamemt mačči d udi. Tuɣal tekker gar-asen : win yeqqar-as d tamemt, win yeqqar-as d udi. Ula yiwen deg-sen ur yebɣi ad yerẓ awalis, armi mesḍalen yimeslayen, rran-tt imir-nni akken dina deg ṭṭlam u ṭellis d rregmat d uxucim. Yaki-d bab n uxxam-nni, yessazel iluɛa-d akk i lǧiran-is ; kkren-d, zzin i uxxam armi ten-id-ṭṭfen cudden-ten seg yiḍaren d yifassen, kkaten-ten armi ttfuḥun ; ddmen-ten, zuɣren-ten qbala ar leḥkem. Akken wḍen, bedden ar craɛ, yeḥkem fell-asen s lḥebs ameqran s ur

Ɛerḍeɣ deg ummud-a amek ara d-fkeɣ imedyaten i yal tasekka n uḍris akken imeɣri ad yesɛu tikti ɣef yal yiwet. Maca ur d-seddaɣ ara adiwenni acku yella deg waṭas n yiḍrisen n ummud-a, tin ɣur-s ur sawḍeɣ ara ad d-germreɣ ugar n yiḍrisen n uwelleh neɣ n usendeh. 1

116


tettun ara s kra ara ilin ddren, lemxilaf yellan gar wudi d tamemt. Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle. Cours deuxième année, Alger, A. Jordan, p. 333.

Tizerzert yiwen n wass teɣli, tuɣwas. Ussan-d ɣur-s lewḥuc, imdukal-is, ad tt-ẓren. ččan-as akk rbiɛ i yas-d-yezzin, aquran azegzaw; win i tt-qerben s idisan-is. Mi d-tekker deg waṭṭan tnuda kra ara tečč ur tufi ara.Yenɣa-tt laẓ. Lmeɛna n wawal : win yesɛan aṭas n yimdukal ɣur-s aṭas n uɣilif. Aɣbalu : A. Hanoteau 1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle. Les principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Jurjura par les Igaouaoouen ou Zouaoua, suivi de notes et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits tifinagh et en langue tamachr’t, Bastide, Alger, p.255.

Tella yiwet n tmeṭṭut tejweǧ seg Waḍiyen ɣer Tgemmunt n Ukerruc. Ass-nni deg ussan n Rebbi, truḥ-d ar taddart-is telsa-d lfeṭṭa-ines. Teqqim ayen teqqim ɣer 117


yimawlan-is. Mi d-tuɣal, tuɣ-d abrid n Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz. Tufa-d imeksawen ksan deg lexla. tɛeda-d d tama-nsen. Armi twala ur d-nṭiqen ara ɣur-s, tusem deg-sen : tebɣa ad sen-ternu iɛdawen akken ad tecɛel gar at Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz yakked Tgemmunt n Ukerruc. Teẓra seg zik ur ɛdilen ara gar-asen. Temme tekkes lfeṭṭara. a-ines, tenṭel-itt dinna deg-yiwen n umruj, anda ur ɣtt-id-walan Tewweḍ ɣer Tgemmunt n Ukerruc, tenna-yasen : - Ay at taddart, -Ay at taddart, ɛerran-iyi At Tgemmunt-Ɛezzuz, kksen sser fell-i : ḥeqren-iyi imi d tameṭṭut. Refden At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc tiɛekzin bla leɛqel. Ufan-d imeksawen-nni la kessen. Arrac-nni messakit ugaden-ten, rewlen. Wḍen ar taddart, nnan-asen : - Hatan usan-d At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc, kksen-a ɣ lmal-nneɣ, ḍefren-aɣ-d ad aɣ-nɣen. Aql-aɣ d tarewla i dnerwel. At Tgemmunt-Ɛezzuz refden leslaḥ ula seg lǧiha-nsen, ruḥen s amerẓi nutni d Tgemmunt n Ukerruc. Tekker lfetna. Almi d yiwen n wass At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc faqenas i tmeṭṭut-nni asmi telsa lefeṭṭa-ines. Seqsan-tt, ḥersen-tt, ɛeqlen d lfeṭṭa-nni n zik. Kkren yimeqranen-nsen wwin-tt-id ɣer TgemmuntƐezzuz; kkren ula d imeqranen n taddart-nneɣ nnan-asen : - Ay At Tgemmunt-Ɛezzuz, ad d-nejmaɛem irkelli akken ad awen-d-neḍleb smaḥ akken ma tellam, am urgaz am tmeṭṭut. Hatan newwi-d tin i d-yegren lbaṭel. Rran-tt deg tlemmast, nɣan-tt.

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Seg yimir-nni At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc uɣalen d iḥbiben-nneɣ. Aɣbalu : H. Genevois, «Un village kabyle Taguemount- Azouz», FDB 1972, Asebter 139.

Yusef, i wimi ttlaɛin Roméo, yedder deg yiwen n uxxam netta d yimawlan-is akked gma-s ameqqran Rafiq. Atlanta, fell-as 14 n yiseggasen, ula d nettat tezdeɣ deg yiwen n uxxam d yimawlan-is. Atlanta, te ɣba ɣef lakul azal n ddurt; tekcem ɣer sbiṭar, acku tuḍen ul-is, Yusef, segmi yesla, tenbeddal lḥala-s, tudert tuɣal-as d tarzagant : ur yessibnin u čči, yeddelwiḥ ur yeẓri anida itteddu. - Bɣiɣ ad am-d-iniɣ kra n wawalen a yemma ! i yasyenna Yusef i yemma-s. - Ini-d a mmi, ini-d, aql-i da, ad k-d-sleɣ. - Ma mmuteɣ, fkem ul-iw i Atlanta. Yezmer ad as-iliq. Steqsaɣ imawlan-is, nnan-iyi-d tuḍen nezzeh ul-is. - Acu i d-teqqareḍ akka ! Anwa i k-yennan ad temteḍ ? Ilem am ! keSexdem Yerwi-k ẓiyen čč, ur ttmettaten wayen yeḍma ran ǧdehden Atlanta aqerruy-ik,ara. i wimi-ten ṭṭebbat ? Nutni ad as-d-afen ul, mačči d ayla-k i uḥwajen.

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- Bɣiɣ ad yi-tɛahdeḍ, ma mmuteɣ, ad as-tefkem ul-iw. Akka ara nekfu tamacahut. Deg uqerruy n Yusef, taluft tefra : Iḥemmel Atlanta, ilaq ad as-yefk ul-is, D aya. Imawlan n Yusef, i ɣaḍ-iten mmitsen iḥemmlen taqcict armi yebɣa ad as-yefk ul-is. kra yur-s n wussan, Atlantaanda mazal-itt degḍ sbi ar. Yusef, tikwal, Zrin irezzu yesteqsay tewwe lḥṭala n tin iḥemmel. Simmal zerrin wussan, lḥala tessefcal, ul ur d-iban i Atlanta. Tuḍen nezzeh, udem-is ssellaw. Leḥzen yuɣ deg wudem n Yusef, itett drus, ur tyessibnin, lqerḥ n uqerruy-is yal ass yettzid, asekkud-is yenqes. Mi ara d-yezdi lqedd-is seg wusu, s yiɣil i yteddu. Yemma-s n Yusef tuggad, mmi-s tura yeggugem. Refden-t srid yer sbiṭar. Yiwen ur yeẓri acu t-yuɣen ; deg ddunit-is werǧin yuḍen. Ṭṭbib, mi yekfa aḥuffu, s usurrif ẓẓayen, yeɛna imawlan n Yusef. Yenna-yasen : - Mmi-twen yessalqaf. Aqerruy-is yensa ! - Yemmut ? - Ur yemmut ara, aqerruy-is yensa, ma d ul-is mazal ixebbed. Ulac ara s-nexdem. Deg sbitar-nniḍen, Atlanta tettraju ul ansi ara tt-idyaweḍ. Yemma-s n Yusef tenna i ṭṭbib : - Yeẓra ad yemmet, yenna-yi-d d akken ilaq ad astefkem ul-iw i Atlanta, anaɣ meqqar mačči ɣef waya i yemmut? - Ala a massa, yiwen ur yezmir ad yefru taluft akka. I yas-yerra awal ttbib. 120


- Ur fhimey ara, deg ddunit-is yuḍen. Azekka-nni, iqeddacen n sbitar heyyan-d takerrust ara d-irefden Yusef yer sbiṭar anda tella Atlanta. Ṭṭebbat nnan i Atlanta, ufan-as-d ul, ilaq ad theyyi iman-is. Γer tlemmast n yiḍ n wass wis kraḍ teḥla, tuki-d, gar yidmaren-is d ul nacemma, yiwen-nniḍtewre en i yzedyen. Acemma ɣ ɣef wudem n Atlanta tettekkes, tikwal tettbeddad-d tneqqeb kra n wučči. Ul n Yusef icudd-itt ɣer ddunit, yesserwel-itt-id ɣef lmut. Yiwen n wass, mi d-yerza baba-s n Yusef ɣer Atlanta, yefhem deg wallen n teqcict, yezdeɣ usteqsi ɣef mmi-s, yenna-yas : - Yusef yedder deg yidmaren-im ! Aɣbalu : Aḍris-a yettwakkes-d seg : Pierre Bellemare, Instant crucial. 2001. Yerra-t-id ɣer tmaziɣt : Muhend Ayt Yiɣil.

Mi yessawel tilifun, lliɣ ddaw tduli ṭṭseɣ, ttrajuɣ am wakken rekbeɣ di lbabur ad inigeɣ. Ladɣa ruḥen akk wid ukud d-kkreɣ, wid lwaḥi d-nekka tizerbatin n wussan, nezreɛ iɛeqqayen n tirga. Racid, Ɛtman, L Murad xtaren ɛaziz, ɛid, tilelli n tilit, ǧǧan-iyi-d ɣ adtamu ɛessas. irrij n tmes i nessa as-iliɣɣlids ameb Nniɣ mi yessawel tilifun, s tmara i d-ldiɣ allen-iw. Refdeɣ-tent s leɛddez d cwiṭ n zzɛef. Iḍ yezrin ur ṭṭiseɣ ara,

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nfuk aqeɛɛed n wudem anaggaru n tceqquft i nessawjad. Mi akken d-yewweḍ ssut s imezzaɣ-iw, yefferfer leɛddez, yefruri zzɛef. - D kem ? - Anita tenwiḍ ihi ? Teṭṭerḍeq d taḍsa. - Ur tessawale ḍ ? tufiḍ anita, teẓriḍ d kem kan i sɛiɣ ! Ansa i d- Da, seg lexmis. Arju din, tegnit ad n-awdeɣ. Allu, allu… Aɣbalu : B. Tazarart, 200, Lǧǧerat, isebtar : 45 d 46.

Mmi-s n Bu Ɛemran yeḥmel yiwet n taklit. Yenna-yas baba-s : Eǧǧ tameṭṭut-a… ur k-tlaq ara. Mmi-s yugi. Bu Ɛemran isewweq yuɣ-d turin 1 d uksum. Gren-ten ɣer tugi 2 . Akken yettewwa, yenna-yas i mmi-s : - Ger afus-ik,… yewwa uksum-nni. Iger afus-is, yeddem-d anagar turin, yerɣa axaṭer azeggaɣ-nni yezzer. Amɣar-nni iger, daɣ netta, afus-is yeddem-d aksum, yenna-yas :

1 2

Afewwad. Taccuyt.

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- Win yerɣan, ireɣ meqqar ɣef wayen yelhan. Seg tedyant-a mmi-s yeǧǧa taklit-nni. Aɣbalu : H. Genevois, Le sage Bou-Amrane, Kabyle, 1965. Asebter 89.

Ah ! saḥḥa deg yemma-s saḥḥa ! D wi i d imeslayen i wumi d-yebra Urezqi mi yeqqim ɣer ṭṭabla di ttberna... Yettkemmil ihedder uḥd-s. - Ruḥ tura keč amen-iten !... Am win yettrebbin azrem s iri-s ! Arezqi ur nennum ara ttbernat, d tikkelt taxe ṭṭayt mi ara yerr ad d-isew tabyirt neɣ snat netta akked yimeddukal-is, ɣas ad bɣun ad qqimen, netta yettaf-d amek ara yennser mebla ma yella win ara inadin ad t-yeṭṭef din s uḥiwet neɣ s wawal. Maca d acu i t-id-yewwin ass-a, hatan yekcem-d am uzger ihajen. Yerra-d nnehta, yessawel-as i ucqcic-nni yesserbayen, yessuter-as taqrɛet n ccrab. Dɣa akken i s-d-yenna uqcic-nni : - Ur nesserbay ara ccrab mebla lmakla... Arezqi iruḥ am win izeɛfen yenna-yas : - Awi-d, ma yella ad sweɣ s wučči neɣ mebla učči, mačči di ceṭṭneɣ...

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Tullizt.

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Simi yettraǧu, simi yettayes, iḥar, qqlent ddqayeq d sswayeɛ... - Uuk !... Atan yewweḍ-d uqcic s teqrɛet n uzeggaɣ, yekkes-as-d aɣummu-nni uqeccuc, yerra ad d-yesmir, yemmeɣ Urezqi ɣef tqerɛet-nni yekkes-as-tt-id ufus yenna-yas : awi-yi-d acu - Hhe ! D nekk araseg d-yesmiren iman-iw, ara ččeɣ, ternuḍ-d taqerɛet-nniḍen... Aqcic yezzi s tɣawalt, Arezqi la yesmaray, itess... Yebda yettmekti-d, yettwali kra yedder, udmawen i d-yettaḍsan, isell i imeslayen n wid yettwali... Arezqi mačči akka i yettwassen ɣur medden d acu i t-yewwin ad yuɣal akka ? Ad ibeddel di ciṭ n lweqt ? Amek i yuyal d asekran netta yellan d amedya n yirgazen ? Hata wakken teḍra yid-s... D ayen yettwali deg temdint n Lezzayer i yewwin Arezqi ad iruh ad d-yesli (ney ad d-yezweǧ) si taddart-nni iseg d-rewlen yimawlan-is deg lgirranni ɣer da, ɣer La Kasba. Feṭṭa, akka i d isem n teqcict-nni i yuɣ ur teɣri ara, ur tessin ara d acu i d lakul. Imawlan-is ur ttfkin ara ad tɣer acku deg tallit-nni urɛad fhimen medden acu i teswa leqraya n tullas. D arrac kan i yeqqaren, ma d tullas messakit ttɣimint deg uxxam qeddcent, ttxiḍint... neɣ xeddment tibḥirin d lecɣal-nniḍen n lexla. Ttɣimint, akken qqarent «...Ttrajunt lmektub-nsent !». Lmektub- a d albaɛḍ n yilmeẓyen neɣ ahat d albaɛḍ n yimɣaren i wumi ara tt-fken yimawlan-is. Lmektub n Feṭṭa d Arezqi. Arezqi yenna-yas deg wul-is : «ad aɣeɣ tin ur neɣri ara, tin ur nessin ticmatin-a i ssnent temserrḥin yeɣran...». Iyil umeɣbun d leqraya i dyeslalen kra n leɛyub yellan deg tmetti tazzayrit. Mbaɛd anadi 124


d tifin n Feṭṭa, tella-d tnefkit di taddart, tedda-d teslit. Sakin, usan-d yislan ɣer Lezzayer anda ara zedɣen. Axxam ideg llan yezga-d di lbaṭimat yebnan d timaynutin, deg wannag wis ukuz. Arezqi ixeddem deg lbiru, segmi ara yeffeɣ tifawt ɣef ssebɛa d uzgen armi d lxemsa n tmeddit i d-itezzi. Itett imekli anda ixeddem. yellan gar-as d tin d tacrikt ddunit-is, ArezqiSiiḥlaman ulfa i yiman-is seg wid uɣyellan ur i d-yerza lferḥn. Ussan ideg ur ixeddem ara, Arezqi yesɛedday-iten d Feṭṭa deg ttemriḥ, d tirza ɣer yimeddukal neɣ ɣer yiḍulan. Tameṭṭut ur yelli kra i txuss ad tlum fell-as : - Kra tebɣa yella ma ur yelli ad d-yili ! Maca tettxiqi deg tɣimit uḥd-s deg uxxam kra yekka wass. Kra n tmeddit n wass, yekcem-d urgaz si lxedma, aqrab ddaw ufus, yesla i Čučan, aɛessas n tewwurt n lbaṭima yessawel-as-d. Yenna-yas : - Mselxir ay Arezqi, ass-a yusa-d ɣur-k yiwen n uqcic s axxam, ur t-ssiney ara iqder d gma-s n tmettut-ik. Yenna-yas Urezqi : - Saḥḥa a Dda Čučan ! Arezqi yettali tirekkabin yettxemim yef teswiɛt amek tella : limmer i d-yusa mmi-s n udeggal-is, hatan ad yerr yur-s ɣer lxedma akken i iwulef seg zik... Amek ur t-yessin ara uɛessas n tewwurt mi yi-d-yenna «iqder d gma-s»...? Mi yewweḍ s axxam, Arezqi yerra s lfer ḥ yessuden tameṭṭut-is, ssyin akin yečča imensi. Maca ur yesteqsa ara Feṭṭa ɣef win dyusan. Nettat ur s-d-tenni acemma, amek ara tt-yesteqsi ? Azekka-nni, iruḥ ɣer lxedma, yekkes akk kra yesɛa d ccek, iɣil ahat d aɛraq kan i yeɛreq uɛessas-nni n tewwurt. Ulac uɣilif 125


ɛerrqen akk medden, tikwal. Maca, tameddit mi d-yekcem, yenna-yas-d uɛessas-nni : - Mselxir ay Arezqi ! Ula ass-a yusa-d uqcic-nni iɣef kd-mmeslayeɣ idelli... Arezqi yerra am win iwehmen, yeqqel am win ffɣen yidammen, yenna-yas : maca yugad yella kra yettɛikki ukunsyirj-nni dya - Ah ! ttuɣ ur ak-d-nniɣ ara, d mmi-s n udeggal-iw maca ur t-tessineḍ ara acku urǧin d-yusi ɣer da armi d tallilagi... Yenna-yas ukunsyirj : - Semmeh-iyi ay Arezqi di leɛnaya n tɛebbut-nni i k-idyefkan, ur t-ssineɣ uqcic-nni d mmi-s udeggal-ik acku yennezruref yekcem ula d awal ulac-it, ula d udem-is yeffer-it fell-i amzun d amakar, maca ttwaliɣ yettara ɣer wannag wis rebɛa, uggadeɣ ad yili d albaɛd ur tessinem ara, ad yili kra ideg ara ken-iḍurr... Yeqqim din Urezqi qessren cwiṭ, awal yettawid wayeḍ armi yessaweḍ yezra amek iga uqcic-agi i d-yettasen, d acu yelsa, amek ileḥḥu... ayagi mebla ma icukk ukunsyirj yella kra yellan. Mbeɛd Arezqi yuli s axxam. Temmugger-it-id Feṭṭa s taḍsa maca, mbeɛd mi qqimen akken ur tufiḍ acu i yasd-tenna. Aqcic-nni iɣef yas-d-imesslay ukunsyirj sin yiberdan ur t-id-yewwi ara akk wawal. Ur tufiḍ acu i d-tesban n lɣid neɣ n wayen-nniḍen iɣef ara tt-yesteqsi. Yerra iman-is amzun ur yesli kra s yimezzuɣen-is, yečča-t wul-is ad iẓer ma yeskiddib uɛessas neɣ d tameṭṭut-is i yeffren kra fell-as. Yeṭṭes deg lḥir... Azekka-nni, akken yuɣ tannumi, yeffeɣ iruḥ... maca mačči ɣer lxedma i yerra, yerra ɣer yiwen n umkan iqubel 126


lbatima-nni ideg yezdeɣ. D kra ubedaḥdaḥ ideg rsen yiqudas n waman. Amkan-nni yewɛa s axxam-is. Yeqqim din yessikid deg wid ikeččmen tteffyen, deg warrac yetturaren ; yettaḍsa imi netta yezmer ad d-iwali medden, nitni ur t-id-ttwalin ara acku yedduri deffir n yiqudas. Tikkelt-nni, iwala Fe ṭṭa teffeɣ-d snniabalku, iwala-tt tesweɛyiwen day ɣer yiwenẓi ni s-d-yettarran... uxxam di lbaṭCwi ima-ṭ ḍen anda i d-yettban n yilem akka iwala ilemzi-nni yerra ɣer lbaṭima-nni anda yezdeɣ, yekcem... Arezqi yerǧa azal n mraw n ddqayeq, yekker yeḍfer-it. Yuli tirekkabin, yewweḍ zdat tewwurt yesmeḥsis dɣa yesla i taḍsa tekka-d si daxel n uxxam-is. Yemmeɣ ɣer lǧib n lbista yeddem-d tasarut tis snat n tewwurt, tin akken i d-iheyya i ḍnni izeryen. Yeldi tawwurt, yekcem, yesla i taḍsa tekka-d seg texxamt n tguni, yerra ɣer din. Yekcem, yeqqur s yibeddi mi iwala tameṭṭut-is ɛeryan gar yifassen n uqcic-nni i d-yeḍfer… Aqcic akken i d-iwala Arezqi iserreḥ i Feṭṭa ɣef umetreḥ, yebda la yettergigi. Ttmesmuqalen, amzun mraw n yiseggasen i iɛeddan deg ddunit-nsen... Allen n Urezqi urwent-d aldun yerɣan mi d-mlalent d tmuyli n Feṭṭa, dya akken i t-twala la ttyettxeẓẓir tserreḥ d imetti acku tɣil ad tt-ineɣ ad yernu aqcicnni. Arezqi yezzi s ilemzi-nni yenna-yas : - Els iceṭṭiḍen-ik ! Aqcic am win ara d-tekksed seg yimi n lmut, iḥuref yelsa aserwal, yerna atriku mbaɛd yekkes-it-id acku yetti-t, ad as-iɛawed timelsiwt... Arezqi yenna-yas : - Awi-d ɛecrin duru...

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Yemmeɣ uqcic ɣer lǧib-is yeddem-d ɛecrin duru, yefkayas-tent-id. Arezqi yenna-yas : - Tura, nnejli, acu tettraǧud ? Geffel ! Yeffey uqcic-nni seg texxamt ; ddeqs-zzalla, teṭṭerdeq tewwurt n berra ḥala tiɣri n warkasen ɣef trekkabin i wumi ara tesle n Feahat Ahat teḍra tanezdu yid-s amɣt win ḍ tama nsegusmicrew ṭṭa. ad d-tessuksed tizi n lmut, ibeddel werǧara in ad d-yezzi s akartyi-ya. Arezqi yettmuqul deg tmettut-is, yesteqsay ma d nettat i d nettat neɣ mačči d nettat i d nettat. Ma d Feṭṭa tettru tugi ad tesusem. Yenna-yas : - Aha ! tura dayen ! Susem ! Yya-d ɣur-i !... Terra ɣur-s s urgagi, yenna-yas : - Serreḥ tura i tmelḥeft-nni swayes tɣummeḍ tafekkam ! Aha bru-yas ! neɣ tessetḥaḍ-iyi ? Tebra i tmelḥeft ɣer tmurt, allen-is ttazzalent d imeṭṭi. Arezqi la tt-yettmuqul, yettxemmim : ayenakk i yella yid-s seg wasmi zewǧen, d tikkelt tamezwarut i yas-d-tban tecmet. Amzun akken sser-nni i tt-yedlen yenser, yerwel, yennejla, yenfa deg yiwet n tikkelt. Yenna-yas : - Els iceṭṭiḍen-im ! ad yi-d-tafed deg usalu. Yeffeɣ seg texxamt n tguni. Ciṭ akka tekcem-d ɣer tmesrit, targagit ur tekkis ara. Iwehha-yas-d akersi yenna-yas : - Qqim ! rfed-d allen-im, muqel-iyi-d, tiniḍ-iyi-d d acu i kem-ixussen ? Γur-m ad truḍ... Terra ad tsuɣ, ad tru, tuɣal tessusem, tenna-yas : - Ulac ! Semmeḥ-iyi ay Arezqi ! deg leɛnaya-k... - Xaṭi ! ini-yi-d acu i kem-ixussen ? Limer ur kem-ixuss wacemma, yili ur txeddmeḍ ara akka. 128


- Ulac acu i xusseɣ, di leɛnaya-k, semmeḥ-iyi... Yenna-yas : - Anaɣ seg wasmi i kem-uɣeɣ, kra ur kem-ixuss... Tferḥeḍ mačči d kra ahat di leɛmer-im ur tefriḥeḍ am wasmi i telliḍ yid-i, ur telluẓeḍ, ur kem-yenɣi usemmid ; ayen akk i teb i kem-id-yettawe ɣiḍ s tawant ḍ ; kra i d-tesutre ḍ xedme am-t-id. Ur am-kkise ɣ ara imawlan-im, yal tikkelt i lebɣɣiḍttawiɣ-kem ɣer tmurt. Yal ass ɣur- m i gganeɣ, ur ṭṭafareɣ ara sut iberdan, ur am-d-sekkreɣ ara s axxam, ur kem-ttaǧǧaɣ ara uḥd-m ad txiqeḍ : anda i rriy ad kem-awiɣ. Ayen i yitxedɛeḍ?... Tebbejneq d imetti, teɣli ɣer yiḍarren-is, teqqar-as s usnexfet «Semmeḥ-iyi...». Netta yekker amzun mačči d netta i wumi tettmeslay neɣ uɣur teckenṭeḍ. Yeldi leqjer n texzant, yeddem-d lesqa «Scotch», yebbi-d yiwen umur s lemqes, yenneḍ-it i ɛecrin duru-nni, yenna-yas : - Nek hatan semmḥeɣ-am maca wissen kan allaɣ-im d wul-im ma ad am-semmḥen, kem ixedmen tagi acemma ur ttectaqeḍ... Azal n ssmana i iɛeddan, Arezqi ur yeggan ara ɣer tmeṭṭut-is, ur itett ara imensi wala tiremt n tifawt deg uxxam. Yal ass d ssekran, si ttberna ɣer tayeḍ, hala tissit. Itess am win iffuden aman deg unezruf. Maca fad yeggumma ad yekkes, yezga yettnerni... Ass-nni yenna-yas Urezqi i Feṭṭa : - Heyyi-d imekli i uzekka, ad d-asen yimawlan-im... Awal ur t-id-yerni ara, yeffeɣ, iruḥ ɣer ttberna. Azekkanni mi d-ussan yimawlan n Feṭṭa, yefreḥ yes-sen mačči d kra, am zik neɣ ugar. Tuɣ d netta i iceyɛen yiwen uqcic ɣur-sen ɣer 129


taddart yenna-yas : Ini-yasen ad d-asen, ɛerḍeɣ-ten-id s imekli... Iḍulan n Urezqi usan-d s axxam, ur yelli kra i cukken yella-d gar yelli-tsen d urgaz-is. Qqimen mmeslayen ɣef tmurt, ɣef lxedma, ɣef at uxxam... Uɣalen ččan imekli s taḍsa d uqesser. Mi fukken, qqimen degi usalu, yemme Urezqi ɣer lǧib-is yeddem-d cecrin duru-nni wumi yenne ḍ ɣllesqa yennayasen i yinebgawen-is : - Anwa seg-wen ara yi-d-yinin ansi iyi-d-kkant ɛecrin duru-ya ad as-fkeɣ ayen i das-yehwan ? Tekker Feṭṭa tennayasen : - Ad ruḥeɣ ad awen-d-ssewweɣ llatay... Teffeɣ seg usalu, terra ɣer tenwalt (takuzint), yiwen ur d-yelhi yid-s imi caxen akk di tteqsir akked Urezqi. Maca teqqim tesmeḥsis-d i wawal d-yellan gar-asen. Yezwar-d umyar (baba-s n Feṭṭa) yenna-yas i Urezqi : - Ɛecrin duru-nni, iban d tid i k-d-iqqimen seg wayen i k-yefka baba-k, ad yettwarḥem, asmi yedder... Arezqi yenna-yas : - Xaṭi. Dɣa yenṭeq-d gma-s ameqqran n Feṭṭa yenna-yas : - Ihi iban tufid-tent asmi tellid mezziyeḍ, teffreḍ-tent armi d tura... Arezqi yenna-yas : - Xaṭi. Dɣa tenṭeq-d yemma-s n Feṭṭa tenna-yas :

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- A mmi ɛzizen, ihi, ɛecrin duru-nni d tid i k-dyeqqimen seg wayen i k-d-teǧǧa yemma-k ɛzizen uqbel ad tsahel s anda akken ara naweḍ, ad tettwarḥem... Yenna-yas Urezqi : - Xaṭi. D a yenṭeq-d gma-sihi, wisɛsin n Fe ṭṭa yenna-yas - ɣDayen isehlen ecrin duru-nni d tid: i k-dyeqqimen seg lexlas amezwaru i d-teṭṭfed, teffreḍ-tent acku d ayen i d-thellaḍ s tidi n yiyallen-ik... Yenna-yas Urezqi : - Xaṭi. Dɣa slan i usṭebṭeb deg tewwurt, ṭṭubbnen yimeẓẓuɣen-nsen akken ma llan deg uxxam. Akken d-yeldi gma-s n Feṭṭa tawwurt, kecmen-d sin n warrac ttcercuren d tidi, lehhten, zzin ɣer Urezqi nnan-as : - Azzel ! azzel ! ɣiwel ! a Dda Arezqi ! tameṭṭut-ik teɣli-d seg ubalku, temmut... Aɣbalu : S. Chemakh, Tasɣunt Timmuzɣa, Un 16, 2008, isebtar 60-65.

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[Aḍdeg ris-a yettmeslay-d Leqbayel lqern wis 19] ɣef wazal yesɛa nnif deg tuddar n Ulac i yettagden am tukksiwin n sser. Argaz ɣef ara yettwakkes sser, abeɛda zdat n tlawin, lmut axir fell-as, wala lefḍayeḥ n ddunit. D leḥwayem ti ɣef ttmettaten neqqen Leqbayel. Kra yellan ttɛemmiden-as, xeddmen-t, ad ttaweḍ ɣer nnif, ulac din urar. Win ɣef ara yettwakkes sser, aya d ayen akk ẓran, ssnen yimdanen, ur yettirid ḥaca s yidamen n win yekksen fell-as sser. Ulama ulac ay yuɛren ɣer Leqbayel am temgerḍt, mi ara yili tewweḍ akken ara yettwakkes fell-as sser, lmut axir-as wala tudert n ddell. Ḥekkun-d yimɣaren ɣef zik, asmi llan yimdanen ssnen acu yeswa nnif, ɣef i d-yenna lqanun. Win ara ẓren yečča seg usegres-is am zzayla, yerẓa nnif-is. Ad as-ɛelqen tabarda am uɣyul, ur aken-ɛniɣ, yerna ad t-nfun neɣ ad t-rejmen maḍi. D aymi i d-nenna tukksiwin n sser, tarda-s s yidamen. Qbel nfaq 1 aneggaru, yella yiwen n uxxam d ameqqran n ccurafa deg Ɛmrawa i wimi qqaren axxam n Sidi Crif Ajennad. Deg lweqt-nni, la s tjadit-is, la s leqraya-s, ulac wi ḥeddad deg Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix A useggas 1871. 1

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mechuren am Sidi Crif deg Leqbayel. Yella d netta i d aqerru deg lɛerc. Γur-s yiwen n wakli i d-irebba am mmi-s, ɣef ur iḥeǧǧeb ara. Sidi Crif, ttkabaren akk medden, yella yesɛa sin n warraw d teqcict. Asmi meqqrit, taqcict tewweḍ d tameṭṭut, tekker te wakli n yella baba-s armi teɣyefhem li yid-s.tin Kra akka, iban-d ɛceq udeg fell-as ɛebbu ḍ. Ma d akli-nni yexdem, yerwel deg yiḍ, ur yeẓri ḥedd anta tamurt i t-yeččan. Akken yesla Sidi Crif s lmusiba i d-yeɣlin fell-as, iceyyeɛ ɣer lɛerc ad yennejmaɛ akken yella ɣer temḍelt. Iruḥ netta d mmi-s ɣer tmeqbert, yeɣza aẓekka. Yiwen ur yefhim i wimi. Lweqt deg i d-leḥqen akk medden, yewwi-d yelli-s gar lɛerc akk, armi d aẓekka. Iɛedda yezla-tt netta s ufus-is. Yekker netta d mmi-s me ḍlentt. Imdanen akk ad yili akter n walef, ttmuqqulen wehmen deg leɛjeb yeḍran. Lweqt deg yeffeɣ lexber, fehmen yimdanen ssebba n wannect-a, uɣalen ameẓẓyan, ameqqran ar ttcekkiren deg-s ; yalmi yuɣal, ɣef tin yexdem, ɣef nnif, ttawin-t-id d lemtel ; win yekkren ar wayeḍ yini-yas : «D anifi am Sidi Crif». Hata wakken tella lḥala n Leqbayel n zik. Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 13 d 14.

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Seg wass amezwaru mi yekcem ɣer lluzin tamcumt ur yufi iman-is. Wissen anda yexdem kra. Dayen yuɣal umdan d tamacint ur t-id-isaḥ ad yerfed aqerru. Ussan-nni imenza yekkat fell-asdeg uzaylal awal ad tt-id-yawi berra. Yeur ɛyat-id-yettali. deg yiɣimi.Ahat d tugdin i yugad Akken akken yalmi d yiwen n wass, s dat n yimddukalis merra ccaf-is yebɣa ad t-yerr d ulac. Ass-nni yeddem-it Muḥend Ameẓẓyan seg lexnaq, iḥennec-it ɣer tmacint, yennayas : - Ssya d afell-a ḥader iman-ik neɣ ad d-sneɣleɣ iẓerman-ik. Deg wass-nni am win icektan i Rebbi. Ass-nni n larbɛa, deg lkantina, akken tessusem cwiṭ tegnit, yekker-d Muḥend Ameẓẓyan. Yezdi lqedd-is akken medden akk qqimen. Iserreḥ i yiles-is ulac algam. Ayen yellan deg tassilt yessuli-t-id uɣenǧa. Iɣez-d kra yellan yeffer. Medden akk ɛelqen ɣer yimi-s Awalen tteffɣen-d yugar asafsar. Yuɣal yilesis d timezbert deg Wallaɣ-nsen. Yefres-asen kra n wacu iḍuren abrid n tmuɣli-nsen. Tban tidet deg tmurt. Γas aṭas i wen-d-sewwen lexrif deg tefsut, ttarran sseḥra d seksu. Maca ad tenger yemma-twen, d taguni i ken-sganayen. Yak zik ula d aɣrum ur t-terwim. ḥemdet Rebbi, tura kra yellan d ayla-nwen. Teččam, terwam. Akka Muḥend Ameẓẓyan yemmeslay tasaɛet neɣ tɛedda. Yekfa imekli. Uɣalen, yal wa s am ḍiq-is. 1

D taganit : grève.

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Tameddit, iqerreb-d ɣur-s Ṭahar yenna-yas : - A Muḥend n twaɣit, tecfiḍ d acu yakk i d-tenniḍ deg lkantina ? Kra din yewweḍ ɣer tmeẓẓuɣt-nsen. Ad as-qqaren wa mačči ɣer uxeddim i d-yusa ; i uhuddu i wimi i d-yestufa […] ur as-d-iazekka-nni. ahat Musḥend ad ɛeyyen ara Yeldi Ṭahar tawwurt yertem Ammer mi s-d-sawlen tehri-s, udem n talext iqubel-d Muḥend. Ṭabla teččur d lekwaɣeḍ, wan nig wa. Yenna-yas wudem n talext : - Ammer am nek ula d ala ɛi fiḥel ma luɛaɣ-ak-d, taqsiḍt-ik ẓriɣ amek ara tt-fruɣ acku keč seg yimsedramen. Iles-ik yugar iɣalen-ik. Kra n wanda yella cwal aql-ik din. Kra n tikelt ara yili usendded, keč d amezwaru. Maca, abrid-a d aneggaru. Cwiṭ akka yessuni-d tilifu, yerfed-it s zzɛef, yesseglef deg-s : - D acu ?... Tura kan ? Yeǧǧa Muḥend din yeffeɣ. Yekcem-d Dda Rabeḥ, yenna-yas : - Tesliḍ neɣ werɣad ? Imddukal-ik ugin ad kecmen ɣer lkantina ḥacama teffɣeḍ ssya. Ixeddamen, nutni, ccna d ubendayer Ɣer tewwura : Walaɣ tasekkurt ! s ufell-a n tzemmurt, argaz-is iruḥ, ibeddel tamurt. Teḥma zedwa. Mi d-yeqqel Dda Rabaḥ yenna-yas :

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- La k-qqaren yiqemqumen ffeɣ ssya, d lawan n yimekli. Deg lkantina, mi kecmen teḍra yid-sen am warrac taḍsa, anecreḥ. Mi kfan učči yenṭeq ɣur-sen lxuni : Tura mi nečča neswa ad yelhu umesllay. Ay atmaten ass-a d Mu ḥend, azekka waye d nek… Ad aɣMa -ɛennun yiwen yiwen. Ṭaher, Ihi, ulacd am tagmat ! ḍUlac am tdukli! neddukel yiwen ur aɣ-yezmir. Aɣbalu : A. Mezdad, 1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Isebtar 9, 70, 71, 130. (Aḍris-a nessamtawi-it acku yettwakkes-d seg waṭas n yisebtar).

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Uyaleɣ-d si jjiḥ, wwḍeɣ-d ɣer taddart tameddit n wass, qbel ad yeɣli yitij. Zegreɣ azniq n taddart, tabalizt deg ufus-iw. Ttmagareɣ-d lɣaci, ttmaqalen-iyi-d, meɛna ulac win ssneɣ, ulac win i yi-yessnen. Aṭas-aya segmi i yi-ggiɣ taddart. Tamurt tbeddel. Wwḍeɣ ɣer lḥara-nneɣ, ldiɣ tawwurt n usqif, kecmeɣ ɣer ufrag ɣef yixef n tfednin, am umakar. D leḥyuḍ-nni i ǧǧiɣ, 136


i mazal bedden, d isemmaḍen. Tawwurt n uxxam temdel. Tawwurt-nni ɣef ttɛeddiɣ asmi meẓẓiyeɣ, ur yi-d-teɛqil ara. Texla lḥara. Ɣef umnar n tewwurt, yeṭṭes uqjun ; akken kan i d-yesla i later, yeldi-d allen-is, yesken-iyi-d uglan-is.Ḥebseɣ. Serseɣ tabalizt-iw ɣer Iqaɛa, qqureɣ ! lḥidi nten-yessexdamen. uxxam, isenned dduzan d aqdim, sḍid, Γerwin iban ulac Seg ṭṭaq, s nnig yulli-t n tewwurt, yetteffeɣ-d dduxan, yettawi-d yid-s rriḥa n Iqahwa. Sliɣ i lehdur. Smuzegteɣ ma yella kra ara fehmeɣ, ulac. Yebɛed ssut. Nniɣ-as ahat d lbadna ay heddren. Cfi ɣ asmi mezziyeɣ, mi ara d-qqleɣ deg uzniq, selleɣ i yimaw!an-iw heddren s tuffra, ttaggaden ad sen-d-slen lǧiran. Qerbeɣ ciṭuh. Aqjun yesmezher-d fell-i. Iheyya-d iman-is. Uɣaleɣ ɣer deffir. Ttxemmirneɣ, nniɣ-as ad tafed ulac win yellan sdaxel n uxxam-a. Dayen selleɣ asmi meẓẓiyeɣ i dyettuɣalen gar wallen-iw. D temẓi i d-yerran ssut. Bɣiɣ ad ssiwleɣ, setḥaɣ. Bɣiɣ ad seṭbeṭbeɣ, uggadeɣ. Anwi i yellan sdaxel ? Anwi ara yi-d-yeldin tawwurt ma seṭbeṭbeɣ ? D acu ara s-iniɣ ma yesteqsa-yi-d ? Ad qerbeɣ, kukraɣ. Ad qqimeɣ... d axxam-nneɣ. Ɛewqeɣ. Nniɣ-as : lemmer ad d-yeffeɣ walbeɛd, ad yi-d-yini diri win yesmeḥsisen ɣer yixxamen ! d acu ara s-iniɣ ? Rǧiɣ zdat n tewwurt almi yeɣli yiṭij, ulac win i d-yeffɣen. Rǧiɣ almi ḥusseɣ i yiman-iw d aberrani, refdeɣ tabalizt-iw, uɣaleɣ... Aɣbalu : A. Kezzar, Tasɣunt TIRA, uṭṭun 02, 2000.

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Wazman d lqanun n taddart nsen deg amezwaru almi nd teslent, tura. ɣaf waken llant le D1.u. Win yukren axxam deg yiḍ, iban fell-as ayen i yewwi, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt; xemsin d lɣerm i bab n uxxam. Ad yernu ad yefk azal n wayen yewwi, neɣ ma yella ad t-yerr. w.2. Win yukren tibḥirt, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk xemsa u ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, xemsa u ɛecrin d lɣerm i bab n tebḥirt. Ad yernu ad yerr ayen yewwi i bab n tebḥirt. w.3. Win yewten s tmekḥelt ad yefk meyya i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-s, win akken yewwet. Wamma ma yejreḥ-it, ad yerr ttar-is win yettewten. Alama yeɛfa-yas, imir-nni ad ad yaɣ l ḥeqq n yidammen-is, ayen i yasiqedder lqaḍi. w.4. Ma yella yenɣa, ayla-s ulamma deg waman, ad yečč l ɛerc, ad yernu ad yemmet, neɣ ad yefk ddiya, ma qeblen yimalan n win yemmuten. w.5. Win yewten s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-sen. Wamma ma yejreḥ yes-sen, ad yerr ttar win yettewten. Neɣ ma yeɛfa bab n lǧerḥ ɣef ttar-is, ad yaɣ ayen iyas-iqedder lqaḍi deg yidammen-is. 138


w.6. Win iwehhan s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk tmanya n teryalin. w.7. Win yewten s tɛekkazt neɣ s ud ɣaɣ, ad yefk xemsa n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Ad yerr ttar win yettewten, neɣ ma yeɛfa fell-as, ad yefk lḥeqq n lǧerḥ, ma yejreḥ-it. Ma yella ur t-yejri ur yettak wayra. ḥ ara, w.8. Win iwehhan s tɛekkazt neɣ s udɣaɣ, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk taryalt d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. w.9. Tameṭṭut ma tɛeyyeḍ s lɛerḍ-is, yewweḍ-d chada ɣer tejmaɛt, ad yefk urgaz xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt d timecreṭ. Ad ternu tejmaɛt ad terẓ lqermud n uxxam n win ixedmen lamer-nni. w.10. Win yukren ṭerḥa neɣ taffa deg yiḍ, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk lɣerma i bab n ṭerḥa neɣ n taffa. Ad yernu ad yexser ayan yewwi. Ad yernu, ma yeccekta yes-s i umeqran n tejmaɛt, ad yefk ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya. Ma yella ur yeccekta ara yes-s win yettwakren, ulac fell-as. w.11. Win yukren lexrif neɣ azemmur neɣ rremman, neɣ tiẓurin, neɣ ddukkar, yeṭṭef-it bab n cci, ad as yefk lɣerm, ayen i t-ihan Rebbi fell-as. Ad yernu ɛecra n teryalin i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Ma ur yeccekta ara yes-s bab n cci i umeqran ur yettak wayra. w.12. Win yennuɣen d tmeṭṭut ad yefk xemsin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, ama tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut neɣ ur t-tewwiḍ. Lameɛna ma tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut ad yefk urgaz-is ayen iger fellas umeqran.

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w.13. Win yeksan deg uctal, ad yefk snat n teryalin d lexṭiyya ; lameɛna ma yufa-t ṭṭamen neɣ umeqran. Ma d bab n cci i t-id-yufan, ad yaɣ deg-s lɣerm. D acu i d actal ? D azemmur, d tazzart, d tenḥirt, d iger, d taffa, d abelluḍ, d aslen. iɛeddan i alamma uɛerban niserre umeqran deg tmuqqint ad yefkw.14. snatWin n teryalin, ḥ-as umeqran neɣ ṭṭamen imir-nni ur yettak ara lexṭiyya. Aya deg wayla-s, fiḥel ayla n lɣir-is. W.15. Win ur neḥdir ara i unejmaɛ ad yefk snat n teryalin. Win ur d-nelḥiqq ara lɛadad ad yefk rebɛa alamma iserreḥ-as umeqran neɣ ṭṭamen. Aɣbalu : A. Hanoteau, 1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle, - Les principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Djurdjura et spécialement les Igaouaouen ou Zouaoua. Suivi d’une note et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits Tifinar’ et en langue tamacer’t -, Bastide, Alger, Isebtar 315, 316, 317… (Aḍris-a mazal deg-s aṭas n leqwanen, rnu ẓer isebtar : 318, 319, 320).

Amagrad 1 : Amyezwer, yezmer ad yekki deg-s yal amdan i imelken akk allay-is, i yesɛan seg 18 n yiseggasen dasawen. Wid yewwin arraz n twala yezrin, ur zmiren ad kkin deg warraz tikelt-a (tis 6), anagar ma yella kkin berra umyezwer ma tessuref-asen tegnit.

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Amagrad 2 : Arraz yessutur seg yimekkiyen : ad kkin s tutlayt n tmaziyt kan, ad kkin deg sin n yimuren : amur n tira d umur n tmenna ; daymi yessefk ad yili yimekki deg tfaska ass n tmenna. Amagrad 3 : Isem n yimekki akked tansa-s, yessefk ad ilin uran irneqqranen, akken ara teshel tɣuri-nsen isem amezwaru) n twacult ss yisekkilen isem uzzig (slid ;asekkil yisekkilen imezzyanen. Amagrad 4 : Ad d-yazen yimekki, ɣer tansa-ya deg wadda, kraḍ n yisefra s umedya uslig. Teɣzi n yal asefru, ur ilaq ad tili nnig kraḍ n yisebtar yuran s uselkim (tehri 14, agerjerrid : 1,5). Amagrad 5 : Yessefk ad ilin yisefra uran s tira tamirant (tira tumrist n tmaziyt). Amagrad 6 : Irusfusen i d-yewwɛlen yer warraz, ur ttuyalen i yimawlan-nsen. Amagrad 7 : Uqbel amur n tmenna yakan, ad yeggal imekki : - Ar ines usefru i d-yewwi, - Ard ad yeqbel tiytas n tseqqamut akked yigmaɛl n warraz, ay akken byun ilin. Amagrad 8 : Taseqqamut n warraz, deg-s imusnawen n tsekla akked yimedyazen. Amagrad 9 : Inesɣuma ad skizlen, ad zemlen, ad semlen imekkiyen n umyezwer s umyeɛlfer n wuklal. Isefra yal imekki, ad ten-skazlen ma ulac maɛli sin n yinesyuma. Asesmel n taggara ad yili deffir tesnefrut (deg ugraw uffir, war inagan). Anagar kraḍ yimekkiyen imezwura ara yawin arraz. 141


Amagrad 10 : Inesyuma n tseqqamut ssebdaden tafrent-nsen yef yisefranen n uskazal. Taggara n tfaska, deffir yigmaḍ, ad ten-id-sissnen iwakken, ma yella wakud, ad tenyessezri ugraw deg tallumt, ad ten-yessifef. Amagrad 11 : Win, seg yimekkiyen, yunfen i usaɛḍuf-a (ney ulama i yiwen seg yimagraden-is), ad yeffey seg twala-ya n warraz. Tiddukla tadelsant Adrar n Fad, tamsuddest n warraz, tessutur seg yal (t)imekki(t) ad as-bedden i usaduf-a, akked tuddsa n tfaska s umata,iwakken ad tedru, ad tɛeddi tfaska deg talwit d tegmat. Aɣbalu : Tasɣunt n Tiddukla tadelsant n Udrar n Fad, meɣres 2008.

Xaṭi mexṭa mi ara tafeḍ tameṭṭut n Leqbayel tga ddunit deg uxxam n urgaz-is alamma temmut. Llant tiggad yettwaraben, lameɛna ttuɣalent, ladɣa ma sɛant arraw-nsent. Llant tiyaḍ, mi wurbent, ur ttuɣalent ara i lebda : ttɛawadent zwaj. Llant tiggad yettaɣen tlata, rebɛa n

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yirgazen deg ddunit-nsent : mi d-wurbent s ɣur yiwen, ad asent-d- sebrun yimawlan-nsent, ad tent-fken ad zewǧent s axxam-nniḍen. Llant tiyaḍ daɣen i d-yettwaraben kul ass : tameddit-nsent tettegray-d ɣer yimawlan-nsent. Aɣbalu : Y. At Ɛmer U Saɛid, 1947, Yeffeɣ-d deg FDB, uṭṭun wis 102 – 1960

Tifinaɣ d tira tamezwarut n Yimaziɣen. Tella di tmurtnneɣ dat n tira n taɛrabt d tlaṭinit. Tennulfa-d dat n yimir n Massensen. Imaziɣen n yimir-nni ttarun-tt ɣef yeẓra, deg yifran ; ɣef yegduren, maca tigti ttarun-tt ɣef yiẓekwan : ttarun fell-asen isem n win yemmuten, d wi t-ilan, d wayen yexdem di tudert-is akken ur t-ttettun ara yineḍfaren. Tura, ɣas d imucaɣ i yeṭṭfen deg-s, isul ar ass-a ttaruntt ; wiyiḍ ǧǧan-tt akk. Macan aṭas i iran ad neqqel ɣur-s, ad ttid-nessekfel, ad nettaru yes-s. D iseggasen i d-iteddun ara ɣ-dyinin sani ara teffeɣ taluft-a. Aɣbalu : S. Chaker, E.D.B n° 12.

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Tiqqar d urar tturaren-t warrac s yiḍarren-nsen, deg tefsut d unebdu. Urar n tiqqar yettili gar sin neɣ aṭas n warrac. Mi ara yili gar waṭas ttilin sin n lesfuf ; zeggen-d yiwen seg rrif, seg rrif, imir-nni ad ḍmyebdun tiyita s yiḍarrennsen,waye wa sḍ ubuqeddam, wa s tun a : wet addwte ɣ ; mkul yiwen yettḥunu ɣef ssef-is. Ad uraren ard ɛyun /…/ imir-nni ad ɛeddin ad qqimen, ad steɛfun. Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, 1913, p.321.

Mačči d lebsa, mačči d lmakla i yuɛren ɣef teqcict. Yefka-tt-id Rebbi asmi i tt-id-yexleq ɣer ddunit : yexleq-as-d tamɛict-is ad tɛic alamma d asmi ara temmet. Ur nett ḥebbir ara aṭas fell-as : nettḥebbir ammar ad d-teffeɣ d yir taqccit. D acu i d yir taqcict ? D tin ur nesmeḥsis ara i yimawlan-is, ixeddmen rray n uqerruy-is. Nettḥebbir-as ammar cumat. Tinna urɛer as-te ṭṭiwillḥara ur friḥenleḥara ; baba-s yew fell-as al. ddunit. Ad yerrImawlan-is taqelmunt

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ɣef uqerruy-is mi ara yeffeɣ ɣer ssuq. Tinna, ttweqqimen-as iniɣem n Meḥyeddin1 . Ad tt-tettu yemma-s am tɛeqqayt n tẓuret, ɛlaxaṭer tafamilt n lɛali, akka i txeddem i teqcicit. Ma d yir tafamilt, baba-s ad yawi tihudit ɣef uɛrur-is am bururu : ur yesɛi ara lmedheb : ad yeDayen em-is. Tura, a :Sidi ḍfi cclaɣɣef ɣ, tesreḍ lmumnin. i yas-neqqar win Rebbi yesɛansser-a taqcict am win yettwalasen ; taqcict am win yettfeẓẓen uzzal. Ma d taqcict n lɛali am selɛa irebḥen, d tin yeksen tacebbubt i yimawlan-is 2 : yes-s ara sellin deg tejmaɛt. A Rebbi, efk-aɣ-d taqcict s ara nehḍer tafenṭazit. Aɣbalu : H. Genevois, Educaion familale en Kabylie, FDB n°89, 1966 (1), asebter, 31.

Azuzen d yiwen n ssenf n tmedayzt i d-tettawi tyemmat s tjinantin d ccnawi ḥninen, mi ara tebɣu ad tesgen llufan-is. Anagmay P. Zumthor yefka-d yiwet n tbadut i ssenf-a n teskla ideg d-yenna :

1

D semm. ɣa ad d-yini d akken Yeksen tacebbubt i yimawlan-is : annect-a yezmer yab taqcict iḥedqen, imawlan-is ur tteffren ara, sbeddaden iqerray-nsen. 2

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«Azuzen d yiwen n ssenf n ccna i yessen akk umaḍal… tamedyazt-a tcennu-tt tyemmat i llufan tessdhay-it yes-s akken ad yeṭṭes» 1 . Mhenna Mehfoufi deg tektabt-ines i yura ɣef ccnawi iqdimen n kra n tudrin n Leqbayel, abe ɛda At Yesseɛd, yefka2

d rebɛa nasberber, yisemawen yemgaraden i ssenf-a n tmedyazt (Ahuzzu, azuzen, ashulli.) Ma d Muḥend Akli Salḥi: yettwali «Azuzen d ccnawi n usgan n llufan». Yefka-d ula d netta rebɛa n yismawen i ssenf-a n tmedyazt : (Azuzen, ahuzzu, ashulli, adewweḥ) 3 . Kra seg yismawen-a ttwabedren-aɣ-d deg unnar 4 mi d-nejmeɛ ammud-nneɣ n yisefra, rnu ttwaberdren-d daɣen ula deg yiḍrisen n tmedyazt am wakken ara ɣ-d-iban wannect-a-nni seg yimedyaten ara d-nefk. Tthuzzuɣ-k ul-iw yefreḥ 5 . Sberber i lwens-inu. Zuznemt mmi di dduḥ. Aɣbalu : M. Djellaoui, 2007, Tiwsatin timensayin n tmedyazt taqbaylit, HCA, Alger, asebter 13.

P. Zumthor, 1983, Introducton à la poésie orale,Seuil, Paris, p.88. M. Mehfoufi, 1992, Le repertoire musical d’un village berbère d’Algérie (Kabylie), thèse de Doctorat, Université de Paris, p.262. 3 M.A.Salhi, 2001, «Poésie féminie et poétique kabyle», in Actes du colloque international. Des femmes et des textes dans l’espace magnrebin, Constantine. Expression n°7. 4 Deg kra n tudrin n lɛerc n At Meddur : Slim, Ighil-Zeggaghen, Agentur. 5 Amaru yefka-d isefra d umiden, nekni nekkes-d anagar afyir ideg yella wawalnni. 1 2

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Taεzzult d ayen tteffrent tlawin i yiman-nsent, ḥedd ur yeεlim. Tameṭṭut, ma tesεa aεzzul, ur tesseεlam yiwen. Ansi i sent-id-tekk ? Llant tid i yettekksen seg lerzaq n uxxam wayen weεεanttε:ezzult. ttfarasent Lameεna ɣ seg mačči alanedeg tuker ḍa i d-ttekk Llantkan. tid yettrebbin iwtal, tiyuẓaḍ, itbiren, lebrak. Ttcarakent lmal, am tixsi, ara sent-yessefrurxen, neɣ taɣaṭ. Llant tid i tt-id-yetteḥtilin s tfucal n yiɣallen-nsent : zeṭṭent itrikuyen s lijara, izeḍwan. Tiyiḍ, d ayen tteẓẓunt deg tebḥrin-nsent i znuzunt. Llant tid yettḥawacen azemmur, tazart. Acḥal d yiwet i d-yewwin tacekkart n yifelfel, ad t-seɣrent, ad t-gezment ; mi yeqqur, ad t-zḍent d awren : wa, aṭas n lfayda i yesεa. Lḥasun mačči d yiwen. Taqcict mi ara timẓi, s lxedma-s neɣ deg wayen i sttaken, i tbeddu taεezzult-is. Гef lmital, ma tuɣ-d tafruxt, ad tttrebbi ; mi meqqret, ad as-d-tarew timellalin ad tent-tezzenz […] Ma d tura, deg wasmi qqarent tullas, xaṭi d tin ara tafeḍ tesεuzzul, ḥaca ma tufa-d yemma-s ; wanag tiḥdayin yeɣran, ur ttxemmiment ara ɣer tεezzult, εlaxaṭer dhant deg leqraya akk d wayen ḥefḍent din. D acu kan aheyyi dayem taqcict tettheyyi lqecc i yiman-is. Ma tessaweḍ tekcem ixxamen n medden, ɣas ur tesεi ara, yili εewqen-tt yimɣaren, akken yebɣu yili, tezmer i cwiṭ ɣer urgaz-is ara s-yettaken sya ɣer da cwiṭ n yidrimen.

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Laεwam imezwura ur seεεunt ara aṭas, meɛna, simmal ad tesserkad tmeṭṭut tiqejjarin-is deg uxxam, simmal ad tettxemmim ɣer tεezzult-is […] Lamaεna ulamma qqaren medden diri-t, yella wayen deg yelha. Yiwet n tmeṭṭut akka dɣa d mm uεezzul ; nettat qwant ur-s tullas; qqarent-as : «Tihin texla argaz-is». Nettat ɣmeskint telhatijiratin kan s lqis ; taxxamt-is, akken yella wass i t-yeksa umeksa. D ssseḥ tejmeε cwiṭ, ayen i wimi tezmer. Asmi zewjent yessi-s, ur tt-yerra lḥewj ɣer yiwet; kulci tejbedit-id d amelḥan, argaz-is tessafes-as taεkemt, nettat tedḥa-d ur tenneḥcam. Aɣbalu : FDB, uṭṭun wis 102, 1969.

Acimi ttwarabent tlawin ? Ttwarabent mi ara yili ur tent -yeɛjib ara uxxam, mi ara yili weɛren yimɣaren, mi ara yili yewɛer urgaz-nsent. Tikwal ula ma yili ur sɛint ara dderya, ur seḥḥat ara. Yernu ula d tilawin, tikwal llant tid n dir. Hatta yiwen n umedya n lemwarba 1 .

Aḍris-a deg-s d agetsekka : s umata d a ḍris imsegzi maca yella deg-s udiwenni akked wullis i d-yefka umaru d amedya. Dɣa yezmer yiwen ad d-yekkes anagar tadyant-nni n Fariza ad tt-yeg d ullis. 2 Lemwarba: seg umyag wareb, anamek-is: mi ara te ğğ tmeṭṭut axxam-is ad tuɣal s axxam-sen war ma tenebra. Yella wanda qqaren tuččḥa. 1

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Tella yiwet n teqcict isem-is Fariza. Meẓẓiyet : ḥḍac n sna deg lɛemer-is. Yessuter-itt yiwen n urgaz ad tt-yaɣ i mmis. Abrid mezwaru, yugi babab-s ad as-tt-yefk. Yuɣal yebɣa. Yenna-Yas : - Ihi, ad as-tt-fkeɣ, lameɛna ur tetteddu ara d tislit ḥaca ma wḍen fell-as xemse ṭṭac n sna. Yenna-yas : - Yerbeḥ. Yuɣ-itt. Heḍren ɣef teɛmamat ? Ttren fell-as lfatiḥa, d ayen. Akken yewweḍ uzgen n useggas, iruḥ umɣar-is ɣer baba-s, yenna-yas : - Nekki ad awiɣ yelli-k d tislit. Yenna-yas baba-s n Fariza : - Ala ! Yelli meẓẓiyet, ur tezmir i cɣel, ur tezmir ara ad tfareq imawlan-is. Amɣar-nni yebɣa ad tt-yawi d tislit, ad tt-yawi. Iruḥ, yeṭṭef-as madden i urgaz-nni iwakken ad yeqbel. Yuɣal yeqbel, d acu yenna-yas zdat yak n medden : - Ih, ad cerḍeɣ fell-ak ur d-tettagem, ur d-tettawi taɛkkemt, ur tettruḥu ɣer lexla; melmi i yas-yehwa, ad d-truḥ ad d-terzef ɣer uxxam. Ma d cɣel isehlen, ad t-texdem, ma ulac ala. Ḥaca ma wḍen fell-as xemseṭṭac n sna. Amɣar-nni, zdat n medden-nni, yenna-yas : - Yerbeḥ, qebleɣ. ɣ yellan gar Tafyirt-a d nekni i tt-id-yernan akken ad d-nessegzi yes-s assa usentel d wullis-a i d-yessedda umaru deg tjenṭaḍ. 1

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Dɣa tedda d tislit. Aggur-nni amezwaru, xeddmen-as at uxxam-is akken yecreḍ baba-s. Txeddem kan cɣel fessusen fell-as. Akken wḍen cehrayen neɣ telt chur deg tedda d tislit, bdan ttakken-as cɣel am tmeṭṭut : tettagem-d, tettawi ta ɛkkemt, tettruḥu ɣer lexla, lhasun txeddem am tmeṭṭut tameqrant. Leɛwam imezwura, tesber ; ɣer taggara, tenna-yasen i yimawlan-is : - Ur ttɣimaɣ ara ! Tettru kan mi ara truḥ ɣer yimawlan-is. Yemma-s, meskint, tendem imi i tt-fkan ar tekkat deg uqerruy-is, teqqar-as : d nekkini yakk i tt-ixedmen. D nekkini i tt-yefkan mazal meẓẓiyet !... Dima kan tettḥebbir fell-as, ma tečča ur tečči ara, ma telsa ur telsi ara. Tasa-s leɛmer tethenna seg wakken tesɛa aɣbel fell-as aṭas. Tesɛa taqcict-nniḍen tamejṭuḥt : teggul ur tt-tefki ad tezweǧ hacama wḍen fell-as tmenṭac n sna ! Yiwen n wass, Fariza tennuɣ cwiṭ nettat d temɣart-is. Yemma-s, akken i yas-teḥka yelli-s amennuɣ, dɣa tenna-yas d ɣa : - Azekka ad n-ruḥeɣ ɣur-m, ad d-twarbeḍ. Azekka-nni, truḥ nettat d teslit-is, wwint amerkub, ɛebbant-d lqecc, wwint-d taqcict ; rnant daɣen nutenti d temɣart-is nnuɣent.

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Fariza tefreḥ meskint : tebɣa ad teqqim ɣer yimawlanis. Mi d-t ɛedda deg uzniq n taddart, tin i tt-walan ad tessiwel i tayeḍ, ad as-tini : - Hattan Fariza tura i twureb-d. Yemma-s tɛebba-d merra lqecc. Mazal tewwiḍ s axxam, taddart akk tesla, ta teqqar i ta. Tmanya n wussan neɣ ɛecra segmi d-twureb, at uxxam-is ṭṭfen-d lejmaɛ i baba-s. Tuɣal s axxam-is. Tettru, meskint : ur tebɣi ara ad tuɣal, lamaɛna baba-s yessetḥa ad yerr irgazen-nni i d-iruḥen : dɣa yeqbel, rran-tt yijmayɛiyen. Seg wass-nni, ur d-twureb. Tura rbeɛṭac n sna deg leɛmer-is, terna ɣur-s teqcict. Tga ddunit deg uxxam-is, tesber, meskint, i tlufa. Ad as-yessufeɣ Rebbi leɛtab ɣer tafat. Aɣbalu : Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie d’évolution : Abandon par la femme du domicile conjugal ; Nouvelle des des émigrés ; L’état des orphelins, Le pécule clandestin des femmes. FDB, n°102, (aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2), isebtar 5-49.

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Iciwi d ayen iḥuz wagus d asawen, gar lǧetta n umdan d leḥwayeǧ : ayen yebɣa bab-is ad t-yaf i lmendad, yettarra ɣer-s, abeɛda tilawin d yimɣaren yettlusun ijellaben. Ma yeqqim bnadem, yuɣaldeg yekker, ur yerri ara lbal-is, as-dyeɣli wayen yellan yiciwimami ara yeknu. Daɣad netta, amennuɣ yettili mi ara yerfu bnadem ; mi ibeddel taswiɛt, ad iɛeddi, meḥsub ad yeɣli. Aɣbalu : Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie d’évolution : Abandon par la femme du domicile conjugal ; Nouvelle des émigrés ; L’état des orphelins, Le pécule clandestin des femmes FDB, n° 102, (aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2), isebtar 5-49.

Ibn Xeldun iger irebbi i tsertit, maca yegra-d yisem-is deg umezruy s wayen yura d tussna d-yeǧǧa deg yidlisen-is. Гas akken yuli-ten ugedrur (uɣebbar) n tatut almi d timiḍi tis XIX, anida i bdan ssufuɣen-d idlisen-is, taktiwin-is qqiment zwarent s waṭas tallit i deg yedder. Гef waya, yenna fell-as umassan V.Monteil «Ibn Xeldun iban-aɣ-d am wakken d anmezray -d ayen yellan- maca yella da ɣen d amesnulfu n tussna n tmetti, semmus n tmiḍwin sdat umassan afransis Auguste Comte».

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Taɣerma d uwanek akken i ddukulen ɣer Ibn Xeldun. Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiṭ uwanek, acku war awanek ur tettili tɣerma, ma d tamettant ad tili deg yiwen n wakud. Tudert n tɣerma icuba-tt ɣer tin n wales, acku yebḍa-tt ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen : tallit n unegmu, temɣer d ufrak, di taggara tewser d ugrireb ! hatan wamek yettwali iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is : Di tazwara, ad d-yekker uɣella, ad yessali awanek s yiserdasen n udrum-is. Ssin ad yebnu tamdint tamaynut ara yilin d taɣremt i udabu-s. anabaḍ n tallit-a ad yili gar iεeggalen n yiwen udrum. Taluft-a isemma-yas Ibn Xeldun «lεasabiyya», yerra-tt d ajgu alemmas di tezmert n udabu. Aḥric wis sin yerza abeddel neɣ tamhezt n tɣerma i dyettilin di tegti di tallit n ugellid wis sin neɣ wis kraḍ. Di tsertit, adabu ad ibedd ɣef yifadden-is akken iwulem, asrad (lehna) d tneflit ad d-uɣalen ɣer yal tamnaḍt n tmurt. Assaɣ n «lεasabiyya» ad yeqqers, acku ad bdun ijentaḍen ad kecmen ɣer udabu. Dɣa yenna ɣef waya : «deg uḥric wis sin, ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu». Di tdamsa, afares n yisufar n tudert ad yali, asnuzu ad yefti, acku tagnit n tsertit ters. Idles d tṭuri ad ǧǧuǧgen di temdinin. Di tallit-a, awanek d tɣerma ad awḍen ɣer tqacuctnsen. Deg uḥric wis kraḍ, adabu ad teɣli tezmert-is. Agellid ad yuɣal d asnaraf (d amesbaṭli) ɣef ugdud, ad yessenker ṭṭrad d yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa.

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D wi i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma ɣer Ibn Xeldun. Dɣa tamettant-is ur tettεeṭṭil ara ad d-taweḍ, s tnekra n kra n uɣella neɣ s ufus n yiwunak i das-d-yezzin. Ayen i d-yufraren deg tira n Ibn Xeldun d akken taɣerma ur telli d akemmel ɣef wayen yezrin, maca yal tagelda s tɣerma-ines. Tin i d-ilulen ad tawi yid-s taɣerma ara yemten. Aɣbalu : H. Belaid, 1996, Tira n Ibn Xeldun, deg Izen Amaziɣ, uṭṭun 6, isebtar 35, 36.

Asentel-a n tsekla, am yinzan, yella deg tmetti iwakken ad yemmel iberdan. Sexdamen-t at zik, deg tudrin n Leqbayel, am tmucuha, mi ara d-ttawin lweqt deg wu ḍan-nni iberkanen n ccetwa. Ad d-nesmekti belli at zit ur ɣur-sen ara ttawilat yella tura i usɛeddi n lweqt. Uḍan n ccetwa rnu ɣezzifit, yella ubrida yessiwzil-iten. Rnu ɣer waya, tawacult n zik mačči am tin n tur. Tawacult n zik d adrum. Iderma ilaq-asen ad mlilen ɣas ula tameddit n wass ad mcawaren, neɣ ad myukkasen ɣef wulawen. Azal wis sin i yesɛa unamek d tterbiyya imi t-sexdamen yimezwura akken ad rebbin neq ad wassin tadfert-nsen ɣer

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wayen yelhan s ttawil n wayen sɛeddan, ayen walan d wayen i yasen-d-ḥkan. Azal wis tlata d ayen d –nebder deg tezwert. Imezwura ḥeffḍen inzan d tmucuha d temɛayin am win yettrebbin tineqlin, tizemrin d tmeɣrusin. Yes-sent i d-ttaǧǧwen neɣ i dqe ara ruḥen adakken frun ad tadyant ṭṭun miSexdamen-tent meqqret. siwḍenama tiktime ɣerẓẓiyet wallaama ɣ, d iḥulfan ɣer tasa d wul n win yellan d axsim. Aɣbalu : M. Imarazene, 2006-2007, Timɛayin n Leqbayel, HCA, Alger, Asebter 22.

Tamɛayt d yiwet deg tewsatin n tsekla timawit n teqbaylit. Tettas-d, s tuget, s talɣa tawezzlant imi tcuba aṭas ɣer yinzi. Temxalaf ɣef tmacahut acku ayen iɣef d-ttawi icudd srid ɣer tudert n yal ass, isental-ines ttawin-d ɣef tilawt n tmetti. Tebna ɣef teqsiṭ neɣ tamacahut tamecṭuḥt. Seg-sent i d-tufrar temɛayt am yinzi ; ama deg talɣa, ama deg yinumak. Aṭas n temɛayin i yeqqlen d inzan acku amdan yettaf lbenna deg usewzel umeslay, dɣa yettekkes tefruri yettaǧǧna-d kan inzi-nni i d-turew.i temɛayt taqsiṭ ideg dTemgarad talɣa n temɛayin akken mgaraden yinumaknsent akked tewsatin ɣef ttmeslayent. Zemrent ad ilint d awal

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yeddan ɣef yiwen n uḥric neɣ sin, maca ur sɛin ara tameɣrut. Zemrent ad ilint d inzi, d afyir neɣ d asefru ijebbden tameẓuɣt s tkatit-ines d tmeɣrut-is, yettawin leɛqel s unamek-is alqayan. Imedyaten : Tamɛayt-a ttawin-tt-id ɣef lxir ur nettuɣal, neɣ win yettu d ixmir lxir ara ad ak-yu ɣalen ɣalndyiixmir». Tebna d asefru yesimi ɛan nnan tlata n«Xdem yifyar deg naf sin ḥricen deg yal yiwen. Ttfakan akken ma llan s yiwet n tmeɣrut « is ». Lukan yettuɣal lxir Ad yeqqel i tixsi d mmi-s Ay telles deg yilisen Ay tessels deg lɛebd-is Zlan-tt ččan-tt d imensi Ccah i iẓid uksum-is. Aɣbalu : M. Imarazene, 2006-2007, Timɛayin n Leqbayel, HCA, Alger, Asebter 10.

Ttufiq, d taddart meqqren neɣ d tixliǧin yedduklen, ideg yeḥkem yiwen n lamin, yesɛan lejmeɛ yiwen. Taddart tebḍa d tixerrubin, taxerrubt d ixxamen ; ixxamen d lekwanen.

1

Azwel-a d nekni i yas-t-yefkan.

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Mkul taxerrubt yeḥkem deg-s ṭṭammen, ttsemmin yimawlan n txerrubt. D lamin d ṭṭemman d lɛeqal i iferrun lecɣal n taddart. Lamin ur yezmir ad yexdem ula d acemma bla ccwer n ṭṭemman d lɛeqal n taddart, yellan deg yiwen n ttufiq. aranilin ferru-nsen lejmaɛ ideg ɣal imeqqranen, iḥedderMikra winlecyettekkin deg ttufiq meẓẓi,dmeqqer. Ur yettili lejmaɛ ḥacama s laden n lamin Ttufiq d ayen, am wakken id-nenna, ideg yeḥkem lamin. Ma yella d tama n walbɛaḍ n tuddar, llant texlǧin timeẓẓyanin ur nezmir ara ad kfunt iman-nsent uḥed-nsent, rennunt, ḥesbent ɣer taddart tameqqrant. Llan ttufiqat i yesɛan xemsa, setta n texliǧin. Ma yella ttufiq yefreq d tixli ǧin, mkul taxliǧt tezmer ad tili s rray iman-is ama d tam ḍelt, ama d timecreḍt. Idrimen n ssadaqa d wid n lɛid, ines ; yiwen ur yettalas deg-sen. Lemkayen ma yella-d fell-as kra n lmesruf neɣ kra n leɛtab-nniḍen yiwen ur tt-yettɛawan deg texliǧinnniḍen, ama deg temḍelt, ama d lxedma n yiberdan, ama deg waggay n yisulas. Ayen deg teɛzel iman-is, ad tt-ɛezlen wiyiḍ ama deg txessart, ama deg lewqama. Ur yezmir ad yettekki yiwen deg ttufiq, ḥacama yefka lḥeqq n lɛid deg useggas deg ara yekcem ttufiq […] Daɣ netta, ulac Aqbayli ara tafeḍ ur yettekki ara deg ttufiq ideg yezdeɣ. Win ur nebɣi ara ad yettekki deg ttufiq n wabɛaḍ n tuddar tewwi-yas-d ad yeffeɣ tamurt, ad iruḥ anda ara yewqem ddunit uḥd-s. Hata lqanun n taddart akken tella zik asmi llan Leqbayel s rray-nsen. 157


S nnig n ttufiq yella udewwar deg yeḥkem lamin n lumna Mi ara ilin lecɣal imeqqranen, inefɛen akk ttufiqat n udewwar, ferrun-ten deg lejmaɛ deg heddren lɛeqal, ṭṭemman d lumna n udewwar. Iwakken ad frun dd ɛawi yettilin gar yimdanen d wiyiḍ, ttsemmin tnac n yimdanen, yettɣiman d lamin n lumna, tikeltqqaren deg aa tajma sen-d-tili n ḥyimen ɛwaLe neɣ ccre ɛ. D takrai nwimi ɛt n dde tnac. kem ɣni udewwar akk yettili gar yifassen-is. D ttufiq neɣ d adewwar, idrimen ttrusun dayem ɣer lukil yettilin sef ssef ur neɛdil ara d lamin. Idrimen n ttufiq ttmeččan d timecreḍt. Ma yella d wid n udewwar jemmɛenten i umneɣi ma yella ; ttaɣen-d yes-sen leslaḥ d lbarud. Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 8, 9, 10.

Гer tala yettfun, tilemẓiyin ttruḥunt ad merrḥent s ucrah ; am wakken i d-yella ucrah deg taɣect-nni n ccna yesεan cciεa meqqret. Ilaq ad yerr yiwen iman-is deg umkan-nsent : nutenti, ur tijmaεinad ammeslayent, yirgazen, ad d tala i dḥent, tajma kan εint ara ḍsent alma ihi.sDin, zemmrent necra adεt-nsent 1 2

Aḍris-a yezmer daɣen ad yili d aḍris n uselɣu (informatif). Yettfun (deg umyag fu ) : tin teɣwa tafat.

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yeččur-d usagem. Гer din, ttruḥunt d tirebbaε, dukkulent lwaḥid, akken i d–myezgent lεeqliya ; s yin daɣ i d-ttawint lexber amaynut, din i ttemyuzzament, din i d-ttemyukkasent tamussni gar-asent. Nekni, s yirgazen, amḍiq tuɣ tala deg wulawen n yilme , nessen-it ; s yin akin, a ɣ-irudḥ amur wayra deg wayenẓyiyen-nne iḍerrun ɣdin. Mi nmeyyez, nafur tala deg tmeddurt-nneɣ; amur-nni te ṭṭef tala annect n win teṭṭef lqahwa, tajmaεt neɣ lexla. Yiwen ur yettamen ad tili tudert lemmer ulac tala ɣur-nneɣ. Nekni d wid ur nezmir ad asenxḍun waman, degmi i nettruḥ ɣef lbeεd i wakken ad ten-idnagem. Aman-a nesseqdac-iten s lqis, deg unebdu. D ayen yellan : nettcuḥḥu akk i yisafaren yuqan ɣur-nneɣ, nbeṭṭu ten daɣ d imuren… […] Zik-nni, i d-ttalsen yimɣaren-nneɣ, Leqbayel ur mqebban ara s tmezduɣt ɣef tɣaltin ; imir, ixxamen-nsen mfaraqen, am yibawen ɣef lluḥ, deg tmurt yečča umadaɣ. Yal yiwen yesεa, zdat-s neɣ tama-s, taεwint deg yezmer ad dyagem. Asmi yulin ɣer tqucac, ttadren-d i wakken ad swen, terra-ten tmara. Iban-ak lḥal ihi, d ayen isehlen i ufham : aman ɣef d-nerwel akken deg tazwara, nuɣal armi i aɣ-terra tmara nettagem-iten-id, deg taggara. Hatan wamek i d-tlul tala. Ilaq ad nessezwer awal ɣef tala-ya. Yezmer ad tili d targa yettazzalen kra kan n wussan n unebdu ; d ta εwint n ccetwa neɣ d tin n tefsut i d-yeffalen seg kra n yidis i wimi bnan medden tidikelt ; d l εinser n tidet ɣef yesberber ugrur, ulmu neɣ aḍil ; d lεinser i d-yezgan deg kra n teɣzuyt teɣwa cbaḥa ; neɣ, ma ulac akk ya, d tala-nni i ssnen akk medden, 159


tala yesεan agelmim d usarij abeddis 1 , tala mm yicercuren n neḥḥas, mm yinebdaden (tigejda) yebnan s tyajurin, mm tɣerɣert i wimi ssan (abeɣli) n ssiman ; ta , d tala n at le εraḍ, tin yebna akken umessali (ubennay) arumi d yiwiziwen n taddart, mačči aṭas aya, zdat n ṭṭemman d lamin n taddart i sen-yeqqlen i lmendad. Aɣbalu : K. Bouamara, Ussan di tmurtn, Tasuqqilt n ungal «Les jours de Kabylie» n M. Feraoun. Isebtar : 116,117, 118.

Mi ara ixas bnadem lmesruf, ad yeṭṭef deg wayla-s, ad iferreḍ 2 tiselnin neɣ tizemrin ad idellel yes-sent i win yuḥwaǧen aslen akked uzemmur ; ad msewaqen ; ma ɛedlen di ssuma, ad asent-yezzenz, ad tent-yesɛu d ayal-as ; winna i yasent-yezzenzen, ur yezmir ara ad as-yini : «ur tkečmeḍ ara ɣer da». Lmal ur yezmir ara ad t-yawi ɣer dinna siwa zzayla ɣef ara d-iɛebbi, tinna ilaq ad tt-yeqqen ḥacam yella lxir deg win i yas-yezzenzen ; lawan n uzemmur, ad truḥeḍ ɣer din ; ma yella uslen, lawan n leḥcic ad truḥeḍ, tjur-a tuɣeḍ, ad tenttneqceḍ, a tent-tferseḍ ; ur tetttaǧǧaḍ ara afrasen di lqaɛa-nni, 1 2

Abeddis : seg bedd d idis. Ad iferreḍ : yezmer ilmend n uḍris ad yesɣu anamek n yefren neɣ yebrez.

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imi mačči inek ; ma yeker-ak lḥal ula d keč tzemreḍ ad tezzenzeḍ i win i yak-yehwan ; ma teb ɣiḍ ad tent-tezenzeḍ i bab-nsent aqdim, ad t-tecciwreḍ ; ma tnuqmeḍ-t, ad tentterreḍ 1 ad tent-teddelleḍ i wid ara t-iḍurren, netta ad yetteqliliḥ imir-nni ad tent-yaɣ akken ur as-yehwi ara, ad as-dyesse ma qqurent ad yeẓẓuimir-nni tiyiḍ deg ɣli tuɣmas, ṭjur yuṭlata ɣ akka umkan-nsent alamma n yiberdan ; ma qqurent d ayen ; d tigad-a i wimi neqqar ibunda. Nesɛa yiwen n ubandu di Temdunin, d aḥeccad, yuli-t waḍil ; d amɣar ; ur as-d-yecfi ḥedd asmi yeẓẓa ; d lejdud-nneɣ maḍi i t-id-yeǧǧan ; nettalas akk deg-s ; ula deg At Yeɛqub llan leɛmum ukud i ɣ-yecrek ; sebâa neɣ tmanya n yixxamen ay yettalasen deg-s, At Qaḍi yirkel, win yeḥwaǧen asɣar, ad iruḥ ɣer din ; aḍil-nni ula d netta yecrek, meɛna d imeksawen kan i –itetten ; lukan d ara afen uxxam n At U Ɛezzuz ad t-aɣen, ad t-xelsen ayen ur yeswi ara, meɛna yiwen deg-nneɣ ur iqebbel ad yenz ; abandu ur t-znuzun ara medden alamma tewweḍasen ɣer sseḥ. Aɣbalu : A. Picard, 1958, Textes berbères dans le parler des Irjen, Imprimerie « La Typo-Litho et jules Carbonel», Alger, isebtar : 280-283.

Amaru mačči d awal-a i yesseqdec, ur sawḍeɣ ara ad t-id-ɣreɣ, rriɣ deg wadeg-is «err » ilan yiwen n unamek. 1

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amdan tidet,deg mačč i d win d-yesnulfa wallaɣ. Akli Iεac dgar 1929 yellan akkedd1980 yiwet n taddart seg Yigawawen n lεerc ameqran At Ubeṭrun. Akken, Akli yettban am tqejmurt. Ikersemmumi si lḥif, maca iqewwa. Gar uqerru d yi ḍarren, ur telli ssura : d taxsayt n usendu. Hraw, yeččur abrid. Abrid n taddart ɣezzif teɣzi n ddunit, yenneḍ, maca yedyeq ddiq n wulawen n lɣaci-s. Ma yemlal-d Wakli tameṭṭut, alama s yidis ara iεeddi, ad iḥcer iman-is ɣer yiri, dɣa ma tbbub-d taεkkemt. Tayet tayeffust temmwexxar ɣef tzelmaḍt tehri n ubrid n taddart. Aεebbuḍ-ines yexwa ɣas yečča, yeqber, yettban-d innejmaε. Iḍarren-is d tirukwin inegḍamen ɣer tigad mazal isura, dɣa mi ara yels arkasen n ukawičču, wigad s wayes ineqqec, iferres. Yal arkas iga-yas tifli seg ara teffeɣ rriḥa : Yeḥrec wungif ! Akli yettenneḍ agennur alma iga «rruḍa» tamellalt tesmundel tidi akked wakal ɣef uqerru […] tayuga n ṭaṭṭucin tuqmicin, timecṭuḥin ɣef tigad neggren lecfar. Nnig-sent tayeḍ n timmiwin tunciwin. Inzer-ines annect uyeddid yebḍan ɣef sin am tliwa. Dmuj neɣ leḥnak kkawen, εlulqen d icelbuḍen, wissen ma si tuɣmas yesḍer neɣ si kra n uksum yezwi. Lqewwa-ines yegla-d yes-s asmi d-ilul, d win kan i d a εwin s i 162


d-yegla si tεeddist n yemma-s ɣer ddunit. Seg-s akin ur yesεi aḥric-nniḍen s nnig dderz d usuɣu. Yezga lḥif, yettemderkal d ddunit. Tekkat-it netta yettarra-yas s ucmumeḥ d taḍsa : am win igan ul-is d imensi. Deg yimi n Wakli, ttbanen-d sin n yiceqfan n tu ɣmas deg uɣesmar ufella, ɣmmyen almi gan am yiwet n tuɣmest, maca nmmalent er tamaṭaden taṭelma ḍt. Yiwen n uceqqufnniḍen annect n sin-nni deg uɣesmar n wadda. Tuɣmas i tlala yid-sent d tiberkanin wissen seg wacu ? Akli yexḍa ccemma, neɣ igirru, neɣ ccrab. Yelha kan d la ṭ-is, win akken yugin ad tyeffeɣ. Limmer t-yettu ahat ula d netta ad t-yettu. Akli d bu cclaɣem. Tayuga ɣef ucenfir-nni azuran ad as-tiniḍ d tazgent n temtunt, igan am snat n teflucin tiqdimin tigad i s-ttḍummun taḥsirt, neɣ am cḍeb n tezdayt tuɣrict leεmer yuli ufellaḥ. Wehmeɣ di tamart-ines, ur tengir ur texlif. Teffeɣ-d teqqim akken ur tegmi ur tḍer. Akli d aqeddac. Ccɣel-is yezga yefrez. Ma yenɣec taferka tufaf, ma iqedder iqejmyar, ijmeε ticeqlalin, yessazdeg amkan, ma yefres tineqlin cebḥent, d ayen i d tislatin neɣ timnifriyin ass n unebgus (sebεa n wussan si tlalit n llufan), ma yeksa lmal yečča yerwa : daɣ keč yezga yefreḥ mi ara dyerr lmal s axxam. Ur qqaren ara At Uyaden : ye čča lmal yefreḥ bab-is ?! Lḥasun leqdic-ines merra izehhu win t-yeṭran. Гur-s, ttemzazzalen at taddart wi ara t-yesxedmen. Anwa ara d-isaḥ wakli ?

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D acu kan ur yessin ad yeḥseb, ur yeṭri anga ddan wussan, ur yeṭri ma terεed neɣ tewwet. Aɣbalu : R. Ouslimani, 2004, Akli ungif, Lezzayer, HCA, Alger, isebtar 2, 3, 4.

Jeǧǧiga d tuɣdimt, deg temdint i d-tegma. Tekkat yiwet lḥeṭṭa n yiceṭṭiḍen d ayen igerrzen nezzeh. Amzur te ṭṭeggir-it ɣer deffir tutayt, d amubrik, mi ara d-yewwet ɣur-s uẓenẓar n tafukt yettara-d ini s tzegzew aẓrawal am tedmert n ujeḥmum. Γef tenyirt, tunef ɣlint kra n tmettulin n ucekkuḥ ttwagzement er yiseḍra n timmiwin dɣa d ayenni i s-yernan sser n thuski. ɣTettrebbi ccuca armi ula d inelmaden n uɣerbaz semman-as mm ccuca. Udem-is d ahrawan, allen d timserrin, lecfur leɣẓamen s tebrek d asawen d akessar, amemmu d aberkan am uɛeqqa n uzemmur yettɛummu deg yimelli. Timmiwin ur d-ttbanent ara, acku tɣum-itent ccucanni. Taqemmuct tewzen, ticenfirin s tezweɣ, ur teḥwaǧ ara izriran i wudem. Tahuski-s tagmawit terna-yas aṭas deg sser d wazal. Aɣbali : A. Nekkar, Yugar ucerrig tafawet, Tizrigin Yuba Wis sin. Sbt. 66.

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Tugna tamezwarut i d-yettasen ɣer wallaɣ, mi ara tt-id mmektiɣ, d tin n umdan ur tessexleɛ tudert. D tin n umdan werǧin yessin tugdi yurzen talsa, s laẓ-is d tedyanin-is. Ulac ula d terfa yiwen uwellih wudem-is akk, ara ɣdyemmlen d akken neɣntennu ɣna. deg Inezgumen-is as gten, ur ten- teǧǧi ad d-fflen. Udem-is yeqqim amzun d win n tlemẓit acku iɣeblan ur s zmiren ara ad tt-sseɣlin. Ula d allenis ɣef yezga taẓẓult mmalent-d anagar talwit. Imi-s d awez ɣi ad d-yeffeɣ seg-s wawal izelgen anagar awal yessujayen win yuḍnen i tessen. Setti ur tessin ulac. «Yella» d awal yezgan ɣef yiles-is ɣer ugellil, neɣ ɣer umattar ney ɣer yinebgi. Imdanen akk s wazal-nsen, s tunett-nsen deg ddunit. Degmi ur tezmir ara ad tagi i yiwen mi ara d-yessuter deg-s tagella. Ayen i yi-taǧǧan tweḥḥideɣ deg-s, d tiktiwin-is ɣef medden. Mi ara as-inin wihin yuker, wihin ye ǧǧa arraw-is, wihin d aqemmar werǧin ad d-tewwet deg-s. awal-is yiwen : «Meskin, neɣ irad-itt Rebbi fell-as neɣ ah ! A Rebbi surefasen». Aɣbalu : Z. Meksem, Ammud n yiḍrisen n uselmed, i d-sufɣen yiselmaden deg temlilt n 15 ar 17 mayyu 99 Bgayet.

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Deg tmurt-a, tella yiwet n teqcict isem-is Tamaziɣt. Win ara yilin yid-s ur yettergigi. Ḥemlen-tt akk medden imi yesfa wul-is. Ur tessin ara lekdeb, tidet d ayla-s. Zzin-is ulac tin i t-issaw Treqq Udem-is am twizet. Lqedd-is d win te ɣzalt, tikli-s d tin nḍen. tsekkurt. mellul am udfel. Lenɛyun-is d wid n ṭawes. Dacu n tqemmuct i tesɛa ! Win ara tt-iwalin deg uzal ad tt-ittargu iḍ kamel akk medden bɣan ad taɣen. Qeblen ad mmten fell-as, acḥal n wallaɣ i tesleb. Aɣbalu : A. Boutal, Iẓuran 38, Yennayer 2003.

Deg texxamt deg yella Salas, llan rebɛa n wusawen, sin n ṭṭiqan i d-yezgan ɣef tama n ufella weɛɛan ɣer temdint. Mi ara tbedeḍ zdat-sen, ad k-id-iqabel wadrar n Yicellaven, ɣer tama tayeffust, yella wannar n ddabex n uḍar, ɣef yiri-s d ixxamen n usɣar bnan Yibiljkiyen. Ixxamen-nni d iqehwiyen, derren wa zdat wa, wa nnig wa, seg yal tama yezzi-yasen-d ṭṭerb. Aɣbalu : B. Tazaɣart, Salas d Nuja. Sbt 07.

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Muḥend d yiwen n bu leḥnak ur ikeččem ara di tewwurt. Aɛebbuḍ-is ad as-tiniḍ s tadist. Mi ara icennu, yettizwiɣ am ujiḥbuḍ. Tidi ad d- tettcercur, allen-is ad as-tini ḍ ad d-neṭṭgent seg twenza-s, ma d acebbub-is am yiẓerman. Yezga-d akk d yinemhalen n luzin yettembiwil akken ma llan, ulac win ur t-nessin. Hemmlen-t akk. Γas ifeqeɛ, ur s-ttattafen ara tuḥsift. Yerna axir win i t-yesɛan d amdakkel, ad yili Rebbi d ucengu-ines. Di tesmečča d netta i yasen-iferqen tagella. Aṭas i wimi yenna : «Ad teččeḍ ma yegra-d». Win i t-yesserfan ad as-yini : «Aɣenǧa, d abeḥri i d-yettagem». Muḥend mačči d menwala, yeɣra yalmi yecɛef, ɣur-s agerdas n tusnakt asmi i teswa tɣuri, mačči am tura. Wiyyi i dyessuffuɣ uɣerbaz ur ẓrin anda ara ffɣen ama s trumit ama s taɛrabt. Ula d tamaziɣt snen kan tin-a n : «ḥemmleɣ-tt teḥmmel-iyi baba-a yugi-yi». Aɣbalu : A. Mezdad, 1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Alger. Sbt. 38.

Deg tegrest, ussan wezzilit, uḍan ɣezzifit. Igenni d aberkan s usigna, tamurt d tamellelt s udfel. Agris ur yeǧǧi

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amkan anda ara ires. Isekla d iɛeryanen. Aman gersen deg yiɣeẓran, sbedden tikli uɣalan d ijenwiyen. Asemmiḍ n tegrest iman-is. Kerfen iwa ɣzniwen deg teẓgi. Tɣelli-d tsusmi ɣef tmurt; ulac asrugmet n testan, ulac asbeɛbeɛ n wulli. Imeksawen tturaren tiddas deg tejmaɛt. D ussan i yemdanen, i i yizgaren. Ame ɣTem bun ẓdi win urn ubisar as-nḥebber, d win durwalim nessager i wussan-a. tḥebber i temɣer, anebdu iḥebber i tegrest. Tewɛer tegrest acku ikufan qrib d ilmawen. Imi ayen ara yeffɣen yella, ayen ara d-ikecen ulac. La d imdanen ; ɣer tmes zɣalalyen, ttrajun melmi ad d-tas tefsut. Aɣbalu : A. Mezdad, 1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Alger.

Ad tkecmeḍ s axxam si tewwurt ; tawwurt-ni tesɛa sin n lelwaḥ, ɣer lǧiha n ufell-a yella wagens d udekkan ; ɣef udekkan llan yikufan d leqsaḍ ; deg wagens yella lkanun, s ddaw udekkan, llan yikwaten srusun deg-sen tasilin, tibaqiyin, tiqedḥin, aḍajin d laḥwal-nniḍen ; s nnig lkanun, tella yiwet n te fell-as tɣelleq tufalt tɣenǧayin, ɣefɛrust ḍ, yella lǧihasrusun n yeffus tellataftilt tesga; ɣnnig-s ef ẓelme srir,i fella-as ay ttarran aẓeṭṭa ; zik asmi rekḍen azemmur d rkeḍ, lberka

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ttarran-tt di tɣemmart d tama n udekkan ; zdat lberka llant leɛǧali ; fell-asent i yettrusu useksut n uzemmur. Si l ǧiha n wadda, tella tdekkant, s ufell-as llan yikufan ; si tdekkant i yettalin ɣer teɛrict, deg teɛrict srusun akk leḥwal ; ayen iḍuren deg wagens, ad t-salin ɣer teɛrict ; tkeččem-d ɣer-s tafat seg yiwen n lmal, amecṭte uḥɛrict, ; s ddaw tdekkant yella ṭṭaq ds ddaw lemdawed deg itett d addaynin i yizgaren d lmal-nniḍen. Mi ara teqqimeḍ deg wagens, ad twaliḍ lmal ɣer uddaynin, yesḍilli-d maḍi aqerruy-is seg lemdawed ; ma yečča, teẓrid-t, ma yelluẓ, teẓrid-t ; abeɛrur n lmal yetteffeɣ seg tzullixt ɣer berra, iɣelli ɣer tebriḍt n ubeɛrur ; llan wid ur tnejemmeɛ ara, yettazzal deg berra neɣ deg uzniq. Ayen yesɛa bab n uxxam hatan gar wallen-is, ama d lmal, ama d zzit, ama d tazrt, ama d tafellaḥt ; kul lḥaǧa tesɛa amkan-is ; deg yiḍ iɛuss akk ayla-s, ur yettagad ara ad t-akren. Aɣbalu : A. Picard, 1958, Textes berbères dans le parler des Irjen, Imprimerie «La Typo-Litho et jules Carbonel», Alger, Isebtar 286-288.

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n teqcicit tesɛeb ;ɣlame ef tgujelt n uqcic.tigujelt Tewɛer tgujelt Tigujelt la ɣef uqcic la ɣef teqcict ɛna i yecban n teqcict, ur telli. Qqaren-s : arrac am yirden n walu ḍ ; mi ɣlin ad kkren. Γas ad yili iɛedda fell-sen lhem deg temẓi, ceffun-as mi meqqrit, ad ɛemren, ad zuzzfen lḥif ɣef yiman-nsen. Yella ṭṭmaɛ ad d-ffɣen, ad ifen igad yesɛan ibabaten-nsen d tyemmatin-nsen imi igujilen ur sɛin win ɣef ara tteklen. Ma yella win i yasen-ixedmen ccerr, ceffun fell-as, d lewhayem. Mi yewweḍ ufus-nsen s imawen-nsen, ad as-t-rren i bab-is s umud u lufa 1 . Ma d lxir akken-nniḍen : win i yasen-t-ixedmen, ad cfun fell-as. Ydḥa-d lḥal ttuɣaḍen ula d arrac mi ara ggujlen, maɛna, ihi, cwiṭ n ccedda. Mi ten-fkan tmentac n sna d asawen, ad zemren i yiman-nsen. Ur cliɛen ara la deg babatsen la deg yemma-tsen. Asyax n teqcicin weḥd-s. Mi ggujlent, ad runt fell-asent ṭjur, ad runt leḥǧur. A Rebbi tɣelbeḍ-aɣ ! Ad tebdunt tlufa si temẓi, awi-d ma ur tt-tewwi akken alamma d temɣer-is. Mi meẓẓiyet, ad teggani ; mi tewweḍ ɣef tizi n zzwaǧ, ur yelli wi ara tt-yessiɛezzen, wala wi ara tt-yesmeɣren deg uxxam-is, imi

1Anamek

n tenfalit-a «ad as-t-rren i bab-is s umud u lufa» : ayen i xedmen medden i ugujil, mi meqqer ad asen-t-yerr akken yella ama d ccerr ama d lxir.

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i yessiɛzizen tawellit, d lwaldin-is. Ur tesɛi, meskint, wi ara ibedden fell-as. D argaz neɣ d tameṭṭut, mi kkren ad mten, i d-ttaǧǧan leɣlila 1 : d taqcict. Ad ttwessin ḥaca ɣef yessis-nsen. Ad ǧǧen leḥram d aseṭṭaf, akken i yettmettaten s uɣbel-nsent. ttwaleḥḥeqrent deg . ḍAkken i yasqqaren Tigujili : agujil am megga 2ula ɛlaxa ṭer zzwa ala aɛǧer i i t-ineffqen. Ḥaca ma lall-is, yewwet-itt s ubeqqa, yull-itt s wayeḍ 3 , teffeɣ-d tezyen, tesɛa ssura ; tin, ɣas d tagujilt, ur tetxuḍ ara. Acimi ḥeqqren tagujilt imi ula wi tt-id-ibudden ? Aɣbalu : Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie d’évolution : Abandon par la femme du domicile conjugal ; Nouvelle des des émigrés ; L’état des orphelins, Le pécule clandestin des femmes. Aɣbalu : FDB, n° 102, (aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2), aḥric wis kraḍ «Tigujelt» isebtar 1-9.

(Aḍris-a d adiwenni gar kra n wudmawen i d-yessugen M.S. Bulifa. Yiwen d ccix d arumi, yesselmad deg taddart n Leɣlila : Anezgum ameqqran. Leḥmegga : d aksum i ttaɣen medden s nnig wul-nsen, ttaɣen-t d lemɛawna i win i wimi yemmut kra : d ikerr, d azger,… deg uxxam. 3 Anamek n tenfalit : «yewwet-itt s ubeqqa, yull-itt s wayeḍ » Rebbi yekkes-as seg tama imawlan, yefka-yas-d, seg tama-nniḍen, tihuski (zzin d lemleḥ). Ma d amyag «yull» talɣa-s n unaḍ «all», anamek-is «ɛiwen», amyag-a yekka-d seg-s tallalt, amallal, tasalelt… 1 2

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Leqbayel, d netta i d-yettakken akk iseqsiyen acku yebɣa ad yelmed tutlayt d wayen akk yerzan tamurt n Leqbayel. Wiyiḍ d imezdaɣ n taddart. Yal tikelt anwa ara yesseqsi ccix-nni). Afellaḥ : Ur as qqar ara ṭṭbiɛa, neɣ d ihin neɣ d ihin ; azger ɣer ufellaḥ ay tella. Win yellan d abujad, i yeb ɣun tefkeḍas, ad t ad yessewser, t-yessexser ; xas dadwin ig Rebbi, uzgerd ikerrez yuɣal d ad amanun. Ma yella yu ɣen yella tannumi lmal, yessen i tfellaḥt akken tella, xas efk-as, awi-yas-d tayuga n yilfan, ad ten-yesseḥret, ad ten-yerr d izgaren imeɛnen, akken yebɣa wul, amzun d akraren. Kulec ɣer tterbiyya. Ccix : Tterbiyya n uzger n tkerza, cubaɣ-tt am tin nuqcic mazal meẓẓi. Yezga-d gar yifassen n wungif, ḥseb-it ad d-yeffeɣ d ungif. Ma yella yekker-d yetturebba d wuḍrif, hatan ad d-yeffeɣ d uḍrif am netta. Am lmal am yimdanen ; l ḥala ideg d-tetturebbaḍ ad tiliḍ deg-s, d bnadem neɣ d lmal. Meẓyan : D tidet d awal iweqmen ; lemkayen gar-asen yiwet n lemxalfa : yiwen d bunadem ; waye ḍ d lmal. Bunadem yeǧǧa-yas-d Rebbi lefhama, yessen acu ay d taxessart, acu ay d luqama Wanag lmal ur yezmir ara ad yefreq gar waye iqewmen d wayen ixesren. Yessexser ur t-iqerreḥ ara wul-is am bnadem. Ccix : Allah yehdi-k, ssnen, ay ɣer ur ssinen ara. Teẓriḍ aqjun-iw, kra ara s-iniɣ ad t-yefhem. Mi ara refdeɣ tamekḥelt, ruḥeɣ ɣer ssyada, nniɣ-as azzel, ad yazzel ; nniɣ-as xmet, ṭṭes, ad yeṭṭes. Yessen ay xesren d wayen iqewmen. Ad wteɣ lḥaǧa ad teɣli, ad neddheɣ fell-as ad iruḥ ad tt-id-yawi i nek, yiwen ur yezmir ad iqerreb ɣur-s, ad as-tt-yekkes. Tis snat lukan d ur

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yessin ara, acu i d taxessart, yili i tt-yečča neɣ i s-yebra deg ubrid. Llan yiḍan ay ten-ixussen ala ameslay. ẓriɣ deg tmurtiw, asmi lliɣ deg Fransa, ulama meẓẓiyeɣ deg lweqt-nni, cfiɣ am wass-a. Yella yiwen deg taddart-nneɣ ɣur-s aqjun, ḥacatwen, d aberkan,bab-is yes ɛa : ccTotos. ɛer d azuran yaweḍ annect ɣer lqanɛa.yizem, Yesemma-yas Seg sbead ḥ dar sbeḥ, d netta i yettruḥun iqeṭṭu-d seg temdint. Mi ara dyeḥḍer ad t-iceyyeɛ, ad yekker bab-is ad as-yessiwel ad d-y ; ad as-yini isem n win uɣur ara t-iceyyeɛ, ad as-yefk aḍelaɛ, ad asyernu iccer n lkaɣeḍ ideg yekteb ayen yebɣa, ad inebbeḥ fellas, ad yekker uqjun ad yerfed lḥaǧa ara s-yefk, ad iruḥ, ama ar uxebbaz, ama ar ugezzar. Netta akken d tazzla alma d taḥanut, ad yekcem. Ur iberru ara i uḍellaɛ ḥaca ma yeṭṭef-it bab n tḥanut, yeddem lkaɣeḍ yellan daxel-is. D aɣrum neɣ d aksum ad as-t-id-iɣum s lkaɣeḍ, ad as-t-id-yefk deg uḍllaɛ-nni ; imir-nni ad t-yerfed s yimmi-s, ad d-yeffeɣ qbala s axxam. Yiwen ur yezmir ad iqerreb ɣur-s. Deg leɛmer yesruḥ lḥaǧa. Acḥal d abrid ad nili neqqim deg lqahwa, nelha d umeslay ne ɣ d wurar, hata-ya Totos qbala ar bab-is, ad yebdu ad yettinẓi, ad t-ijebbd seg yiceṭiḍen, seg ufus, ad t-yawi amzun d bunadem, ara s-yeqqaren : «rwaḥ s axxam la k-d-sawalen, la kttrajun». Lḥasun aya akk d ayen teẓra tiṭ-iw. Γurwet ad yiteskidbem deg wannect-a, u llan wiyiḍ iɣelban wa. Afellaḥ : Ur yettili lekteb deg waya. Nek ɣur-i azger yeṭṭafar-iyi am yikerri. Mi ara d-Yeḥḍer ad qqneɣ, akken ara s-siwleɣ ad d-yas iman-is ɣer uzaglu Lweqt n tanalt, ur yeṭṭixir ḥacama fkiɣ-as iniɣman, 173


yečča amur-is. Deg tkerza, akken i yas-nniɣ ad yexdem. Aḍref ma yexser, yeẓra-t. Ma yella ɛeddaɣ qerbeɣ ɣer gma-s selfeɣ-as neɣ fkiɣ-as kra, netta ǧǧiɣ-t, ad t-tafeḍ ineffes seg urrif d tismin. Ay ixusen ala awal. Muqel tra, lemmer ur ifehhem ara lmal, ad yexdem akka, ad yissin, ad yefhem ayen ara s-yini, ara s-yexdem bnadem ? Meẓyan D tidet, adkra awen-ini yiwen ɣ ihi Rebbi n wawal, akken i yi-cebba lxa:ṭer-iw, deg i d-yexleq ulac i yellan d axeddaɛ d amenkar n leḥsan d lxir am umdan. Ulac win ineḥsen ibeɣlen am netta ; lemmer yettaf ur irebbe ḥ yiwen seg-s akin. Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 71, 72,73.

Asmi d-yeffeɣ wuṭṭun amezwaru n tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa» deg yebrir 1999, nessarem ad nessiweḍ yiwen n wass ad d-nessufeɣ yiwen wuṭṭun n tesɣunt-a s tmaziɣt. Asirem-a-nneɣ n yiḍelli, ass-a yuɣal d tilawt gar yifassennwen : Timmuzɣa deg wuṭṭun-ines wis 16 s tmaziɣt. Uṭṭun-a d uṭṭun n nnmara d nnif ! D ubelli nnmara yas-yennan, asmi slan s ṭṭun dn awal usenfar-a, kan acku imi uraṭǧas in iad nessiweḍ ad d-nezreg tasɣunt s tmaziɣt. Wigad-a, ɣur-sen, tamaziɣt «c’est un objet d’étude» am wakken i yas-qqaren nutni s timmad-nsen

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«Taɣawsa-ya», tella-d yes-s tesɣunt akked yidlisen-nniḍen, imira, tessufeɣ-asen tirga mxalfa i nutni, ma d nekni, tessufeɣaɣ leɛtab ɣer tafat… D uṭṭun n nnif acku yes-s i nessaweḍ ad nessali yiwet n tesɣunt n 166 d asebter s tmaziɣt deg yiwen n wayyur ! «Timmuz tmazi t nessufe ɣa»ččsi kan ɣ-itt-id inewakken tamaziɣt ma dɣseksu n yennayer ɣ d tameadɣrad-nini n 20 yebrir… Tamaziɣt d tudert, d tasekla, d tira, d tayri, d amagrad, d tamedyazt… Tamaziɣt d nekni. Hattan ihi tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa» s «ta-nneɣ». Teffeɣ-d deg tewwurt n useggas, deg yennayer. Nebɣa-tt d lfal i tmaziɣt akken aseggas-a amaynut 2958 ad yili d aseggas deg waydeg ara yaget ufares s tutlayt-nneɣ, ad ilin ugar n yidlisen ara dyettwazergen s tmaziɣt ɣef tsekla, ɣef tgemmi, ɣef umezruy… d tutlayt. Aɣbalu : Y. Merahi, 2008, Tigejdit n tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa», uṭṭun 16, isebtar 7 d 8.

Ameslay ɣef tlatinit ur yezmir ad d-yili war ma nenna-d tidet-a. meddenn -ne ẓren kra ni gemmu ɣ ahat ẓran-tt, ɛemden-Yessefk ɣt : yettarranadtimeckukal tutlayt tamazi talatinit mačči d tutlayt n «listiɛmar». Maca, isekkilen n tlatinit tesseqdac-iten tefransist akken ten-tesseqdac teglizit d ddeqs

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n tutlayin-nniḍen ladɣa tid n tmura n l’Europe. D timura ur dnekcim tamurt-nneɣ, ur ɣ-d-ḥettment tutlayin-nsent. Temgarad tmuɣli fkan yimnuda d yimusnawen imaziɣen -am Dda Lmulud- i ufran n yisekkilen n tlatinit i tira n tutlayt tamaziɣt d tmuɣli i yas-fkan widen yugin maḍi ad tili tira n tmazi Deg taɣult n tmusni d tussna, ḥala rray n yimusnawen ɣt. azal. i yesɛan Aɣbalu : R. Abdenbi, 2008, «Tamaziɣt di Internet», Tasɣunt «Timmuzɣa», uṭṭun 16, isebtar : 148-161.

Amezruy-nne yebda kraḍ n yigima n yiseggasen aya war leḥsab n leqrun ɣn wazermezruy. Di 3000 n yiseggasen-a, uran medden s tefniqit, s tlatinit, s tegrigit, s ta ɛrabt, s tefransist, yiwen ur yuri s tmazi ɣt, armi teqqim tmeslayt-nneɣ tḍaɛ deg wakud-nni akk/…/ D taluft-a taqburt i ilaq ad nemḥu tura, ilaq-aɣ ad dnessemnaɛ ayen akk i wimi nezmer deg wayen i d aɣ-dyeqqimen seg yidles-nneɣ skud ur iruḥ ula d netta. Di lqern-a n sant n tmerwin (20) ideg nella, tussna tel umdan ad yesseqdec allalen-is ad d-yessufe ɣ ḥa yezmer idlisen i yas-yehwan.

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Maca axxam ibennu ɣef llsas. Llsas-nneɣ, nekni, d ayen nnan d wayen xedmen yimezwura-nneɣ. D win i d aɣ-ilaqen ad nejmeɛ ass-a. Aɣbalu : M. Mammeri, 1990, Inna-yas Ccix Muhend, Alger, Laphomic, asbt. 15.

Aṭas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ɣef tmeṭṭut d lḥala n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen acu ɣef llan, wala fehmen ṭṭbiεa n lejdud-nsen, yettwassnen seg wasmi d-texleq yemma-s n ddunit. Гret, steqsit, sani terram, anda tewḍem ad tafem awal yiwen : d ayen yenna umezwaru i yenna uneggaru. Гef wawal-nsen, ɣef wakken i yasen-tefka tmussninsen «tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri ; argaz yeḥseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ ; ad tt-yaɣ, ad tt-yezzenz am wakken ara yaɣ, yezzenz taɣaṭ neɣ tafunast deg ssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesεi rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yili mazal-itt meṭṭiyet, deg-s cwiṭ n lmenfiεa, atan iban; asmi meqret, tekcem-itt tewser, ad tt-εezlen ɣer rrif, ad tt-deqren am nettat, am uqecwal iqersen». Ayaifehmen, yakk d lekteb. yessnen lḥala n Leqbayel, yeṭranNekni acu yellan degakken wul tella n Uzwawi, nezmer ad neggal ur nḥennet belli ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli

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am tmeṭṭut-is, εlaxaṭer yeṭra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ, axxam din ur yelli. Kra n lbaḍna d rray yellan, teεlem yes-s tmeṭṭut. Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : «Ulac i yuεren, i nettagd am lehḍur n tsumta». Meṭṭi meqqer, ɣur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqam lḥaǧa melba ccwer n uxxam-is. Lemmer d lecɣal n rray d ttedbir i yettarran bunadem d argaz, yili amur ameqqran deg Leqbayel yessefk d nutni ara yelsen icwawen, ad ǧǧen iberniyas i tulawin-nsen εlaxater, ɣef wakken nessen neṭra teddun lecɣal, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen. Kullec ɣef ufus-nsent, ula ma ur heddrent ara deg tejmuyaε akked leswaq, d lehḍur-nsent i iḍerrun, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen s ddaw ufus ; aqerru n uxxam d tame ṭṭut, am wakken i yas-qqaren : «Axxam bla tameṭṭut am lebḥer melba lḥut». Meḥsub d lḥaǧa ur nekkmil ara. Aɣbalu : S. A. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle - Cours de deuxième année, Alger, Adolphe Joudan, Isebtar 276/277.

Atekki-nneɣ deg tfernin n tikelt-a d abrid-nniḍen ara yessiw imezda n tmurtadad babben d-sbedden, deg tsuddwin ḍenwid ẓẓayen nn uwanek, degɣ ttwalin taɛkkemt ukemmel n umenuɣ ɣef yizerfan-nsen.

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S uttekki-nneɣ deg tefranin-a, neḍfer ayen yuran deg umagrad wis 11 n tɣerɣert n Leqser : tuɣalin n yigrawen iɣerfanen ɣer yifassen n uɣref d tririt n yisseɣ i yasyettwakksen aṭas aya. Tuɣalin-nneɣ ass-a ɣer yimukan i yellan d ayla n u ɣref, d imenɣisdat s wudem-nni usifer n ntaɣuwanek ect n uara ; i ḍen ɣref-a uettekki, n yiɣalen-nni ḍen,i deg lebni iressin iman-is s tsuddwin-is d ugdud-ines. Tikkin-nneɣ deg tefranin-a, ur d-telli ara s shala, a ṭas n wuguren i yaɣ-d-yemmugren seg tazwara akken ad aɣ-sfeclen, ad aɣ-rẓen asɣar deg ufus. Degmi nessuter tamɛiwna seg ukabar n PNSD. Akabar-a yuɣ abrid zeddigen, seg wasmi d-ilul, yexḍa i tkerkas n udabu. Yuklal leqder imi yesɛa am nekni tismin ɣef tmurt. Aɣbalu : Tabrat n yiɛeggalen, Elections Législtives 2007. Circonscription de Béjaia. Umuɣ n tmetti taɣarimt s ufus n ukabar PNSD.

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Asussen d tawsit n uḍris i sismilen deg tsekka n ufuklan imi iswi-s d azerrer n umdan neɣ d ajabad-is akken ad yaɣ ayen iɣef d-yella usussen. Ilmend n waya i tt-id-rniɣ deg taggayt-a. yezmer ad yesseqdec kra n isusnen nMaca ssuqaselmad, akken amedya, ad yesken i yinelmaden-is tugniwin n tesnukyist d tmedyazt 2 .

1. Ssif ilḥeq-d. Asewjed n tmeɣriwin yebda. La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfellaḥ n zik n Yiḥeddaden, tessewjed-d le salon wis sin n leǧhaz n teslit, seg 26 mai alma d 10 juin i d-iteddun. Ili-ken di ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 n sbeḥ alma d 10 n yi ḍ. Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam.

1

Asussen : d adellel (publicité), deg ummud-a llant snat n tewsatin : yiwet n radyu, tayeḍ d asussen n ssuq. Iḍrisen n n tamezwarut, skelseɣ-ten-id seg radyu Summam, ma d iṣrisen n tis snat, germreɣ-ten-id seg ssuq n Bgayet, aseggas n 2006. 2 Ma d ayen yerzan tasledt-is s telqi yezmer yime ɣri ad iẓer amahil-nneɣ n Doctorat neɣ asarag ɣef tewsit-a i d-fkiɣ deg temlilit “ Aselmed n tsekla n tmaziɣt s tmaziɣt – Tarrayin d yimawalen’’ i d-yellan gar 07 d 10 junyu 2009, deg tesdawit n Tubiret.

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2. Les galeries marchandes de l’Atlas i d-yezgan zdat n l’stade ajdid, tessaɛlam-iken d akken tiwwura-s ldint deg wass amezwaru n juin 2003. Ayen tebɣam ad tafem-t dina s rxa : lmakla-nwen, lebsa-nwen, les cosmétiques akked les articles de ménage.

Les galeries marchandes de l’Atlas, c’est la classe. Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam.

3. Ma tebɣam ad d-beynem selɛa-nwen. Ma tebɣqam ad tettwassen lxedma-nwen. Radyu Summam ad ken-tessiweḍ ɣer lebɣi-nwen. Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam.

4. Ma tebɣiḍ ad taɣeḍ axxam i keč d warraw-ik neɣ ad taɣeḍ axxam sur plan, cwiṭ, cwiṭ ad tessufɣeḍ tiraga-inek. Tzemreḍ ad taɣeḍ axxam ajdid sɣur un promoteur immobilier neɣ ma yeɛjeb-ak uxxam n kra n yiwen. Tzemreḍ daɣen ad tikkiḍ deg wahil n uxxam n L.S.P neɣ ad taɣeḍ taḥanut wa ad tgerzzeḍ tamɛict-ik. Ass-a yid-nneɣ tzemreḍ ad tiliḍ d bab n cci. Tifrat llant ɣer ureṭṭal ara k-iwulmen ɣur-nneɣ. Nekni la C.N.E.P Banque lbanka n lemlek iqedcen ddima ilmendnwen. Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam.

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1. Win yebɣan ad yili labas, yawi abesbas. 2. Win yesɛan afrux, yawi-yas lxux. 3. ileqqaqen yerna 4. Ibawen Awi lqernun a bu le ɛyun.laqen. 5. Lubya n Tici i d-yeffɣen deg uruci. 6. Lmandarin i mm teɛyunin. 7. Ččina n Yilmaten, ččem, ɛerḍem ay aytmaten. 8. Awi lɛin ay umɛin. 9. D aḥlawan u d abǧawi win i t-yeẓran ad t-yawi. 10. Lubya n lfuruḥ lhem ad iruḥ. 11. S waman n Tuǧǧa kulec d lfayda.

182

01- Khalfa MAMRI, Abane Ramdane, ar taggara d netta i d bab n timmunent, 2003 (Tasuqelt Abdenour HADJ-SAID d Youcef MERAHI) 02- Slimane ZAMOUCHE, Uḍan n tegrest, 2003. 03- Omar DAHMOUNE, Bu tqulhatin, 2003. 04- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Lexique du corps humain, 2003. 05- Hocine ARBAOUI, Idurar ireqmanen (Sophonisbe), 2004. 06- Slimane ZAMOUCHE, Inigan, 2004. 07- S. HACID et K. FERHOUH, Laṣel ittabaɛ laṣel akk d : Tafunast igujilen, 2004. 08- Y. AHMED ZAYED et R. KAHLOUCHE, Lexique des sciences de la terre et lexique animal, 2004. 09- Lhadi BELLA, Lunǧa, 2004. 10- Antoine de St EXUPERY, Le Petit Prince, 2004 (Tasuqelt Habib Allah MANSOURI, Ageldun amecṭuḥ ) 11- Djamel HAMRI, Agerruj n teqbaylit, 2004. 12- Ramdane OUSLIMANI, Akli ungif, 2004. 13- Habib Allah MANSOURI, Amawal n tmaziɣt tatrart, édition revue et augmentée, 2004. 14- Ali KHALFA, Angal n webrid, 2004. 15- Halima AIT ALI TOUDERT, Ayen i ɣ-d-nnan gar yetran , 2004. 16- Moussa OULD TALEB, Mmi-s n igellil, 2004 (Tazwart : Youcef MERAHI) 17- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Recueil des prénoms amazighs, 2004. 18- Nadia BENMOUHOUB, Tamacahut n Basɣar, 2004. 19- Youcef MERAHI, Taqbaylit ass s wass, 2004. 20- Abdelhafidh KERROUCHE, Teɣzi n yiles, 2004. 21- Ahmed HAMADOUCHE, Tiɣri n umsedrar, 2004. 22- Slimane BELHARET, Awal ɣef wawal, 2005. 23- Madjid SI MOHAMEDI, Afus seg-m, 2005. 24- Abdellah HAMANE, Merwas di lberj n yiṭij - aḥric I, 2005. 25- Collectif, Tibḥirt n yimedyazen, 2005. 26- Mourad ZIMU, Tikli, tullisin nniḍen, 2005. 27- Tayeb DJELLAL, Si tinfusin n umaḍal, 2005. 28- Yahia AIT YAHIATENE, Faḍma n Summer, 2006. 29- Abdellah HAMANE, Merwas di lberj n yiṭij - aḥric II, 2006. 30- Lounes BENREJDAL, Tamacahut n bu yedmim, 2006. 31- Mezyan OU MOH, Tamacahut n umeksa, 2006. 32- Abdellah ARKOUB, Nnig wurfan, 2006. 33- Ali MAKOUR, Ḥmed n ugellid, 2006. 34- Y. BOULMA & S. ABDENBI, Am tmeqqunt n tjeǧǧigin, 2006.

35- Mohand Akli SALHI, Amawal n tsekla, 2006. 36- O. KERDJA & A. MEGHNEM, Amawal amecṭuḥ n ugama, 2006. 37- Ali EL-HADJEN, Tudert d usirem, 2006. 38- Hadjira OUBACHIR, Uzzu n tayri, 2007. 39- Djamel BENAOUF, Di tmurt uɛekki, 2007. 40- Said IAMRACHE, Timenna n Saɛid Iɛemrac, 2007. 41- Mohamed MEDJDOUB, Baba Carlu, 2007. 42- Nadia BENMOUHOUB, Tafunast igujilen, 2007. 43- Ali MOKRANI, Agama s tugniwin, 2007. 44- Fatma ELKOUCHA, Tamedyazt n Yasmin, 2007. 45- Naima HADJOU, Amennuɣ n tudert-iw, 2007. 46- Hocine LAOUES, Gar umqadmu d umnelti, 2007. 47- Omar KHAYAM, Rubaɛiyyat, 2007 (Tasuqelt Abdellah HAMANE) 48- Ferdinand DUCHENE, Tamilla, 2007(Tasuqelt Habib Allah MANSOURI) 49- Slimane ZAMOUCHE, Agellil akk d ineffuten yelhan , 2007. 50- Djamel HAMRI, Anadi di tmedyazt, 2007. 51- Khaled FERHOUH, Ḥku-yaɣ-d tamacahut, 2007. 52- Lhadi BELLA, Awal d usefru, 2007. 53- Omar DAHMOUNE, Agu, 2007. 54- SOPHOCLE, Untigun, 2007 (Tasuqelt Yahia AIT YAHIATENE). 55- Ahmed HAMADOUCHE, Inzan tiqsiḍin, 2007. 56- Ouiza GRAINE, Isefra n tmaziɣt, 2007. 57- Lounès BENREJDAL, Inzan n teqbaylit, 2007. 58- Akli OUTAMAZIRT, Targit, 2008. 59- Mohamed Salah OUNISSI, Tametna n umenzu, 2008. 60- Ramdane ABDENBI, Anagi, 2008. 61- Ramdane LASHEB, Ccna n tlawin ɣef ṭṭrad 54/62, 2008. 62- Said CHEMAKH, Ger zik d tura, 2008. 63- Tiddukla Yusef U Qasi - Si Muḥend U Mḥend, Tafaska n tmedyazt_1, 2008. 64- Sadi DOURMANE, Abrid n tudert-iw, 2008. 65- Dahbia AMOUR, Tudert s tmedyazt, 2009. 66- TANASLIT, Akli n tayri, 2009. 67- Djaffar CHIBANI, Ddeqs-nneɣ, 2009. 68- Belkacem IHIDJATEN, Iṭij asemmaḍ, 2009. 69- Abdellah HAMANE, Tisri n tayri, 2009. 70- Said ABDELLI, Tidwirin, 2009. 71- Said ZANOUN, Bururu yeḥya-d, 2009. 72- U LAMARA, Tullianum, taggara n Yugurten, 2009. 73- Tiddukla Yusef U Qasi - Si Muḥend U Mḥend, Tafaska n tmedyazt_2, 2009. 74- Chabane OULAMARA, Azamul n tmusni, 2010. 75- Mehenna SEHRANE, Awal ɣef yiɣersiwen, 2010. 76- Mohand Ouali KEZZAR, Tibratin, 2010.

01- Actes des journées d'étude sur La connaissance de l'histoire de l'Algérie , mars 1998. - Actes des journées d'étude sur L'enseignement de Tamazight, mai 1998. - Actes des journées d'étude sur Tamazight dans le système de la communication, juin 1998. 02- Actes des journées d'étude sur Approche et étude sur l'amazighité, 2000/2001. 03- Actes du colloque sur Le mouvement national et la revendication amazighe, 2002. 04- Actes du colloque international sur Tamazight face aux défis de la modernité, 2002. 05- Actes des séminaires sur la formation des enseignants de Tamazight et l'enseignement de la langue et de l'histoire amazighe, 2003. 06- Actes des colloques : Identité, langue et Etat -/- La permanence de l'architecture amazighe et l'évolution des cités en Algérie , 2003. 07- Actes des stages de perfectionnement pour les enseignants de tamazight, mars 2004. 08- Actes du stage de perfectionnement des enseignants de la langue amazighe, 30/31 mars 2004. 09- Actes du Colloque : Le passage à l'écrit des langues et cultures de tradition orale, le cas de Tamazight, 2004. (Voir Timmuzgha N°13) 10- Actes du Colloque : La littérature amazighe : de l'oralité à l'écrit, 2005 (Voir Timmuzgha N°14) 11- Actes du Colloque : Tamazight dans les médias et à l'école : hypofonctionnalité et usages du lexique, 2006 (Voir Timmuzgha N°15) 12- Actes du colloque sur Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh, 2006. 13- Actes du colloque sur Le libyco-berbère ou le Tifinagh ; de l'authenticité à l'usage pratique, 2007. 14- Actes du colloque : L’apport des amazighs à la civilisation universelle, 2009. 15- Actes des Journées d'étude sur l’enseignement de Tamazight, Région Est, 2009. - Actes de la Genèse de l’enseignement de Tamazight depuis le XIXème siècle, 2009. - Actes du Stage de perfectionnement pour les enseignants du primaire, 2009.

Revue d'études amazighes du Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité : N° 1, avril 1999, ----- N° 20, juillet 2009. - N°10, octobre 2004, Spécial Mohya, Entretien. - N°12, décembre 2006, Tajmilt i Si Muḥend U Mḥend. - N° spécial en Tamazight : . N°16, janvier 2008. . N°17, avril 2008. . N°19, août 2008.

Revue en Tamazight du Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité : N° 1, janvier 2009----- N°4, janvier 2010.

01- Chafik MOHAMED, Aperçu sur trente trois siècles de l'histoire des imazighènes, 1997. 02- Annuaire des associations culturelles amazighes, 2000. 03- Idir El-Watani, L'Algérie libre vivra, 2001. 04- Mohand Oulhadj LACEB, La phonologie générative du kabyle : l'emphase et son harmonie. Tome1, Histoire et fondements d'un débat argumentaire, 2007. 05- Mohand Oulhadj LACEB, La phonologie générative du kabyle : l'emphase et son harmonie. Tome2, Analyse et représentation phonologique, 2007. 06- Collectif, Mouloud FERAOUN, Evocation, Actes du Colloque, 2008. 07- Catalogue des publications du HCA, 2008. 08- Catalogue des publications du HCA, 2009. 09- Boudjema AZIRI, Néologismes et calques dans les médias amazighs, 2009.

01- Kamel BOUAMARA, Nekni d wiyiḍ, 1998. 02- Mouloud FERAOUN, Ussan di tmurt, 1999 (Tasuqelt Kamel BOUAMARA) 03- Nora TIGZIRI - Amar NABTI, Etude sur « L'enseignement de la langue amazighe: bilan et perspectives », 2004. 04- Iddir AMARA, Les inscriptions alphabétiques amazighes d'Algérie, 2006. 05- Kemal STITI, Fascicule des inscriptions libyques gravées et peintes de la grande Kabylie, 2006. 06- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Dictionnaire des racines berbères communes, 2006/2007.

07- Abdellah NOUH, Glossaire du vocabulaire commun au Kabyle et au Mozabite, 2006/2007. 08- Sadaq BENDALI, Awfus amaynut n tutlayt tamaziɣt, 2007. 09- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, Tiwsatin timensayin n tesrit taqbaylit, 2007. 10- Kamel BOUAMARA, Amawal n tunuɣin n tesnukyest, 2007. 11- Moussa IMARAZENE, Manuel de syntaxe berbère, 2007. 12- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, Tiwsatin timensayin n tmedyazt taqbaylit, 2007. 13- Moussa IMARAZENE, Timɛayin n leqbayel, 2007. 14- Nora BELGASMIA, L'expression écrite en tamazight, 2007. 15- Mouloud LOUNAOUCI, Projet de création d’un Centre de terminologie amazighe, TERAMA, 2007. 16- Zahir MEKSEM, Isuraz n usezdi d tenmeẓla taḍrisant n tmaziɣt : Asnekwu d tesleḍt, 2008. 17- Mohammed Brahim SALHI, La tariqa Rahmaniya : De l’avènement à l’insurrection de 1871, 2008. 18- Fakihani TIBERMACINE, Tanast u kajjuf, 2009. 19- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Introduction à la littérature berbère, 2009. 20- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, , Tome 1, 2009. 20- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, , Tome 2, 2010.

Etude réalisée pour le compte du Haut Commissariat à l’Amazighité

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Iswi n umahil-a d agmar d tesleḍt n yiḍrisen ara yilin ilmend n tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Deg tama, iḍrisen-a ad ilin d allalen isensegmiyen i kra n win yesran i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen : wid ara dyessufɣen idlisfusen, iselmaden, inelmaden. Deg taɣult-a ammuda ad yili daɣen d aɣbalu i yiselmaden akken ad suddsen tugzimin n uselmed ara yessifsen aselmed n tsekiwin n yiḍrisen akken inelmaden ad siwḍen ad d-snekwun yerna ad semgirden gar yiḍrisen n tmaziɣt. Deg tama-nniḍen, ammud yezmer ad yili d aɣbalu i yimnuda akken ad gen tiselḍin deg taɣulin yemgaraden : tasnilest, tasnilest taḍrisant d tsensekka taḍrisant akked tesnalmudt, atg. Dɣa,ad ma ɣeryaftixutert-is ammud-a yili nmuqel d aɣbaluanagar ideg ara yimeɣri tasensegmit, iḍrisen ara yessemres deg taɣulin yemgaraden. Tamezwarut, ad yili d tala i yiselmaden ideg zemren ad d-kksen iḍrisen ara sqedcen deg tneɣriyin acku deg umahil-a llant aṭas n tsekkiwin. Tin ɣur-s, tisekkiwin-a ad ilint d amedya ideg ara ẓren, ladɣa yinelmaden, llant aṭas n tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen deg tmaziɣt ; iḍrisen-a ur mgaraden ara kan deg yisental, maca mgaraden daɣen deg talɣansen. Nnig wannect-a, inelmaden ad gzun amek ttwrun yiḍrisen, ayen ara ten-yeǧǧen ad awḍen ɣer tzemmar tutlayanin n tegzi d ufares.

Tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen - Zahir Meksem

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