N,N-DIMETHYLACETAMIDE 2.2. Imports, exports, manufacture and uses 2.2.1. Volume(s), imports/exports In 2010 the total manufactured volume was in the range of 1,000!20,000 tonnes. "he total import of #$%& # $%& into the ' as a sustance on its own was in the range of 1,000!2,000 tonnes and the total export was *,000 + ,000 tonnes. #$%& was to some extent imported in mixtures, mainl- for the production of res, and in articles as residual content (*) of res and lms. ased on the data otained, the total annual consumption of #$%& in the ' as process chemical and for formulation of mixtures is estimated at 11,000!1,000 tonnes per -ear ('&3%, 2011).
2.2.2.2. ses and releases from uses ses %ccording to information provided - the registrants ('&3%, 2011) and further data received during the pulic consultations (4&5$, 20116 4&5$, 2012), the use in the ' is allocated as follows7 f ollows7 •
%grochemicals, pharmaceuticals and ne chemicals (8!90 of tonnage) #$%& is a dipolar, aprotic solvent with high solving power for high molecular weight pol-mers. "he solvent is miscile with ! and can e used for ! a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds. "he polar nature of #$%& enales it to act as a comined solvent and reaction catal-st in man- reactions. :urthermore, its oiling point (188;&) allows reactions to e carried out at much higher temperatures than would e achievale in man- organic solvents, without the need to operate under pressure. #$%& is furthermore furthermore reported to e used to some extent as intermediate for s-nthesis of some sustances. #$%& is also used as excipient (carrier ingredient) in human and veterinar- pharmaceuticals due to its polar, aprotic characteristics. %pplications relate to pharmaceuticals (e.g. antiiotics and novel contrast media), agrochemicals (fertilisers, pesticides etc.), and ne chemicals. %mong the processes reported - industr- to e carried out during those uses are7 mixing with reactants, (trans)!pouring from containers, c ontainers, separation from products (- ltration or distillation), re!use (after purication distillation), and e
•
$an!made res (20!2 of tonnage) #$%& is used in the production of man!made res made of pol-mers such as7 o
o
o
acr-lic (1=0>ton of res produced / 90>ton used in the '6 &I4:? + the 'uropean $an!made :ires %ssociation ! in 4&5$, 2011) pol-urethane!pol-urea copol-mer (elastane6 *0>ton produced / used) and meta!aramid (8>ton produced, 8>ton used).
It acts as the solvent in the pol-meri@ation reaction and helps transfer the pol-mer through the spinning process (see description elow) to produce ver- ne res. "o some extent, #$%& is also used in mixtures applied to add specic additives or other pol-mers into the re spinning process (4&5$, 2011). "he main part of the res is used for production of clothing. :or instance, elastane res are used in swimsuits, underwear, soc>s, asorent h-giene products such as a- diapers and incontinence products, etc. #$%& is mainl- used for the manufacturing of continuous lament res2 and to a less extent for staple, discontinuous lengths of re* . "he res are to some extent used in comination with other res (e.g. elastane mixed with cotton or pol-ester res6 meta!aramid res in comination with re glass, for instance for protective clothing and gloves). % part of res are used as technical textiles for other applications, for example7 o
o
o
o
:ireglass/meta!aramid nonwoven (felt) farics used for aerospace composites ?urface tissue made of pol-acr-lonitril used in re reinforced plastics (:4A!applications, e.g. for truc> cains). $eta!aramid res are used in diBerent s-stems where properties t-pical of textiles should e adapted to high amient temperatures. %n example is lters for hot gas ltration. Aaper made from s-nthetic meta!aramid pol-mer in two ph-sical forms7 short res (Coc) and microscopic rous inder particles (rids). "he paper is widel- used in two maDor end uses including (i) insulation for electrical e
?pinning refers to the process where Cuid pol-mer laments emerge from the holes in a spinneret, and graduall- solidif-6 when #$%& is used, solidication is achieved either - precipitation in a chemical ath where the spinneret is sumerged + so called wet spinning ! or - evaporating the solvent in a stream of air or inert gas, named drspinning. "he solvent is recovered and rec-cled several times in the process. "he consumption of #$%& (0.!1 per c-cle) is due to7 the solvent losses caused - the acid h-drol-sis during recover-, environmental releases, residuals of solvent remaining in the res and #$%& disposed of as waste from the process. 4ecover- is reported to e achieved - installations comprising a distillation unit, a snitting/weaving in order to produce the faric, which will conse
concentration onl- in the rst steps of the re processing (raw res ma- contain up to * of residual #$%&, ut t-pical #$%& content is etween 0.1and 0.6 the greige faric,! i.e. the faric efore itEs leached / d-ed! normall- contains #$%& levels elow 0.1 , which will further e reduced during d-ing/washing.6 Fo detectale or verlow level of residual #$%& are reported to e present in nal textiles (e.g. in a- diapers, residues are reportedl- at pp levels).
:or acr-lic res residues are reported - &I4:? 'uropean $an!made :ires %ssociation to e lower than 0.*, for elastane around 0.* and for m!aramid residues are reported to e higher with an average of 0.8 (4&5$, 2011). In the most recent pulic consultation (4&5$, 2012), the average #$%& residues reported herein for raw res (0.1 + 0.) were asicall- conrmed. It was also conrmed that higher residue values (up to 1 ! 1.2) ma- occur in some cases, ut it was also stated that upper reported levels of * are historical. ?o!called spun d-ed res, where the re is d-ed during the re production, thereavoiding consumption of sustantial volumes of water and chemicals in comparison with the conventional d-ing process, ma- contain somewhat higher #$%& residues.
G Industrial coatings (*! of tonnage) %pproximatel- *! of the #$%& in the ' is used as solvent in coatings for industrial use. "he onl- use which has een descried in detail (during consultations with industr-) is the use of the sustance in the production of pol-amide!imide (A%I) enamels (varnishes) used for electrical wire insulation (2 of the use of #$%& in ' + '45A%&%H' in 4&5$, 2012), ut manufacturers of #$%& have indicated that the sustances is used for other coatings as well. ?ome coatings ma- e applied in industrial setting - spra-ing, roller application/rushing or dipping, as indicated in some registration dossier(s). #$%& in the A%I enamels (on average at a concentration of 10) is anticipated to e decomposed at the elevated temperatures at which the application of the enamels in industrial settings ta>es place. •
:ilms ( 2 of tonnage) #$%& is considered a good solvent for pol-imide resins used in lm production. It is also reported as the idealJ solvent for the production of dial-ser memranes, ased on pol-sulfones ("aminco, 2011 in '&3%, 2011). #$%& is used in the ' - the medical device industr- as a solvent for production of lters and memranes, which then are used in dial-sis treatment (used for renal replacement therap-) and other lifesaving extracorporeal therapies (comments K , 19 in 4&5$, 2012). "he sustance serves as solvent in the spinning solution consisting of pol-sulfone (A?) and pol-!F!vin-lp-rrolidone (AVA), in a continuous wet spinning process, as it is the state of art for hollow re production. Aol-imide lms imported in the ' are used in a range of industries including consumer electronics, solar, photovoltaic. and wind energ-, aerospace, automotive and industrial applications ('&3%, 2011). 'xamples of applications include sustrates for Cexile printed circuits, transformer and capacitor insulation and ar code laels, wire and
cale tapes, formed coil insulation, motor slot liners, magnet wire insulation. ?imilar to the textile res, residual #$%& is present in the lms (from elow 0.1 up to 1 in pol-imide lms, depending on lm thic>ness6 4&5$, 2011) and memranes (elow 0.01 in memranes for medical devices6 comment K in 4&5$, 2012) used - downstream users. G Aaint strippers ( 1 of tonnage) #$%& is used in the formulation of paint stripper products - producers of cleaning products for the industrial sector Aaint strippers or paint removers are used (- metal industr-, ut also professional users) in conDunction with other solvents (mainldichloromethane8 ) for removal of paints/varnishes. "he paint strippers are applied (depending on the t-pe) on the item - dipping or manuall- with a rush or ristle. "he paint is afterwards removed with a scraper. (?ingoli, 2011 in '&3%, 2011). %ccording to information from ?#?s, #$%& in commercial products is in the range of 0.1! (i.e. appearing to rather e elow the ?&H of ). 8
%ccording to &ommission 4egulation Fo 298/2010, paint strippers containing dichloromethane in a concentration eet for suppl- to the general pulic or to professionals after 8 #ecemer 2011 and not e used - professionals after 8 Lune 2012. - wa- of derogation from the general restriction, $emer ?tates ma- allow the use on their territories and for certain activities, - specicall- trained professionals
%ccording to comments received during consultation, some registrants seem to consider to advise against this use in their registration dossiers (4&5$, 2012). G 5ther applications (proal- 2, of tonnage) "hose include ('&3%, 20116 %I% in 4&5$, 20116 e.g. comments K, 19 in 4&5$, 2012) use of #$%& in7 petrochemical applications, laorator- use (0.*!0.8) lling / pac>aging for scientic research and development, adhesives, plastic / anti!set oB agents in pol-mer moulding/casting, and potentiall- in sealants, putt-, paints, luricants in metal wor>ing Cuids, and the production of cellulose res such as cellophane. % minor use in in> removers, 0.01t in eraser pens, has een reported to e ceased from mid 2012 on.
