Tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones (TICs) en agencias de viajes

MNGXAVNF FH VX_CWJB S MCDNDYNW K_NFB HD MCDNDYNW S GBDVNOCACFNF

VHGDBABKÊNW FH AN CDMB_JNGC×D S GBJXDCGNGCBDHW HD ANW NKHDGCNW ]CNIHW

Vrnonib Mcd fh Krnfb prhshdtnfb pbr Hsphrndzn Icjãdhz Gndnahib, schdfb an tutbrn fha jcsjb an prbmhsbrn Jª Hst`hr G`îvhz Jcrndfn.

]¹. O¹. An Vutbrn

Fþn. J. Hst`hr G`îvhz Jcrndfn

Naujdn9

Fþn. Hsphrndzn Icjãdhz Gndnahib

Whvcaan. Jnyb fh ?<>8

K_NFB HD MCDNDYNW S GBDVNOCACFNF MNGXAVNF FH VX_CWJB S MCDNDYNW V_NONIB MCD FH K_NFB GX_WB NGNFÃJCGB U?<>6-?<>8Z

VÊVXAB9

VHGDBABKÊNW FH AN CDMB_JNGC×D S GBJXDCGNGCBDHW (VCGs) HD NKHDGCNW ]CNIHW NXVB_9 HW\H_NDYN ICJÃDHY GNDNAHIB VXVB_9 Fþn. Jª HWV@H_ G@Î]HY JC_NDFN FH\N_VNJHDVB9 HGBDBJÊN MCDNDGCH_N S FC_HGGC×D FH B\H_NGCBDHW Î_HN FH GBDBGCJCHDVB9 GBDBGCJCHDVB9 B_KNDCYNGC×D FH HJ\_HWNW _HWXJHD9 Gbd hsth trnonib sh prhthdfh cfhdtcmcgnr y ndnacznr ans Vhgdbabkêns fh an Cdmbrjngc÷d y ans Gbjudcgngcbdhs (VCGs) utcacznfns hd Vurcsjb, hd khdhrna, y pbr ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnihs, hd pnrtcguanr. \nrn haab, rhnacznjbs hd prcjhr auknr ud ndîacscs fh an cjpbrtndgcn y rhahvndgcn fha turcsjb pnrn an hgbdbjên dngcbdna h cdthrdngcbdna gbjb vên pnrn an iustcmcgngc÷d fha fha shgtbr na quh fhfcgnjbs fhfcgnjbs ha trnonib. trnonib. Onsîdfbdbs hd hstufcbs hstufcbs prhvcbs prhvcbs sh cfhdtcmcgnd abs gbjpbdhdths jîs rhahvndths hd rhangc÷d gbd an npacgngc÷d fh ans VCGs, fcstcdkuchdfb abs quh hstîd rhangcbdnfbs gbd ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnihs, fh abs gachdths y, fnfn su cjpbrtndgcn hd an ngtunacfnf, nquhaabs quh hstîd acknfbs gbd abs cdthrjhfcnrcbs turêstcgbs. Hd gnfn udb fh hstbs npnrtnfbs sh ganscmcgnd abs fcstcdtbs jhfcbs y sh ndbtnd abs vnabrhs quh rhsnatnd su rhahvndgcn ngtuna. Xdn vhz cfhdtcmcgnfbs abs nsphgtbs jîs cjpbrtndths, sh hanobrn ud guhstcbdnrcb pnrn hvnaunr an npacgngc÷d fh ans VCGs hd ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnih fh Whvcaan bothdchdfb an rhspuhstn fha 3<% fh an juhstrn. \NANO_NW GAN]H9 Vhgdbabkêns Cdmbrjngc÷d y Gbjudcgngcbdhs5 nkhdgcns fh vcnihs5 turcsjb5 duhvns thgdbabkêns

VMK-MCGB. Vhgdbabkên fh an Cdmbrjngc÷d C dmbrjngc÷d y Gbjudcgngc÷d hd ans Nkhdgcns ]cnihs

ÊDFCGH GN\ÊVXAB GN\ÊVXAB >................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .............................. ............. 7 >.>. CDV_BFXGGC×D ...................................................................................... 7 >.?. BOIHVC]BW BOIHVC]BW ................................. ................................................. .................................. .................................. .......................... .......... 6 >.6. JHVBFBABKÊN ...................................................................................... 8 GN\ÊVXAB GN\ÊVXAB ?................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .............................. ............. ; ?.>. VCGW HD AN HGBDBJÊN ......................................................................... ; ?.?. CJ\NGVB FH ANW VCGs HD HA VX_CWJB. ............................................. 0 ?.?.>. An cjpbrtndgcn hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb ................... ......... ................... .................. ................. ........ 0 ?.?.?. Cjpbrtndgcn hd ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnihs .................. ......... .................. .................. .............. ..... 3 ?.7. VC\BABKÊNW FH ANW VCGs _HAH]NDVH \N_N NKHDGCNW ]CNIHW ... >< >< ?.7.>. Gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb ...................................................................... >> >> ?.7.?. Nkhdgcn fh vcnih bdacdh bdacdh (BVN) .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ............... ...... >> ?.7.7. Npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs .................................................................. >7 ?.7.6 \îkcdns whos prbpcns fh Nkhdgcns fh ]cnihs ]cnihs .................... ........... .................. ......... >6 ?.7.8. _hfhs sbgcnahs ........................................................................... >6 ?.7.=. ?.7.=. Oabks Oabks ................................ ................................................ .................................. .................................. ...................... ...... >== ?.6. VCGs ACKNFNW N GBDWXJCFB_HW.................................................... >;; >;; ?.6.>. Gnrngthrêstcgns prbpcns fha cdthrdnutn hspnþba .................. ......... ................ ....... >00 >00 ?.8. VCGs ACKNFB N ABW CDVH_JHFCN_CBW VX_ÊWVCGBW. ................... ......... .............. .... >3 ?.8.>. Vburbphrnfbrhs .......................................................................... ?< ?.8.?. Jhtnousgnfbrhs ....................................................................... ?>> ?>> ?.8.7. Gbdgauscbdhs Gbdgauscbdhs................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ............................ ........... ?? GN\ÊVXAB GN\ÊVXAB 7 ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ....................... ...... ?77 7.>.CJ\ANDVNG×D 7.>.CJ\ANDVNG×D FH VCGs HD NKHDGCNW FH ]CNIHW FH WH]CAAN ....... ?7 GN\ÊVXAB GN\ÊVXAB 6 ................................ ................................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ......................... ........ 7> 6.>. GBDGAXWCBDHW................................................................................... 7>

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GN\ÊVXAB > CDV_BFXGGC×D, BOIHVC]BW S JHVBFBABKÊN >.>. CDV_BFXGGC×D CDV_BFXGGC×D Hd abs ùatcjbs nþbs hstnjbs vcvchdfb hd udn htnpn fh krndfhs nvndghs thgdba÷kcgbs quh `nd phrjctcfb fnr ud pnsb hdbrjh hd an jhibrn fh vcfn fh jcaabdhs fh gcufnfndbs. Wcd hjonrkb pbfhjbs nshdtcr quh dcdkudb `n thdcfb an rhahvndgcn sbgcna, hgbd÷jcgn y thgdba÷kcgn fha mhd÷jhdb fh cdthrdht. Wu ãxctb sh onsn hd ha fhsnrrbaab fh ans Vhgdbabkêns Vhgdbabkêns fh an Cdmbrjngc÷d Cdmbrjngc÷d y ans Gbjudcgngcbdhs. Gbjudcgngcbdhs. An prhshdgcn fh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns thgdbabkêns `n rhphrgutcfb sborhjndhrn hd ans tnrhns oîscgns oîscgns fh duhstrn vcfn gbtcfcndn nsê gbjb hd ha judfb fh abs dhkbgcbs. Hd ans hjprhsns hspnþbans ud >3% gbjprn pbr cdthrdht cdthrdht y ud >7% vhdfh n trnvãs fh sus pîkcdns bdacdh. Ha 88% fh ans \SJHW usnd __WW fh mbrjn prbmhscbdna. __WW sbd ans sckans fh _hnaay Wcjpah Wydfcgntbd , ud mbrjntb quh phrjcth gbjpnrtcr gbdthdcfb hd an who. Hd ans Nfjcdcstrngcbdhs \ùoacgns ha 3>% fh abs trîjcths nfjcdcstrntcvbs rhnacznfbs pbr hjprhsns sbd fh mbrjn hahgtr÷dcgn, y ha ==% fh abs trîjcths rhnacznfbs pbr abs gcufnfndbs (Vhahm÷dcgn, (Vhahm÷dcgn, ?<>7). Fhsfh an phrsphgtcvn hjprhsnrcna, an Vhgdbabkên Cdmbrjngc÷d y Gbjudcgngc÷d (hd nfhandth VCGs) `n trndsmbrjnfb ha hdtbrdb gbjphtctcvb quh rbfhn n an ngtcvcfnf turêstcgn. cdthrdht sh `n cfb gbdsbacfndfb gbjb ud cjpbrtndth gndna fh gbjprn pnrn abs gbdsujcfbrhs, gbdsujcfbrhs, hd khdhrna, y abs fha shgtbr turêstcgb hd pnrtcguanr. pnrtcguanr. Whkùd abs fntbs fh an Nsbgcngc÷d pnrn an cdvhstckngc÷d cdvhstckngc ÷d fh Jhfcbs fh Gbjudcgngc÷d (NCJG, ?<>7) an gbjprn fh ocaahths fh trndspbrth y fh shrvcgcbs fh nabinjchdtb hd ?<>7 n trnvãs fh cdthrdht sh sctùn hd tbrdb na >>,> % y na ><% rhsphgtcvnjhdth. \br btrb anfb shkùd an hdguhstn Mrbdtur- Jbvcjchdtbs Jbvcjchdtbs turêstcgbs hd Mrbdthrn hanobrnfn pbr Cdstctutb fh Hstufcbs Vurêstcgb (?<>6).\bf ( ?<>6).\bfhjbs hjbs nmcrjnr quh, an cdfustrcn fha turcsjb t urcsjb hs udn fh ans jîs krndfhs n dcvha judfcna, Hspnþn hs udn fh ans krndfhs pbthdgcns judfcnahs fha turcsjb, an thrghrn fha rndecdk kabona. Hd ha nþb ?<>6 sh gbdtnocacznrbd 8?,6 jcaabdhs fh turcstns cdthrdngcbdnahs, rhprhshdtndfb udn cjpbrtndth gbdtrcougc÷d na \rbfugtb Cdthrcbr Orutb fh Hspnþn gbdgrhtnjhdth gbdgrhtnjhdth ha ;,6 rhsphgtb na nþb ?<>7. \br tndtb hd udn cdfustrcn fh hstns fcjhdscbdhs, an Vhgdbabkên Cdmbrjngc÷d y ans Gbjudcgngcbdhs `n iuknfb ud pnpha mudfnjhdtna pnrn jhibrnr an hmcgchdgcn fh ans brkndczngcbdhs y an hdtrhkn fh shrvcgcb. Fhdtrb fh hsth shgtbr hxcsthd 0.<;8 nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hd Hspnþn, nudquh hsth dùjhrb vn hd fhgrhjhdtb abs cdkrhsbs sh `nd cfb nujhdtndfb n ab anrkb fh abs nþbs krngcns n cdthrdht. An npnrcgc÷d fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs sh rhjbdtnd na nþb >;80, nþb hd ha quh sh mudf÷ an gbjpnþên orctîdcgn Gbx & Ecdks. Nudquh `ny quh fhstngnr quh ans nkhdgcns sh hjpchznd n fhsnrrbaanr n pnrtcr fha W.PP gbd an aahknfn fh an nvcngc÷d gbjhrgcna. Hs hdtbdghs gundfb npnrhgh an prcjhrn nkhdgcn hd Hspnþn, ]cnihs Jnrsnds W.N. grhnfn hd >3><. Gbd an aahknfn fh cdthrdht ha gbdghptb trnfcgcbdna fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs sh fhocactn puhstb quh ans rhshrvns n `bthahs y nvcbdhs gnfn vhz hs jîs gbjùd quh sh rhnacgh vên cdthrdht pbr ha prbpcb usunrcb mcdna. Vbfb haab supbdh udn gnêfn fh an rhdtnocacfnf fh hstns hjprhsns. Db bostndth, abs gachdths quh ngufhd n ans nkhdgcns ousgnd vnabrhs nþnfcfbs gbjb sbd an shkurcfnf fh an trndscgc÷d y knrndtên fh pbfhr gbdtnr gbd ud prbmhscbdna.

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Icjãdhz Gndnahib, Hsphrndzn

Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hstîd rhhstrugturndfb ha shgtbr, ud gnjocb n an `brn fh rhnacznr sus ngtcvcfnfhs trnfcgcbdnahs. \nrn nmrbdtnr hstbs gnjocbs fhohd fhsnrrbaanr duhvns hstrnthkcns onsnfns hd an gnacfnf fha shrvcgcb prhstnfb. \nrn abkrnrab, sh ghdtrnd hd an jhibrn fh an mbrjngc÷d fh abs nkhdths, ha gbdbgcjchdtb fh ans gnrngthrêstcgns fh an fhjndfn, an nfhgungc÷d n fcg`n fhjndfn n trnvãs fh prbfugtbs fcmhrhdgcnfbs pnrn gnfn shkjhdtb b gachdth y hd bmhrtn fh ud shrvcgcb fh gnacfnf hd ha fhstcdb mcdna. \nrn an cjpandtngc÷d fh hsth jbfhab, ha usb fh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns sh `ngh cjprhsgcdfcoah. Ans VCGs nfhjîs pbscocactnd n ans nkhdgcns ngtunr hd dhkbgcbs jîs gbjpahibs y nyufnd n abs prbvhhfbrhs fh shrvcgcbs n fhsnrrbaanr, fcstrcoucr y prbpbrgcbdnr sus bmhrtns n dcvha judfcna. Nfhjîs phrjcthd jhibrnr an gnacfnf fha shrvcgcb y gbdtrcouyhd gbdtrcouyh d n nujhdtnr an sntcsmnggc÷d fha gachdth. An ganvh fha ãxctb hstî hd an rîpcfn cfhdtcmcgngc÷d cfhdtcmcgngc÷d fh ans dhghscfnfhs, an ngtunaczngc÷d fh abs prbfugtbs y an phrsbdnaczngc÷d, tnjocãd nyufn n rhfugcr an cdghrtcfujorh y ha rchskb, rchskb, rhsnatndfb hd krnd krnd jhfcfn an gnacfnf gnacfnf fh abs vcnihs. \br tbfb ab fcg`b hd aêdhns khdhrnahs pbfhjbs boshrvnr quh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs `ngênd fh cdthrjhfcnrcns hdtrh ha gachdth y ha fhstcdb, phrb gbd an aahknfn fh ans VCG, `nd npnrhgcfb duhvbs iuknfbrhs hd an hgungc÷d. N`brn abs gachdths tchdhd ha pbfhr fh an cdmbrjngc÷d. \br hstn rnz÷d, ha jhrgnfb `n thdcfb quh nfnptnrsh, cfhnr duhvbs prbfugtbs y bmhrtn quh thdkn hd guhdtn ha gnjocb gbdstndth fha gachdth. Nfhjîs ans VCG `nd hxthdfcfb an bpcdc÷d fh abs usunrcbs. Hd an ngtunacfnf, ndths fh gbjprnr nakudn gbsn, dbs cdmbrjnjbs fh an bpcdc÷d fh abs fhjîs. \br hstb, hs juy cjpbrtndth thdhr hd guhdtn g÷jb ans duhvns thgdbabkêns `nd nmhgtnfb na gachdth. Duhstrb prbyhgtb sh ghdtrn hd ans VcGs yn quh `nd gnjocnfb an dnturnahzn fha trnonib y ha tcpb fh `nocacfnfhs dhghsnrcn hd an jnybrên fh abs bmcgcbs y prbmhscbdhs. Wc ochd `nd grhnfb ud njpacb nondcgb fh duhvbs trnonibs, jug`bs fh abs gunahs db hxcstênd nphdns >< nþbs, tnjocãd hs vhrfnf quh `n hacjcdnfb an dhghscfnf fh jug`bs btrbs trnonibs. Hd abs ùatcjbs nþbs sh `nd pbthdgcnfb abs usunrcbs quh brkndcznd y nfquchrhd sus vcnihs vcnihs n trnvãs fh cdthrdht, gbdgrhtnjhdth gbdgrhtnjhdth ud =7% fh abs hspnþbahs, hspnþbahs, (Cdthrdnutns, ?<>6). Gbd ha gbdtcdub fhsnrrbaab fh duhvns thgdbabkêns, ha shgtbr turêstcgb sh hdguhdtrn ngtunajhdth hd udn mnsh fh gnjocb na ckuna quh ans hjprhsns quh ab gbdmbrjnd ans gunahs `nd hxphrcjhdtnfb hd abs ùatcjbs nþbs ud prbghsb fh rhbrkndczngc÷d y gnjocb hd ha jbfb hd quh bphrnd. Hd hsth shdtcfb duhstrb boihtcvb hs ndnacznr ha cjpngtb fh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns hd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnih.

>.?. BOIHVC]BW Gbd hsth trnonib sh prhthdfh gbdbghr ha hstnfb ngtuna fh ans VCGs hd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, n trnvãs fh ud hstufcb hjpêrcgb rhnacznfb n ans nkhdgcns shvcaandns. Hd gbdgrhtb abs boihtcvbs fh an cdvhstckngc÷d cdvhstckngc÷d gbjprhdfhd abs sckuchdths npnrtnfbs9 n) Cfhdtcmcgnr y ndnacznr ndnacznr ans duhvns thgdbabkêns npacgnfns npacgnfns hd an khstc÷d fh hjprhsns turêstcgns, hd khdhrna, y hd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, hd pnrtcguanr, n pnrtcr fh abs hstufcbs prhvcbs rhnacznfbs `nstn an mhg`n. o) _hnacznr ud hstufcb hjpêrcgb quh dbs phrjcth `nghr onandgh fh an cjpandtngc÷d y utcaczngc÷d utcaczngc÷d fh ans VCGs VC Gs pbr pnrth fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hd an gcufnf fh Whvcaan.

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>.7. JHVBFBABKÊN An jhtbfbabkên shkucfn hd ha trnonib sh fcstcdkuhd fbs pnrths9 pbr ud anfb sh hxpbdh an rhangc÷d hxcsthdth hdtrh abs trnoninfbrhs, gachdths, prbvhhfbrhs fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs gbd ans VCGs y fh btrb anfb sh npacgn ha hstufcb hjpêrcgb. Hd rhangc÷d gbd ha prbghsb fh rhgbpcangc÷d fh ocoacbkrnmên, sh rhnacznd oùsquhfns hd ha gntnabkb MNJN, an onsh fh fntbs NOC/CDMB_J y hd WGB\XW sborh hgbdbjên hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb, nkhdgcns fh vcnihs y VCGs. Hd an prcjhrn oùsquhfn rhnacznfn rhnacznfn hd Mnjn, sh shahggcbdnd abs thjns rhangcbdnfbs gbd an thgdbabkên fh cdmbrjngc÷d y gbjudcgngc÷d fha turcsjb. Hdgbdtrnjbs vnrcbs rhsuatnfbs quh sh nghrgnond na thjn n trntnr. Ha rhstb db sh nghrgn ha thjn hstufcnfb hd hsth trnonib, yn quh nonrgnd thjns rhangcbdnfbs gbd an dbrjntcvn b hrnd kuêns fh rhgursbs. Gundfb ousgnjbs hd NOC/CDMB_J ngbtnjbs an oùsquhfn n abs ùatcjbs 7 nþbs, y fh tbfbs abs rhsuatnfbs bothdcfbs, `hjbs fhsgnrtnfb pbr db nprbxcjnrsh n duhstrb trnonib, rhmhrcfb n an ngghscocacfnf ngghscocacfnf fh abs sbrfbs na scsthjn turêstcgb, ha cjpngtb fha turcsjb sborh an pborhzn hdtrh btrbs. S pbr ùatcjb hd WGB\XW, `hjbs hxgaucfb abs rhsuatnfbs quh trntnd fh `bthahs (tndtb dngcbdna gbjb cdthrdngcbdna), jbtcvbs jckrntbrcbs y turcsjb db rhmhrcfbs n Hspnþn, nfhjîs fh abs thjns fhfcgnfbs n ans VCGs phrb hd btrbs gnjpbs gbjb an snauf b an hfugngc÷d. Wborh ud thjn tnd njpacb gbjb ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, `hjbs hdgbdtrnfb hd Mnjn juy pbgbs acorbs rhahvndths hd duhstrb hstufcb, yn quh ha trnonib sh ghdtrn hd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, su rhahvndgcn hgbd÷jcgn y gbjb ngtùnd mrhdth n ans VCGs. S abs rhsuatnfbs bothdcfbs sh rhmchrhd n abs rchskbs pscgbsbgcnahs, gbdtrntb fh nkhdgcns, htg. Hd gundtb n ans oùsquhfns rhnacznfns hd NOC/CDMB_J `hjbs vuhatb n rhstrcdkcr n ?<>8, ?<>6 y ?<>7, y nud fhacjctndfb duhstrn oùsquhfn n Hspnþn, `hjbs fhsgnrtnfb nrtêguabs rhmhrcfbs n HHXX, Njãrcgn fha Wur, na turcsjb rurna y pandhs hstrntãkcgbs. S hd gundtb n WGB\XW, `hjbs npacgnfb ans jcsjns rhstrcggcbdhs hd NOC/CDMB_J, phrb cdgauyhdfb tbfbs abs cfcbjns, y n phsnr fh bothdhr pbgbs rhsuatnfbs sh nghrgnd onstndth na thjn hstufcnfb. Gbd rhsphgtb n an hgbdbjên hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb dbs `hjbs onsnfb hd abs acorbs y fbgujhdtbs quh nonrgnd ha cjpngtb fha turcsjb hd an hgbdbjên, `hjbs fhsgnrtnfb nakudbs rhsuatnfbs yn quh sh ghdtrnd hd an rhdtn fh abs turcstns, ahkcsangc÷d y hstufcbs ndthrcbrhs na nþb ?<<<. An oùsquhfn rhnacznfn hd WGB\XW `hjbs hxgaucfb abs nrtêguabs rhmhrcfbs na îjoctb khbkrîmcgb, cdvhstckngcbdhs rhkcbdnahs y fh duhvb hd abs ùatcjbs 7 nþbs y gbd an pnanorn ganvh ‑turcsjb‚ y ‑Hspnþn‚. @hjbs suprcjcfb abs nrtêguabs quh ntchdfh thjns gbjb ha gnjocb gacjîtcgb, an puoacgcfnf h cjpngtb sbgcbhgbd÷jcgb mhrrbvcnrcn. mhrrbvcnrcn. Hd NOC/CDMB_J rhstrcdkcjbs n Hspnþn y hd jnthrcn Hgbdbjên, hxgaucjbs abs nrtêguabs rhmhrcfbs na hjpahb b sborh an puoacgcfnf. Db `hjbs thdcfb hd guhdtn abs ndîacscs fh an hgbdbjên fh abs nþbs ndthrcbrhs na ?<><, grcscs rhmhrcfn n Gbjudcfnfhs Nut÷dbjns puhs quhrhjbs trntnr thjns khdhrnahs hd Hspnþn, shkrhkngcbdhs shkrhkngcbdhs anobrnahs hd ha turcsjb hdtrh btrbs thjns. t hjns. \nrn gbdbghr ochd ha thjn hd quh dbs vnjbs n ghdtrnr hd duhstrb trnonib, `hjbs trntnfb fh hdgbdtrnr ha fcmhrhdth usb quh `ngh tndtb ha turcsjb gbjb abs gbdsujcfbrhs fh ans rhfhs sbgcnahs, hjncas, npacgngcbdhs. Hd pnanorn ganvh `hjbs puhstb ‑turcsjb‚,

fhsfh ?<>< `ngcn fhandth. S `hjbs fhsgnrtnfb nquhaabs nrtêguabs rhmhrcfbs n ans rhfhs sbgcnahs hd btrbs gnjpbs gbjb hfugngc÷d b snauf. Hd fhmcdctcvn ans pnanorns quh dbs `nd prbpbrgcbdnfb jîs rhsuatnfbs sbd9 thgdbabkên, nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, rhfhs sbgcnahs, duhvns thgdbabkêns. \br btrb anfb hd rhangc÷d gbd ha hstufcb hjpêrcgb, `hjbs fcshþnfb udn hdguhstn gbjpuhstn pbr ?> prhkudtns (Ndhxb >) rhnacznfn pbr thaãmbdb n ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs

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Whvcaandns pnrn gbdbghr g÷jb `nd cdmaucfb ans VCGs hd hstns brkndczngcbdhs. Whkùd ans pîkcdns njnrcaans hxcsthd >;8 nkhdgcns hd an abgnacfnf fh Whvcaan. @hjbs gnaguanfb an juhstrn nahntbrcn scjpah fh ans nkhdgcns gbd ud jnrkhd fh hrrbr fha 8%, bothdchdfb udn pboangc÷d fh 3<. Fh ãstns dbs `nd gbdthstnfb ha 3<%. Ans rnzbdhs fh db rhspuhstn sh fhoênd n quh b ochd db hxcstênd gbjb nkhdgcn (`noênd ghsnfb hd su ngtcvcfnf) b ochd pbrquh jndcmhstnond fh mbrjn hxpaêgctn db quhrhr pnrtcgcpnr hd ha hstufcb. Hd gundtb n ans prhkudtns pandthnfns, hd khdhrna abs hdguhstnfbs rhspbdfhd rhspbdfhd n an tbtnacfnf fh abs êthjs n hxghpgc÷d hxghpgc÷d fh _>= y B?> pnrn ha ha quh db sh botuvb botuvb rhspuhstn nakudn gbjb sh nganrn jîs nfhandth.

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GN\ÊVXAB ? JN_GB VHB_ÊGB ?.>. VCGW HD AN HGBDBJÊN @by hd fên ans VCGs npnrhghd hd tbfbs abs nsphgtbs fh an vcfn hgbd÷jcgn, sborh tbfb hd an brkndczngc÷d y fcrhggc÷d fh hjprhsns. Ha nujhdtb nghahrnfb fh an prbfugtcvcfnf y ha grhgcjchdtb hgbd÷jcgb fh abs nþbs 3< hstî hstrhg`njhdth rhangcbdnfb gbd abs nvndghs fh ans VCGs hd ha shgtbr fh abs prbkrnjns cdmbrjîtcgbs y fh ans thgdbabkêns, quh nudquh db `n phrjctcfb udn fcsjcdugc÷d fh prhgcbs, sê `n gbdtrcoucfb n jhibrnr an gnacfnf y mngcactnfb ha ngghsb fh abs prbfugtbs y shrvcgcbs. Xd cdmbrjh fh an Gbjcsc÷d Hurbphn (?<<>) shþnan quh ha usb khdhrnacznfb fh ans VCGs, su rîpcfn fcmusc÷d y ha prbkrhsb thgdba÷kcgb phrjndhdth furndth abs ùatcjbs nþbs `n pbscocactnfb ud cjpngtb jngrbhgbd÷jcgb rhahvndth rhahvndth sborh ha grhgcjchdtb y, pbr tndtb, sborh an khdhrngc÷d fh hjpahb, fndfb auknr n jhibrns hd an prbfugtcvcfnf y n an gbdthdgc÷d fh prhgcbs. Hd gundtb na hjpahb, ans VCGs `nd phrjctcfb ud nujhdtb fh an prbfugtcvcfnf. Ha fcdnjcsjb kabona quh khdhrn an utcaczngc÷d fh cdthrdht puhfh mnvbrhghr ha hjpahb schjprh quh abs trnoninfbrhs db gnrhzgnd fh mbrjngc÷d pnrn utcacznr hstns duhvns thgdbabkêns. Npnrhghrîd duhvbs puhstbs fh trnonib hd nakudbs shgtbrhs rhangcbdnfbs gbd ans VCGs. Whkùd Fh \noab (?<<6) ngtunajhdth abs hjprhsnrcbs sh hdguhdtrnd gbd fcmcguatnfhs pnrn gbdtrntnr trnoninfbrhs mbrjnfbs hd ans VCGs, pbr ab sh tchdfh n hxthrdnacznr hxthrdnacznr gchrtns mudgcbdhs VCGs nfqucrchdfb thgdbabkên y gbdbgcjchdtbs tãgdcgbs fh ud jbfb jîs rîpcfb, nudquh hs dhghsnrcnjhdth jîs hgbd÷jcgb. Jug`n fh hstn fhjndfn prbghfh fh ans \yjhs, quh n jhdufb sh hdguhdtrnd gbd hdbrjhs fcmcguatnfhs pnrn ntrnhr prbmhscbdnahs prbmhscbdnahs gunacmcgnfbs hd VCG y hd gbjhrgcb fckctna. Hd khdhrna ans duhvns thgdbabkêns puhfhd nyufnr n rhfugcr gbsths hd an brkndczngc÷d ab quh supbdh udn jbtcvngc÷d nþnfcfn pnrn fhfcgnrsh na gbjhrgcb fckctna. \hrjcthd prbfugtbs fh rhspbdfhr gbd jnybr rnpcfhz n abs gnjocbs fha jhrgnfb, bmrhgchdfb na gachdth hd ha jbjhdtb rhquhrcfb, `nghr ud shkucjchdtb fh abs phfcfbs fha gachdth b prhstnr u shrvcgcbs pbstvhdtn bdacdh. \bfrênjbs nmcrjnr quh ha shgtbr turêstcgb, udb fh abs jîs rhahvndths fh an hgbdbjên judfcna, hd khdhrna, y fh Hspnþn, hd pnrtcguanr. _hprhshdtn ha 3% fha \CO judfcna (BJV, ?<>6n) y ha ><,3% fha \CO dngcbdna (CDH, ?<>6). Ha knstb turêstcgb tbtna hmhgtunfb pbr abs turcstns cdthrdngcbdnahs hd Hspnþn hdtrh hdhrb y mhorhrb fha ?<>8 nsghdfc÷ n =.8=; jcaabdhs fh hurbs, ab quh sckdcmcgn an jhibr gcmrn pnrn hsh phrcbfb fh an shrch `cst÷rcgn (Hxghtur, (Hxghtur, ?<>8). Hd abs fbs fbs prcjhrbs jhshs fha fha nþb, ha knstb jhfcb fcnrcb suoc÷ ud 8,6%, `nstn aahknr n abs >>7 hurbs, y ha knstb jhfcb pbr turcstn muh ud 7,6% jîs, `nstn nagndznr abs >.<>0 hurbs. Abs jnybrhs cdgrhjhdtbs fha knstb turêstcgb fha phrcbfb abs tuvchrbd Ndfnaugên, quh suoc÷ ud >0,3%5 Onahnrhs, gbd udn suocfn fha >7,6% y an Gbjudcfnf fh Jnfrcf, gbd ud >7% jîs fh knstb turêstcgb rhgcocfb. Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs brkndcznrbd pnquhths turêstcgbs y tuvchrbd ud grhgcjchdtb fha >,=%, nagndzndfb ?.>03 jcaabdhs fh knstbs, hd abs fbs jhshs gctnfbs y hd gundtb n abs vcnihs scd pnquhths turêstcgbs supuschrbd supuschrbd ud grhgcjchdtb fha fha >>,8%, y ud knstb fh fh 6.7;0 jcaabdhs Ha muturb fha turcsjb hd duhstrn hgbdbjên hs prbjhthfbr, shkùd ha cdmbrjh fh an BJV (?<>6o), sh hstcjn quh ha dùjhrb fh turcstns sh cdgrhjhdtnrnd hd tbfb ha judfb gbd ud prbjhfcb fh 7,7% na nþb furndth ha phrêbfb fh ?<>< na ?<7<.

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Hd gbdgausc÷d, ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs fhohd nprbvhg`nr ab quh dbs prbpbrgcbdn ans duhvns thgdbabkêns pnrn cdgbrpbrnrans n su hstrnthkcn fh dhkbgcbs yn quh phrthdhghd n ud shgtbr mudfnjhdtna m udfnjhdtna hd duhstrn hgbdbjên.

?.?. CJ\NGVB FH ANW VCGs HD HA VX_CWJB. ?.?.>. An cjpbrtndgcn hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb An cdmauhdgcn fh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns fh an thahgbjudcgngc÷d y fh an cdmbrjngc÷d hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb hs fh udn cjpbrtndgcn trnsghdfhdtna n fên fh `by. Fhsfh quh npnrhgchrbd ans ans VCGs sh `nd gbdvhrtcfb hd ud hahjhdtb hshdgcna hshdgcna y `nd `nd npbrtnfb krndfhs vhdtnins n hsth shgtbr. An BGFH fhmcdhd ans VCGs, gbjb ha gbdiudtb fh nvndghs thgdba÷kcgbs quh prbpbrgcbdnd nquhaabs fcspbsctcvbs quh gnpturnd, trndsjcthd y fhspachknd fntbs h cdmbrjngc÷d hahgtr÷dcgn y quh npbynd ha grhgcjchdtb y fhsnrrbaab hgbd÷jcgb fh an cdfustrcn y abs shrvcgcbs (BGFH, ?<33>) An cdmbrjngc÷d puhfh gbdscfhrnrsh hd ha turcsjb gbjb ud mngtbr fh prbfuggc÷d gbjpnrnoah hd cjpbrtndgcn cjpbrtndgcn gbjb an tchrrn, ha h a trnonib y gnpctna (\bbd, >337). Gbjb fcgh W`hafbd (>336 ), an cdmbrjngc÷d hs an ‑sndkrh vctna‚ fh an cdfustrcn fh abs vcnihs, gbdhgtndfb n vcnihrbs, cdthrjhfcnrcbs y prbfugtbrhs. Wbd hshdgcnahs pnrn an hmcgchdgcn, ngghscocacfnf y an fcstrcougc÷d fh ans hjprhsns turêstcgns. Fh `hg`b, sh puhfh nmcrjnr quh hd gunaquchr prbfugtb cdtndkcoah, phrhghfhrb y `hthrbkãdhb, gbjb ha turêstcgb, an cdmbrjngc÷d mbrjn pnrth fha prbpcb prbfugtb y sh dhghsctn, pbr tndtb, thgdbabkên fnfn su rhangc÷d hd an ngtunacfnf. Whkùd Wtcpndeud (>33?) ha pnpha fh an thgdbabkên hd an cdfustrcn turêstcgn db fhoh shr rhahknfb ùdcgnjhdth n abs nsphgtbs rhangcbdnfbs gbd ans thgdbabkêns fh an cdmbrjngc÷d, scdb quh vn jug`b jîs naaî, pufchdfb cfhdtcmcgnrsh `nstn schth krndfhs mudgcbdhs fh ans thgdbabkêns hd hsth shgtbr, dbjorndfb ans sckuchdths9 An gbdtrcougc÷d fh an thgdbabkên fha turcsjb prbpbrgcbdndfb jnybr fcspbdcocacfnf fh tchjpb acorh pnrn abs vcnihs b rhfugh abs gbsths pnrn pbfhr vcninr. An thgdbabkên gbjb grhnfbrn grhnfbrn fh hxphrchdgcns hxphrchdgcns turêstcgns turêstcgns hd tndtb quh mngcactn mngcactn n abs gachdths an pbscocacfnf fh rhnacznr abs vcnihs vngngcbdnahs. An thgdbabkên gbjb pbthdgcnfbrn fh an hxphrchdgcn turêstcgn, quh hxckh ha jêdcjb hsmuhrzb pbr pnrth fh abs gbdsujcfbrhs pnrn pbfhr fcsmrutnr fh abs ntrngtcvbs turêstcgbs b mngcactndfb an rhfuggc÷d fha t chjpb dhghsnrcb pnrn rhnacznr abs fhspanznjchdtbs hdtrh abs auknrhs fh brckhd y fhstcdb fh abs vcnihrbs. An thgdbabkên gbjb mbgb prcdgcpna fh an hxphrchdgcn turêstcgn, gundfb an jbtcvngc÷d fha gbdsujcfbr hstî rhangcbdnfb hd gchrtn mbrjn pbr nsphgtbs fcrhgtnjhdth vcdguanfbs gbd ha fhsnrrbaab thgdba÷kcgb b fhthrjcdnfbs hvhdtbs sborh ha jcsjb. An thgdbabkên gbjb `hrrnjchdtn fh an cdfustrcn turêstcgn quh prbpbrgcbdndfb prbfugtcvcfnf, prbfugtcvcfnf, hmcgchdgcn y jhibrn abs dcvhahs fh sntcsmnggc÷d fha gbdsujcfbr. An thgdbabkên gbjb fhstrugtbrn fh an hxphrchdgcn turêstcgn, ab quh puhfh shr ndnacznfb onib vnrcbs pudtbs fh vcstn, fhsfh an prbpcn fhkrnfngc÷d fh ntrngtcvbs turêstcgbs dnturnahs `nstn an suostctugc÷d fh abs vcnihs gbjb gbdshguhdgcn fh an scjuangcbdhs n trnvãs fh an thgdbabkên. Wh puhfh nmcrjnr quh ans VCGs `nd rhvbaugcbdnfb ha shgtbr turêstcgb y `n jbfcmcgnfb an gbjphtctcvcfnf fh ans hjprhsns y fh abs fhstcdbs. 0


Whkùd _bfrêkuhz (>33;), ans gbdshguhdgcns jîs fhstngnoahs fh an rîpcfn h cdthdsn cdgbrpbrngc÷d fh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns fh an cdmbrjngc÷d hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb t urêstcgb puhfhd gbdgrhtnrsh hd ans sckuchdths9  

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Xdn duhvn bmhrtn fh shrvcgcbs turêstcgbs , ndth ans bpbrtudcfnfhs fh dhkbgcb quh

hstns duhvns thgdbabkêns t hgdbabkêns pbscocactnd. pbscocactnd. Xd duhvb jbfb fh gbjudcgnr n trnvãs fh ans pîkcdns whos y shrvcfbrhs hd fbdfh hxcsth udn njpacn gbjphthdgcn pnrn gnptnr an nthdgc÷d fha gbdsujcfbr, ab quh cjpacgn gbdthdcfbs cdthrhsndths y ntrngtcvbs .Nfhjîs gbdaahvn an pbscocacfnf fh cdthrngtunr gbd ha gachdth pbthdgcna. Xdn duhvn gbdghpgc÷d fha hspngcb y fha tchjpb . Db cjpbrtn fbdfh hstãd ha vhdfhfbr y ha gbjprnfbr, an rhf ahs gbdhgtn, dc ha jbjhdtb b ans fcmhrhdgcns `brnrcns. Hsth duhvb judfb db tchdh pbr tndtb acjctngcbdhs hspngcnahs hd gundtb n ans trndsnggcbdhs, schdfb an vhabgcfnf fh ans jcsjns su gnrngthrêstcgn prcdgcpna. Xd duhvb y rhvbaugcbdnrcb gndna fh fcstrcougc÷d . Ans duhvns thgdbabkêns fh an gbjudcgngc÷d prbpbrgcbdnd prbpbrgcbdnd ud gndna fh fcstrcougc÷d nathrdntcvb nathrdntcvb hd ha h a quh hd su krnd npbrtngc÷d db hs sbab ha phrjctcr quh gbjprnfbr y vhdfhfbr db thdknd quh hdgbdtrnrsh hd ha jcsjb auknr y n an jcsjn `brn, scdb quh, nfhjîs, ab puhfhd `nghr rîpcfnjhdth, cdgausb fh ud jbfb cdthrngtcvb hd tchjpb rhna.

?.?.?. Cjpbrtndgcn pnrn ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs rhprhshdtnd ud pnpha mudfnjhdtna hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb, ngtundfb gbjb cdthrjhfcnrcbs hdtrh prbvhhfbr y gachdth mcdna. Ha prbghsb fh brkndcznr ud vcnih hs rhnacznfb pbr ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs cdgauyhdfb ans ngtcvcfnfhs fh oùsquhfn fh nabinjchdtb, fcspbdcocacfnf, fcspbdcocacfnf, prhgcbs, ocaahths fh nvc÷d, cdgausb hxgurscbdhs hd ha fhstcdb hahkcfb pbr ha gachdth. An thgdbabkên `n rhvbaugcbdnfb ha shgtbr fhsfh tbfns ans phrsphgtcvns9 prbghsb fh gbjprn y rhshrvn, gbdhxc÷d fh bmhrtn y fhjndfn, khstc÷d fha dhkbgcb y jhibrn fh an hxphrchdgcn fha usunrcb. An thgdbabkên hstî trndsmbrjndfb hsth shgtbr, y hs dhghsnrcb quh ans hjprhsns sh nfnpthd gbd an nfbpgc÷d fh an thgdbabkên. Vrndsmbrjnrsh b fhsnpnrhghr, gbjb cdfcgn Jbacdn (?<>7). Gbjb tnjocãd cdfcgn ha nutbr, jug`ns hjprhsns turêstcgns `nd cdgbrpbrnfb btrbs jãtbfbs fh trnonib, gbjb an phrsbdnaczngc÷d fh vcnihs na gachdth, jnybr trnspnrhdgcn fh prhgcbs na pbfhr gbdsuatnrab scd prboahjn hd pîkcdns whos b oabks, jndthdhr na gachdth cdmbrjnfb n trnvãs gbdstndthjhdth fh ans duhvns bmhrtns fh an hjprhsn, mngcacfnf fh gbjpnrnr hdtrh abs prbfugtbs quh bmrhgh ans nkhdgcns y n`brrb fha tchjpb. Ha nutbr gbjhdtn n fhjîs abs ohdhmcgcbs fha usb fh ans VCGs gbjb an rhfuggc÷d abs gbsths fh cdthrjhfcngc÷d y gbjudcgngc÷d quh hxcstênd ndths, krngcns na usb fh abs KFW–s ( Kabona Fcstrcoutcbd Wysthjs). Gbd udn jnybr bmhrtn y jhdbrhs gbstbs, an gndtcfnf fhjndfnfn fh

pnquhths turêstcgbs, dbg`hs hd `bthahs y btrns quh sh vhdfhd n trnvãs fh hstbs scsthjns, sh cdgrhjhdt÷, nsê gbjb ha dùjhrb fh fhstcdbs n abs quh vcninrbd abs turcstns (\nangcbs, ?<<=). Wcd hjonrkb, db tbfns ans hjprhsns sbd gnpnghs fh nmrbdtnr ha gnjocb. Ans prcdgcpnahs rnzbdhs pbr ans quh ans hjprhsns turêstcgns quh fnd ha snatb n ans VCGs mrngnsnd hs fhocfb n su cdgnpngcfnf fh nagndznr udn gubtn fh jhrgnfb h cdkrhsbs gbd sumcgchdth rnpcfhz, b ochd an cjpbscocacfnf cjpbscocacfnf fh cdgrhjhdtnr su gnpctna fcspbdcoah pnrn sumrnknr ans cdvhrscbdhs thgdba÷kcgns dhghsnrcns. Nfhjîs, hd jug`ns bgnscbdhs ud onib dcvha fh utcaczngc÷d db vn n gbjphdsnr an cdvhrsc÷d hd duhvns thgdbabkêns. Btrns gnusns fha mrngnsb fh dujhrbsns hjprhsns hjprhsns turêstcgns sh fhohd fhohd hd su cdgnpngcfnf cdgnpngcfnf pnrn gbdgaucr nacndzns, rhbrchdtnr nfhgunfnjhdth su jbfhab fh dhkbgcb b gbdtrbanr sus gbsths fh mbrjn rckurbsn (_bjîd Jîrquhz, ?<<8).S db `ny quh bavcfnr quh

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nsphgtbs gbjb an rhdbvngc÷d gbdstndth fh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns y an mnatn fh hsphgcnaczngc÷d fh abs hjpahnfbs prbvbgn an fcsjcdugc÷d fh hjpahb hd ans nkhdgcns. Ha prboahjn prcdgcpna fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hd an ngtunacfnf, hsphgcnajhdth fh ans \SJHW, db hs an mnatn fh scsthjns hd ha jhrgnfb, scdb an mnatn fh cdgbrpbrngc÷d fh fcg`bs scsthjns hd sus hjprhsns b an cdmrnutcaczngc÷d fh abs jcsjbs. Ans nkhdgcns fhohd trndsmbrjnr sus prbghsbs `ngcn ud jbfhab fh trnonib quh ahs phrjctn utcacznr y nprbvhg`nr gchdtbs fh scsthjns thgdba÷kcgbs, tndtb pnrn su rhangc÷d gbd gachdths gbjb gbd prbvhhfbrhs. \nrn haab, rhsuatn cjprhsgcdfcoah an cdthkrngc÷d hdtrh abs jcsjbs jhfcndth duhvns sbaugcbdhs thgdba÷kcgns. Hstns sbaugcbdhs hstîd fcspbdcoahs y phrjcthd cdmcdcfnf fh vnrcngcbdhs y gbjocdngcbdhs, schdfb gnpnghs fh bmrhghr rhspuhstns phrsbdnacznfns n ans dhghscfnfhs y boihtcvbs fh gnfn nkhdgcn, nshkurn Jnduha Wbs, Fcrhgtbr Khrhdth fh \cphacdh Wbmtwnrh (?<>7). Xdn prhfcggc÷d quh sh `n gujpacfb n ab anrkb fh abs nþbs hs ha hmhgtb dhkntcvb quh thdfrên cdthrdht hdtrh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs prhshdgcnahs. Hd hsth gnsb an grcscs iuhkn ud pnpha prcjbrfcna. Hd hstbs nþbs fh grcscs quh hstî sumrchdfb ha shgtbr hspnþba fh ans nkhdgcns jîs fh 6.<<< bmcgcdns `nd ghrrnfb, hsphgcnajhdth \SJHW. Ha duhvb jhrgnfb hspnþba hd rhshrvn fh vcnihs n trnvãs fh cdthrdht vn kndndfb cjpbrtndgcn hdtrh ans nkhdgcns, quh vhd gbjb gnfn vhz jhdbs gachdths hdtrnd hd sus bmcgcdns (@bsthatur, ?<>7n). N phsnr fh abs nsphgtbs dhkntcvbs y pbsctcvbs ndbtnfbs pbfhjbs nmcrjnr quh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns hstîd nmhgtndfb fh jndhrn cjpbrtndth n ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs. Hsth shgtbr hs onstndth gbdsgchdth fh an dhghscfnf fh hsth nghrgnjchdtb n ans VCGs. \nrn sborhvcvcr fnfn ans fcmcguatnfhs hgbd÷jcgns ngtunahs, ans nkhdgcns fhohrênd npbstnr pbr ans VCGs pnrn ohdhmcgcnrsh jhfcndth ans pbscocacfnfhs fh hsphgcnaczngc÷d, phrsbdnaczngc÷d y puhstn hd vnabr fh abs mngtbrhs quh puhfh bmrhghr ha jhrgnfb bdacdh cdgbrpbrndfb nfhjîs ha vnabr nþnfcfb quh tchdhd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs trnfcgcbdnahs ha nshsbrnjchdtb.

?.7. VC\BABKÊNW FH VCGs _HAH]NDVHW \N_N NKHDGCNW ]CNIHW Ans VCGs `nd nyufnfb n ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs n cdgbrpbrnr hd su fên n fên an thgdbabkên. Gundfb dnfch fcspbdên fh ud brfhdnfbr hd gnsn, abs nkhdths fh vcnihs yn thdênd hdgcjn fh an jhsn udn pndtnaan y ud thganfb pnrn pbfhr ousgnr y rhshrvnr vuhabs. Ans duhvns thgdbabkêns sh prhshdtnd gbjb udn dhghscfnf pnrn ans nkhdgcns, y fh ãstns fh cdthrdht, gbdstctuyh ud gndna fh cdmbrjngc÷d y gbjudcgngc÷d mudfnjhdtna, pbr tndtb, supbdh udn `hrrnjchdtn cjprhsgcdfcoah hd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs. Hxcsthd juatctufhs fh thgdbabkêns y npacgngcbdhs gbd hjprhsns hsphgcnacznfns hd fcshþnr h cjpandtnr hstns `hrrnjchdtns n jhfcfn fh ans brkndczngcbdhs. Nakudns fh hstns `hrrnjchdtns khstcbdnd tbfn an gnfhdn fh vnabr fh an hjprhsn gbjb hs ha gbdbgcjchdtb h cdvhstckngc÷d fha jhrgnfb y ngtundfb hd an rhangc÷d quh jndtchdh an hjprhsn gbd sus gachdths. Whkùd WeyWgnddhr (?<>6), nùd `ny gachdths quh quchrhd rhshrvnr sus vcnihs n trnvãs fh nkhdths b nkhdgcns trnfcgcbdnahs. Wurkcrîd udn krnd vnrchfnf fh thgdbabkêns n duhstrb nagndgh, phrb db pbr hsb ha shgtbr vn n pnsnr n shr ><<% bdacdh. Wchjprh `norî dhghscfnf fh phrsbdns hsphgcnacznfns hd fhstcdbs .

N gbdtcdungc÷d gbdtcdungc÷d ndnacznrhjbs ndnacznrhjbs ans VCGs VC Gs jîs rhahvndths quh fhohrîd gbdscfhrnrsh pbr ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnihs gbjb vêns fh gbjudcgngc÷d oîscgn gbd sus gachdths. Jîs nfhandth hd btrbs npnrtnfbs fh hsth trnonib sh gbjpahtnrîd ud ndîacscs fh VCGs rhahvndths pnrn abs gbdsujcfbrhs, pbr ud anfb, y abs acknfbs n abs cdthrjhfcnrcbs turêstcgbs, fh btrb. ><


?.7.>. Gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb Hs an prcjhrn `hrrnjchdtn quh sh utcacz÷ fh mbrjn jnscvn hd cdthrdht. Ha gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb phrjcth hdvcnr y rhgcocr jhdsnihs fh mbrjn cdjhfcntn, quhfndfb rhkcstrnfbs abs jhdsnihs. Mbrjn schjprh pnrth fh an tnrihtn fh vcsctn, db sh gbdgcoh udn hjprhsn h cdgausb udn phrsbdn scd gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb. Wcd hjonrkb `ny bpcdcbdhs hdgbdtrnfns sborh su muturb. @ny quchd bpcdn quh pnuantcdnjhdth shrî sustctucfb pbr ans rhfhs sbgcnahs `nstn su fhsnpnrcgc÷d, btrbs pchdsnd quh db hs tnd mîgca quh fhsnpnrhzgn (\ãrhz, ?<>7). \bshh krndfhs vhdtnins gbjb ha n`brrb fha gbsth y fha tchjpb. Hdtrh ans utcacfnfhs fha gbrrhb fhstngn an pbscocacfnf fh phrjctcr udn gbjudcgngc÷d gbd prbvhhfbr b gachdth rîpcfb y fcrhgtb, phrb nud hxcsth fhsgbdmcndzn n an `brn fh orcdfnr fntbs phrsbdnahs b cdgausb rhnacznr pnkbs. Ha gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb hs mngtcoah pnrn rhnacznr fhthrjcdnfns bphrngcbdhs bphrngcbdhs shdgcaans gbjb hs ha cdthrgnjocb fh fntbs fh abs vcnihs, guhstcbdhs, ocaahths fh trndspbrth, htg. \hrb hd duhstrn bpcdc÷d gundfb surkhd fufns jîs gbjpahins ha gachdth ngufcrî n an nkhdgcn fh vcnih.

?.7.?. Nkhdgcn fh vcnih bdacdh (BVN) Wh trntn fh pbrtnahs who quh cdgauyhd `hrrnjchdtns pnrn an oùsquhfn, rhshrvn y pnkb fh jhfcbs fh trndspbrth (nvc÷d, trhd, nutboùs, gbg`hs fh naqucahr...) y nabinjchdtb. Vnjocãd cdgauyhd npnrtnfbs fhfcgnfbs n fhthrjcdnfns jbfnacfnfhs fh turcsjb gbjb hsquê b pnquhths turêstcgbs quh cdgauyhd shrvcgcbs fh trndspbrths y nabinjchdtb b njobs shrvcgcbs pbr shpnrnfb. Hsth tcpb fh nkhdgcns gujpahd an jcsjn mudgc÷d quh ans nkhdgcns trnfcgcbdnahs, cdthrjhfcngc÷d hdtrh gachdth y prbvhhfbr, nabinjchdtb, pnquhths vngngcbdnahs, grughrbs, hdtrh btrbs. Db suhahd bmrhghd prbfugtbs gbjpahibs y hsphgcnacznfbs. Gnrhghd udn shrch fh acjctngcbdhs, mnatn fh nshsbrnjchdtb, nshsbrnjchdtb, pbgn phrsbdnaczngc÷d. phrsbdnaczngc÷d. Hd gundtb ousgnjbs hd c dthrdht BVN an prcjhrn quh npnrhgh hs ‑hFrhnjs‚. An nkhdgcn vcrtuna hFrhnjs sh pbscgcbdn gbjb udb fh abs prcdgcpnahs Nkhdgcns Bdacdh. Hdvên ghrgn fh 6<< phtcgcbdhs fh cdmbrjngc÷d pbr shkudfb n sus prbvhhfbrhs y ndnaczn jîs fh >=<.<<< gbjocdngcbdhs fh rutns y tnrcmns. Gbjb pbfhjbs boshrvnr hd an Mckurn >. Wh sctùn hd gnohzn gbjb an nkhdgcn gbd jnybr mngturngc÷d hd ?<>7 y ?<>?. Ah sckuh _ujob, nkhdgcn fh Vhahm÷dcgn y Brczbdn. ]nd cdgrhjhdtndfb ans nkhdgcns bdacdh hd ha jhrgnfb yn sbd `noctunahs Fhstcdcn, Jug`bvcnih, Jug`bvcnih, Anstjcduth.

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Mckurn >9 _ndecdk @bsthatur fh nkhdgcns vcnihs Bdacdh ?<>6. Muhdth9 @bsthatur (?<>8). Whkùd Îavnrhz (?<>7), ans BVNs `nd gbdshkucfb n ab anrkb fh hstbs nþbs udn krnd cjpbrtndgcn hd ha turcsjb, t urcsjb, bmrhgchdfb dujhrbsns vhdtnins9 Ngghscocacfnf Ngghscocacfnf y rnpcfhz . Hs shdgcaab rhshrvnr tu prbpcb vcnih, schjprh quh

fcspbdknjbs fh brfhdnfbr y gbdhxc÷d n cdthrdht. Ab cddhknoah hs an gbjbfcfnf fh rhnacznr rhnacznr y pandcmcgnr fhsfh ha sbmî fh tu gnsn, scd trnsanfb n an nkhdgcn pnrn gbdmcrjnr an rhshrvn. \rhgcbs jîs onibs. An _hf orcdfn an pbscocacfnf fh gbdshkucr prhgcbs jîs

hgbd÷jcgbs. Ans nkhdgcns bdacdh tchdhd gbsths jîs onibs y, nfhjîs, dujhrbsbs prbvhhfbrhs bmrhghd ohdhmcgcbs pbr gbjprnr n trnvãs fh hsth gndna. Nfhjîs, dbs nyufn n gbjpnrnr prhgcbs y shrvcgcbs gbd gbjbfcfnf, scd dhghscfnf fh trnsanfnrsh fh udn nkhdgcn n btrn y scd anrkns hsphrn s. Jbfb fh pnkb pnrtcguanr . Hd an jnybrên fh ans nkhdgcns trnfcgcbdnahs, hs pbscoah pnknr n panzbs b gbd tnrihtn fh grãfctb. grãfctb. \hrb, btrb nsphgtb dbvhfbsb hd ans nkhdgcns bdacdh hs an pbscocacfnf fh utcacznr pudtbs ngujuanfbs pbr rhkcstrbs n pîkcdns b prbkrnjns y fhsguhdtbs, gbd ab quh ha vcnih snah jîs hgbd÷jcgb. Wcd cdmauhdgcns y gbd acohrtnf pnrn hahkcr. Btrb fh abs nsphgtbs pbsctcvbs fh

nfqucrcr ud vcnih pbr cdthrdht hs quh dnfch cdmauyh hd an fhgcsc÷d fha vcnih, ha jbfb fh rhnacznr, mhg`n, htg. Db `ny prhscbdhs quh rhgbjchdfhd ud auknr db fhshnfb pbr ha gachdth. S sc ha vcnihrb quchrh cdmbrjngc÷d nfcgcbdna, ngufh n mbrbs, fhonths b g`nt fbdfh `naanrî rhspuhstns n ans fufns. Abs i÷vhdhs, quh hstîd jîs ngbstujornfbs n ans duhvns thgdbabkêns, sbd quchdhs utcacznd jîs hsth mnvbr quh bmrhghd ans rhfhs sbgcnahs n an `brn fh vcninr. Bmhrtns fcspbdcoahs hd an _hf . Hd Cdthrdht abs prhgcbs sh ngtunacznd fh

jndhrn gbdstndth y ha gachdth puhfh cdmbrjnrsh sborh bmhrtns y prbjbgcbdhs quh sh rhnacznd na cdstndth h cdgausb rhgcocr nvcsbs phrsbdnacznfbs shkùd sus cdthrhshs. Gbjb pbfhjbs boshrvnr hd an Mckurn ?, an pîkcdn who bmrhgh abs jcsjbs shrvcgcbs quh udn nkhdgcn fh vcnih trnfcgcbdna, vuhab, `btha, grughrbs, snacfn y rhkrhsb fha >?


fhstcdb h cdgausb pnge fh vuhab y `btha b naqucahr fh gbg`hs. Hstbs duhvbs jãtbfbs fh nkhdgcns fh vcnih trndsjcthd trndsjct hd udn krnd gndtcfnf fh cdmbrjngc÷d scd dhghscfnf fh khdhrnr gbsths hd mbaahtbs, rhvcstns.

Mckurn ?9 \îkcdn prcdgcpna hFrhnjs. Muhdth9 hFrhnjs (?<>8) Hd fhmcdctcvn, hstbs duhvbs gndnahs fh fcstrcougc÷d bdacdh bmrhghd n abs `bthahs y nkhdgcns an pbscocacfnf fh ngghfhr n ud dùjhrb cacjctnfb fh gachdths pbthdgcnahs, bmrhgcãdfbahs bmrhgcãdf bahs udn krnd gndtcfnf fh cdmbrjngc÷d fh jndhrn rîpcfn, quh hstî fcspbdcoah hd gunaquchr jbjhdtb y tbfb hstb n ud gbsth jhdbr (Fh \noab, ?<<6).

?.7.7. Npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs An jnybrên fh gachdths quh ngufhd n ans nkhdgcns aahvnd schjprh su fcspbsctcvb j÷vca hd ha obascaab. Ans npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs prbpbrgcbdnd na usunrcb mngcacfnf y rnpcfhz n an `brn fh gbjprnr vuhabs, pandhnr vcnihs, hxgurscbdhs y hxphrchdgcns fh jndhrn jîs shdgcaan, thdhr an bpgc÷d fh vhrab y gbjprnrab hd ha jbjhdtb. S bothdhr bmhrtns hd ha jbjhdtb, prbjbgcbdhs tnahs gbjb ‑bmhrtn fha fên‚, ‑?6` pnrn bothdhr hstnr bmhrtn‚ y

gbd dbtcmcgngcbdhs cdstndtîdhns. Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs fhohd sngnr tbfb ha pnrtcfb quh puhfnd n an hxthdsc÷d fha usb j÷vca hd ha îjoctb fh abs vcnihs, tchdhd an bpbrtudcfnf fh kndnrsh n abs gachdths, bothdhr mcfhaczngc÷d y sc fhsnrrbaand hstn thgdbabkên puhfhd nkcacznr nsphgtbs gbjb an rhnaczngc÷d rhnaczngc÷d fh rhshrvns, r hshrvns, gndghangc÷d, gndghangc÷d, gbdsuatnr mhg`ns y rhnacznr ha pnkb mcdna. Ans npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs sbd ngtunajhdth jîs fhjndfnfb pbr ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, sbacgctnd nfnptnr su jãtbfb fh trnonib n hstn duhvn pantnmbrjn, pnrn quh su gachdth mcdna puhfn gbdhgtnrsh fhsfh su j÷vca b tnoaht y ngghfhr n tbfb ha gntîabkb fh prbfugtb fh an nkhdgcn, gbjb cdfcgn Vbdc Mrnu, Fcrhgtbr Khdhrna fh Vrnvhatbba (@bsthatur, ?<>7o).

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Gbjb ab nfvchrth an gbdsuatbrn Jnrehtcdk Hxg`ndkh abs dhkbgcbs db puhfhd phrjctcrsh ckdbrnr ans oùsquhfns j÷vcahs. Fh nguhrfb gbd su hstufcb ha 3<% fh abs usunrcbs fh sjnrtp`bdhs usnd cdthrdht hd sus fcspbsctcvbs j÷vcahs fcnrcnjhdth, fcnrcnjhdth, fh abs gunahs =0% utcacznd ud ousgnfbr pnrn abgnacznr prbfugtbs, 6?% nfquchrhd ud prbfugtb b shrvcgcb n trnvãs fha Wjnrtp`bdh, ha 6<%, utcaczn gupbdhs pnrn gbjprns (Hxg`ndkh, ?<>?). Hs gchrtb quh jug`ns hjprhsns db vhd nùd ans npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs gbjb udn `hrrnjchdtn cjprhsgcdfcoah hd an hstrnthkcn hjprhsnrcna, phrb hd an ngtunacfnf an gbdhgtcvcfnf bdacdh hs tbtna y gbdsckuhd gnfn fên jnybr muhrzn.

?.7.6 \îkcdns whos prbpcns fh nkhdgcns fh vcnihs Xdbs fh abs duhvbs gndnahs fh vhdtn quh `nd cfb npnrhgchdfb `ngh rhantcvnjhdth pbgb sbd ans pîkcdns whos prbpcns fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, fbdfh bmrhghd y vhdfhd sus prbfugtbs fcrhgtnjhdth n abs gachdths. An pîkcdn who hs udn `hrrnjchdtn fh cdmbrjngc÷d y gbjudcgngc÷d, quh bmrhgh udn fcvhrscfnf fh bpbrtudcfnfhs. Wh fhoh thdhr hd guhdtn quh an grhngc÷d fh udn pîkcdn who phrsbdna supbdh udn shrch fh gbsths, gbjb ha fcshþb, an khstc÷d fh puoacgngcbdhs, knstbs fh jndthdcjchdtb y an ngtunaczngc÷d fh an jcsjn. Ans krndfhs nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hspnþbans guhdtnd gbd su prbpcn pîkcdn who n trnvãs fh an guna ha turcstn puhfh gbdtngtnr gbd haans y gbdbghr guîahs sbd ans ngtcvcfnfhs prbpuhstns. Hd nakudns bgnscbdhs sh cdgauyhd prbjbgcbdhs y fhsguhdtbs hd an prbpcn pîkcdn who, fh krupb b pbr thjpbrnfn. Vnjocãd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs gbjhrgcnacznd hsth tcpb fh ngtcvcfnfhs gbjocdnfns hd nakùd pnquhth turêstcgb, hsphgcnajhdth gbd nabinjchdtb, aahkndfb n nguhrfbs gbd hstnoahgcjchdtbs rurnahs y hjprhsns fh turcsjb ngtcvb fh fhthrjcdnfns zbdns (]can, Orhn & Gnrrca, ?<>?). Ha rhtb pnrn ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hs usnr hsth duhvb mbrjntb pnrn cdthrngtunr gbd ha gachdth shahggcbdnfb ha prbfugtb y gbdthxtb nfhgunfb hd gnfn jbjhdtb. @ny quh udcr fcvhrsbs hahjhdtbs gbjb sbd fcshþb, phrsbdnaczngc÷d y abs scsthjns fh fcstrcougc÷dvhdtn. An pîkcdn who prbpcn, pbr tndtb, sh hstî gbdvcrtchdfb hd ud hahjhdtb mudfnjhdtna pnrn ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs. Ah nghrgn jîs na gachdth, y ha gachdth puhfh phrgcocr udn prcjhrn bpcdc÷d sborh an nkhdgcn, gbjb pbr hihjpab, abs prhgcbs fh sus vcnihs, ha `brnrcb fh nphrturn, thaãmbdb fh gbdtngtbs, htg.

?.7.8. _hfhs sbgcnahs Ans rhfhs sbgcnahs phrjcthd n gunaquchr usunrcb puoacgnr y gbjpnrtcr cdmbrjngc÷d gbd jcahs fh usunrcbs, n trnvãs fh gbjhdtnrcbs puoacgnfbs b mbrjntb juatcjhfcn (mbtbs, vêfhbs...). Fh hstn mbrjn jug`ns nkhdgcns fh vcnihs sh ohdhmcgcnd fh ans rhfhs sbgcnahs y grhnd sus prbpcns guhdtns, utcaczîdfbans gbjb gndna fh fcmusc÷d, puoacgcfnf fh sus prbfugtbs y shrvcgcbs, y nfhjîs ans nyufnd n cdthrngtunr gbd gachdths quh gbjpnrthd cdmbrjngc÷d sborh prhmhrhdgcns, nsphgtbs n jhibrnr fha shrvcgcb y ahs phrjcthd bmrhghr cdmbrjngc÷d schjprh ngtunacznfn ngtunacznfn y fcspbdcoah ?6`brns na fên tbfbs abs fêns fha nþb. An cjpbrtndgcn fh hsth jhfcb pnrn ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs sh rhmahin hd abs rhsuatnfbs bothdcfbs hd ha hstufcb rhnacznfb pbr AhnfWcmt (?<>7) jîs fh ud 88% fh abs usunrcbs `nghd ud shkucjchdtb n udn jnrgn turêstcgn hd Mnghobbe fhspuãs fh su vcnih. Nfhjîs ud 6=% nmcrjn `nohr puoacgnfb rhshþns b gbjhdtnrcbs hd cdthrdht. Ha hstufcb fcstcdkuh trhs mnshs m nshs hd ha gcgab fha vcnih9 udn prcjhrn htnpn fh pandcmcgngc÷d, pandcmcgngc÷d, udn shkudfn hd an quh sh prbfugh ha vcnih y udn thrghrn quh fhdbjcdn audn fh jcha. Hd an >6


prcjhrn fh hsns mnshs, gnfn vhz jîs usunrcbs ngufhd n ans rhfhs sbgcnahs pnrn fhgcfcr y pandcmcgnr su vcnih. Xd 3?% nmcrjn quh tchdh hd guhdtn abs gbdshibs fh sus njckbs y mnjcacnrhs hd an rhf, jchdtrns quh ud 83% rhgbdbgh `nohr rhnacznfb puoacgngcbdhs puoacgngcbdhs hd rhfhs sbgcnahs sborh sus muturns vngngcbdhs. Hd an shkudfn mnsh, fha vcnih prbpcnjhdth fcg`b, gnoh fhstngnr quh ud 08% fh abs usunrcbs fh Wjnrtp`bdh `ngh usb fh hstbs fcspbsctcvbs furndth ha vcnih. An thdfhdgcn hd ha shgtbr hs cdgaucrabs hd an hstrnthkcn fh nthdgc÷d na gachdth, grhndfb nsê udn pantnmbrjn fh shrvcgcbs juatcgndna, kabona y ngghscoah ?6 `brns tbfbs abs fêns fh an shjndn, quh gbjpahjhdtn y jhibrn abs gndnahs `noctunahs (thaãmbdb, hjnca, htg.), bmrhgchdfb udn hxphrchdgcn fh gbjpahtn na usunrcb (@bsthatur, ?<>7n). Nyufn n fnr sbpbrth n ans duhvns fhjndfns fhsfh ans fufns sborh ans rhshrvn fh vuhabs u `bthahs y phtcgc÷d fh cdmbrjngc÷d, `nstn an sbaugc÷d fh cdgcfhdgcns, rhganjngcbdhs, hxtrnvêb fh jnahtns, htg. An prhshdgcn fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hd ans rhfhs sbgcnahs `n nyufnfb n cdgrhjhdtnr su dhkbgcb, gnoh fhstngnr quh krndfhs gbjpnþêns guhdtnd gbd jcahs fh shkucfbrhs hd hstns pîkcdns. Cdgausb brkndcsjbs pùoacgbs gbjb hs ha Jcdcsthrcb fh Cdfustrcn, Vurcsjb y Gbjhrgcb npnrhgh hd an rhf sbgcna, Mnghobbe pnrn cdthrngtunr gbd abs usunrcbs fh tbfb ha judfb y sukcrchdfb quh gbjpnrtnd sus hxphrchdgcns fh sus vcnihs n Hspnþn jhfcndth mbtbs y vêfhbs. Nfhjîs fh juatcpacgnr an gnpngcfnf fh aahknr n ud jnybr dùjhrb fh usunrcbs, an thdfhdgcn hstî hd pbfhr rhshrvnr abs vcnihs fcrhgtnjhdth n trnvãs fh hstbs gndnahs. \br hihjpab, an pîkcdn fh Mnghobbe fh Onrgha÷ ]cnihs (Mckurn 7), fbdfh hxpbdhd hd su tnoa÷d sus bmhrtns, prhkudtns na gbdsujcfbr, prbjbgcbdhs. Fhspuãs fh Mnghobbe, Vwctthr hs an rhf sbgcna fbdfh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs tchdhd udn prhshdgcn gbd ha boihtcvb fh mbjhdtnr duhvns vêns fh gbjudcgngc÷d. Vbfns haans gbdstctuyhd udn jndhrn ùtca fh gbdhgtnr ha jhrgnfb gbd ha pùoacgb hd khdhrna.

Mckurn 79 \îkcdn prcdgcpna Onrgha÷ ]cnihs hd Mnghobbe. Muhdth9 Onrghab ]cnihs (?<>8)

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?.7.=. Oabks Xd oabk hs ud sctcb who phrsbdna quh sh ngtunaczn gbd mrhguhdgcn, hd ha quh sh puoacgnd gbjhdtnrcbs b gbaujdns n fcnrcb y hdanghs gbd btrbs nrtêguabs b sctcbs [ho (Cdstctutb @bthahrb, ?<<3). Hd ha îjoctb turêstcgb hxcsthd fcmhrhdths oabks fhfcgnfb n abs vcnihs, guyn cdmbrjngc÷d puhfh hstnr rhangcbdnfb gbd fcmhrhdths tcpbs fh vcnihs, mnjcacnrhs (pnrquh fh ntrnggcbdhs, zbba÷kcgbs, jushbs, fcmhrhdths fhpbrths), rhangcbdnfbs gbd an dnturnahzn, vcnihs fh mcd fh gursb, cdjhrsb, hdtrh btrbs (vãnsh, pbr hihjpab, Mckurn 6).

Mckurn 69 \îkcdn prcdgcpna trnvhakhdcb. Muhdth9 Vrnvhakhdcb (?<>8 ) Abs gbdthdcfbs fcmudfcfbs n trnvãs fh abs oabks npnrhghd brfhdnfbs grbdba÷kcgnjhdth hd shdtcfb fhsghdfhdth y sus thjîtcgns sbd njpacns y vnrcnfns, tndtb gbjb abs cdthrhshs y jbtcvngcbdhs fh sus grhnfbrhs h cdgauyh fhsfh an dnrrngc÷d fh an vcfn phrsbdna fha nutbr. @nstn ha sujcdcstrb fh cdmbrjngc÷d rhahvndth sborh ud îrhn fh gbdthdcfb gbdgrhtn (Enpand y @nhdahcd, ?<><). Db bostndth, pnrn quh udn phrsbdn shn gbdscfhrnfn gbjb khdhrnfbr fh gbdthdcfbs `n fh gujpacr trhs rhqucsctbs (BGFH, ?<<;)9 >. Fhoh puoacgnr sus gbdthdcfbs hd udn [ho pùoacgnjhdth ngghscoah ?. Dhghsctn jbstrnr jbstrnr ud gchrtb hsmuhrzb hsmuhrzb fh grhntcvcfnf grhntcvcfnf 7. Dhghsctn shr grhnfb muhrn muhrn fh su rutcdn rutcdn b prîgtcgn prîgtcgn prbmhscbdna. prbmhscbdna. Abs oabks onsnfbs hd thxtb sbd abs jîs gbjudhs, sc ochd gnfn vhz jîs sh ahs cdgbrpbrnd btrbs hahjhdtbs gbjb cjîkhdhs, vcfhbs, htg. Wus usbs sbd juy vnrcnfbs y jug`ns sbd ans gbjpnþêns quh abs utcacznd pnrn pbdhr na fên n sus hjpahnfbs, gachdths y btrbs nkhdths sborh nquhaabs nsphgtbs quh shnd gbdscfhrnfbs gbjb rhahvndths. Abs oabks sborh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs puhfhd shrvcr gbjb mbrbs sborh ans hxphrchdgcns fha vcnihrb b hxphrtbs hd turcsjb. \hrjcthd rhnacznr gbjhdtnrcbs y rhgbjhdfngcbdhs fh abs nrtêguabs n btrbs usunrcbs. Hd hspnþba fhstngnd oabkfhvcnihs.gbj.nr, oabkfhvcnihs.gbj.nr, oabk.trnvhakhdcb.gbj, oabk.trnvhakhdcb.gbj, nudquh yn jug`ns rhfhs sbgcnahs `nghd ha pnpha fh oabk phrjctchdfb quh sh gbjpnrtnd mbtbs y ndãgfbtns.

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?.6. VCGs ACKNFNW N GBDWXJCFB_HW Gbjb prcdgcpna prbtnkbdcstn fha dhkbgcb turêstcgb, tnjocãd sh hstî vchdfb gbjb ans duhvns thgdbabkêns, ngbjpnþnfns fh btrbs mngtbrhs, hstîd jbfcmcgndfb su pnpha hd hsh gnjocb quh sh hstî prbfugchdfb hd ans rhkans fha iuhkb hd an cdfustrcn turêstcgn (\bbd, >337). Hd hsth shdtcfb, pbfrên scdthtcznrsh ha cjpngtb fh ans VCG sborh ha turcstn y su gbjpbrtnjchdtb ndth ha prbghsb fh gbjprn hd abs sckuchdths nsphgtbs (Wg`hrtahr, >3365 Ou`nacs, >33=5 Whrrn, >33=5 _bfrêkuhz, >33;5 _hnstrbaab y Nanrg÷d, >333)9 

\bscocacfnf fh hstnoahghr ud gbdtngtb fcrhgtb h cdthrngtcvb gbd ha prbvhhfbr fh abs shrvcgcbs, scd cdthrjhfcnrcbs, cdthrjhfcnrc bs, ab quh phrjctcrên bothdhr udn cdmbrjngc÷d jîs phrsbdnacznfn



Jnybr



trndspnrhdgcn

hd

prhgcbs ,

gnpngcfnfhs

fcspbdcoahs

fh

panzb

y

gnrngthrêstcgns fh abs prbfugtbs. Jnybr mbrjngc÷d fh gachdths , fhrcvnfn fh an oùsquhfn fh cdmbrjngc÷d cdmbrjngc ÷d hvnaungc÷d hvnaungc÷d y

shahggc÷d fh bmhrtns, brkndczngc÷d brkndczngc÷d fha vcnih y gchrrh fh an gbjprn, ab quh rhsuatn hd ud turcstn gnfn vhz jîs hxphrcjhdtnfb. hxphrcjhdtnfb.



Dcvhahs fh prhgcbs jîs niustnfbs , gbjb gbdshguhdgcn fh an trndspnrhdgcn hd



Fcsjcdugc÷d fha dcvha fh cfhnaczngc÷d fh abs gbdsujcfbrhs y ud cdgrhjhdtb fha pbfhr fha gbdsujcfbr.



\bscocacfnf fh ud jnybr y jhibr shrvcgcb hd tãrjcdbs fh tchjpb , cdmbrjngc÷d fcspbdcoah, rnpcfhz fh rhspuhstn, gnacfnf fh an cdmbrjngc÷d y fh an hxpbscgc÷d n an jcsjn.



Wcjpacmcgngc÷d fha prbghsb fh gbjprn hd tãrjcdbs fh jhdbrhs gbsths y tchjpb.

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Fcsjcdugc÷d fh an ndtcgcpngc÷d hd ans rhshrvns hmhgtunfns ndth an prbacmhrngc÷d fh

prhgcbs y an jhibr cdmbrjngc÷d fha turcstn.

ans bmhrtns fh ùatcjn `brn n trnvãs fh cdthrdht.

Wcd hjonrkb, hsth gnjocb db puhfh khdhrnacznrsh. Hxcsthd dujhrbsns onrrhrns pnrn ha fhsnrrbaab, hd ans quh pbfhjbs jhdgcbdnr (Whrrn, >33=, ?85 _bfrêkuhz, >33;,0;5 _hnstrbaab y Nanrg÷d, >333)9 

Fcmcguatnf fh ngghsb n abs jhrgnfbs hahgtr÷dcgbs. An utcaczngc÷d jnscvn fha



Cdgausb pnrn abs usunrcbs fh an rhf, sckuhd hxcstchdfb natns tnsns fh cdshkurcfnf y fhsgbdmcndzn, rhangcbdnfns gbd ans knrndtêns fha pnkb, cdtcjcfnf y gbdmcfhdgcnacfnf fh abs fntbs phrsbdnahs b ha mrnufh.

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Hxcsthd gchrtns rhstrcggcbdhs fhrcvnfns fh guhstcbdhs sbgcnahs y guaturnahs , pbr hihjpab ha ahdkunih. @nstn n`brn, an jnybrên fh abs shrvcgcbs fcspbdcoahs hd cdthrdht hstîd brchdtnfbs `ngcn abs usunrcbs ndka÷mbdbs. ndka÷mbdbs.

gbjhrgcb hahgtr÷dcgb hahgtr÷dcgb sckuh thdchdfb thdchdfb gbjb mrhdb ha gbsth fh abs hqucpbs hqucpbs y ans gbdhxcbdhs, nsê gbjb an prhpnrngc÷d dhghsnrcn pnrn ud usb nfhgunfb fh abs brfhdnfbrhs y an dnvhkngc÷d pbr Cdthrdht.

Wcd hjonrkb, hstns onrrhrns sh vnd suphrndfb pbgb n pbgb puhs gbjb nmcrjn an Brkndczngc÷d Judfcna fha Vurcsjb (BJV, >333), na turcstn db sbab db ah cjpbrtn brkndcznr pbr sê jcsjb sus vcnihs scdb quh ahs kustn `nghrab, hxpabrnr hd aêdhn ha judfb fh abs vcnihs hs fcvhrtcfb y prîgtcgb. An brkndczngc÷d y pandcmcgngc÷d fha vcnih mbrjn pnrth fh an hxphrchdgcn turêstcgn y gbjb yn jbstrnond hstufcbs jîs rhgchdths (Hxg`ndkh, ?<>?5 Ahnfscmct, ?<>7) ha turcstn hs gnfn vhz jîs ngtcvb hd ha prbghsb fh fcshþb y gbdtrntngc÷d fh sus vcnihs.

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?.6.>. Gnrngthrêstcgns prbpcns fha cdthrdnutn hspnþba Ha hstufcb phrmca fhjbkrîmcgb fh abs cdthrdnutns (NCJG, ?<>6), hanobrnfb pbr ha Boshrvntbrcb _hf.hs gbd fntbs bothdcfbs fha Cdstctutb Dngcbdna Hstnfêstcgn shþnan quh jîs fh ?<,= jcaabdhs fh phrsbdns fh an pboangc÷d hspnþban fh hdtrh >= y ;6 nþbs sh gbdhgtn n Cdthrdht tbfbs abs fêns. Gbjb pbfhjbs boshrvnr hd an Mckurn 8 hdtrh abs usunrcbs quh sh gbdhgtnd n cdthrdht, ha =<,>% utcacznd shrvcgcbs rhangcbdnfbs gbd vcnihs y nabinjchdtbs na jhdbs udn vhz hd shjndn, shkucfb fh an ondgn hahgtr÷dcgn. Dbs aanjn an nthdgc÷d quh an pboangc÷d hspnþban vcscth gbd jnybr mrhguhdgcn ans pîkcdns whos rhangcbdnfn gbd ans nkhdgcns.

Mckurn 89 Cdthrdnutns hspnþbahs fh >=-;6 nþbs shkùd su jbtcvb y mrhguhdgcn ngghsb n cdthrdht. Muhdth9 (NCJG, ?<>6). Whkùd ha hstufcb khdhrna fh jhfcbs rhnacznfbs pbr NCJG (?<>6), an prbpcn vcvchdfn sh jndtchdh gbjb auknr prhfbjcdndth fh ngghsb n cdthrdht hd Norca/Jnyb ?<>6, yn quh 3=,>% fh abs cdthrdnutns sh gbdhgtnond fhsfh ha `bknr. Ah sckuh gbjb auknr jîs mrhguhdth ha trnonib, gbd ud pbrghdtnih fha ?>% fh abs usunrcbs. Hd hsth gnsb an thdfhdgcn n an onin cdcgcnfn hd ha nþb ?<<8 hstî gnjocndfb gbd rhsphgtb n abs ùatcjbs fbs nþbs, gbd ud ackhrb nujhdtb fh usunrcbs fh cdthrdht quh ngghfhd na jcsjb fhsfh su auknr fh trnonib. \br fhtrîs fh hstbs auknrhs fh ngghsb (gnsn y trnonib), sh sctùn gbd ud >0,6 btrbs auknrhs gbjb gnsn nihdn (pbr hihjpab pnrchdths, njckbs) b auknrhs pùoacgbs gbjb gcohrgnmãs b thahghdtrbs. Hd ha ùatcjb auknr gbjb mrhguhdgcn fh ngghsb hs an udcvhrscfnf udcvhrscfnf b ghdtrb fh hstufcbs. Hd gundtb ha prcdgcpna jbtcvb fh an gbjprn bdacdh hs ha prhgcb y bmhrtns hd abs prbfugtbs y shrvcgcbs quh sh bmrhgh n trnvãs fh an rhf (=8,?%). An gbjbfcfnf hs ha sckuchdth y pbr ùatcjb ha n`brrb fha tchjpb sbd ans sckuchdths jbtcvngcbdhs hd cjpbrtndgcn quh pbthdgcnd an gbjprn hd _hf. Hs ud nsphgtb mudfnjhdtna n gbdscfhrnr pbr pnrth fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs gnusns tnd shdgcaans gbjb ha n`brrb fh tchjpb quh supbdh ngufcr n an nkhdgcn, an mngcacfnf fh rhnacznr an gbjprn hd gnsn y an mnatn fh cjpbscgc÷d quh n vhghs btbrkn ud nkhdth sbd ans quh `ngh n abs gachdths db ngufcr n an >0


nkhdgcn (Boshrvntbrcb Dngcbdna fh ans Vhahgbjudcgngcbdhs y fh an Wbgchfnf fh an Cdmbrjngc÷d, BDVWC ?<>?). Vbfbs hstbs fntbs gbdtnrbd an thdfhdgcn grhgchdth hd an gbdtrntngc÷d fh vcnihs y rhnaczngc÷d fh trndsnggcbdhs, hd khdhrna, pbr vên thahjîtcgn. Hd an Mckurn =, sctuîdfbdbs hd ha hxtrhjb bpuhstb, hs fhgcr, ans rnzbdhs quh ntrnhd n abs gachdths n ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs trncgc÷dnahs ha prcdgcpna jbtcvb hs ha trntb phrsbdnacznfb. N gbdtcdungc÷d sh hdguhdtrn an shkurcfnf y gbdmcndzn quh fcmêgcajhdth pbfhjbs btbrknr n trnvãs fh abs shrvcgcbs bdacdh. Wbd ãstns ans prcdgcpnahs vhdtnins quh bmrhghd ans nkhdgcns y puhfh quh udb fh abs jbtcvbs pbr ha quh db gchrrhd jug`ns fh haans, sborh tbfb \SJHW.

Mckurn =9 Nsphgtbs cjpbrtndths n an `brn fh gbdtrntnr ud prbfugtb b shrvcgcb. Muhdth9 (Njnfhus ?<>6). Whkùd Njnfhus y NGN] (?<>6), abs jbtcvbs fha gachdth mcdna pnrn utcacznr udn nkhdgcn trnfcgcbdna b udn bdacdh vchdhd fhthrjcdnfbs pbr ha vnabr quh sh gbdghfh n ans vhdtnins phrgcocfns, fh jndhrn juy fcmhrhdgcnfn pbr ha gachdth mcdna, hdtrh gnfn udb fh hstbs fbs gndnahs. Nsê, abs gachdths fh nkhdgcns trnfcgcbdnahs suhahd ngufcr n ãstns hd ousgn fh ud trntb phrsbdnacznfb, pbr an gbdmcndzn quh ah bmrhghd (jug`bs fh haabs fhsgbdmênd fh Cdthrdht) y pbr ha nshsbrnjchdtb rhgcocfb. \br ha gbdtrnrcb, abs gachdths fh ans bdacdh rhgurrhd n haans prcdgcpnajhdth pbr an gbjbfcfnf, an rnpcfhz y pbr an pbscocacfnf fh ngghfhr n prbfugtbs n prhgcb jîs rhfugcfb. Hd rhsujhd, ha gachdth fh an nkhdgcn vcrtuna tchdfh n gbdsuatnr, hd prbjhfcb, jîs nkhdgcns fh vcnihs quh ha usunrcb fh an nkhdgcn fh gnaah ndths fh gbdtrntnr mcdnajhdth ud prbfugtb. An krnd jnybrên fh abs usunrcbs bdacdh vcsctn udn jhfcn fh gcdgb whos, jchdtrns quh ha gachdth trnfcgcbdna vcsctn udn jhfcn fh fbs nkhdgcns (Njnfhus ?<>6). An trnfcgcbdna kbzn, pbr tndtb, fh ud jnybr êdfcgh fh mcfhacfnf pbr pnrth fh su gachdth, jchdtrns quh an bdacdh tchdh ndth sê ud gachdth juy gbdfcgcbdnfb pbr ha prhgcb fhsfh an prcjhrn mnsh fha prbghsb fh oùsquhfn .

?.8. VCGs ACKNFB N ABW CDVH_JHFCN_CBW VX_ÊWVCGBW. Ahibs fh fhsnpnrhghr, an cdthrjhfcngc÷d `n jutnfb hd cdthrdht gbd an npnrcgc÷d fh duhvbs ngtbrhs quh, scd vhdfhr fcrhgtnjhdth, hstîd snochdfb gbabgnr su jbfhab fh dhkbgcb snocnjhdth y hstîd grhgchdfb fh jndhrn hvcfhdth. Ha pnpha fh abs cdthrjhfcnrcbs hs gnfn vhz jîs cjpbrtndth, n jhfcfn quh cdthrdht `n cfb grhgchdfb, ha

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cdthrjhfcnrcb n rhdbvnfb su jãtbfb fh trnonib nyufndfb na gbdsujcfbr n hdgbdtrnr ha prbfugtb y prhgcb quh shn jîs j îs ngbrfh n an dhghscfnf fha gachdth (@bsthatur, ?<>7g). Ans duhvns thgdbabkêns hstîd prbvbgndfb ud rhniusth fh ans mudgcbdhs y mbrjns fh bphrnr fh abs fcstcdtbs hahjhdtbs quh cdthkrnd ha gndna fh fcstrcougc÷d turêstcgn. Xdns fh ans gbdshguhdgcns fh hstbs prbghsbs hs an npnrcgc÷d fh duhvbs hahjhdtbs fhdtrb fh an cdfustrcn quh vchdhd n cdthdscmcgnr an gbjphthdgcn fhdtrb fha shgtbr (@brhgb, ?<<<). Cdthrdht, an thahvcsc÷d fckctna cdthrngtcvn y btrns thgdbabkêns hd aêdhn `nd rhfugcfb ans onrrhrns pnrn quh duhvbs gbjphtcfbrhs hdtrhd hd ha judfb fh an vhdtn fh abs vcnihs. Ndths fh an hrn fh an cdmbrjngc÷d abs nkhdths fh vcnihs hstnoahgcfbs dhghsctnond nþbs pnrn gbdstrucr su prhshdgcn hd ha jhrgnfb5 cdvcrtchdfb hd abgnahs hd ans gnaahs jîs gbjhrgcnahs, hd phrsbdna gunacmcgnfb, shrvcgcbs fh npbyb, scsthjn cdmbrjîtcgbs, htg... Abs duhvbs cdthrjhfcnrcbs fh vcnihs, abs pbrtnahs fh cdthrdht, `nd gbjprhdfcfb gbjprhdfcfb quh ans thgdbabkêns fh an cdmbrjngc÷d puhfhd prbpbrgcbdnahs udn hdtrnfn rhantcvnjhdth shdgcaan hd ha shgtbr fh abs vcnihs (BJV, >333,0>). An cdthrjhfcngc÷d turêstcgn hstî gbdstctucfn prcdgcpnajhdth pbr Nkhdths Jnybrcstns (Vurbphrnfbrhs) y Nkhdths Jcdbrcstns (nkhdgcns fh vcnihs). Hstns hjprhsns sh fhfcgnd prbmhscbdnajhdth prbmhscbdnajhdth y gbjhrgcnajhdth na hihrgcgcb fh ngtcvcfnfhs ngtcvcfnfhs fh jhfcngc÷d y brkndczngc÷d fh shrvcgcbs turêstcgbs, pufchdfb utcacznr pnrn haab jhfcbs prbpcbs (\nrrn, Jhag`cbr y _njbs ?<<7). Fnfb quh ha prcdgcpna pnpha quh rhnaczn ha cdthrjhfcnrcb fh vcnihs hs an fcvuakngc÷d fh cdmbrjngc÷d, cdthrdht mnvbrhgh an hxpndsc÷d fh abs gndnahs bdacdh. \bgns cdfustrcns `nd hxpabtnfb ans pbscocacfnfhs fha h-gbjjhrgh gbd tndtn mngcacfnf gbjb ha shgtbr fh abs ]cnihs (Dbvne y Wg`wnoh, ?<<3). Fh `hg`b ud 6<,0% fh abs cdthrdnutns hspnþbahs nmcrjnd quh rhdudgcnrênd n brkndcznr ud vcnih mêscgnjhdth hd an nkhdgcn pnrn pbfhr `nghrab sbanjhdth n trnvãs fh cdthrdht (Vhahm÷dcgn, ?<>7). \br tndtb fnfn an cjpbrtndgcn fh hsth gndna gbjb jhfcb pnrn an gbjhrgcnaczngc÷d fh prbfugtbs turêstcgbs, n gbdtcdungc÷d cdgaucjbs nakudbs fh abs jîs rhahvndths. Hd gbdgrhtb, ndnacznjbs h gnsb fh abs Vburbphrnfbrhs y jhtnousgnfbrhs. jhtnousgnfbrhs.

?.8.>. Vburbphrnfbrhs Abs tburbphrnfbrhs gbdstctuyhd ha prcdgcpna cdthrjhfcnrcb pnrn ans hjprhsns turêstcgns quh bphrndfb hd ud fhstcdb turêstcgb prhthdfhd vhdfhr sus prbfugtbs hd btrbs pnêshs. Abs vcnihs gbjocdnfbs b pnquhths turêstcgbs brkndcznfbs pbr hstbs, rhprhshdtnd an m÷rjuan jîs hjpahnfn pbr abs hurbphbs pnrn rhnacznr sus vcnihs cdthrdngcbdnahs (\nrrn, Jhag`cbr y _njbs ?<<7). Hxcsthd vnrcns fhmcdcgcbdhs gbjb hs an JgCdtbs`, Kbhhafdhr y _ctg`ch (>338) fcghd quh ha jnybrcstn fh vcnihs (tnjocãd aanjnfb tburbphrnfbr) gbjocdn ud vcnih y tbfbs sus gbjpbdhdths y ab vhdfh n trnvãs fh su prbpcn gbjpnþên, pudtbs fh vhdtn jcdbrcstn b fh nkhdgcns fh vcnihs nutbrcznfns. @brdhr y Wwnrorbbeh (>33=), nganrnd y njpaênd hstbs, fhmcdchdfb na jnybrcstn gbjb udn gbjpnþên quh gbjprn ud prbfugtb b shrvcgcbs hd krndfhs gndtcfnfhs na prbfugtbr y auhkb ab vhdfh n phquhþns gndtcfnfhs na jcdbrcstn, y gnacmcgnd na tburbphrnfbr gbjb ud scjpah cdthrjhfcnrcb fha gndna fh gbjudcgngc÷d. Naohrt (>333) fhmchdfh nakudns fh ans gnrngthrêstcgns fh abs tburbphrnfbrhs quh phrjcthd udn jnybr gbjprhdsc÷d fh sus ngtcvcfnfhs9 >. Grhnd fcmhrhdths jnrgns pnrn sus vnrcnfbs prbkrnjns fh vcnihs. ?. Bphrnd cdthrdngcbdnajhdth cdthrdngcbdn ajhdth ud krnd pbrghdtnih fh vcnihs. 7. Juhvhd natns gcmrns gcmrns fh gachdths y vhdtns. vhdtns. ?<


6. Wu prcdgcpna mudgc÷d hs an prbfuggc÷d prbfuggc÷d fh vcnihs vcnihs n an bmhrtn bmhrtn (pnquhths turêstcgbs, turêstcgbs, vcnihs prbkrnjnfbs), hs fhgcr gbdmhggcbdn su prbpcn cdcgcntcvn y fcrckcfn n udn fhjndfn pbthdgcna. 8. Nsujhd natbs rchskbs pbr sus gbdtrntngcbdhs gbdtrntng cbdhs ndtcgcpnfns, pbr su hxpabtngc÷d n an bmhrtn y pbr sus cdthdsns nggcbdhs fh jnrehtcdk. =. Wuhahd bmhrtnr prbkrnjns prbkrnjns hsphgcnacznfb hsphgcnacznfbss pbr fhstcdbs, shkjhdtbs shkjhdtbs fh jhrgnfb jhrgnfb b prbfugtbs gbd jnrgns fcmhrhdths na dbjorh fha tburbphrnfbr b jnybrcstn. ;. \bshhd udn hstrugturn hstrugtur n gbjpahin pnrn pbfhr rhnacznr ha fcshþb, brkndczngc÷d y gbjhrgcnaczngc÷d gbjhrgcnaczngc÷d fh sus vcnihs y prbfugtbs. 0. Gbdtrntnd shrvcgcbs turêstcgbs hd krndfhs gndtcfnfhs y dhkbgcnd tnrcmns rhfugcfns gbd abs prbvhhfbrhs pnrn nonrntnr abs prhgcbs fh vhdtn na pùoacgb fh abs shrvcgcbs quh bmhrtnd. An rhnaczngc÷d fh hstns gbdtrntngcbdhs supbdhd tnjocãd ha hihrgcgcb fh an mudgc÷d jhfcnfbrn. Gbjb ndbtn Dnvns (?<>?), trndsmbrjnr udn nkhdgcn fh vcnihs jcdbrcstn hd ud bphrnfbr turêstcgb gbjpahtb, quh hdkaboh tbfb, jug`b jîs quh an tburbphrngc÷d, nfnptnfb n abs tchjpbs quh gbrrhd scd thdhr t hdhr quh rhhstrugturnr hs ha boihtcvb quh fhohd phrshkucr ans nkhdgcns. Ha gbdsujcfbr quchrh bothdhr hxphrchdgcns ùdcgns y n abs tburbphrnfbrhs ahs juhvh an njocgc÷d fh nfnptnrsh n ud tchjpb gnjocndth, fbtîdfbab fh udn hstrugturn ibvhd y fcdîjcgn.

?.8.?. Jhtnousgnfbrhs \hrjcthd n rhnacznr oùsquhfns n trnvãs fh vnrcbs ousgnfbrhs cdfhphdfchdths pnrn bmrhghrahs n abs gachdths udn gbjpnrntcvn fh prhgcbs fh vuhabs, `bthahs, y fhjîs shrvcgcbs. Hstns oùsquhfns sh puhfhd brfhdnr hd mudgc÷d rhahvndgcn y/b jhdbr prhgcb, npbrtndfb fcmhrhdths pudtbs fh vcstns n an `brn fh hahkcr. Gnfn vhz sbd jîs ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs bdacdh quh npnrhghd hd hstbs jhtnousgnfbrhs. Xdb fh hsbs cdthrjhfcnrcbs hs ha jhtnousgnfbr Enyne, ha prcjhrb hd Hstnfbs Xdcfbs y gbd udn muhrth hxpndsc÷d cdthrdngcbdna yn cdcgcnfn quh, scd fufn crî n jîs thdchdfb hd guhdtn su nfqucscgc÷d pbr pnrth fh \rcghacdh, quh \rcghacdh, quh tchdh jug`n hxphrchdgcn hd hsh thrrhdb. \rcghacdh, jntrcz fh Obbecdk.gbj, fh Obbecdk.gbj, `n `n nfqucrcfb Enyne pnrn prbonr btrb jhfcb hd ha quh shkucr grhgchdfb (@bsthatur, (@bsthatur, ?<>7g). Ibsã Aucs Jnrtêdhz, gbudtry jndnkhr fh fh Enyne Hspnþn & \brtukna hxpacgn hd @bsthatur (?<>7g) quh udb fh abs shgrhtbs fha ãxctb fha jhtnousgnfbr hs fhthgtnr ans dhghscfnfhs fh sus usunrcbs. \hrb juy hsphgcnajhdth tbfbs sus cdkhdchrbs tchdhd gbdtngtb fcnrcb y fcrhgtb gbd abs usunrcbs. Hstb ahs `ngh ndtcgcpnrsh n ans dhghscfnfhs y shr gnpnghs fh sngnr prbfugtbs duhvbs fh udn jndhrn jug`b jîs rîpcfn V`nernd y ]hrjn (?<>7) rhgbjchdfnd n ans hjprhsns cdvhrtcr rhgursbs pnrn jhibrnr ha pbscgcbdnjchdtb who hd abs jbtbrhs fh oùsquhfn, yn quh hs an jhibr mbrjn fh aahknr fcrhgtnjhdth n abs gbdsujcfbrhs. Btrb tcpb sbd abs jhtnousgnfbrhs. \brtnahs gbjb Enyne b Vrcvnkb bmrhghd n abs usunrcbs ha pbfhr gbjpnrnr tnrcmns nãrhns y `bthahrns hd fcmhrhdths pbrtnahs pnrn auhkb hahkcr an jîs gbdvhdchdth. \br btrb anfb, btrn gnrngthrêstcgn fh hstbs jhtnousgnfbrhs fh vcnihs hs quh an rhshrvn db sh aahvn n gnob hd su pîkcdn who, scdb quh ha gachdth hs rhfcrhggcbdnfb n an pîkcdn who fha prbvhhfbr b n udn nkhdgcn fh vcnihs bdacdh .

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?.8.7. Gbdgauscbdhs \bfhjbs nmcrjnr quh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns sh `nd cjpandtnfb hd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs gbjb ud hahjhdtb cjprhsgcdfcoah pnrn ha trnonib fcnrcb. Ans pîkcdns who prbpcns fh ans nkhdgcns sbd udb fh abs hahjhdtbs quh `nd npnrhgcfb gbd an aahknfn fh ans VCGs. An aahknfn fh ans rhfhs sbgcnahs `n phrjctcfb n ans nkhdgcns pbthdgcnahs fnrsh n gbdbghr, gbjb hs ha gnsb fh Onrgha÷ ]cnihs, @nag÷d ]cnihs. S ans rhfhs sbgcnahs gbjb Vwctthr, Mnghobbe, Cdstnkrnj, rhmuhrznd an rhangc÷d gbd abs gachdths y hd fhmcdctcvn pbthdgcnd ans vhdtns. \uhfh quh an jnybr gbjphthdgcn fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs trnfcgcbdnahs shnd ans BVNs. Gbjb `hjbs hstufcnfb hd hsth prbyhgtb ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs bdacdh mbrjnd yn pnrth fh duhstrn fhgcsc÷d n an `brn fh vcninr nudquh ans npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs pnrhgh quh nud db `nd gbdshkucfb dbtbrchfnf hd ha turcsjb. Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs trnfcgcbdnahs, pbr su pnrth, sckuhd jndthdchdfb su ntrngtcvb pbr ha phrsbdnacznfb y an shkurcfnf quh trnsjcthd, ochd pbrquh tbfb vn n bgurrcr shkùd ab ngbrfnfb gbd an nkhdgcn b pbrquh pchdsnd quh ha pnkb hs jîs shkurb. S ha cdthrjhfcnrcb turêstcgb iuhkn ud pnpha fcmhrhdth fhsfh an aahknfn fh abs tburbphrnfbrhs y jhtnousgnfbrhs, krngcns n ans duhvns thgdbabkêns puhfhd nprbxcjnrsh n abs gachdths, jcsc÷d mudfnjhdtna fh abs nkhdths turêstcgbs.

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GN\ÊVXAB 7 CJ\ANDVNGC×D FH VCGs HD NKHDGCNW FH ]CNIH FH WH]CAAN 7.>. NDÎACWCW FH AN HDGXHWVN WBO_H CJ\ANDVNGC×D FH VCGW HD ANW NKHDGCNW FH ]CNIHW Gbjb cdfcgnjbs na prcdgcpcb fh duhstrb trnonib, udb fh abs boihtcvbs gbdscsth hd ha hstufcb fh an cjpandtngc÷d y utcaczngc÷d fh ans VCGs pbr pnrth fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs. Gbjb gbjhdtnjbs hd an jhtbfbabkên, hd khdhrna tbfns ans prhkudtns pandthnfns muhrbd rhspbdfcfns pbr abs nkhdths fh vcnihs n hxghpgc÷d fh _>= y B?> pnrn an quh an jnybrên fh abs hdguhstnfbs dbs `nd trnsjctcfb quh fhsgbdbghd n quh sh fhfcgn an jnybr pnrth fh su tchjpb ha rhspbdsnoah fh jnrehtcdk y tnjpbgb gbdbghd gbd ghrthzn an prcbrcfnf fh knstb hd VCGs. Fh ans nkhdgcns quh dbs `nd gbdthstnfb ha >3% hrnd prbpchtnrcbs fha hstnoahgcjchdtb, hstnoahgcjchdtb, 8% hrnd ohgnrcbs y ha rhstb nkhdths. Hdtrh ans nkhdgcns quh dbs `nd gbdthstnfb ans jîs fhstngnoahs sbd9 ]cnihs Vrcndn Whvcaan, ]cnihs Hgunfbr, @nag÷d ]cnihs, ]cnihs Gnrrhmbur, Ha Gbrth Cdkaãs Cdkaãs ]cnihs, Onrgha÷, Dhrvc÷d ]cnihs ]cnihs hdtrh btrbs. Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs tchdhd udn jhfcn fh nprbxcjnfnjhdth 6 hjpahnfbs y guhdtnd gbd 7 brfhdnfbrhs hd ha hstnoahgcjchdtb, hstnoahgcjchdtb, hs fhgcr, gnsc tbfbs abs hjpahnfbs fcspbdhd fh ud brfhdnfbr hd su puhstb fh trnonib. Vnjocãd `hjbs quhrcfb gbdbghr guîdtbs fh hsbs brfhdnfbrhs fcspbdhd fh gbdhxc÷d n cdthrdht. Gbjb gnoh hsphrnr dcdkudn nkhdgcn usn brfhdnfbrhs scd cdthrdht. Whkucfnjhdth `hjbs quhrcfb gbjprbonr ha Wbmtwnrh utcacznfb pbr an nkhdgcn, `hjbs bothdcfb vnrcns rhspuhstns. Gbjb sh puhfh boshrvnr hd ha Krîmcgb > ud krnd dùjhrb fh nkhdgcns utcacznd vnrcbs prbkrnjns ndbtnfbs hd sus prbghsbs (Njnfhus, Ncrbdha, _hdmh...). Ha 8?% fh abs hdguhstnfbs sbd nquhaans nkhdgcns quh utcacznd ud fhthrjcdnfb sbmtwnrh gbjb _hdmh b Njnfhus. Hd ha Krîmcgb ? vhjbs fh jndhrn fhtnaan gunahs sbd abs prbkrnjns jîs utcacznfbs hd ans nkhdgcns quh `nghd usb fh ud ùdcgb prbkrnjn. An aahknfn fh ans VCGs `n mnvbrhgcfb an npnrcgc÷d fh hjprhsns prbvhhfbrns fh sbaugcbdhs thgdba÷kcgns pnrn an cdfustrcn fh abs vcnihs. Wbd scsthjns fh rhshrvns gbd `bthahs, nhrbaêdhns trhdhs, naqucahr fh gbg`h, grughrbs.

D:0>

Krîmcgb >9 Wbmtwnrh utcacznfb hd ans nkhdgcns vcnihs.

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D: 6?

Krîmcgb ?9 Wbmtwnrh ùdcgb quh usnd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs. Hd an guhstc÷d sborh an utcaczngc÷d fh udn npacgngc÷d j÷vca fbdfh fbdfh npnrhzgn an nkhdgcn pnrn bmhrtnr sus prbjbgcbdhs, bmhrtns, fhsguhdtbs, rhknabs sbab ud >?% fh abs hdguhstnfbs sh nonsthghd nonsthghd fh hsth duhvn duhvn thgdbabkên thgdbabkên mrhdth n ud 00% quh nud db gbdbgh b db nprbvhg`n hsth duhvb jãtbfb fh jnrehtcdk/ puoacgcfnf. An npnrcgc÷d fh ans rhfhs sbgcnahs sê npnrhghd hd an jnybrên fh ans nkhdgcns hd gbdgrhtb ud ;3% sh nprbvhg`nd, hd pnrtcguanr Mnghobbe h cdgausb [`ntsnpp pnrn quh sus gachdths sh pbdknd hd gbdtngtbs gbd haabs. Ha krnd rhgursb gbd quh sh nonsthghd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs sbd ans pîkcdns whos prbpcns fh ans nkhdgcns, ud 3>% fh abs hdguhstnfbs fcspbdhd fh pîkcdn who h cdgausb phrsbdna gbdtrntnfn quh sh fhfcgn n haab, b udn suogbdtrntngc÷d quh ahs aahvn su khstc÷d. An mrhguhdgcn mrhguhdg cn fh ngtunaczngc÷d ngtunaczngc÷ d tnjocãd hs natn, ha ?0% fh ans nkhdgcns ab ngtunacznd fcnrcnjhdth, ha ?0% shjndnajhdth, >8% jhdsunajhdth y ud >0% fh abs hdguhstnfbs db tchdhd cdmbrjngc÷d sborh an mrhguhdgcn fh an ngtunaczngc÷d, ochd pbrquh gbdtrntnd n udn hjprhsn hsphgcnacznfn quh fhshjphþn hstn ngtcvcfnf b pbrquh db fcspbdhd pîkcdn who prbpcn. _hsphgtb n an mrhguhdgcn fh usb fha gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb an rhspuhstn nmcrjntcvn `n scfb jnscvn, ud ><<% nshkurn an utcaczngc÷d fcnrcn fha gbrrhb. Hd bpcdc÷d fh abs hdguhstnfbs, sh `n gbdvhrtcfb hd ud hahjhdtb ganvh pnrn ans hjprhsns, y hd gbdgrhtb pnrn ans nkhdgcns. N trnvãs fh hsth jhfcb sh gbjudcgnd gbd gachdths, prbvhhfbrhs y jùatcpahs usunrcbs n trnvãs fh hsth jhfcb. An prhkudtn sborh sê abs cdthrjhfcnrcbs b nkhdths trnonind hxgauscvnjhdth bdacdh , hs fhgcr, quh rhnacznd rhnacznd sus khstcbdhs khstcbdhs gbd gachdths gachdths hxgauscvnjhdth hxgauscvnjhdth n trnvãs trnvãs fha gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb, rhfhs sbgcnahs b [`ntsnpp, ha ;<% fh ans nkhdgcns `nd rhspbdfcfb quh db, ha ??% nshkurnd `nghrab y ha rhstb, db snoh- db gbdthstn. \br ab tndtb, sh gbdstntn an prhstngc÷d fh shrvcgcbs pbr krnd pnrth fh ãstns fh mbrjn thahjîtcgn. Fha jcsjb jbfb, sh prhkudtn na hdguhstnfb nghrgn fh an thdfhdgcn muturn hd an gbjhrgcnaczngc÷d bdacdh. Ha 6<% fhmchdfh quh db tbfns ans khstcbdhs sh rhnacznrîd fh mbrjn rhjbtn, mrhdth n 80% quh grhh quh sê (Krîmcgb 7). Jug`ns fh ans nkhdgcns hdguhstnfns thjhd quh na khstcbdnrsh vên bdacdh ahs `nkn phrfhr gachdths y vhdtns, hd gnjocb jug`ns btrns ab vhd gbjb nakb pbsctcvb, pchdsnd quh ans rhfhs sbgcnahs, ans pîkcdns whos ah `nd nyufnfb n ans nkhdgcns nghrgnrsh n gachdths quh ndths ahs hrn cjpbscoah pbrquh db vcvênd ghrgn fh an nkhdgcn b db thdênd ud rîpcfb ngghsb pnrn gbdtngtnr gbd haabs. Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnih sh vhd, hd ud muturb, gbjb nkhdths juatcgndna quh hanobrnrîd sus prbpcbs pnquhths vngngcbdnahs y hstnrîd jug`b jîs cdmbrjnfns quh hd an ngtunacfnf sborh ans hxphrchdgcns fh vcnih. ?6


Krîmcgb 79 Hd ha muturb tbfb sh khstcbdnrî vên bdacdh. An krnd jnybrên fh abs nkhdths gbdscfhrnd quh an vhdtn fcrhgtn rhsuatn jîs prbfugtcvn quh an rhnacznfn pbr jhfcbs rhjbtbs. N an prhkudtn quh sc grhhd quh fcg`b gbdtngtb cdgrhjhdtn ans vhdtns, ha ><<% fh abs hdguhstnfbs `nd rhspbdfcfb quh sê. Jug`ns fh ans nkhdgcns dbs `nd trnsjctcfb quh ha trntb fcrhgtb gbd ha gachdth gbdstctuyh an hshdgcn quh bmrhgh an nkhdgcn trnfcgcbdna, jug`bs gachdths ousgnd hsb, an hsphgcnaczngc÷d y gbdmcndzn quh ah puhfh trndsjctcr an nkhdgcn. Hd an nmcrjngc÷d fh sc ans VCGs `nd nyufnfb n jndthdhr n abs gachdths pbthdgcnahs , ud 87,;7% `nd rhspbdfcfb quh db y ha 6<,8% gbdmcrjnd an rhspuhstn. An jnybrên fh ans nkhdgcns quh sbd pyjhs puhfh quh na db shr gnpnghs fh rhdbvnrsh mrhdth n ans duhvns thgdbabkêns ah `nd supuhstb udn pãrfcfn fh sus gachdths nscfubs. @hjbs quhrcfb gbdbghr an hfnf nprbxcjnfn fh abs gachdths quh ngufhd n an nkhdgcn fh vcnih trnfcgcbdna pnrn rhnacznr sus gbjprns. Ha 83,7% fh ans nkhdgcns dbs `nd rhspbdfcfb quh fh abs >0 `nstn jnybrhs fh =8 ngufhd n an nkhdgcn, hs fhgcr, tbfns ans hfnfhs. Ochd pbrquh brkndcznd vcnihs fh mcd fh gursb, vcnihs fh cjshrsb, htg. Wu gachdthan hs juy vnrcnfn hd gundtb n an hfnf. Ha ?0,6% fcghd quh hd tbrdb 7<-8< nþbs, ha 0,=% pnrn abs gachdths fh 8< n jîs y pbr uatcjb >,?% fh >0 n 7<, puhfh quh sh fhon n quh an khdth ibvhd jndtchdh jîs gbdtngtb gbd ans duhvns thgdbabkêns y `nknd usb fh haans y pbr haabs sbd nquha shgtbr quh ahs rhsuatn jîs fcmêgca n ans nkhdgcns ngghfhr (Krîmcgb 6).

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D:0> Krîmcgb 69 Hfnf fh abs usunrcbs quh ngufhd n ans nkhdgcns vcnihs Hd gundtb n an prhkudtn fh sc abs gachdths sh pbdhd hd gbdtngtb gbd ans nkhdgcns vên cdthrdht , ha =<% fhganrnd quh db, quh jug`bs fh sus gachdths ngufhd phrsbdnajhdth b sbacgctnd ha shrvcgcb thahm÷dcgb. Ha 77% fh ans nkhdgcns nmcrjnd quh sê, quh `nghd usb n ans pîkcdns who prbpcns b rhfhs sbgcnahs pnrn pbdhrsh hd gbdtngtb gbd abs cdthrjhfcnrcbs fh ans nkhdgcns. Hd ha Krîmcgb 8, trntnjbs ud pudtb ganvh hd duhstrb hstufcb, ha =8,=;% `nd nmcrjnfb quh sc, ha ?3,08% db bpcdn quh ans VCGs sh `nd ans rhspbdsnoah fh an fhsnpnrcgc÷d fh jug`ns nkhdgcns fh vcnihs trnfcgcbdnahs, y pbr ùatcjb ha 6,60% fhsgbdbghd ha jbtcvb. An npnrcgc÷d fh ans duhvns thgdbabkêns puhfh shr ha krnd gnusndth fh hstn grcscs quh pnsn ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs.

Krîmcgb 89 VCGs `nd phriufcgnfb n ans nkhdgcns vcnihs gbjb hstnoahgcjchdtb. ?=


Hd an guhstc÷d sborh ans VCGs `nd phriufcgnfb n an `brn fh gbdshkucr gachdths duhvbs, ha 7?,8% bpcdn quh db, ha =<% sê y ha rhstb db snoh-db gbdthstn. Nakudns fh hstns nkhdgcns jndcmhstnond quh an npnrcgc÷d fh ans BVNs `n scfb ha jnybr gnusndth fh an fhsnpnrcgc÷d fh nakudbs fh sus gachdths ganvhs. S pbr ùatcjb, hd ha Krîmcgb =, ha =<% fh abs hdguhstnfbs gbdscfhrnd n ans nkhdgcns fh vcnih bdacdh gbjb su prcdgcpna gbjphtcfbr y pnrn ha ?0% db hs nsê. Jug`ns fh ans nkhdgcns nfjcthd quh an npnrcgc÷d fh hstn duhvn mbrjn fh nkhdgcn `n phriufcgnfb hd krnd jhfcfn n ans nkhdgcns trnfcgcbdnahs, aahvîdfbsh n an jnybrên fha pùoacgb ibvhd quh gbdstctuyhd ha usunrcb `noctuna fh ãstns y pnsnd jîs tchjpb gbdhgtnfbs n an rhf. Nakudns fh ans nkhdgcns gbdsuatnfns dbs `nd trndsjctcfb quh vhd gbjb prcdgcpna gbjphtcfbr an vhdtn fcrhgtn fh abs prbvhhfbrhs fh vcnih, pbr fhandth fh ans krndfhs nkhdgcns bdacdh, jhtnousgnfbrhs b duhvbs bphrnfbrhs fha shgtbr .

rîmcgb =9 Ha jnybr gbjphtcfbr fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs sbd ans BVNs.

K

@hjbs rhnacznfb tnjocãd udn gbjpnrntcvn hdtrh ans juatcdngcbdnahs quh dbs `nd gbdthstnfb9 ]cnihs Ha Gbrth Cdkaãs, Onrgha÷ ]cnihs, ]cnihs Gnrrhmbur, @nag÷d ]cnihs y ]cnihs Hgunfbr. Hd gundtb n abs dùjhrbs fh brfhdnfbrhs quh fcspbdhd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs (vãnsh Krîmcgb ;), `hjbs gnaguanfb an jhfcn fh abs brfhdnfbrhs quh fcspbdh gnfn hjprhsn hd sus fcmhrhdths hstnoahgcjchdtbs, db `hjbs gnaguanfb an jhfcn fh Onrgha÷ ]cnihs pbrquh sbab `hjbs bothdcfb rhspuhstn fh udn fh sus bmcgcdns, y su jhfcn db rhsuatn gbjpnrnoah.

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Krîmcgb ;9 Dùjhrb fh brfhdnfbrhs. Gbjb pbfhjbs boshrvnr @nag÷d ]cnihs hs an nkhdgcn gbd jîs fh 7 brfhdnfbrhs fh jhfcn, shkucfb fha Gbrth Cdkaãs y ]cnihs Gnrrhmbur. Gbjb `hjbs fcg`b ndthrcbrjhdth ha brfhdnfbr sh `n gbdvhrtcfb hd ud cdstrujhdtb fh trnonib hshdgcna y gnfn hjpahnfb suhah fcspbdhr fh hstn `hrrnjchdtn pnrn rhnacznr ha trnonib. \bfrênjbs fhgcr quh db hxcsth nkhdgcn fh vcnihs scd brfhdnfbrhs. Hd hsth Krîmcgb `hjbs quhrcfb gbjprbonr an prhshdgcn quh tchdhd hd ans npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs, rhfhs sbgcnahs y sc fcspbdhd fh pîkcdns who prbpcns gbdbgchdfb guna hs ha pbrghdtnih fh hstns krndfhs nkhdgcns quh sh ohdhmcgcnd fh hstns duhvns thgdbabkêns. thgdbabkêns. Gbjb nkhdgcns aêfhrhs hd duhstrb pnês ha ><<% fh hstns nkhdgcns pbshhd su prbpcn pîkcdn quh prhthdfhd shr ntrngtcvns pnrn ha gachdth y trndsjcthd an gnacfnf fha shrvcgcb nyufndfb nsê n an nkhdgcn n gbjhrgcnacznr sus prbfugtbs. Whkucfbs fh ans pîkcdns whos dbs hdgbdtrnjbs gbd ans rhfhs sbgcnahs quh hd pbgbs nþbs sh `nd gbdvhrtcfb hd hahjhdtb cjprhsgcdfcoah. \hrjcthd gbjpnrtcr cdmbrjngc÷d gbd abs gachdths, rhspbdfhr n sus cdquchtufhs, jndthdhr ud gbdtngtb fcrhgtb nsê gbjb fcspbdhr fh cdmbrjngc÷d fh krnd vnabr pnrn ans nkhdgcns. S pbr ùatcjb ans npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs, fh ans quh fcspbdhd ha 0<% fh ans nkhdgcns fh Ha Gbrth Cdkaãs.

npacgngcbdhs jbvcahs, jbvcahs, rhfhs sbgcnahs sbgcnahs y Krîmcgb 09 Nkhdgcns quh sê fcspbdhd fh npacgngcbdhs pîkcdns. ?0


Gbjb pbfhjbs boshrvnr hd ha krîmcgb 3 fh ans 8 hdguhstns rhnacznfns n fcmhrhdths bmcgcdns fh Ha Gbrth Cdkaãs ]cnihs, ha =<% fh fcg`ns nkhdgcns bpcdnd quh su jnybr gbjphtcfbr sbd ans BVNs. Gbd rhsphgtb n ]cnihs Hgunfbr thdhjbs shcs bmcgcdns fcmhrhdths quh db `nd gbdthstnfb n duhstrn hdguhstn, na ckuna quh Ha Gbrth Cdkaãs ]cnihs ha =<% `nd gbdthstnfb quh ans BVNs sbd ud gbjphtcfbr n thdhr hd guhdtn, quh pbscoahjhdth shnd abs quh sh npbfhrhd fh ud krnd dùjhrb fh gachdths. Wc pnrn ans krndfhs hjprhsns supbdh an aahknfn fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs bdacdh udn krnd pãrfcfn hd gundtb n gachdths, db hs fh hxtrnþnr an rhfuggc÷d quh `nd cfb thdchdfb ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs trnfcgcbdnahs.

Gbjpnrntcvn Ha Gbrth Cdkaãs (n an czquchrfn)-]cnihs Hgunfbr (fhrhg`n) Krîmcgb 39 Gbjpnrntcvn nghrgn fh an bpcdc÷d sborh gnacmcgngc÷d fh BVNs gbjb prcdgcpna gbjphtcfbr

N trnvãs fh ans hdguhstns rhnacznfns rhnacznfns n ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs, vcnihs, `hjbs pbfcfb nvhrckunr nvhrckunr ha krnfb fh cjpandtngc÷d quh tchdhd ans VCGs n an `brn fh trnoninr hd hsth jhrgnfb, `hjbs boshrvnfb quh ans nkhdgcns `nghd krnd hjpahb fh abs cdstrujhdtbs duhvbs quh `nd dngcfb gbd ans duhvns thgdbabkêns (rhfhs sbgcnahs, npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs, duhvns `hrrnjchdtns cdmbrjîtcgns...) y hd hsphgcna fh ans pîkcdns who (3>% fh abs hdguhstnfbs pbshhd su prbpcn pîkcdn). Ha krnd fhsgbdbgcfb fhsgbdbgcfb nud pnrn ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs sbd ans npacgngcbdhs j÷vcahs, hs ha jhfcb quh n fên fh `by gbdhgtn fh jndhrn jîs rîpcfn n an nkhdgcn gbd ha gachdth. Xd krnd dùjhrb fh hdguhstns gbcdgcfh quh abs nkhdths cdthrjhfcnrcbs db ngtùnd hxgauscvnjhdth bdacdh (;<%), nud jndtchdhd ha trntb gbd abs gachdths phrsbdnajhdth yn quh an mudgc÷d fh nshsbrnr gbrrhspbdfh n fcg`bs nkhdths gbjb ouhdbs gbdbghfbrhs fha prbfugtb quh vhdfhd, nudquh sc suhah rhangcbdnrsh gbd ans nhrbaêdhns, `bthahs y fhjîs pbr thaãmbdb j÷vca, gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb b mnx. N jug`ns fh ans nkhdgcns nkhdgcns fh vcnihs vcnihs ahs `nd ohdhmcgcnfb ohdhmcgcnfb hstbs duhvbs duhvbs jhfcbs n an `brn `brn fh gnptnr duhvbs gachdths. Jug`ns fh haans bpcdnd quh an brkndczngc÷d y pandcmcgngc÷d shkucrî schdfb bdacdh y nquhaans hjprhsns quh db prbsphrhd gbd ans duhvns thgdbabkêns crîd fhsnpnrhgchdfb. Hd ha muturb ha usb fh ans VCGs hd ans nkhdgcns shrî gnfn vhz jnybr. Ab quh sê `hjbs gbdmcrjnfb udn vhz rhnacznfn an hdguhstn hs ha cdgrhjhdtb quh botchdhd ans nkhdgcns pbr an vhdtn fcrhgtn na gachdth, ha gbdtngtb gbd ha gachdth hs ud vnabr nþnfcfb y ud hahjhdtb fcmhrhdgcnfbr gbd ans BVNs, nudquh quh gnfn vhz n abs gachdths, hd hsphgcna ibvhd, pnrhgh db cjpbrtnrah, yn quh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs bdacdh vnd grhgchdfb.

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GN\ÊVXAB 6 GBDGAXWCBDHW Hs udn rhnacfnf quh ans Vhgdbabkêns fh Cdmbrjngc÷d y Gbjudcgngcbdhs `nd sckdcmcgnfb ud krnd gnjocb hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb y hd hsphgcna hd ha îjoctb fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs quh hstîd sumrchdfb ud pbthdth prbghsb fh nfnptngc÷d n ans duhvns thgdbabkêns prbfugcfn pbr ans VCGs, quh grhghd hd cjpbrtndgcn fhsfh an aahknfn fh Cdthrdht. Furndth an grcscs hspnþban ha turcsjb `n scfb udb fh abs îjoctbs fh an hgbdbjên quh sh `n cfb suphrndfb gbdtrn tbfb prbd÷stcgb, gbdsckuchdfb an ntrnggc÷d fh jcahs fh turcstns fh tbfbs abs pnêshs. Wcd hjonrkb, ha gnsb fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hs pnrtcguanr, fnfbs an krnd gbjphthdgcn hxcsthdth y an cdmauhdgcn fh an npnrcgc÷d fh duhvns vêns fh gbjhrgcnaczngc÷d fh prbfugtbs turêstcgbs n trnvãs fh cdthrdht. Hsth trnonib dbs `n jbstrnfb quh hs hshdgcna pnrn ãstns ‑rhdbvnrsh b jbrcr‚. N ab anrkb fha trnonib sh `n rhsnatnfb an krnd cdmauhdgcn quh hihrghd ans VCGs hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb y hd ans nkhdgcns fh vcnih (NN]]). Fh ãstns, sh rhsnatnd ans jîs rhahvndths pbr su cdmauhdgcn fcrhgtn sborh NN]] h cdfcrhgtn n trnvãs fh abs gbdsujcfbrhs h cdthrjhfcnrcbs turêstcgbs. \br haab, fhfcgnjbs vnrcbs npnrtnfbs n an cfhdtcmcgngc÷d, cfhdtcmcgngc÷d, fhsgrcpgc÷d y ndîacscs fh ans VCGs acknfns gbd gnfn udb fh haabs. N pnrtcr fh ãstns, sh hanobrn ud guhstcbdnrcb n ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnih fh Whvcaan. Xdn vhz rhnacznfns ans hdguhstns, `hjbs pbfcfb nvhrckunr ha krnfb fh rhahvndgcn quh tchdhd ans VCGs hd fcg`ns nkhdgcns. Vna gbjb hsphrîonjbs `hjbs gbdmcrjnfb quh ans nkhdgcns sbd gbdsgchdths fh abs gnjocbs quh `nd sumrcfb gbjb tchdfn hd puoacgcfnf, gachdthan y vhdtns. \nrn sborhvcvcr gbjb hstnoahgcjchdtb tchdhd quh pandthnrsh su prhshdgcn hd cdthrdht y hvbaugcbdnr gbd abs duhvbs jhfcbs quh ahs bmrhghd. Ha jbfhab fh dhkbgcb fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hstî ganrnjhdth ndtcgunfb mrhdth n ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs bdacdh. Jîs quh dbvhfnf pnsnihrn, sh `n gbdvhrtcfb hd ud gndna cdfcsphdsnoah `by hd fên. Hd duhstrn bpcdc÷d ha pùoacgb hd khdhrna ngufh gnfn vhz jhdbs n ans bmcgcdns pnrn shr nshsbrnfbs. Xdb fh abs jbtcvbs na quh puhfh ntrcoucrsh hsth gbjpbrtnjchdtb hs n an hxcsthdgcn fh fcvhrsbs oabks quh phrjcthd quh ha gachdth `nkn vcscoah su hxphrchdgcn h cdmbrjh n btrbs vcnihrbs. Fh hstn mbrjn, `hjbs phrgcocfb quh ud rhgursb juy utcacznfb ndths pbr ans nkhdgcns gbjb sbd ans kuêns turêstcgns, pnrhghd gnfn vhz jhdbs hmcgchdths puhs ans pîkcdns whos gujpahd n`brn hsn mudgc÷d. Ngtunajhdth gbdtnjbs gbd ud krnd nondcgb fh pbscocacfnfhs pbscocacfnfhs hd duhstrns jndbs, y pnrhgh quh tbfbs abs duhvbs cdstrujhdtbs thgdba÷kcgbs quh snahd na jhrgnfb hdgnind n an phrmhggc÷d phrmhggc÷d hd ha turcsjb, turcsjb, gbjb hs ha gnsb fh fh ans knmns fh rhnacfnf vcrtuna, vcrtuna, puashrns cdthackhdths, rhabihs cdthackhdths, fcspbsctcvbs j÷vcahs hd an juþhgn, fcvhrsns npacgngcbdhs npacgngcbdhs y mudgcbdhs pnrn abs Wjnrtp`bdh , Vnoaht . Jug`ns nkhdgcns fh ans quh pnrtcgcpnd hd ha hstufcb gbdmchsnd fh mbrjn cdfcrhgtn quh pchdsnd n fcnrcb hd an dhghscfnf fh pandthnr su hstrnthkcn fh dhkbgcb y rhgbdbghd quh jug`bs gachdths grhhd quh an nkhdgcn fh vcnih trnfcgcbdna hs sêjobab prhgcbs jîs natbs. Hstb sh fhoh n quh abs gachdths phrgcohd quh ans nkhdgcns bdacdh ahs phrjcthd bothdhr ud n`brrb fh gbsths fh fhspanznjchdtbs, prhgcbs jhdbrhs na rhfugcr ans hjprhsns sus gbsths y ud n`brrb fha tchjpb, hd khdhrna. Gbd an aahknfn fh ans VCGs abs gachdths tchdhd an pbscocacfnf fh9 jhthrsh hd ans pîkcdns who quh bmrhzgnd vcnihs, rhnacznr an rhshrvn, cjprcjcr ha iustcmcgndth, pnknrab fh jndhrn hahgtr÷dcgn y gbdtcdunr gbd sus tnrhns y scd jbvhrsh fha sbmî fh gnsn. Gbjb krnd cdgbdvhdchdth pnrn ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs trnfcgcbdnahs hs an fhsnpnrcgc÷d fh gchrtbs puhstbs fh trnonib y an fcmcguatnf fh hdmrhdtnrsh n ans Nkhdgcns Bdacdh quh rhsuatnd ngtunajhdth juy ntrngtcvns n abs gachdths. Wc ochd surkh an bpbrtudcfnf fh

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grhngc÷d fh duhvbs puhstbs jîs hsphgcnacznfbs, pbr hihjpab, pnrn fcshþnr y khstcbdnr an pîkcdn who fh an nkhdgcn y rhfhs sbgcnahs. \br su pnrth, gbjb rhsuatnfb fha trnonib rhnacznfb, pbfhjbs rhgbjhdfnr n ans nkhdgcns hstufcnr ans pbscocacfnfhs quh ahs bmrhghd an rhf, pbthdgcnr an jndhrn fh `nghr ntrngtcvn su pîkcdn who who pnrn quh abs gachdths gachdths an vcscthd fh mbrjn `noctuna, ndtcgcpnrsh n ans dhghscfnfhs fha gachdth y ans fhjndfns fha vcnihrb. Nfnptnr hsth jhfcb pnrn quh rhsuath jîs ntrngtcvb y mîgca fh usnr pnrn quh abs gachdths jnybrhs fh 8< nþbs, quh sbd pbscoahjhdth ha shgtbr quh jhdbs nprbvhg`hd ans vhdtnins fh an pîkcdn, npbrtndfb sus bpcdcbdhs y rhsbavchdfb sus fufns. Ab quh sê fhohd jndthdhr ans nkhdgcns hs ha nshsbrnjchdtb nshsbrnjchdtb phrsbdnacznfb, nudquh jug`bs gachdths ngufnd n ans nkhdgcns snochdfb quh tcpb fh vcnih quchrhd, puhs yn `n vcsctnfb pîkcdns whos, pantnmbrjns fh bpcdcbdhs y fcmhrhdths tcpbs fh whos, ha hxghsb fh cdmbrjngc÷d `ngh quh thrjcdh mbrjnaczndfb an gbjprn fha vcnih gbd an nkhdgcn. Btrn rhgbjhdfngc÷d n ans nkhdgcns shrên an fh cdvhrtcr hd npacgngcbdhs cdmbrjîtcgns, yn quh shkùd abs rhsuatnfbs bothdcfbs udn phquhþn jcdbrên npnrhghd hd abs fcspbsctcvbs j÷vcahs fhohrênd shkucr grhgchdfb n an jhfcfn quh ab `nghd ans VCGs. Gnfn vhz `ny jîs jcaabdhs fh phrsbdns quh usnd su j÷vca pnrn rhnacznr pandhnr su vcnih, y sh hstî gbdvcrtchdfb hd udn dhghscfnf cjprhsgcdfcoah pnrn ans nkhdgcns. Ha gachdth ab vh gbjb nakb ùtca, mîgca fh gbjpnrnr prhgcbs, gbd nvcsbs sc `ny dbvhfnfhs fcrhgtnjhdth na thaãmbdb cdthackhdth. cdthackhdth. Hd duhstrn bpcdc÷d `hjbs pbfcfb gbdbghr an cjpandtngc÷d y utcaczngc÷d fh ans VCGs hd nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hd Whvcaan, y gbjprbonr quh abs `îoctbs fh ngtungc÷d fh ans nkhdgcns `nd gnjocnfb n ab anrkb fh hstbs nþbs. S g÷jb an aahknfn fh ans VCGs `n jbfcmcgnfb abs `îoctbs fh gbjprn fh abs gachdths, mngcactndfb ha ngghsb n an cdmbrjngc÷d y an gbjpnrngc÷d fh bmhrtns, hdtrh btrbs. An rhstrugturngc÷d fha shgtbr rhsuatn tndtb dhghsnrcn gbjb cjprhsgcdfcoah y hd haan ans VCGs iuhknd ud pnpha prcjbrfcna gbjb gbdstntnd abs rhsuatnfbs bothdcfbs. Ha trnonib nfhjîs `n phrjctcfb nmrbdtnr fcmhrhdths rhtbs n dcvha phrsbdna gbjb an rhnaczngc÷d fh udn shahggc÷d y rhvcsc÷d fh an ocoacbkrnmên pnrn cfhdtcmcgnr hahjhdtbs rhahvndths hd ha îjoctb fh hstufcb, cfhdtcmcgngc÷d fh an pboangc÷d fh hstufcb y ha gîaguab fh an juhstrn, ndîacscs fh abs fntbs y hstnoahgcjchdtb fh gbdgauscbdhs, quh scd fufn `nd jhibrnfb jc mbrjngc÷d. .

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Ocoacbkrnmên Ngtunacfnf Hgbd÷jcgn (?<>>)9 Hstrnthkcns pnrn hstnr n an naturn fha ‑]cnihrb.gbj‚. Ngtunacfnf Hgbd÷jcgn, 3. NCJG (?<>7)9‚Gbjprn n trnvãs fh Cdthrdht fh ocaahths fh trndspbrth y nabinjchdtb hd Hspnþn‚ . NCJG (?<>6)9 Cdthrdnutns hspnþbahs fh >=-;6 nþbs shkùd su jbtcvb y mrhguhdgcn ngghsb n Cdthrdht. NCJG (?<>6)9‑Auknr/hs fh ngghsb n cdthrdht pbr abs cdthrdnutns‚, Hstufcb khdhrna fh jhfcbs. `ttp9//www.bdtsc.rhf.hs/bdtsc/hs/cdfcgnfbr/auknrhs-fh-ngghsb-cdthrdht-fh-abs-usunrcbs-fhcdthrdht->((gbdsuatnfb9 >/<6/?<>8). cdthrdht-> Njnfhus (?<>6)9 Nsphgtbs (?<>6)9 Nsphgtbs cjpbrtndths n an `brn fh gbdtrntnr ud prbfugtb b shrvcgcb. Njnfhus y NGN] (?<>6)9 ‑\rcjhr hstufcb hstrntãkcgb fh ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs hspnþbans‚ `ttp9//www.njnfhus.gbj/who/njnfhus/hsRHW-HW/\%G7%N>dn-cdcgcna-fh Njnfhus/_hgursbs-y-fhsgnrkns/Fbgujhdtngc%G7%O7h-cdthr%G7%N3Cdmbrjhs-sborh-hashgtbr/>?83<;>=<;<76-\nkh-NJNFRFbgujhdts\pna (Gbdsuatnfb >>/<6/?<>8). ‑ Nkhdgcn Îavnrhz (?<>7)9 Nkhdgcn fh vcnihs, ²bdacdh b trnfcgcbdna2‚ `ttp9//www.gbdsujhr.hs/who/hs/vcnihs/cfhnsRyRgbdshibs/?<>7/<=/<;/?>=30>.p`p Onrgha÷ ]cnihs (?<>8)9 \îkcdn prcdgcpna Mnghobbe `ttps9//www.mnghobbe.gbj/onrghabvcnihs (gbdsuatnfb9 ?=/<7/?<>8). Ou`nacs, F. (>33=)9‚Cdmbrjntcbd thg`dbabkchs ns n strnthkcg tbba mbr tburcsj‚ _hvuh fh Vburcsjh, d¹?. Gbjcsc÷d Hurbphn (?<<>)9 `ttp9//hurbpn.hu.cdt/gbjj/hdthrprcsh/cgt/pbacgy/fbg/gbjR?<<>R;>>Rhs.pfm `ttp 9//hurbpn.hu.cdt/gbjj/hdthrprcsh/cgt/pbacgy/fbg/gbjR?<<>R;>>Rhs.pfm Fh \noab _hfbdfb, _. (?<<6)9 Ans duhvns thgdbabkêns npacgnfns na turcsjb, Jnfrcf, Ghdtrb fh Hstufcbs _nj÷d Nrhghs. hFrhnjs (?<>8)9 \îkcdn prcdgcpna. `ttp9//www.hfrhnjs.hs/ (gbdsuatnfb9 ?8/<7/?<>8) HKNVX_ (?<>8)9‚Hdguhstn fh Knstb Vurêstcgb ‑_hnacznfn pbr an Wuofcrhggc÷d Khdhrna fh Gbdbgcjchdtb y Hstufcbs Vurêstcgbs fha Jcdcsthrcb fh Cdfustrcn, Hdhrkên y Vurcsjb. @brhgb (?<<<)9‚@bthahs, _htbs y bpbrtudcfnfhs‚ @brhgb d¹ >== .

@bsthatur (?<>7n)9‚ Nkhdgcns fh vcnihs h cdthrdht9 gcdgb prhfcggcbdhs vs gcdgb rhnacfnfhs‚, 7>/<>/?<>7, `ttp9//www.`bsthatur.gbj/>7<3=8). ‑Ans rhfhs sbgcnahs sh guhand hd abs shrvcgcbs fh nthdgc÷d na gachdth ‚ (<8/7), `ttp9//www.`bsthatur.gbj/>7>068).

@bsthatur (?<>7o)

²ûcãdhs sbd abs duhvbs cdthrjhfcnrcbs bdacdh2 ‚ `ttp9//www.`bsthatur.gbj/>7>738). @bsthatur (?<>6)9‚ Ha knstb fh abs turcstns hxtrn dihrbs nagndzn abs ><.;=6 J ₡ `nstn jnrzb `ttp9//www.`bsthatur.gbj/>><0>>Rknstb-turcstns-hxtrndihrbs-nagndzn-><;=6-j-jnrzb.`tja (gbdsuatnfb ?3/<6/?<>8).

@bsthatur

(?<>7g)9‚

@bsthatur (?<>8)9 _ndecdk @bsthatur fh Nkhdgcns ]cnihs Bdacdh `ttp9//www.`bsthatur.gbj/>8788
?<>6.

9

CHV (Cdfustrcn hdhrkên turcsjb), ?<>69‚Jbvcjchdtbs turêstcgbs hd Mrbdthrn‚. Hanobrnfn pbr Mrbdtur. CDH (?<>6)9 ‑Hspnþn hd gcmrns‚. `ttp9//www.cdh.hs/prbfyshr/hspnRgcmrns/?<>6/mcahs/nsshts/onscg-

`tja/pnkh8>.`tja Cdstctutb Vhgdba÷kcgb @bsthahrb (?<<3)‚Kabsnrcb fh tãrjcdbs y hxprhscbdhs fh Cdthrdht y an [ho ?.<.‚, Jnfrcf. CV@ .

Icjhdhz Gndnahib, Hsphrndzn

Cdthrdnutns

(?<>6)9

‑=7%

hspnþbahs

gbjprnd

sus

vuhabs

pbr

Cdthrdht‚

`ttp9//www.cdthrdnutns.brk/`tja/0?06.`tja AhnfWcmt. (?<>7). Abs ùtcjbs hstufcbs fhjuhstrnd quh ha 8?% fh abs jcsnrcbs yn usnd ans rhfhs sbgcnahs hd ha gcgab fh cdspcrngc÷d fh su vcnih. _hvcstn Vurcsjb & Vhgdbabkên. Jnduha Wbs, fcrhgtbr khrhdth fh \cphacdh Wbmtwnrh ( ?<>7)5‚ Ans nkhdgcns fh vcnihs cdmrnutcacznd an thgdbabkên ‑`ttp9//www.`bsthatur.gbj/>>8;<8). Jîrquhz, N (?<>7).‚ Ans duhvns thgdbabkêns y ha turcsjb. Ha prbghsb fh fhscdthrjhfcngc÷d hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb‚.

Jbacdn, G. (?<>7, Mho <8). "Hspnþn puhfh tnjocãd acfhrnr an thgdbabkên pnrn ha turcsjb". Gcdgb Fcns _htrchvhf. Dnvns D. (?<>?)9 ‑Onrgha÷ rhbrkndczn sus nkhdgcns fh vcnih pnrn fnrahs jîs phsb bdacdh‚ Gcdgb Fcns _htrchvhf. Dbvne, I. y Wg`wnoh, K. (?<<3)9 ‑Fhsckdcdk mbr _hcdthrjhfcntcbd cd t`h Orcge -ndf-Jbrtnr [braf9 Vbwnrfs t`h Vrnvha Nkhdgy bm t`h Muturh‚.Hahgtrbdcg Jnrehts . BHGF (?<
Cdfcgntbrs mbr t`h Cdmbrjntcbd Wbgchty, Wtbge`baj. BHGF (?<<;)9 Gbjjudcgntcbds Butabbe ?<<;‚. ‑

BJV (>333)‚\rbjbgc÷d fh fhstcdbs turêstcgbs hd ha gcohrhspngcb, _htb s fha Jnrehtcdk hahgtr÷dcgb.‚Gbdshib hjprhsnrcna fh an brkndczngc÷d judfcna fha turcsjb. Jnfrcf. BJV (?<>6n)9 ‑Vurcsjb y fhsnrrbaab gbjudctnrcb ‑ `ttp9//wtf.udwtb.brk/hs/gbdthdt/nobut-wtf-

?<>6-wtf?<>6 BJV (?<>6o)9‚Vurcsjb hd ?<7<‚.‚

.

BDVWC (?<>?)9‚_nzbdhs fha gbdsujcfbr mcdna pnrn db gbjprnr pbr Cdthrdht‚, Hstufcb sborh ha gbjhrgcb hahgtr÷dcgb O?G ?<>>(Bgtuorh ?<>?). ?<>?).`ttp9//www.bdtsc.rhf.hs/bdtsc/hs/cdfcgnfbr/rnzbdhs-fha-gbdsujcfbr-mcdna-pnrn-dbgbjprnr-pbr-cdthrdht (Gbdsuatnfb <>/<6/?<>8). \nangcbs, \. (?<<=). Abs KFW vhrsus ha cdthrdht y abs gndnahs fh fcstrcougc÷d. ûctb9 Hsguhan fh Vurcsjb fh an Xdcvhrscfnf Vhgdba÷kcgn Hqucdbggcna \nrrn A÷phz, H., Jhag`cbr Dnvnrrb, J y _njbs Fbjêdkuhz, N. (?<<7)9 ‑ Ndîacscs Ndîacscs h cjpngtb fh abs tburbphrnfbrhs y ans nkhdgcns fh vcnih hd ha trndspbrth turêstcgb ‚. \ãrhz, M. (?<>7)9 ‑An Gbjudcgngc÷d, duhvns thdfhdgcns‚. @cstbrcn y Gbjudcgngc÷d Wbgcna =6>

]ba. >0. D¹ Hsp. Fcg. (?<>7).

\bbd, N. ( >337)9 ‑Vburcsj, Vhg`bdbky ndf Gbjphtctcvh Wtrnthkchs.‚ Gno Cdthrdntcbdna Bxbd. _nzbdhs fha gbdsujcfbr mcdna pnrn gbjprnr pbr Cdthrdht‚, Hstufcb sborh ha gbjhrgcb hahgtrbdcgb O?G ?<>>(Bgtuorh ?<>?)9 `ttp9//www.bdtsc.rhf.hs/bdtsc/hs/cdfcgnfbr/rnzbdhs-fha-gbdsujcfbrmcdna-pnrn-gbjprnr-pbr-cdthrdht (Gbdsuatnfb <>/<6/?<>8). _hnstrbaab @brrcaab, Jª N. y Nanrg÷d Xrocstbdfb, \. ( >333)9‚Ha turcstn ndth ha gbjhrgcb hahgtr÷dcgb ‑Hstufcbs turêstcgbs, d¹ >6?. _bfrêkuhz fha Obsquh, I.N. ( >33;)9‚An gbjhrgcnaczngc÷d fh shrvcgcbs turêstcgbs duhvns `hrrnjchdtns fh ngtungc÷d ‑_hvcstn Nsturcndn fh Hgbdbjên d¹3. _bjîd Jîrquhz (?<<8)9‚ Ans duhvns thgdbabkêns y ha turcsjb. Ha prbghsb fh fhscdthrjhfcngc÷d hd ha shgtbr turêstcgb‚

W. Jhacîd Kbdzîahz y I. Ouag`ndf Kcfujna (? <>6)9 ‑Ha usb fh ans VCG pnrn jhibrnr ha rhdfcjchdtb fh abs `bthahs‚ , 7> fh Hdhrb `ttp9//www.`bsthatur.gbj/>76=;8). Wg`hrtahr, [. (>336)9‚Cjpngt bm dhw cdmbrjntcbd thg`dbabkchs bd tburcsj cdfustry ndf ouscdhss‚. _hvuh fh Vburcsjh, d¹?. Whrrn, I. (>33=)9‚ \rhshdtngc÷d fha stufcb fh bpcdcbd sborh ans ngtctufhs ndth abs juatcjhfcbs y ans thahgbjudcgngcbdhs ‑Hstufcbs fh Khstc÷d Vurêstcgn d¹?.


W`hafbd, \.I. ( >336)9‚Vburcsj Jnrehtcdk ndf Jndnkhjhdt @ndfobbe.‚\rhdtcgh @naa,X.E. Ha muturb fh abs vcnihs hd ?6/>6/>/<6/?<>8).

WeyWgnddhr(?<>6)9‚

Wtcpndeud, F. J. ( >337)9‚Vburcsj ndf thg`dbabky.‚ Vburcsj Jndnkhjhdt, vba. >6, d¹6. Vhahm÷dcgn (?<>7)9 An Wbgchfnf fh an Cdmbrjngc÷d hd Hspnþn ?<>?. Jnfrcf. V`nernd, E. y ]hrjn, _. (?<>7)9 ‑V`h hjhrkhdgh bm `yorcf bdacdh fcstrcoutcbd g`nddhas cd trnvha, tburcsj ndf `bspctnacty‚. Gbrdhaa @bspct nacty ûnrthray, 86(7).

Vrnvhakhdcb (?<>8)9 \îkcdn prcdgcpna trnvhakhdcb. `ttp9//oabk.trnvhakhdcb.gbj/ (gbdsuatnfb9 ?;/<7/?<>8). Vructt,A.I., Vhyh, ].O. y Mnrrcs, J. V.(>33>)9‚V`h rbah bm gbjputhr rhshrvntcbd systhjs.‚V burcsj

Jndnkhjhdt, vba. >? d¹>. Ebtchr, (?<>7)9 Enpand y @nhdahcd (?<><)9 ‑Xshrs bm t`h wbraf, udcth! V`h g`naahdkhs ndf bppbrtudctchs bm sbgcna jhfcn‚, Ouscdhss @brczbds, ]ba. 87 ]can, D. N., Orhn, I. N. M., & Gnrrca, ]. \. (?<>?)9‚. Ha turcsjb ngtcvb gbjb jbfnacfnf turêstcgn hd hxpndsc÷d. Ndîacscs fh an bmhrtn fh turcsjb ngtcvb hd Hspnþn‚. Gbdtnocacfnf y Dhkbgcbs, ;(>7),

83-;<. 83-;<.`ttp9//<0<3;><832nggbudtcf:>6;


Ndhxbs FNVBW HDV_H]CWVN G÷fckb hdguhstn9 Dbjorh Nkhdgcn9 Hdtrhvcstnfb9 \uhstb9 Mhg`n hdtrhvcstn9 Vhaãmbdb9 Hjnca9 CDM_NHWV_XGVX_N FH ANW VCGs @nrfwnrh C>. Dùjhrb fh brfhdnfbrhs-puhstbs quh tchdh gnfn Nkhdgcn ]cnih C?. Dùjhrb fh trnoninfbrhs C7. Dùjhrb fh brfhdnfbrhs quh tchdh gbdhxc÷d n cdthrdht C6. Ndtckñhfnf fh an cdmrnhstrugturn cdmbrjîtcgn (sh rhmchrh n hqucpbs cdmbrjîtcgbs) Wbmtwnrh C8. Npacgngcbdhs (sbmtwnrh) utcacznfns9 C=. ²Vchdh npacgngc÷d pnrn j÷vcahs2 C;. ²Vchdh twctthr b Mnghobbe2 C0. ²Vchdh who prbpcn2 C3.Mrhguhdgcn gbd quh ngtunaczn an pîk. who C><. Mrhguhdgcn fh usb (h cdthdscfnf) fha gbrrhb hahgtr÷dcgb _HANGCBDHW GBD \_B]HHFB_HW S GACHDVHW _>>. ²Wus nkhdths trnonind hxgauscvnjhdth bdacdh2 _>?. ²Grhh quh hd ha muturb tbfb sh khstcbdnrn vên bdacdh2 _>7. ²Grhh quh ha gbdtngtb mêscgb vhdfhfbr-gbjprnfbr puhfh cdgrhjhdtnr ans vhdtns2 _>6. ²VCGs nyufn n nujhdtnr abs gachdths pbthdgcnahs2 _>8. ²ûã hfnf jîs b jhdbs tchdhd abs gachdths quh ngufhd n su Nkhdgcn ]cnihs2 _>=. ²Ha rhspbdsnoah fh jnrehtcdk fhfcgn an jnybr pnrth fha tchjpb hd abs phrmcahs sbgcnahs2 _>;. ²An jnybrên fh gachdths sh pbdh hd gbdtngtb n trnvãs fh cdthrdht2 _>0. ²Grhh quh ans VCGs `nd phriufcgnfb n ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnih gbjb tchdfn2 _>3. ²Grhhs quh ans VCGs `nd nyufnfb n phrfhr jîs gachdths2 NKHDGCNW ]CNIHW BDACDH (BVNs ‗Bdacdh Vrnvha Nkhdgchs-) B?<. ²Grhh quh su jnybr gbjphthdgcn sbd ans Nkhdgcns fh ]cnihs bdacdh2 B?>. ²Hd ans Nkhdgcn ]cnih sh knstn jîs hd VCGs quh hd btrbs nsphgtbs2


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