Técnicas e Instrumentos Para La ObtenciÓn de InformaciÓn en La InvestigaciÓn Social

PÅNDENC^ H ED^P\XOHDPI^ VC\C MC ILPHDNEÞD @H EDAI\OCNEÞD HD MC EDQH^PEKCNEÞD ^INECM$ V\IAH^I\: CMAID^I ^ÃDNBHZ K|xvi Vce`hec XVD 35  Oc|epzc Lcxpe~pc  Jcqeh| \ijc~  \i`|eki I~{cm`i Cnbx|u  Oc|u Mxz Cni~pc  Kmi|ec \elh|i  Imkc Oxóiz

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L|eidh~- K$ "352<%$ Oåpi`i~ u påndenc~ `h edqh~pekcneþd vc|c mc~ nehdnec~ ~inecmh~$ Ohreni: P|emmc~$ Gcvmcd- C$ "3510%$ Pbh nid`xnp ia Edsxe|u$ ^cd A|cdne~ni: Nbcd`mh| Vxlme~bedk Niovcdu$ ^coveh|e Bh|dãd`hz- \$ "<661%$ Ohpi`imikec `h mc edqh~pekcneid "nxc|pc h`$%$ Ohreni: On$ K|c{ Bemm$

H^NCMC VC\C OH@E\ CNPEPX@H^ NIOI NIOI ED^P\XOHDPI @H \HNIMHNNEÞD \HNIMHNNEÞD @H @CPI^ HD MC EDQH^PEKCNEÞD ^INECM$ N\EPH\EI^ HVE^PHOIMÞKEN HV E^PHOIMÞKENI^ I^ Mc vi~eleme`c`- hm x~i i mc dhnh~e`c` `h nxcdpeaencneþd hd nehdnec~ ~inecmh~ bcd i|ekedc`i xdc `h mc~ vimåoenc~ oã~ mc|kc~ `hdp|i `h ~x be~pi|ec- nid `eah|hdph~ nc|cnph|h~ ~hkúd hd mc `e~nevmedc sxh ~h `e~nxpc$ Mi~ nidnhvpi~ ”Nxcdpepcpeqi‟ u ”Nxcmepcpeqi‟ ”Nxcmepcpeqi‟ ~h bcd c~xoe`i nioi cdpckþdeni~- `h~nidinehd`i hm

mhkc`i be~pþ|eni hd mc~ nehdnec~ `id`h mi~ nidnhvpi~ nidamxuhd u oã~ cxd nxcd`i mc~ oh`eneidh~ ~id v|i`xnpi `h nxcme`c`h~ i v|iveh`c`h~ `h iljhpi~ i ~epxcneidh~ "L|eidh~- 352<%$ ^hkúd Gcvmcd "3510%- h~pi~ nidnhvpi~ `hlhd hdphd`h|~h sxh hm x~i `h ncphki|ïc~ nxcdpepcpeqc~ hd hm cdãme~e~ `h mc |hcme`c` ~inecm ~imi vxh`h ~h| cv|hnec`i `h~`h xdc vh|~vhnpeqc ed~p|xohdpcme~pc- h~ `hne| di nid xd aed hd ~e oe~oi- ~edi nioi xd oh`ei vc|c mik|c| mi sxh mc edqh~pekcneþd v|ividh$

OC\NI NIDNHVPXCM  Cnpepx`: ”H~ xdc v|h`e~vi~eneþd cv|hd`e`c vc|c |h~vid`h| nid~e~phdphohdph `h xdc ocdh|c  acqi|clmh i `h~acqi|clmh |h~vhnpi c xd iljhpi i ~x~ ~ïolimi~‟ AE^BLHD u CJZHD"35;8%$ ^h vxh`h il~h|qc| cnpepx`h~ bcnec `eqh|~i~ iljhpi~ i ~ïolimi~ hd phoc~ nioi vimïpenc- hnidioïc- p|clcji- mc acoemec- hpn$

Mc~ cnpepx`h~ h~pãd |hmcneidc`c~ |hmcneidc`c~ nid hm niovi|pcoehdpi sxh c~xoeoi~ a|hdph a|hdph c phoc~ vmcdphc`i~ nioi vi| hjhovmi hm cli|pi mc nxcm vxh`h ~h| acqi|clmh "vc|penevcneþd% i `h~acqi|clmh "di vc|penevcneþd%$ Mc~ cnpepx`h~ pehdhd `eqh|~c~ v|iveh`c`h~ v|iveh`c`h~ `id`h ~h `h~pcncd: `e|hnneþd "vi~epeqc i dhkcpeqc% h edphd~e`c` "cmpc i lcjc%- h~pc~ v|iveh`c`h~ bcnhd vc|ph `h mc oh`eneþd3$ H~ncmc: h~ xd ed~p|xohdpi `h~pedc`i c oh`e| v|iveh`c`h~ `h ed`eqe`xi~ i k|xvi~7 vh|oeph mc c~ekdcneþd `h dúoh|i~ c mc~ xde`c`h~ oh`e`c~ "L|eidh~- 352<: 3< >%$ Ïd`enh: H~ xdc h~ncmc nid xd dxoh|i |h`xne`i~ `h ïpho~ u vi~hh xdc ohdi| nidaecleme`c` u qcme`hz$ Nidaecleme`c`: ^h |haeh|h c mc ncvcne`c` vc|c `c| |h~xmpc`i~ ekxcmh~ cm ~h| cvmenc`c- hd nid`eneidh~ ekxcmh~- `i~ i oc~ qhnh~ c xd oe~oi nidjxdpi nidjxdpi `h iljhpi~ "L|eidh~- 352<%$ Bclmc| `h nidaecleme`c` nidaecleme`c` h~ ~eoemc| c nid~e~phdnec- ~hkx|e`c`- v|hne~eþd u v|h`enpeleme`c`$ Mc nidaecleme`c` nidaecleme`c` `h xdc h~ncmc ~h h~pclmhnh h~pclmhnh vi| nid`eneidh~ ekxcmh~ "< i oã~ qhnh~%$

mi~ |h~xmpc`i~ ekxcmh~ cm ~h| ~h| cvmenc`c hd

Qcme`hz: H~ hm k|c`i hd sxh xd ed~p|xohdpi |hcmohdph oe`h mc qc|eclmh sxh v|hphd`h oh`e|- xd ed~p|xohdpi vc|c oh`e| mi~ nidineoehdpi~ `h be~pi|ec `hlh oh`e| h~pi u di ~x nidineoehdpi ~il|h meph|cpx|c be~pþ|enc "^coveh|e Bh|dãd`hz- <661%$ Mc qcme`hz vxh`h phdh| `eqh|~i~ pevi~ `h hqe`hdnec "[eh|~oc- 35217 K|idmxd`- 3528%: Hqe`hdnec \hmcneidc`c Nid Hm Nidphde`iNidphde`i - ~h |haeh|h cm k|c`i hd hm sxh xd ed~p|xohdpi |hamhjc xd `ioedei h~vhnïaeni `hm nidphde`i nidphde`i `h mi sxh ~h oe`h$ Hqe`hdnec \hmcneidc`c Nid Hm N|eph|eiN|eph|ei- H~pclmhnh mc qcme`hz `h xd ed~p|xohdpi `h oh`eneþd niovc|ãd`imc nid cmkúd n|eph|ei hrph|di  „ hjhovmi: xd `inhdph qcme`c xd hrcohd ~il|h niovhphdnec~ ocphoãpenc~ oi~p|cd`i mc hrcnpepx` nid sxh mc v|xhlc vxh`h `hph|oedc| hd k|xvi `h h~px`ecdph~ mc |hcmezcneþd |hcmezcneþd `h ivh|cneidh~ c|epoåpenc~$ c|epoåpenc~$ Hqe`hdnec \hmcneidc`c Nid Hm Nid~p|xnpiNid~p|xnpi- H~ hm k|c`i nioi xdc oh`eneþd ~h |hmcneidc nid~e~phdphohdph nid ip|c~ oh`eneidh~ `h cnxh|`i nid bevþph~e~ `h|eqc`c~ phþ|encohdph u nidnh|dehdph~ c nidnhvpi~ i nid~p|xnpi~- sxh h~pãd ~ehd`i oh`e`i~$ Hjhovmi- mi~ hovmhc`i~ nid ocui| oipeqcneþd vh|ocdhnhd pehovi c`eneidcm xdc qhz aedcmezc`c mc ji|dc`c mcli|cm$

H~ncmc `h Cnpepx`h~ Hd mc edqh~pekcneþd `hm niovi|pcoehdpi `e~vidhoi~ `h `eqh|~i~ ed~p|xohdpi~ vc|c oh`e| mc~ qc|eclmh~ `h edph|å~ u hd cmkxdi~ nc~i~ ~h vxh`hd nioledc| `i~ i oã~ oåpi`i~ `h |hnimhnneþd `h `cpi~$ Mi~ oåpi`i~ oã~ nidine`i~ vc|c oh`e| vi| h~ncmc~ mc~ qc|eclmh~ sxh nid~pepxuhd cnpepx`h~ ~id: 3

^coveh|e/ Bh|dãd`hz- \ilh|pi u nim$ "<661% ohpi`imikïc `h mc Edqh~pekcneþd- vãk$ <1>

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Hm oåpi`i `h h~ncmcoehdpi Megh|p Hm `eah|hdnecm ^hoãdpeni Mc H~ncmc Kxppocd$

H^NCMC MEGH\P Nid~e`h|cneidh~ ohpi`imþkenc~ H~ph oåpi`i axh `h~c||immc`i vi| \hd~e~ Megh|p c v|ednevei~ `h mi~ p|hedpc7 ~ed holc|ki- ~h p|cpc `h xd hdaisxh qekhdph u lc~pcdph vivxmc|ezc`i$ Nid~e~ph hd xd nidjxdpi `h ïpho~ v|h~hdpc`i~ hd ai|oc `h cae|ocneidh~ i jxenei~ cdph mi~ nxcmh~ ~h ve`h mc |hcnneþd `h mi~ ~xjhpi~ c mi~ sxh ~h mh~ c`oede~p|c$ Nid~p|xnneþd `h mc H~ncmc @h~`h mc c|epoåpenc- h~pc h~ncmc h~ ~xocpi|ec uc sxh mc vxdpxcneþd i mc oh`e`c `h nc`c vh|~idc hd mc cnpepx` ~h ilpehdh `h mc vxdpcneþd `h nc`c |h~vxh~pc$ Mi~ vc~i~ hd mc nid~p|xnneþd ~id: 3$ <$ >$ 0$ 8$ 1$ ;$

@haedeneþd dioedcm `h mc cnpepx` i qc|eclmh sxh ~h qc c oh`e|$ \hnivemcneþd `h v|hkxdpc~ "ïpho~% hd ai|oc `h v|ivi~eneidh~$ "ivh|cmezcneþd `h qc|eclmh~%$ @hph|oedcneþd `h mc~ vxdpxcneidh~ `c`c~ c mc~ ncphki|ïc~ `h mi~ ïpho~$ Cvmencneþd `h mc h~ncmc v|iqe~i|ec$ Cdãme~e~ `h ïpho~- hmeoedcd`i mi~ edc`hnxc`i~$ Ncphki|ezcneþd jh|ã|sxenc `h mc h~ncmc$ Ncmnxmi `h mc nidaecleme`c` u qcme`hz `h mc h~ncmc$

3$ @haedeneþd `h mc qc|eclmh Hm nidnhvpi i mc v|iveh`c` sxh ~h `h~hc oh`e| cvc|hnh hd neh|pi nidphrpi phþ|eni- v|ilmhoãpeni i v|ãnpeni$ "L|eidh~- 352<% Hjhovmi Iljhpi `h mc cnpepx` oh`e`i Hm qipi

<$ \hnivemcneþd `h V|hkxdpc~

Cae|ocneþd ”Qipc| h~ xd ilmekcneþd `h pi`i nex`c`cdi |h~vid~clmh‟ |h~vid~clmh‟

Hd mc h~ncmc `h `h Megh|p pioc nioi ed`enc`i|h~ ed`enc`i|h~ mc~ |h~vxh~pc~ |h~vxh~pc~ ilphde`c~ ilphde`c~ c xd nidjxdpi nidjxdpi `h `h v|ivi~eneidh~- v|hkxdpc~$ Mi~ ed`enc`i|h~ ~id mc~ |h~vxh~pc~ `c`c~ oehdp|c~ sxh mc~ ivneidh~ x~c`c~ vc|c ilphdh| h~c~ |h~vxh~pc~ nid~pepxuhd i~ ïpho~ `h mc h~ncmc$ Mc~ cae|ocneidh~ ncmeaencd cm iljhpi `h cnpepx` sxh h~pc oe`ehd`i- `hlhd hrv|h~c| ~þmi xdc |hmcneþd mþkenc- c`hoã~ h~ oxu |hniohd`clmh sxh di hrnh`cd `h /cv|ireoc`cohdph/ <6 vcmcl|c~$ "^coveh|e Bh|dãd`hz- <661% Mc~ v|ivi~eneidh~ i v|hkxdpc~ vxh`hd v|h~hdpc|~h nid xdc |hmcneþd pcm sxh ed`esxhd `e|hnpcohdph `e|hnpcohdph xdc cnpepx` nidp|c|ec cm iljhpi `h |hah|hdnec `h ocdh|c sxh- hm bhnbi `h h~pc| `h cnxh|`i nid h~c v|ivi~eneþd ~ekdeaenc phdh| xdc cnpepx` hd h~c `e|hnneþd$ Hjhovmi: Ïpho dhkcpeqi: ”Hm Oede~ph|ei `h Bcnehd`c cux`c cm nidp|elxuhdph c |h~imqh| ~x~ v|ilmhoc~ hd hm vcki `h eovxh~pi~‟

Ïpho vi~epeqi: ”Hm Oede~ph|ei `h Bcnehd`c ~h nc|cnph|ezc vi| il~pcnxmezc| cm nidp|elxuhdph hd hm vcki `h eovxh~pi~,$‟

Mc ncdpe`c` `h v|ivi~eneidh~ di h~pãd `haede`c~ hd xd h~pãd`c|- hre~phd `inxohdpi~ nid oc~ `h <6 ïpho~ u hd ip|i~ nid > i 0$ Hd h~ph úmpeoi nc~i h~ oã~ nidqhdehdph mmcoc|mc~ ïd`enh~- oã~ v|hne~c sxh csxhmmc~ sxh pehdhd oc~ ed`enc`i|h~$ ed`enc`i|h~$

>$ @hph|oedcneþd `h mc~ vxdpxcneidh~ `c`c~ c mc~ ncphki|ïc~ `h mi~ ïpho~$ Nc`c v|ivi~eneþd i ïpho `hlh `hlh phdh| ivneidh~ `h |h~vxh~pc~ sxh oxh~p|h oxh~p|h hm k|c`i i edphd~e`c` `h cnpepx` hd oh`eneþd$ Khdh|cmohdph hm dxoh|i `h ivneidh~ ivneidh~ ~id nedni nedni `eqe`e`c~ c~e: c~e: oxu `h cnxh|`i- `h cnxh|`i- ed`hne~i "ed`eah|hdph%"ed`eah|hdph%- `h~cnxh|`i- oxu `h~cnxh|`i$ Mc vid`h|cneþdvid`h|cneþd- hd xd v|inh`eoehdpi c|lep|c|ei  „ pcoleåd ~h vxh`hd c~ekdc| vi| `h~qecneþd ~ekoc i i `h~qecneþd h~pãd`c|/ vxh`h e| `h 6 c 8 i `h /< c < "oxu `h~cnxh|`i c oxu `h cnxh|`i$ |h~vhnpeqcohdph%$ H~ eovi|pcdph phdh| v|h~hdph mc nidqh|~eþd c ~x qh|`c`h|i qcmi| `h vid`h|cneþd nxcd`i ~h bcd ohznmc`i v|ivi~eneidh~ vi~epeqc~ u dhkcpeqc~$ Hjhovmi:

0$ @hph|oedcneþd `h mc~ vxdpxcneidh~ `c`c~ c mc~ ncphki|ïc~ `h mi~ ïpho~$

Xdc vxdpxcneþd ~h nid~e`h|c cmpc i lcjc ~hkúd hm dúoh|i `h ïpho~ i cae|ocneidh~$ Vi| hjhovmi- hd mc h~ncmc ve|c hqcmxc| mc cnpepx` bcnec hm i|kcde~oi p|elxpc|ei mc vxdpxcneþd oïdeoc vi~elmh h~ `h 2 "3'3'3'3'3'3'3'3% u mc oãreoc h~ `h 06 "8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8%-vi|sxh bcu inbi cae|ocneidh~$ Mc vh|~idc `hm hjhovmi ilpxqi ,3<,- ~x cnpepx` bcnec hm i|kcde~oi p|elxpc|ei h~ oc~ lehd ~xocohdph `h~acqi|clmh- qhãoi~mi k|ãaencohdph: 3< 2 Cnpepx` oxu `h~acqi|clmh

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Mc h~ncmc `haedepeqc h~pã niovxh~pi vi| pi`i~ mi~ ïpho~ ~hmhnneidc`i~ `h cnxh|`i nid ~x ocui| vi`h| `e~n|eoedcpeqi- vi| mi pcdpi- vxh`h inx||e| sxh cmkxdc~ v|ivi~eneidh~ sxh`hd `h~nc|pc`c~$ Mi~ qcmi|h~ |hcmh~ `h mc h~ncmc vxh`hd hovmhc|~h `e|hnpcohdph i ck|xvc|~h hd ncphki|ïc~$ Hjhovmi: Cmki `ikocpe~oi

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Oåpi`i `h mc~ oepc`h~ Oåpi`i `h mc |hvhpeneþd `h mc v|xhlc

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Qcme`hz  

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