Descrição: ECA: Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Esse material faz parte de um curso preparatório para o concurso público da Secretaria Municipal...
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GVPWO RPFRLPL]×PHO RPFRLPL]×PHO RLPL O GOKGVPWO FI FMVGLÄÇO> RPOAFWWOP# MHPF]OP F WVRFPQHWOP> Cfdhwcläço ‗ Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f CFH K¾ :+218# MF <7 MF NVCJO N VCJO MF <882+ Rpoafwwop Fchgho Chil.
WHIVCLMO FGL> FW]L]V]O ML GPHLKÄL F MO LMOCFWGFK]F CFH K¾ :+218# MF <7 MF NVCJO MF <882> RPOA+IW FCHGHO DOIFW CHIL
FGL> Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f+ Fwwf il}fphlc al~ rlp}f mf vi gvpwo rpfrlpl}÷pho rlpl o gokgvpwo rþ`chgo ml Wfgpf}lphl Ivkhghrlc mf Fmvgläço ml Rpfafh}vpl mo Fw}lmo mf Wço Rlvco> Gvpwo |vf mfwfkqocqfiow goio wv`whmho low fw}vmow f rpfrlpläço mf Rpoafwwopfw# Goopmfklmopfw Rfmld÷dhgow# Mhpf}opfw f Wvrfpqhwopfw mf Fkwhko+ ]omlw lw |vfw}öfw mfwwf whivclmo wço mf gokgvpwow lk}fphopfw# ah~fiow vil wfcfäço mlw |vfw}öfw |vf ilhw lrlpfgfi kow gokgvpwow rþ`chgow mf wço Rlvco fi fwrfghlc ml Rpfafh}vpl mf Wço Rlvco+ F è goi hifkwo rpl~fp |vf mhwrokh`hch~liow fwwf il}fphlc# low lihdow kfwwf ioifk}o fi |vf wf lrpozhil o gokgvpwo ml rpfafh}vpl mf wço Rlvco+ Wfgpf}lphl Ivkhghrlc mf Fmvgläço ml Rpfafh}vpl mo Fw}lmo mf Wço Rlvco+ Fi `pfqf romfiow mhwrokh`hch~lp ov}pow il}fphlhw+ .RPOA+IW FCHGHO DOIFW CHIL+
GVPWO RPFRLPL]×PHO RLPL O GOKGVPWO FI FMVGLÄÇO> RPOAFWWOP# MHPF]OP F WVRFPQHWOP> Cfdhwcläço ‗ Cfdhwcläço ‗ Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f CFH K¾ :+218# MF <7 MF N VCJO MF <882+ Rpoafwwop Fchgho Chil. WHIVCLMO> <+ L Cfh :+218 *FGL( pflahpil o mhpfh}o |vf gphlkälw f lmocfwgfk}f }îi â fmvgläço# o`nf}hqlkmo lo mfwfkqocqhifk}o hk}fdplc ml rfwwol# lo rpfrlpo rlpl o fzfpgégho ml ghmlmlkhl f l |vlchahgläço rlpl lo }pl`lcjo+ Fi pfcläço lo rpogfwwo mf lqlchläço mo pfkmhifk}o fwgoclp# }lc lp}hdo lwwfdvpl# lhkml |vf gphlkälw f lmocfwgfk}fw
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Mfqfi wfp lqlchlmow mf aopil rfpilkfk}f f whw}fiì}hgl# l rlp }hp mf vil rfpwrfg}hql mhldkow}hgl f rpogfwwvlc+ Mfqfi wfp hkaopilmow mow pfwvc}lmow mlw lqlchläöfw pflch~lmlw ko mfgoppfp mo lko cf}hqo+ Mfqfpço orhklp wo`pf l fwgocjl mow iè}omow f hkw}pvifk}ow mf lqlchläço lmo}lmow rfcl vkhmlmf fwgoclp+ ]îi lwwfdvplmo o mhpfh}o mf gok}fw}lp gph}èphow mf lqlchläço# romfkmo pfgoppfp âw hkw}lkghlw fwgoclpfw wvrfphopfw+ Wfpço lqlchlmow dco`lcifk}f# cfqlkmo)wf fi gokwhmfpläço |vfw}öfw mf opmfi w÷gho)fgokoihgl f gvc}vplc# }lhw goio ophdfi è}khgl# pfdhoklc# pfchdhço f dîkfpo+
0+ Wfdvkmo o Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *FGL( ‗ Cfh:218/82 ‗ ko wfv lp}hdo <6# –l gphlkäl f o lmocfwgfk}f }îi mhpfh}o â ch`fpmlmf# lo pfwrfh}o f â mhdkhmlmf goio rfwwolw jvilklw fi rpogfwwo mf mfwfkqocqhifk}o f goio wvnfh}ow mf mhpfh}o ghqhw# jvilkow f woghlhw dlplk}hmow kl Gokw}h}vhäço f klw cfhw ’+ Kow }fpiow ml cfh# o mhpfh}o â ch`fpmlmf goirpffkmf# fk}pf ov}pow# ow wfdvhk}fw lwrfg}ow>
*L( *@(
Rlp}hghrlp ml qhml alihchlp f goivkh}ìphl mfwmf |vf fi li`hfk}f chqpf m l rpfwfkäl mf rfwwolw mfrfkmfk}fw mf wv`w}àkghlw fk}oprfgfk}fw+ Rlp}hghrlp kow fw}l`fcfghifk}ow rþ`chgow mf fkwhko# ml mfahkhäço mf gph}èphow lqlchl}hqow rpl}hglmow rfcl fwgocl f pfgoppfp lo Gokwfcjo mf Fwgocl f ÷pdçow wvrfphopfw |vlkmo wf wfk}hp rpfnvmhglmo+ *G( Hp# qhp f fw}lp kow codplmovpow rþ`chgow f fwrläow goivkh}ìphow# pfwwlcqlmlw lw pfw}phäöfw cfdlhw5 orhklp f fzrpfwwlp)wf f `vwglp pfavdho# lvzhcho f ophfk}läço+ *M( ]fp vil gpfkäl f rlp}hghrlp mf gvc}o pfchdhowo# lgoirlkjlml mf rlhw ov pfwrokwìqfhw# |vlkmo ifkop mf mo~f lkow f rlp}hghrlp ml qhml rocé}hgl# l rlp}hp mow mf~oh}o lkow+ *F( ]fp lgfwwo low `fkw gvc}vplhw# gl`fkmo l gfkwvpl l wfvw pfwrokwìqfhw# gokaopif cfdhwcläço goircfifk}lp# l wfp il}phgvclmo kl pfmf pfdvclp mf fkwhko+ 7+ Mf lgopmo goi o lp}+ 1: mo Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f ‗ FGL ‗ Cfh k¾ :218# fk}fkmf)wf rop }pl`lcjo fmvgl}hqo# l l}hqhmlmf cl`oplc fi |vf lw fzhdîkghlw rfmld÷dhglw pfl}hqlw lo mfwfkqocqhifk}o rfwwolc f w oghlc mo fmvglkmo
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Wço fzfgv}lmlw l}plqèw mf oafp}l mf `ocwl)lrpfkmh~ldfi+ Wço }plmv~hmlw fi jl`hchmlmfw f g oirf}îkghlw+ Kço hirchgli |vlc|vfp pfivkfpläço lo lmocfwgfk}f+ Goppfwrokmf âw l}hqhmlmfw mf lrpfkmh~+ Rpfqlcfgfi wo`pf o lwrfg}o rpomv}hqo+
=+ Wfdvkmo o Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f# ow mhphdfk}fw mf fw}l`fcfghifk}ow mf Fkwhko Avkmlifk}lc mfqfpço goivkhglp lo gokwfcjo }v}fclp lw wh}vläöfw fi |vf ogoppfp>
H+ HH+ HHH+ HQ+ Q+
Ilvw)}pl}ow fkqocqfkmo wfvw lcvkow+ Pfh}fpläço mf alc}lw hknvw}hahglmlw f mf fqlwço fwgoclp# fwdo}lmow ow pfg vpwow fwgoclpfw+ Fcfqlmow kéqfhw mf pfrf}îkghl+ Alcjlw kow rpodplilw mf lwwhw}îkghl ièmhgl f omok}oc÷dhgl+ Mfgpf}läço ml rfpml ov wvwrfkwço mo rì}pho romfp+ *L( *@( *G( *M(
H# HHH# HQ+ H# HH# HHH+ HHH# HQ# Q+ HH f Q+
6+ Goi o wfv Fw}l}v}o *C+A+ k¾ :218/82(# gphlkäl f o lmocfwgfk}f mfhzli mf wfp o`nf}ow# rlpl wf opklpfi wvnfh}ow mf mhpfh}ow+ Kfwwf wfk}hmo# o pfafphmo mhrcoil cfdlc fw}l`fcfgf ov ophfk}l |vf
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O`nf}ow rfwwolhw goio l iogjhcl ov o vkh aopif fwgoclp mfqfi wfp rpfwfpqlmow# goio dlplk}hl mf mhpfh}o lo pfwrfh}o+ Low rlhw hkgvi`f o mfqfp mf rporopghoklp o fkwhko avkmlifk}lc low wfvw ahcjow# mf 1 low <= lkow+ Glwo ow rlhw mhqhpnli wo`pf l fmvgläço l wfp mlml lo noqfi# l mfghwço goirf}f lo rlh# mf}fk}op mo rì}pho romfp+ O gokwfcjo }v}fclp mfgpf}lpì l rfpml mo rì}pho romfp kl jhr÷}fwf mf mfwgvirphifk}o hknvw}hahglmo mow mfqfpfw f o`phdläöfw+ Ifmhmlw mhwghrchklpfw fkèpdhglw# lhkml |vf qfzl}÷phlw# romfi f mfqfi wfp lmo}lmlw rfcl fwgocl# kow glwow mf wvrow}l gvcrl dplqf mo lmocfwgfk}f+
1+ Lklchwf lw lahpiläöfw pfcl}hqlw â gphlkäl f lo lmocfwgfk}f+
H+ HH+ HHH+ HQ+
O mhpfh}o mf hp f qhp lwwfdvpl)cjf o mhpfh}o mf wf lv wfk}lpfi ml fwgocl |vlkmo nvcdlpfi kfgfwwìpho+ O mhpfh}o mf orhkhço f fzrpfwwço è chih}lmo rfclw kopilw pfdhifk}lhw mf w vl fwgocl+ È o`phdl}÷phl l wvl rpfwfkäl low gvc}ow pfchdhowow fqfk}vlcifk}f opdlkh~lmow rop wvl fwgocl+ Hkmfrfkmfk}f ml hmlmf# fcfw romfi opdlkh~lp f rlp}hghrlp mf fk}hmlmfw fw}vmlk}hw+
Goppfwrokmf lo lahpilmo rfco FGL# lrfklw o gok}hmo fi *L( HH+ *@( H F HH *G( HH F HHH *M( HQ *F( HHH f HQ
4+ Vil wh}vläço apf|ófk}f klw fwgoclw rþ`chglw è l rpfwfkäl mf noqfkw fi pfdhif mf ch` fpmlmf lwwhw}hml+ Wo`pf fw}l# o FGL fw}l`fcfgf |vf
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
È mfghmhml rfcl lv}ophmlmf nvmhghìphl# fi avkäço mf gphifw dplqfw rpl}hglmow rfclw gphlkälw+ È vil þc}hil gjlkgf lo lmocfwgfk}f hkapl}op# lk}fw mf wv l hk}fpkläço+ O`phdl l fwgocl pfghrhfkmìphl l }ocfplp ivh}l hkmhwghrchkl# rohw kço }fi i fhow rlpl chmlp goi fwwfw noqfkw+ È vi pfdhif mf wfihch`fpmlmf lmo}lmo rfco rpl~o iékhio mf wfhw ifwfw+ Qhwl lgoirlkjlp# lvzhchlp f ophfk}lp o lmocfwgfk}f ko aop}lcfghifk}o mf qékgvcow goivkh}ìphow+
:+ Fw}ì lwwfdvplmo ko FGL
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
O lgfwwo low kéqfhw ilhw fcfqlmow mo fkwhko# hkmfrfkmfk}fifk}f ml glrlghmlmf mf glml vi+ O lgfwwo â fwgocl rþ`chgl f dpl}vh}l rp÷zhil l wvl pfwhmîkghl# mfwmf |vf kfcl jlnl qldlw+ O mhpfh}o mow rlhw ov pfwrokwìqfhw mf rlp}hghrlpfi ml mfahkhäço mlw rporow}lw fmvglghoklhw+ L o`phdl}ophfmlmf f dpl}vhmlmf mo fkwhko ièmho+ O ~fco rfcl apf|óîkghl mo fmvglkmo lo fkwhko avkmlifk}lc goio o`phdläço fzgcvwhql mow rlhw ov pfwrokwìqfhw+
8+ L rlp}hghrläço mf rlhw kl mfahkhäço mlw rporow}lw fmvglghoklhw ml fwgocl okmf wfv ah cjo fw}vml è
*L(
Vi }fil rocîihgo rop|vf wf gokw}h}vh vi mhpfh}o mf lgopmo goi o |vf fw}ì fw}l`fcfghmo ko Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *lp}+67(# fk}pf}lk}o# kço fw}ì mf lgopmo goi ow rphkgérhow ml Cfh mf Mhpf}ph~fw f @lwfw ml Fmvgläço+ *@( O mhpfh}o mf lrpoqlp lw mfghwöfw mow rpoafwwopfw f mhphdfk}fw mf whw}filw rþ`chgow mf fkwhko# |vf wço rfwwolw cfdh}hilmlw rfco gokjfghifk}o fwrfghahgo ml ìpfl f |vf# rop cfh# wço lr}lw l fzfpgfpfi fwwl rpoahwwço+ *G( L dlplk}hl mf |vf ow rlhw romfi mfahkhp o chqpo mhmì}hgo l wfp v}hch~lmo rfcow ahcjow# kow }fpiow mo Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *Cfh :+218/82 ‗ :+218/82 ‗lp}+67( lp}+67( fi gokwokàkghl go o rphkgérhow gokw}h}vghoklc ml dfw}ço mfiogpì}hgl ml fwgocl rþ`chgl+ *M( Vi mhpfh}o lwwfdvplmo rfco Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *Cfh+ 218/82) lp}+67( fi gokwokàkghl goi o rphkgérho gokw}h}vghoklc ml dfw}ço mfiogpì}hgl mo fkwhko rþ`chgo+ *F( Vil ifmhml |vf kço romf wfp hirclk}lml rop|vf lhkml kço aoh mfqhmlifk}f pfdvclifk}lml kow mhwrowh}hqow cfdlhw# fi`opl fw}fnl rpfqhw}l ko Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f+ <2+ Lo fcl`oplp o Rponf}o Rfmld÷dhgo ml fwgocl# ow rlp}hghrlk}fw hkgcvépli fi wvlw mhpf}ph~fw# vil mlw ifmhmlw mf rpo}fäço low mhpfh}ow ml gphlkäl f mo lmocfwgfk}f# rpfqhw}l ko Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *Cfh k¾ :+218/82( }pl}l)wf mf>
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
L goivkhgläço lo gokwfcjo }v}fclp mow glwow mf pfh }fpläço mf alc}lw hknvw}hahglmlw f mf fqlwço fwgoclp# fwdo}lmow ow pfgvpwow fwgoclpfw+ O mhpfh}o mf ow rlhw lv}oph~lpfi l w léml lk}fghrlmlw mo ahcjo ko hkhgho mo lko# rlpl dlplk}hp fwwf mhpfh}o lo cokdo mo rfpéomo cf}hqo+ O mhpfh}o mow rlhw mf fwgocjfpfi o rpoafwwop mo wfv ahcjo rop |vfw}ço mf lahkhmlmf mo lcvko goi o mogfk}f hkmhglmo+ L rpoh`häço mf o lcvko wfp pf}hplmo ml fwgocl# lo a hklc mo rfpéomo# rop rfwwolw |vf kço wfnli ow wfvw rlhw+ O mhpfh}o mf ow rlhw mfahkhpfi o rfpéomo mf lvcl |vf l gphlkäl mfqf apf|ófk}lp# rlpl l}fkmfp ìw içfw |vf fzfpgfi l}hqhmlmfw aopl mo clp+
<<+ Mf lgopmo goi l Cfh k¾ :+218/82 ) FGL#
*L( *@(
È mfqfp mo Fw}lmo lwwfdvplp l oafp}l mf fkwhko ko}vpko pfdvclp# lmf|vlmo âw gokmhäöfw mo lmocfwgfk}f }pl`lcjlmop+ Ow mhphdfk}fw mf fw}l`fcfghifk}o mf fkwhko avkmlifk}lc romfpço fkglihkjli lo Gokwfcjo ]v}fclp# wf fwdo}lmow ow pfgvpwow fwgoclpfw# ow glwow mf ilvw }pl}ow fkqocqfkmo wfvw lcvkow# f mf pfh}fpläço mf alc}lw hknvw}hahg lmlw+ *G( ]oml gphlkäl ov lmocfwgfk}f }fpì lgfwwo âw mhqfpwöfw f fwrf}ìgvcow rþ`chgow gclwwhahglmow goio lmf|vlmow â alhzl f}ìphl# mfqfkmo lw ifkopfw mf oh}o lkow fw}lp lgoirlkjlmlw mow rlhw ov pfwrokwìqfhw+ *M( Lo lmocfwgfk}f lrpfkmh~# ifkop mf |vl}op~f lkow# w ço lwwfdvplmow ow mhpfh}ow }pl`lcjhw}l f rpfqhmfkghìpho+ *F( Rfpih}f)wf lo lmocfwgfk}f o }pl`lcjo ko}vpko lrfklw |vlkmo fi pfdhif alihchlp mf }pl`lcjo+ <0+ Wfdvkmo l Cfh k¾ :+218/82 goirf}îkghl
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
‗
FGL# lrchglp rfklchmlmfw lmihkhw}pl}hqlw kow glwow mf hkapläöfw gok}pl kopil mf rpo}fäço l gphlkäl ov lmocfwgfk}f è
Mf pfrlp}häço rochghlc fwrfghlch~lml rlpl l}fkmhifk}o mf lmocfwgfk}f+ Ml Nvw}häl ml Hkaàkghl f ml Nvqfk}vmf+ Mow gokwfcjow ]v}fclpfw+ Ml lv}ophmlmf rochghlc ghqhc ov ihch}lp ilhw rp÷zhil+ Mow gokwfcjow }v}fclpfw f mow Mhpf}opfw mf Fwgoclw ml pfmf rþ`chgl mf fkwhko avkmlifk}lc+
<7+ Lwwhklcf l oräço goppf}l ko |vf wf pfa fpf lo Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo L mocfwgfk}f
*L( *@( *G(
Gokwhmfpl)wf gphlkäl l rfwwol goi l}è mo~f lkow mf hmlmf goircf}o f lmocfwgfk}f l|vfcf fk}pf mf~oh}o lkow mf hmlmf hkgoircf}ow+ Fi rpodplilw mf }pl`lcjo fmvgl}hqo# l pfivkfpläço pfgf`hml rfco lmocfwgfk}f# apv}o mo }pl`lcjo pflch~lmo# mfw|vlchahgl o glpì}fp fmvgl}hqo+ Ow lmocfwgfk}fw |vf gvirpfi rfkl mf rphqläço mf ch`fpmlmf kço }îi mhpfh}o â fwgoclph~läço ov rpoahwwhoklch~läço mvplk}f o rfpéomo mf hk}fpkläço+ *M( Gl`f lo mhphdfk}f mo fw}l`fcfghifk}o mf fkwhko avkmlifk}lc goivkhglp lo gokwfcjo }v}fclp glwow mf ilvw)}pl}ow |vf fkqocqli wfvw lcvkow+
<=+ Mf lgopmo goi o Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f# ow mhphdfk}fw mf fw}l`fcfghifk}ow mf fkwhko avkmlifk}lc mfqfi goivkhglp lo gokwfcjo }v}fclp# fk}pf ov}pow# ow glwow mf>
H# HH f HHH# Woifk}f+ HH# HHH# f HQ# Woifk}f HH# HQ f Q woifk}f H# HHH f Q# Woifk}f+ H# HQ f Q woifk}f
<6+ Noço# lcvko mo 8¾ lko ml fwgocl Wlili`lhl# kço gokgopmov go l lqlchläço ml rpoql mf ghîkghlw# afh}l rfco rpoafwwop Lk}okho Rfmpo f aoh rpogvpì)co rlpl |vf aowwf qfphahglml l goppfäço mf mvlw |vfw}öfw+ Fk}pf}lk}o# o rpoafwwop kço cjf mfv l}fkäço f mhwwf |vf fw}lql ivh}o ogvrlmo rlpl ahglp ovqhkmo pfgcliläöfw# rohw o rpoafwwop è |vfi mf}fpihkl l ko}l mo lcvko+ Noço kço gokaopiov f aoh rpogvplp l mhpfäço ml fwgocl+ Fcf fw}ì vwlkmo o mhpfh}o mf gok}fw}lp o gph}èpho lqlchl}hqo# |vf cjf è lwwfdvplmo kl cfdhwcläço `plwhcfhp l fi mf}fpihkläço gok}hml>
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Kl Cfh mf Mhpf}ph~fw f @lwfw ml Fmvg läço Klghoklc+ Kl Gokw}h}vhäço Afmfplc+ Kl w Mhpf}ph~fw Gvpphgvclpfw Klghoklhw+ Ko Rclko mf Mfwfkqocqhifk}o ml Fmvgläço+ Ko Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f+
<1+ Fi vil rfmld÷dhgl kl fwgocl Acop mf ilho# jovqf vil mhwgvwwço lglcoplml fk}pf ow rpoafwwopfw l rlp}hp ml wochgh}läço mf vi rlh mf lcvko mfahghfk}f mf lvmhäço# |vf fzhdhl l il}pégvcl mf wfv ahcjo kl fwgocl+ L mhpfäço fwgclpfgfv low rpoafwwopfw |vf# mfwmf l rpoivcdläço mo Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f# aopli gok}firclmlw if}lw ml Fmvgläço Hkgcvwhql# goio>
H+ HH+ HHH+ HQ+ Q+ L
L hdvlcmlmf mf gokmhäöfw rlpl o lgfwwo f l rfpilkîkghl kl fwgocl+ O mhpfh}o mf opdlkh~läço f rlp}hghrläço fi fk}hmlmfw fw}vmlk}hw+ O Fkwhko Avkmlifk}lc o`phdl}÷pho f dpl}vh}o# hkgcvwhqf rlpl ow |vf kço }hqfpli lgfwwo kl hmlmf rp÷rphl+ L}fkmhifk}o fmvglghoklc fwrfghlch~lmo low rop}lmopfw mf mfahghîkghl# rpfafpfkghlcifk}f kl pfmf pfdvclp mf fkwhko+ L rpodpfwwhql fz}fkwço ml o`phdl}ophfmlmf f dpl}vhmlmf lo fkwhko ièmho+ Fmvgläço
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Hkgcvwhql
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gok}firclml
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H f HHH# Woifk}f H# HH# HHH f HQ# Woifk}f H# HHH f HQ# Woifk}f HHH f HQ# Woifk}f HH# HQ f Q Woifk}f
<4+ Mohw lmocfwgfk}fw wf fkqocqfpli kvil `phdl ko hk}fphop mf vil fwgocl f l þkhgl gokwf|óîkghl il}fphlc aoh l |vf`pl mf rlp}f mo io`hchìpho+ Gokaopif o Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *]é}vco H HH# glré}vco HQ# wfäço HHH# lp}+ << 1¾(# l lv}ophmlmf romfpì mf}fpihklp |vf fw }fw lmocfwgfk}fw>
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Rpfw}fi wfpqhäow dpl}vh}ow â goivkhmlmf rop rfpéomo kço fzgfmfk}f â wfhw ifwfw+ Wfnli lmqfp}hmow rop ifho mf lmiofw}läço qfp`lc+ Wfnli ilk}hmow fi pfdhif mf ch`fpmlmf lwwhw}hml+ Rpoioqli o pfwwlpghifk}o mo mlko ov goirfkwfi o rpfnvé~o+ Pfgf`li ifmhml mf hkwfpäço fi pfdhif mf wfihch`fpmlmf+
<:+ O gokwfcjo }v}fclp# gphlmo ko ài`h}o mow Ivkhgérhow# è vi ÷pdço rfpilkfk}f f lv}ý koio# kço nvphwmhghoklc# fkglppfdlmo rfcl woghfmlmf mf
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
^fclp rfco gvirphifk}o mow mhpfh}ow ml gphlkäl f mo lmocfwgfk}f+ Rpoioqfp o mfwfkqocqhifk}o aéwhgo f fioghoklc ml gphlkäl f mo lmocfwgfk}f+ Nvcdlp ow glwow mf mfwgphihkläço f ilvw }pl}ow â gphlkäl f lmocfwgfk}f+ Mfghmhp wo`pf l dvlpml f lmoäço mf gphlkälw l`lkmoklmlw+ Mlp rphophmlmf lo l}fkmhifk}o âw gphlkälw mf ~fpo l wfhw lko+
<8+ O mhpf}op mf vil fwgocl gokw}l}l |vf# lrfwlp mf dlplk}hmo o mfwfkqocqhifk}o mlw l}hqhmlmfw mf goirfkwläço mf lvwîkghl l rlp}hp mo wfdvkmo `hifw}pf# qìphow lcvkow mo fkwhko avkmlifk}lc# mf << l <6 lkow# kço l}hkdhpli apf|óîkghl iékhil mf}fpihklml rfcl cfdhwcläço qhdfk}f+ Al~ vil pfvkhço goi ow rlhw mfwwfw lcvkow f rpoqhmfkghl l pflch~läço mf koqlw l}hqhmlmfw mf goirfkwläço mvplk}f lw aèphlw mf nlkfhpo# ilw qfphahgl |vf l apf|óîkghl gok}hkvl `lhzl# gokahdvplkmo)wf glwow mf l`lkmoko+ Hifmhl}lifk}f# o Mhpf}op
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Gokwhmfpl |vf ow rlhw wço ow pfwrokwìqfhw rfcl wh}vläço mfwwfw lcvkow+ Ldvlpml o goirlpfghifk}o mfwwfw lcvkow rlpl |vf nvw}hah|vfi wvlw alc}lw+ Fkglihkjl lo Gokwfcjo ]v}fclp l pfcläço mow lcvkow alc}owow+ Gokwhmfpl |vf nì }oiov lw rpoqhmfkghlw rfmld÷dhglw f cfdlhw gl`éqfhw+ Fzhif)wf mf ov}plw hkhghl}hqlw fi pl~ço mo hkwhdkhahglk}f kþifpo mf lcvkow a lc}owow+
02+ O Fw}l}v}o ml Gph lkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *FGL( gokwhmfpl goio lmocfwgfk}f l rfwwol |vf }fi
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Fk}pf mo~f lkow hkgoircf}ow f mf~fwwfhw lkow mf hmlmf# Fk}pf ok~f hkgoircf}ow f mf~oh}o lkow mf hmlmf+ Fk}pf mo~f lkow hkgoircf}ow f qhk}f f vi lkow mf hmlmf+ Fk}pf mo~f f qhk}f f vi lkow mf hmlmf+ Fk}pf mo~f f mf~oh}o mf hmlmf+
0<+ Lo lmocfwgfk}f }pl`lcjlmop o FGL# fi wfv lp}hdo 6=# lwwfdvpl
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
L lv}oph~läço rlpl mfhzlp o }pl`lcjo vil jopl ilhw gfmo+ L oafp}l mf fkwhko ko}vpko pfdvclp lmf|vlml âw wvl gokmhäöfw+ Lgpèwghio mf <2& fi wvl pfivkfpläço# wf il }phgvclmo ko fkwhko avkmlifk}lc+ O mhpfh}o mf lvwfk}lp)wf mo wfpqhäo fi mhlw mf rpoql+ L nvw}hahgläço mf alc}lw kl fwgocl fi mfgoppîkghl mf hirpfqhw}o ko }pl`lcjo+
00+ O rpoafwwop ov o pfwrokwìqfc rop fw}l`fcfghifk}o mf fkwhko avkmlifk}lc# rpè)fwgocl ov gpfgjf# |vf mfhzlp mf goivkhglp â lv}ophmlmf goirf}fk}f ow glwow mf |vf }fkjl gokjfghifk}o fkqocqfkmo wvwrfh}l ov gokahpiläço mf il vw)}pl}ow gok}pl l gphlkäl ov lmocfwgfk}f fw}ì wvnfh}o# gokaop if o lp}# 0=6 mo FGL# â
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Mf}fkäço mf wfhw ifwfw l mohw lkow+ Lmqfp}îkghl lmqhkml mo wfv wvrfphop hifmhl}o+ Lmqfp}îkghl lmqhkml mo Gokwfcjo ]v}fclp+ Ivc}l mf }pîw l qhk}f wlcìphow)mf)pfafpfkghl# wfkmo o mo`po kl pfhkghmîkghl+ Hkqfw}hdläço rop rlp}f ml lv}ophmlmf rochghlc+
07+ L gphlkäl f o lmocfwgfk}f }îi mhpfh}o â ch`fpmlmf# lo pfwrfh}o f â mhdkhmlmf goio rfwwolw jvilklw fi rpogfwwo mf mfwfkqocqhifk}o f goio wvnfh}o mf mhpfh}o ghqhw# jvilkow f woglhw dlplk}hmow kl Gokw}h}vhäço f klw cfhw# wfkmo |vf o mhpfh}o â ch`fpmlmf goirpffkmf# fk}pf ov}pow# ow wfdvhk}fw>
H+ HH+ HHH+ HQ+
Orhkhço f fzrpfwwço5 Rlp}hghrläço ml qhml alihchlp f goivkh}ìphl# wfi mfwgphihkläço5 @vwglp pfaþdho# lvzécho f ophfk}läço+ Hp# qhp f fw}lp kow codplmovpow rþ`chgow goivkh}ìphow# pfwwlcqlmlw lw pfw}phäöfw cfdlhw+
Lw lahpil}hqlw H# HH# HHH f HQ fw}ço Goppf}lw+ Woifk}f lw lahpil}hqlw HHH f HQ fw}ço goppf}lw+ Woifk}f lw lahpil}hqlw HHH f HQ fw}ço goppf}lw+ Woifk}f lw lahpil}hqlw HHH f HQ fw}ço goppf}lw
0=+ Rlpl |vf o lgfwwo f l rfpilkîkghl lo Fkwhko Avkmlifk}lc wfnli mhpfh}o mf }omow# hkgcvwhqf rlpl ow |vf l fcf kço }hqfpli lgfwwo kl hmlmf rp÷rphl# l Cfh k¾ :+218/82 *FGL( rpfqî
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
@ocwl)fwgocl low lcvkow mfwfirpfdlmow+ Pfmväço mo jopìpho mf }pl`lcjo rlpl |vf ow lcvkow apf|ófk}fi l fwgocl+ Fkwhko mf |vlchmlmf l }omow# wfi mhw}hkäço mf alhzl f }ìphl# wfzo ov gop+ Oafp}l mo fkwhko ko}vpko# low ilhopfw mf <6 lkow mf hmlmf+ Whw}fil mhafpfkghlmo mf lqlchläço# lmf|vlmo âw glplg}fpéw}hglw godkh}hqlw mfwwl gchfk}fcl+
06+ O lp}hdo 67 ml Cfh k¾ :+218/82 *Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f ) FGL( lo dlplk}hp â gphlkäl f lo lmocfwgfk}f o mhpfh}o â fmvgläço# rpfqî lwwfdvplp l fcl>
H+ HH+ HHH+ HQ+ Q+
Hdvlcmlmf mf gokmhäöfw rlpl lgfwwo f rfpilkîkghl kl fwgocl5 Mhpfh}o mf gok}fw}lp gph}èphow lqlchl}hqow# romfkmo pfgoppfp âw hkw}àkghlw fwgoclpfw wvrfphopfw5 Mhpfh}o mf opdlkh~läço f rlp}hghrläço fi fk}hmlmfw fw}vmlk}hw5 Lgfwwo â fwgocl rþ`chgl f dpl}vh}l rp÷zhio mf wvl pfwhmîkghl Pfmväço ml nopklml mf }pl`lcjo# fi l}è mvlw joplw mhìphlw# low lcvkow ilhopfw mf <= lkow+
È goppf}o o |vf wf lahpil lrfklw fi *L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
H# HH f HHH+ H# HHH f Q+ HH# HHH+ HQ H# HH# HQ f Q+ H# HH# HHH f HQ
01+ Fi pfcläço lo rpogfwwo mf fkwhko)lrpfkmh~ldfi mlw gphlkälw f mow lmocfwgfk}fw# l Cfh k¾ :+218/82 *FGL(# dlplk}f low rlhw ov pfwrokwìqfhw mow lcvkow o mhpfh}o mf
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Fwgocjl mow chqpow |vf wfpço lmo}lmow rfcl fwgocl+ ]fp hkaopiläöfw wo`pf ow pfwvc}lmow mo rpogfwwo rfmld÷dhgo mf wfvw ahcjow Rlp}hghrlp ml fcl`opläço mo rponf}o rocé}hgo)rfmld÷dhgo fi pfvkhöfw mow rpoafwwopfw f mhpf}opfw+ ]fp ghîkghl mo rpogfwwo rfmld÷dhgo# `fi goio rlp}hghrlp ml mfahkhäço mlw rporow}lw fmvglghoklhw+ Rlp}hghrlp mo rpogfwwo mf aopilä ço rfpilkfk}f mow rpoafwwopfw rlpl lrpfkmfpfi l rpfrlplp vi rponf}o rfmld÷dhgo+
04+ O rfpilkfk}f gok}l}o fk}pf l fwgocl f lw aliéchlw mow lcvkow è vil o`phdläço |vf }fi wvrop}f kl gokw}h}vhäço Afmfplc mf <8::# kl Cfh mf Mhpf}ph~fw f @lwfw 8+78=/81 *CM@( f ko Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f *FGL(+ ]fkmo rop `lwf fwwfw pfafpfkghlhw cfdlhw# lwwhklcf l þkhgl lahpil}hql hkgoppf}l+
*L(
Mf lgopmo goi l Gokw}h}vhäço# goirf}f lo romfp rþ`chgo pfg fkwflp ow fmvglkmow mo fkwhko avkmlifk}lc# al~fp)cjfw l gjlilml# f ~fclp# nvk}o low rlhw ov pfwrokwìqfhw# rfcl apf|óîkghl â fwgocl+ *@( Fi gokaopihmlmf goi l Gokw}h}vhäço# ow fw}l`fcfghifk}ow mf fkwhko }îi l}ph`vhäço mf ilk}fp gok}l}o rfph÷mhgo goi ow rlhw ov pfwrokwìqfhw# rop ifho mf pfvkhöfw ov goppfwrokmîkghl+ *G( Wfdvkmo l CM@ 8+78=/81# ow fw}l`fcfghifk}ow mf fkwhko }îi l hkgvi`îkghl mf hkaopilp ow r lhw f pfwrokwìqfhw wo`pf l apf|óîkghl f o pfkmhifk}o fwgoclp mow lcvkow# `fi goio wo`pf l fzfgväço mf wv l rporow}l rfmld÷dhgl+ *M( Gokwvc}lkmo l CM@ 8+787/81# qfphahgl)wf wfp hkgvi`îkghl mow mogfk}fw l gocl`opläço goi lw l}hqhmlmfw mf lp}hgvcläço goi lw aliéchlw f l goivkhmlmf+ *F( Gokaopif o FGL# ow mhphdfk}fw mf fw}l`fcfghifk}ow mf fkwhko avkmlifk}lc mfqfi goivkhglp lo Gokwfcjo ]v}fclp ow glwow mf pfh}fpläço mf a lc}lw hknvw}hahglmlw f mf fqlwço fwgoclp+ 0:+ Vi lmocfwgfk}f gjfdlql rlpl lw lvclw# ko }vpko ml ilkjç# wfirpf l}plwlmo# glkwlmo f wokocfk}o+ \vfw}hoklmo wo`pf o io}hqo# fcf lahpiov |vf fw}lql }pl`lcjlkmo mhlphlifk}f# ko jopìpho ko}vpko# fk}pf 00j f 6j+ Mf lgopmo goi o Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo lmocfwgfk}f *FGL# Lp}+14# hkghwo H(# o }pl`lcjo |vf fw}ì wfkmo pflch~lmo rop fw}f lmocfwgfk}f è>
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Qfmlmo+ Hkwlcv`pf+ Lmf|vlmo+ Rfkowo+ Rfphdowo
08+ Mf lgopmo goi o lp}hdo 6= ml cfh :+218/82 FGL(# è mfqfp mo Fw}lmo lwwfdvplp â gphlkäl f lo lmocfwgfk}f# fzgf}o>
*L( *@( *G( *M(
Fkwhko Avkmlifk}lc o`phdl}÷pho f dpl}vh}o# hkgcvwhqf rlpl ow |vf l fcf kço }hqfpli lgfwwo kl hmlmf rp÷rphl+ L}fkmhifk}o fi gpfgjfw f rpè)fwgocl âw gphlkälw mf ~fpo l wfhw lkow mf hmlmf+ Oafp}l mf fkwhko ko}vpko pfdvclp lmf|vlmo âw gokmhäöfw mo lmocfwgfk}f+ L}fkmhifk}o ko fkwhko avkmlifk}lc# l}plqèw mf rpodplilw wvrcfifk}lpfw mf il}fphlc mhmì}hgo)fwgoclp# }plkwrop}f# lchifk}läço# lwwhw}îkghl â wlþmf f wlcìpho)fmvgläço+
72+ O Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f è vi lcfp}l â woghfmlmf ko wfk}hmo mf |vf rporopghokf rpo}fäço f mfwfkqocqhifk}o lmf|vlmo l wfdifk}o }ço apìdhc ml rorvcläço+ Kfw}l rfpwrfg}hql# o Fw}l}v}o alcl mf dlplk}hlw mf rphophmlmf â gphlkäl f lo lmocfwgfk}f *l p}+=¾(# o |vf whdkhahgl>
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
Oafpfgf rpoahwwhoklch~läço f rpo}fäço ko }pl`lcjo goio ifho mf wvrfpläço mf wh}vläöfw mf phwgo+ Mlp rpfafpîkghl l gphlkälw mf `lhzl pfkml klw il }pégvclw fi hkw}h}vhäço rþ`chgl mf fkwhko+ Gokgfmfp pfgvpwow rþ`chgow l rponf}ow |vf l}fkmli rorvcläöfw apldhch~lmlw# goio gphlkälw f hmowow# fi fwg lcl f|vh}l}hql+ Rowwh`hch}lp o l`phdo fi hkw}h}vhäöfw |vf oafpfäli hkw}lcläöfw aéwhglw fi gokmhäöfw lmf|vlmlw mf jl`hchmlmf# jhdhfkf f wfdvplkäl+ ]fp rphil~hl kl aopivcläço f kl fzfgväço mf rocé}hglw woghlhw f ko l}fkmhifk}o kow wfpqhäow rþ`chgow+
7<+ O Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f }plkwrop}f# lchifk}läço f wlþmf# `vwgl
*L( *@( *G( *M( *F(
‗
FGL lo lwwfdvplp low lcvkow mo fkwhko avkmlifk}lc rpodplilw wvrcfifk}lp mf il}fphlc mhmì}hgo)fwgoclp#
Dlplk}hp o lgfwwo f l rfpilkîkghl kl fwgocl# mow lcvkow lmqhkmow mlw glilmlw rorvclpfw |vf fkapfk}li gokmhäöfw ilhw lmqfpwlw+ Lirchlp l fwgoclphmlmf o`phdl}÷phl f dpl}vh}l# dlplk}hkmo o lgfwwo lo fkwhko ièmho rlpl lcvkow fdpfwwow ml pfmf Fw}lmvlc mf fkwhko+ Gokw}pvhp vil rocé}hgl fmvglghoklc |vf `fkfahghf mf hkhgho o lcvko f# mfrohw# l aopiläço mogfk}f# rlpl lwwfdvplp o wvgfwwo fwgoclp+ Dlplk}hp# fi }pogl mfwwfw `fkfaéghow# ilhop rlp}hghrläço f fkqocqhifk}o mow rlhw kl fwgoclphmlmf mf wfvw ahcjow f kow lwwvk}ow fwgoclpfw+ Alghch}lp o }pl`lcjo mlw f|vhrfw fwgoclpfw lo rowwh`hch}lp |vf ow lcvkow mlw gclwwfw }pl`lcjlmoplw lm|vhpli vi rfpahc ilhw rp÷zhio mo lcvko mf gclwwf ièmhl+
70+ L cfh :218 ‗ Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f fw}l`fcfgf |vf
*L( *@( *G(
È rfpih}hmo o }pl`lcjo lo lmocfwgfk}f goi ifkow mf |vl}op~f lkow mf hmlmf# wf fcf goirplp wfp lpphio mf aliéchl+ Kço wço lwwfdvplmow ow mhpfh}ow }pl`lcjhw}lw lo lmocfwgfk}f lrpfkmh~# ilhop mf |vl}op~f lkow+ L pfivkfpläço |vf o lmocfwgfk}f pfgf`f rfco }pl`lcjo faf}vlmo ov rlp}hghrläço kl qfkml mow rpomv}ow mf wfv }pl`lcjo kço mfwahdvpl o glpì}fp fmvgl}hqo+ *M( O rpodplil woghlc |vf }fkjl rop `lwf o }pl`lcjo fmvgl}hqo è mf pfwrokwl`hchmlmf fzgcvwhql mlw fk}hmlmfw doqfpklifk}lhw+ *F( L avkäço mf ifi`po mo Gokwfcjo ]v}fclp# gokwhmfplml mf hk}fpfwwf rþ`chgo f pfcfqlk}f# wfpì pfivkfplml+
Rpoa+ Fchgho Chil+ Aopiläço> Ghîkghlw woghlhw rfcl Vkhwl+ Rfmldodhl> Lmihkhw}pläço f Wvrfpqhwço Fwgoclp rfcl Vkh`lk+ Ifw}pf fi fmvgläço rfcl Vkhglir+ L}vl klw pfmfw Fw}lmvlhw f Ivkhghrlhw mf fkwhko fi Wço Rl vco *rpoafwwop/Goopmfklmop Rfmld÷dhgo(+ Ihkhw}pl gvpwow kl R÷w)Dplmvläço ml Vkhqfpwhmlmf lmqfk}hw}l mf glirhklw ‗ VKLWR+ Ihkhw}plk}f mf gvpwow# oahghklw# wfihkìphow f rlcfw}plw rlpl aopiläço mogfk}f *aopiläço Gok}hkvlml(+ Lc}o ékmhgf mf lrpoqläço fi gokgvpwow kl ìpfl mf fmvgläço ldvlpmlkmo gjlilml rlpl mhpfäço mf fwgocl f wvrfpqhwço m f fkwhko+ Wço Rlvco Nlkfhpo mf 0228+ F ilhc> fchgho+chilB`oc+goi+`p
GVPWO RPFRLPL]×PHO RLPL O GOKGVPWO FI FMVGLÄÇO> RPOAFWWOP# MHPF]OP F WVRFPQHWOP> Cfdhwcläço ) Fw}l}v}o ml Gphlkäl f mo Lmocfwgfk}f CFH K¾ :+218# MF <7 MF NVCJO MF <882 +
