GRAĐEVINSKO-ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET NIŠ
SEMINARSKI
RAD
Tema: Superprovodljivo! Predmet: Fi"i#$
Mentor
Student
%u&ol$v K$r$'$r#ovi(
S!r$)i*j$ %ere'i( RG+,./
Niš, 2012/2013. godina
SADRŽAJ UVOD 1. Početak s!e"!"o#od$%i#osti.................................................................1 O&RADA '()( 2. Po%a* s!e"!"o#od$%i#osti....................................................................2 3. Da$%i "a+#o% s!e"!"o#od$%i#osti............................................................ . )a%sne"o# e-ekat................................................................................... . 'i!o#i s!e"!"o#odnika........................................................................ . &S teo"i%a........................................................................................... . P"i*ena s!e"!"o#od$%i#osti..............................................................10 4A56JU7A5...........................................................................................12 68'(RA'URA.........................................................................................13
1. POČETAK SUPERPROVODLJIVOSTI
H.K.Onnes(1853-1926) H!"n#s$% &%'%" H"*$e K"+e!%n,-Ones *e "/"*0% e!e$%n" s/*s/" %se %/e n" n%s$%+ e+e""+" 8. "%!" 1911. ,#%ne %+e% n/ *"/. e$!%$ ,#%n" "n%*e se *e #" #4%*e en% e!%*+ $*% *e %s$%s% '" s/*e e$se%+ene s" +e"!%+" n" %'"'% n%s$%+ e+e""+". "%+e s"n/% *e #" ns %/e n" e+e"% # 715 K "#" "$ #ese +%!%n" " #ns n" /e#ns $*" #,/"" s4n* e+e"%. K"sn%*e *e 4n+ es s"n/% #" se n" e+e"% # 72 K ns /"0" +"e%*"!. D" 4% $"'" n" +,0e $%s% # se/#!*%/s% Ones *e s/+ e$se%+en 1913. ,#%ne #/e e!e$%n s* se/#n% sen. K"#" *e $!n% 4"e%* % + %'+e% s* $"'"! se #" se n*en %nen'%e ne s+"n**e s" /e+en+. U %s+ e$se%+en *e $% % *"/ se&!%#ns% e!%*+" n" e+e"% # 22 K. " s/* "# n" n%s$%+ e+e""+" Ones *e 1913. ,#%ne #4% 4e!/ n","#.
2. POJA: SUPERPROVODLJIVOSTI Sn%"/"n*e+ e+e"" #4% /#n%$" $" ; s se44"$" % '!" s+"n**e se % n*%/ e!e$%n% . " /e+" n%s$%+ e+e""+" n*%/ '"#"/" s"!n /e#ns. O $*% '"s"ne % ne +en*" se n" e+e""+" 4!%s$%+ "s!n* n!% n"'%/" se e'%#"!n% . :e<%+ n" /! n%s$%+ e+e""+" 4!%' "s!ne n!e %'#/"*"* se #/e ,e +e"!"= normalni metali % superprovodnici.
>+en" " #ns n" e+e" $# n+"!n% +e"!" % $# se/#n%$"
:e"!% $*% %+"* s/*s/ #" %4!%"/"n*e+ "s!n* n!% n*%/ e!e$%n% %+" s"!n /e#ns n"'%/"* se n+"!n% +e"!%. U n+"!ne +e"!e s"#"* % ne$% # #4% /#n%$" $" ; s 4"$" se4 '!" %#.
Superprovodnici s +"e%*"!% %*% *e n"
/e+" n%s$* e+e"% $*" *e 4!%s$" "s!n* n!% *e#n"$ n!%. Te+e"" Tk n" $** #e
" "'ne se/#n%$e $%%n" e+e"" %+" "'!%%e /e#ns%. O# %s% +e"!" n"*/%; $%%n e+e" %+" n%4%*+ 4 ( Tk @ 95 K). A!% s*e s%ne%'/"n" +e"!n" *e#%n*en*" s" *; /%;+ $%%n+ e+e"+. " '""/ 'n"% ,4!*en*e e!e$%n, " /#n%$B I;e'"/"n*e e!e$%n, " se/#n%$" n" "s!n* n!% $"'*e #" se s!4#n% e!e$n% nes+e"n $e0 $' +e"!. :e<%+ "$ *e e+e"" /%;" # "s!ne n!e *"/!*" se e!e$%n% $*% *e e s/e," s!e#%" ne"/%!ns% $%s"!ne e;e$e. Jn% $%s"!ne e;e$e +e"!n, /#n%$" s%!* $ "/nen% !"*". P/%;"/"n*e+ e+e"e /e0"/" se sen" "+!%#" % s%!"%*". Os%!"%*e #/#e # n"%'+en%n, ',;n*"/"n*" % "'e<%/"n*" *n" n" *e#%n%+ +es%+" $%s"!ne e;e$e #nsn $%s"! se s/""* ,;0" % e<" +es". U"/ e +ene ,s%ne %'"'%/"* "se*"n*e s!4#n% e!e$n" %!%$+ n*%/, $e"n*" # %"*e+ e!e$%n, !*". K%s"! se/#n%$" n";" se $" se#%n" s" e%#%n "se
3. DALJI RAVOJ SUPERPROVODLJIVOSTI P*"/" se/#!*%/s% e!e$%ne s*e 4%!" *e '"%+ $%/en" $# *; 22 +e"!" (!/ %n$ "!+%n%*+ % #.). Se/#!*%/s $# !/" $%/en" *e 1913. ,#%ne n" e+e"% # ? K " 1971. % $# n%4%*+ n%%#" n" e+e"% # 16 K. K# /e!%$, 4*" !e," $%/en" s "$
7. :AJSEROV EFEKAT
F.G.:e%ssne (1882-19?7) Osn/n s/*s/ se/#n%$" *e /
Se/#n e! #"$!e %s$*e s!*";n*e +",nen !*e % " *"/" se n"'%/" :"*sne/ e&e$". Se/#n" e!" %s# $%%ne e+e"e n";"* se $" s"/;en% +",ne%%. :"*sne/ e&e$" $"'*e % #" se se/#n s"n*e +e s+""% s"/;en #%*"+",ne%n%+.
>+",nen !*e $ se/#n%$"
5. TIPOVI SUPERPROVODIKA :"e%*"!% $*% %'n"# *e#ne /e#ns% +",nen, !*" H e!"'e #%e$n s"n*e 4%"*en, n";"n*" +",nene %n#$%*e n"'%/"* se se/#n%%+" I /se. U / , se/#n%$" s"#"* "$ 2? %s% +e"!" (%/" "n"!%*+ !"n"n !/ $"!"* ...).
:"e%*"!% $*% %+"* #/e $""$e%s%ne /e#ns% $%%n, +",nen, !*" H1 % H2 n"'%/"* se se/#n%%+" #,e /se. Is# /e $%%ne /e#ns% %n#$%*" *e n!" " e$ %'n"# #,e $%%ne /e#ns% #!"'% # 4%"*en, n";"n*". I'+e< /e #/e /e#ns% +",nen, !*" s*% +e;"n s"n*e $*e $""$e%;e #e!%+%n #%"n*e +",nen, !*" n" +"e%*"!" s"n*e $*e se n"'%/" 4n%$/" &"'". U / , s"#"* *e#%n*en*" $" ; *e n%4%*+-%"n%*+ % *; e$ 5 #,% *e#%n*en*".
6. CS TEORIJA
C"#een
e
S%e&e
O4*";n*en*e &en+en" se/#!*%/s% n"*e s #"!% Ln#n % Ln#n ne+"$% &%'%"% (F. Ln#n % H. Ln#n). On% s es"/%!% e,'%sen%* #/" ne'"/%sn" $!e$%/%e" n+"!n% % se/#n% e!e$n". +"!ne % se/#ne s*e 4% e$!e ""!e!n%+ ,"n"+" % % #/!*n n%s$%+ e+e""+" s!4#n% e!e$n% 4% se s/#%!% n" se/#ne. :e<%+ /" e%*" n%*e #/e!" # '"#/!*"/"*0e, 4*";n*en*" n" e!e$ns$+ n%/. P;! *e #s" /e+en" ,/ !" /e$" # e$se%+en"!n, $%0" se/#n%$" (1911.) #$ se n%*e &+%"!" e%*" $*+ se 4*";n*"/" /" *"/". K+!en" +%$s$s$" e%*" se/#ns% #"" *e 195?. ,#%ne # s"ne C"#%n" Ke" % %&e" (C"#een e % S%e&e) % n"'%/" se CS e%*". A% /e e%*e #4%!% s 19?2. ,#%ne 4e!/ n","#. P /* e%*% *ns$" e;e$" "$%/n es/*e &+%"n* se/#n, s"n*". Ine"$%*" %'+e< e!e$n" % /%4"%*" e;e$e (&nn") *e s%nn%'/"n" "$ #" #$ *e#"n e!e$n '"*"+n #e!*e s" e;e$+ % %'"'%/" #e&+"%* #,% e!e$n $%s% #" s+"n*% s/* en%*"!n ene,%*. T"$ e$ #e&+"%*e e;e$e %!% &nns$, !*" e!e$n% '"*"+n #e!* ; +e #" e'!%" %/!"n%+ #e*s/+. K"# n n"#*"" K!n/s$ #4%*"n*e *"/!*" se se/#n s"n*e. Te%*" se/#ns% /#% #" se e!e$n% se/#n%%+" $e0 "$'/"n%+ Ke/%+ "/%+". A$ se " e!e$n" #%
#/!*n sn"n '"*e#n n +e %'#"% s/"$% s#" s" "+%+" % se $"'*e $" n!" ns. T"$ /e'"n% "/e e!e$n% %+"* +"n* en%*"!n ene,%* # ne $* 4% %+"!% #" s "'#/*en%. :e<%+ e%*" /#% #" se / +e #,"<"% n" e$se+n n%s$%+ e+e""+" $"#" "+% s%!* *"$ +"!.
C#0% #" Ke/% "/% %+"* s%n n!" '" n*% ne /"% P"!%*e/ %n% '"4"ne. On% se n";"* $" 4'n% es%e s" e!4*n%+ s%n+ 2 ... *%/ 4* #"+ ene,es$+ s"n* n%*e ,"n%en " $"#" n" "$/ s"n*e #e!*e e!e$%n !*e ss"/!*" se e!e$%n" s*" 4e' e!e$%n, ". Ke/% "/% e!e$n" ns%% s e!e$%ne s*e se/#n%%+".
?. PRI:EA SUPERPROVODLJIVOSTI Ps!e#%" :"*sne/, e&e$" *e se/#n%$" !e/%"%*" (!e4#en*e). :e se s/"%% +0 e+"nenn, +",ne" % #!,e # se/#!*%/, +"e%*"!". A$ *e e+e"" #!,e /%;" # $%%ne e+e"e +",ne !e% n" #!'%. K"#" se e+e"" sn%'% %s# $%%ne #!," s"*e se/#!*%/" " %' s/*e n";n*s% %s$*e +",nen !*e s"!n, +",ne". J"/!*" se #"$!e #4*n" s%!" $*" se s+"n**e s" #"!*"/"n*e+ +",ne" # /;%ne #!,e. " #e
>%n% "#" !e/%"%*s$, /'"
Se/#n%$" !e/%"%*" %+" "'ne %+ene. Pse4n s %nees"nn% !e/%"%*s$% /'/% %'n"# se/#!*%/% ;%n" (:ALEV) % !e/%"%*s$% "+4%!%.
>:",!e/
Se/#n% +",ne% s *e#n% # n"*+0n%*% 'n"% e!e$+",ne". On% se $%se '" +";%ne s +",nen+ % s" n$!e"n+
+",nen+ e'n"n+ +"s/ne se$+ee $" % $# s!en%#" $*% se $%se "$e!e"%+" es%" % s!en%#" '" '";% # $s+%$, '"en*". T"$
>se/#n%$
>Un";n*s LH ne!" ERU
LITERATURA 1. S. L$%0 - E$se%+en"!n" &%'%$" $n#en'/"ne +"e%*e 2. MMM.sen#s.,N"%"!.+ 3. MMM.s%ene#"%!.+Ne!e"sesN1998N?N98?278578.+ 7. MMM.s%n,8..*NenNneMs 4!%"%nsNess e!e"seN29N932 5. MMM.en.M%$%e#%".,NM%$%NH%s & sen#%/% 6. D :%!"n O. R"s/%0 - F%'%$" '" e/% "'e# ,%+n"'%*e ;e, % #;/en-*e'%$, s+e" ?. =NNes%s.-"s.,s.e#N4"seNs!%#sNsn#.+! 8. MMM.s"n#%/%e.&NenN%n#e.
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