TRAMA URBANA DISTRITO DE LA MOLINA El distrito peruano de La Molina es uno de los 43 distritos que conforman la provincia de Lima. Está localizado en el sureste de Lima Metropolitana limitando al norte a través de la Av. Separadora Industrial y la Vía de Evitamiento con el distrito de Ate (Mayorazgo y Salamanca), al este con Pachacámac (Huertos de Manchay), al sur con Villa María del Triunfo y San Juan de Miraflores y al oeste con el distrito de Santiago de Surco y Cieneguilla. Está habitada fundamentalmente por familias de nivel socioeconómico medio-alto y alto.
SEMINARIO DE
U R B A N IS M O
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
1
U N IV IV ER E R S ID ID A D A L A S P E RU RU A N A S E S C U EL E L A P R O F E SI S I O N A L D E A R Q U IT IT E C TU TU R A
CURSO:
SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO
DOCENTE: ARQ. EUSEBIO MARIANO CABRERA MARIANO CABRERA ECHEGARAY
TEMA:
TRAMA URBANA – DISTRITO DE LA MOLINA
IX CICLO
INTEGRANTES:
COLAN VALVERDE, Elías Jesús HUAMAN TORRES, Jhon Andy LEANDRO ALARCON, Vladimir Pompeyo VARGAS MOSCOL, Ricardo Daniel
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
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INDICE Contenido
1.
INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................. ............................................................................................................. ....................................................................4 .........4
2.
.........................................................................................................6 ..................................................6 MARCO CONCEPTUAL .......................................................
2.1.
MARCO TEÓRICO ......................................... .............................................................. ......................................... ......................6
2.1.1.
............................................................. ......................................... ......................6 Trama urbana: ........................................
2.1.2.
Geografía urbana: ....................................... ............................................................ ................................... ..............8
2.1.3.
Morfología urbana: ......................................... .............................................................. .............................. .........10
2.1.4.
.............................................................. .......................... ......13 Elementos urbanos: ..........................................
2.1.5.
Evolución urbana: ....................................... ............................................................ ................................. ............14
2.1.6.
Crecimiento urbano: ......................................... ............................................................. .......................... ......15
2.1.7.
Tipología urbana: ........................................ ............................................................. ................................. ............17
2.1.8.
.............................................................. ......................................... ........................... ......20 Barriadas: ..........................................
2.1.9.
Plan de desarrollo urbano: .......................................... ...................................................... ............23
2.2. MARCO HISTÓRICO ....................................... ............................................................ ..................................... ................24 ............................................................. .......................................... ........................................... ........................24 2.2.1. LIMA ........................................ ........................................................... .......................................... .................................. ............25 2.2.2. LA MOLINA ....................................... 3.
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ........................................................................... 29
3.1.
4.
PROBLEMATICA ........................................ ............................................................ ......................................... ....................... ..29
3.1.1.
.............................................................. ....................... ..30 PROBLEMA GENERAL .........................................
3.1.2.
HIPÓTESIS ........................................ ............................................................. ......................................... .......................... ......30
3.1.3.
OBJETIVO GENERAL ........................................ ............................................................ .......................... ......30
3.1.4.
OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS ....................................... ....................................................... ................30
3.1.5.
IMPORTANCIA Y JUSTIFICACIÓN ....................................... .......................................31
................................................................................. ........................... 32 PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ......................................................
4.1.
.............................32 DELIMITACIÓN DE LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO .............................
4.2.
EVOLUCIÓN URBANA DEL DISTRITO DE LA MOLINA
33
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4.4. DEMOSTRACIÓN DE LAS TIPOLOGIAS DE TRAMAS ............................................ ......66 URBANAS IDENTIFICADAS POR ETAPAS: ...................................... 5.
........................................................................................................................ .................................... 71 CONCLUSIÓN ....................................................................................
6.
............................................................................... .................. 73 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .............................................................
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN - El periodo de expansión que se inicia en los años 40 y que continúa en
la actualidad suele dividirse en tres grandes etapas. Hasta antes de 1954, el crecimiento de Lima se da en el cono de deyección del río Rímac. En esa área se distribuían los terrenos entre urbanizaciones de clase media, para sectores acomodados y para los sectores más pobres de la ciudad. Estos últimos constituyeron las denominadas “barriadas” que se ubicaban en los terrenos marginales al tejido urbano, especialmente en las laderas de los cerros que rodeaban la ciudad en los márgenes del río Rímac entre Lima y el Callao, teniendo un mayor crecimiento urbano en los años 80, generalmente hacia los bordes que delimitan los cerros y que hoy en la actualidad y con mayor exactitud a inicios del siglo XX, el crecimiento urbano tomo posición de los cerros alejados del centro de lima.
- La zona actual de La Molina tiene antecedentes desde la época Incaica en que era uno de los corredores que se utilizaban como vía de comunicación entre Lima y Cusco.
- Con la conquista estos terrenos pasan a manos de hacendados y de la
Iglesia Católica, quienes la cultivaron utilizando mano de obra esclava hasta mediados del siglo XIX, primero negros y luego chinos, cuando se abolió la esclavitud. Estas haciendas producían azúcar y algodón hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX.
- En 1927 el Presidente Leguía vende las tierras más fértiles de la
hacienda para ubicar la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura (ENA) con 210 hás. que en la década del 60 se transformaría en la Universidad Nacional Agraria. También en 1927 la Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura, con fondos del Estado, compró 63 has de tierras fértiles e instala la Estación Experimental Agrícola de La Molina.
- Es en esta década del 60 el distrito se parcela y empieza a poblarse, adquiriendo dinamismo en la década del 70. - La población crece desde unos 2,500 estimados en 1960 a 6,160 en 1972 y 15,000 habitantes en 1981.
- Esta población es principalmente de estrato alto y a partir de la década
del 70 disminuye el tamaño de los lotes, entre 300 y 1,500 m2,
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- El crecimiento del distrito de LA MOLINA, sufre la mayor expansión en los años 80, en donde la trama urbana toma la forma más representativa, conllevando a la mayor diversidad de tipologías.
- Es el distrito de Lima con mayor densidad de áreas verdes, alcanzando
hasta 20 metros cuadrados para cada habitante. En el sur de la Molina, en las laderas de los cerros San Pedro, Media Luna y San Francisco se encuentra el Parque Ecológico de La Molina, el cual alberga 208.6 hectáreas y fue establecido el 12 de Mayo de 2004. Ya se ha estado arborizando con ciertas especies de árboles y plantas para lo cual se hacen campañas de siembra cada cierto tiempo. Éste será el parque ecológico más grande de Lima. Tiene más de 13 mil plantas aproximadamente entre árboles y arbustos.
- Siendo el parque ecológico uno de los factores por el cual se adoptó una forma de crecimiento, siendo en esos tiempos unas simples hectáreas de señoríos de clase alta.
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2. MARCO CONCEPTUAL 2.1. MARCO TEÓRICO 2.1.1.
1
Trama urbana:
El término trama urbana aparece en el TRLOTENC para referirse a una condición de los terrenos para ser clasificados como suelo urbano. Sin embargo, el texto legal no aporta una definición de este concepto ni tampoco criterios operativos que permitan distinguir si existe o no trama urbana. Tampoco la jurisprudencia termina de alcanzar una definición suficientemente precisa, pese a las abundantes sentencias del Tribunal Supremo que se refieren a la trama o malla urbana (sinónimo empleado en otras leyes autonómicas); a lo más que llega el alto Tribunal es a asociar la trama urbana con "una urbanización básica constituida por unas vías perimetrales y unas redes de suministro de agua y energía eléctrica y de saneamiento de que puedan servirse los terrenos y que éstos, por su situación, no estén completamente desligados del entramado urbanístico ya existente" (STS de 23 de noviembre de 2004). Pese a la insuficiencia, parecieran parecieran apuntarse apuntarse dos requisitos de la trama urbana: que los terrenos estén delimitados por viarios perimetrales y que estén en contigüidad (no completamente desligados) con el resto del suelo urbano (el que sí contaría incuestionablemente con trama urbana). Naturalmente, la jurisprudencia sigue dejando margen a la discrecionalidad al ser aplicada ante cada caso concreto. No es ocioso recordar que la palabra "trama", en castellano, hace alusión a un conjunto de elementos lineales que, cruzados y enlazados, forman un tejido. También del mismo campo semántico proviene el término "malla" que se utiliza con frecuencia para referirse al mismo concepto (malla urbana), si bien en este caso el significado estricto apunta no a los elementos lineales sino a las piezas del tejido (normalmente cuadradas) que quedan comprendidos entre aquéllos.
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De tal modo, puede considerarse que sobre un ámbito territorial hay trama urbana cuando existen viarios que se cruzan entre sí definiendo unos espacios interiores (las manzanas) de dimensiones y formas adecuadas para ser divididos en parcelas propias de usos y tipologías urbanas. El modelo paradigmático de este enfoque topológico de la trama urbana lo conforman los ensanches, basados en un mallado ortogonal de mucha regularidad; pero también los núcleos de trazados más espontáneos (normalmente derivados de caminos rurales) cuentan con trama urbana en la medida de que esas calles irregulares se van cruzando sobre sí mismas. En cambio, en el extremo opuesto estarían los caseríos dispuestos a lo largo de un eje (sea una carretera o un camino rural), incluso aunque de él se bifurquen, casi siempre en estructura "arborescente", viarios menores. Este es justamente el modelo característico de los asentamientos rurales laguneros en los que difícilmente puede admitirse que haya trama urbana. Pero además, para considerar que un ámbito territorial cuenta con trama urbana éste ha de alcanzar una dimensión suficientemente significativa, tanto en superficie como en número de manzanas y elementos viarios que la constituyen. No parece razonable, por ejemplo, llamar trama urbana a dos o tres manzanas adyacentes aunque todas estén bordeadas por viarios. Obviamente, fijar un límite dimensional, ya sea en superficie o número de tramos viarios y/o manzanas, será siempre cuestionable y, sin embargo, es algo de especial relevancia para decidir sobre la clasificación del suelo según lo dispuesto en el art. 50 2TRLOTENC. En todo caso, al margen de las convenientes acotaciones cuantitativas, puede entenderse –y –y así lo hace este PGO – PGO – que la trama urbana es la específica división de un ámbito territorial en dos tipos básicos de espacios diferenciados por criterios topológicos: los viarios y las manzanas. Son éstos los dos elementos constitutivos de la trama urbana y, cada uno de ellos, se definen de la siguiente manera: a) Viarios:
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
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Las específicas formas en que se dividen los territorios urbanos dan lugar consiguientemente a los distintos tipos de tramas urbanas, clasificaciones más o menos convencionales, normalmente vinculadas a etapas históricas y relaciones morfo tipológicas concretas (manzana cerrada, ciudad jardín, bloque abierto, naves industriales, etc.). Pero, pese a su diversidad, todos los territorios urbanos, para serlo, requieren de la existencia de una trama urbana, de una serie de viarios que se entrecruzan delimitándolas correspondientes manzanas. La trama urbana es el concepto que engloba las características morfológicas de las diferentes zonas de una ciudad. Por tanto al hablar de trama urbana estamos refiriéndonos a: el trazado de la red viaria, su amplitud, los volúmenes que se edifican (altura y anchura de las fachadas), el nivel de ocupación del suelo (parcelaciones, espacios libres, alturas, ...)sus usos,... Por tanto la trama urbana es la que define los diferentes paisajes de la ciudad. Algunos manuales de morfología urbana definen la trama o entramado urbano como “la forma en que se ordenan y agrupan los edificios dentro de la ciudad” (Estébanez Álvarez, José “Las ciudades: morfología y estructura”) o como el conjunto “formado por la trama de las calles y la urdimbre del parcelario y de las manzanas con sus edificios y usos” (Capel, Horacio “La morfología de las ciudades”). Estas sencillas definiciones explican sobradamente todo lo que acabamos de explicar, ya que el orden y agrupación de los edificios determinan el trazado de las calles, su anchura, las parcelaciones, los volúmenes, el paisaje,... Podemos concluir que el concepto de trama urbana es fundamental dentro de la morfología de las ciudades, por tanto se usa en infinidad de ocasiones y no correctamente en todas ellas.
2.1.2.
3
Geografía urbana:
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
9
El estudio del fenómeno urbano aconseja subdividido de acuerdo a criterios relacionados con el nivel de escala, temporal o espacial del análisis. En primer lugar nos entramos en los aspectos liga dos a la perspectiva histórica del fenómeno urbano. Ha de haber un enfoque sistémico, que hace corresponder el hecho urbano con un conjunto de elementos interrelacionados en un doble nivel de escala. En el primer nivel, el sistema interurbano, donde cada ciudad es un elemento organizador del territorio. En un nivel inferior de la escala, la ciudad en sí misma, puede ser considerada como un sistema global (sistema intrarurbano), integrado por los principales componentes materiales y humanos que participan en su organización (espacio edificador, grupos sociales e individuos). Geografía urbana no es más que el propio concepto de ciudad, siendo el espacio que conforma una ciudad. La intervención humana sobre el territorio ha transformado los espacios naturales en espacios humanizados. Aquellas zonas donde existe una alta densidad de población son las mas transformadas, donde el paisaje refleja la actividad humana con más intensidad. Estos lugares son las ciudades, en las que los componentes bióticos del paisaje han sido sustituidos por elementos antrópicos. El criterio de la morfología del paisaje urbano es uno de los que se ha utilizado para definir que es una ciudad, es decir, para distinguir aquello que es una ciudad de aquello que no alcanza dicho rango. La apariencia externa, la forma, la estructura de una ciudad es diferente a la de otros núcleos de población: edificios altos, calles grandes y anchas que facilitan un tráfico intenso, etc. Otros de los criterios que se utilizan habitualmente para definir las ciudades es el estadístico, así cada país fija un volumen de población mínimo para considerar a un núcleo de población como ciudad. España lo tiene fijado en 10000 habitantes, Japón en 30000, mientras que en algunos países escandinavos los tienen fijados en 200 habitantes. Es por lo tanto un criterio variable al existir tal disparidad de umbrales de población en el mundo.
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10
Otros criterios utilizados hacen referencias a aspectos sociológicos, como la composición y desigualdad de la sociedad, siendo más homogénea en las zonas rurales que en las urbanas; las relaciones interpersonales, más estrechas en el mundo rural y más distantes en el urbano; etc. No existe por lo tanto una definición unánime del concepto de ciudad, si bien la más acertada podría ser aquella que uniera los principales criterios descritos anteriormente: Aglomeración de población que ha transformado un espacio natural preexistente en un espacio altamente humanizado de características físicas y sociológicas fácilmente diferenciables del medio rural en cuanto a su morfología, composición y comportamiento social, y actividades económicas que en ella se desarrollan.
2.1.3.
4
Morfología urbana:
La morfología es la forma externa de las ciudades. Esta se ve influenciada por el emplazamiento (relación con el medio físico: sobre una colina, en la ribera de un río, etc.) y la situación (posición relativa de la ciudad con respecto al entorno próximo: otras ciudades, vías de comunicación, etc.). Su estudio se realiza sobre un plano, que es la representación a escala de los espacios construidos (edificios) y de la trama urbana (calles, parques, y otros espacios vacíos).
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La forma sobre el plano de la ciudad puede ser de diferentes maneras dependiendo de la trama viaria: ortogonal o en damero, cuando el plano de la ciudad sigue una estructura cuadriculada, con calles que se cruzan en ángulo recto (también llamado plano hipodámico) su desarrollo es habitual en la historia del urbanismo desde las ciudades griegas o romanas, las ciudades coloniales hispanoamericanas o los ensanches europeos del siglo XIX; radiocéntrico: cuando desde el centro de la ciudad parten múltiples calles en todas direcciones a modo de radios, mientras que otras circulares las cortan y rodean por completo al centro urbano (ejemplo de ello es Budapest); e irregulares, que contiene calles estrechas y sinuosas, muchas de ellas sin salida, originadas por la inexistencia de planificación previa a la construcción; las manzanas de viviendas eran por tanto irregulares y compuestas por edificios altos en los que se hacinaba la población. Las ciudades de origen medieval suelen tener este tipo de configuración. Es la representación gráfica más común de las ciudades. En el sentido cartográfico y descriptivo, lo define P. GEORGE como “el trazado de la historia urbana sobre el espacio. En cuanto a su forma, presenta tres tr es modelos sencillos: a) Plano radio céntrico: es el resultado de una evolución clásica clásica en Europa y es típico de muchas ciudades españolas. La ciudad crece en torno a una encrucijada, a la cual afluyen los caminos, progresivamente convertidos en calles por el crecimiento de la urbe, y en torno a los cuales se aglutinan los nuevos espacios edificados.
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Estas formas básicas suelen aparecer de forma combinada, como resultado de la labor de palimpsestación, descrita antes; aunque a veces encontramos planos que corresponden a uno sólo de estos modelos, generalmente en ciudades nuevas o que no han crecido en los últimos siglos. Según la distribución de los espacios urbanos, nos encontramos planos con una estructura: a) Discontinua: donde los espacios verdes ocupan una gran extensión y fragmentan la masa edificada. Disposición muy poco frecuente en España, dado que, como ya hemos comentado antes, la especulación y la sobrevaloración del P GEORGE, suelo, han originado una fuerte densificación de los espacios edificados y una marcada escasez de espacios libres y zonas verdes. Las únicas líneas de discontinuidad que aparecen en nuestras ciudades suelen corresponder a ríos, en cuyas riberas se han creado parques y zonas de recreo. b) Continua: cuando la masa edificada edificada aparece como algo algo compacto, sin apenas zonas verdes o espacio libre, o cuando este se localiza en zonas muy concretas, generalmente en las afueras. c) Lineal: es común común en grandes ciudades, especialmente especialmente en los planos más recientes, corresponde a urbes que presentan una expansión a lo largo de ejes generalmente vías de comunicación-, entre los cuales subsisten
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2.1.4.
5
Elementos urbanos:
Por elementos urbanos entendemos los componentes materiales de la ciudad, entre los que destacamos:
- La casa, en la que observamos una clara diferenciación y separación entre los locales profesionales y las viviendas. La casa presenta una diversa tipología según su altura, el número de viviendas que albergue, su aspecto estético, su separación/no separación de las zonas verdes, su proximidad/no proximidad a otras casas, etc... - La manzana o cuerpo de edificios delimitado por calles. Su tipología está en función del número de edificios que acoge, de la forma de su perímetro (con chaflán, sin él...), etc... - La calle, que presenta una gran variedad, según alinee manzanas o espacios , según su anchura (callejón, calle, avenida...), según su función (peatonal o no),según su forma (bulevar, calle, etc...), etc... - La plaza: consiste en el ensanchamiento de una calle o un espacio amplio en el cruce de dos o más calles. Tiene carácter organizador del espacio, porque suele tener un carácter centralizador-organizador de la vialidad de la zona en la que se ubica, lo que le otorga un rango superior sobre ese espacio. - El barrio: es la unidad básica de la vida urbana y está constituido por un número importante de manzanas. Sus señas de identidad son un pasado
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
En su interior suele albergar dos zonas: una de elevado rango (CBD) en la que se produce el fenómeno “city” o concentración de las funciones centrales de la ciudad, con la consiguiente salida de la población residente y la ocupación por oficinas, despachos, sedes empresariales empresariales o de instituciones; y otra en la que se produce un fenómeno de “de pauperización”, consistente en un notable envejecimiento de su población residente, un descenso en el nivel adquisitivo de la misma y un raquitismo de los servicios que presenta.
2.1.5.
6
Evolución urbana:
Las ciudades han sido denominadas como las más altas formas de organización social. Piensa en la complejidad del sistema de carreteras, transporte, leyes de construcción, mercados, distribución de alimentos, sistema educativo etc., tendrás una idea de a lo que se refiere ésta afirmación. Pero esta complejidad no salió de repente. Es el resultado de varios años de desarrollo humano. Mientras que el origen de las ciudades data de miles de años atrás, la ciudad como la conocemos hoy data solo de unos cientos de años atrás. Después de la Revolución Industrial un gran número de personas se mudaron a las ciudades en busca de trabajos, la mayoría en fábricas; desde entonces ha habido un crecimiento sin precedente en el número y tamaño de las ciudades
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2.1.6.
7
Crecimiento urbano:
La definición de “urbano” cambia de un país a otro y, con las re clasificaciones periódicas, también puede variar a lo largo del tiempo dentro de un mismo país, lo que dificulta las comparaciones directas. Una zona urbana se puede definir por medio de uno o más de los siguientes factores: criterios administrativos o fronteras políticas (como formar parte de la jurisdicción de un municipio o comité de la ciudad); el tamaño de la población (cuando el número mínimo de habitantes en los asentamientos urbanos de la región es de 2.000, aunque puede oscilar entre 200 y 50.000); la densidad demográfica; la función económica (por ejemplo, cuando la actividad primordial de una gran mayoría de los habitantes no es la agricultura, o cuando existe empleo de sobra); y la existencia de características urbanas (como calles pavimentadas, alumbrado público o alcantarillado). En 2010 vivían en zonas clasificadas como urbanas 3.500 millones de personas. El aumento (relativo o absoluto) en el número de personas que viven en los pueblos y las ciudades. El ritmo de crecimiento de la población u rbana depende del aumento natural de dicha población y de los nuevos habitantes que adquieren estas zonas debidas, por una parte, a la migración neta del campo a las ciudades y, por otra parte, a la reclasificación de los asentamientos rurales en ciudades y pueblos Crecimiento urbano, en la implicancia que le da al concepto el uso de la palabra
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El crecimiento urbano es la urbanización extendida fuera de los centros de las ciudades, por lo general, en terrenos sin urbanizar. Se caracteriza por una baja densidad de población por hectárea, por lugares donde las casas están separadas de las zonas comerciales e industriales y por patrones de calles ramificadas. El crecimiento urbano, también llamado crecimiento suburbano, a menudo se desencadena al urbanizar terrenos agrícolas, bosques y zonas húmedas. Hay varios problemas ambientales relacionados con el crecimiento urbano, que trae como consecuencia una pérdida de espacio abierto y de terrenos agrícolas, mayor dependencia del automóvil y de otros vehículos y mayor consumo de energía y agua. La naturaleza diseminada del crecimiento urbano a menudo obstaculiza el sistema de transporte público. Puesto que las casas construidas en un ambiente de crecimiento urbano están separadas de los lugares de trabajo, los almacenes y servicios, por lo general, los residentes deben viajar siempre en automóvil.
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2.1.7.
8
Tipología urbana:
La “tipología arquitectónica” normativa, puede darnos una percepción de las partes diferenciadas de la ciudad. Pero por más que la igualdad, por zonas, de las envolventes de las piezas arquitectónicas, produzca una uniformidad perceptible como la tipología del conjunto en una determinada zona urbana (envolvente diferenciada de una pieza urbana), la complejidad del fenómeno urbanístico “in extenso”, obliga a profundizar e introducir nuevas variables formales, tanto referentes al significado urbanístico de la tipología arquitectónica, como a variables exógenas a la propia arquitectura. No podemos adentrarnos a fondo, dada la necesaria brevedad de estos comentarios, en el análisis estructural estructural (forma, interrelaciones y transformaciones) que operan en la ciudad y las morfologías o paisaje urbano
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
Recordemos la imagen de una tipología unifamiliar aislada-ciudad jardín, en el centro urbano, en el borde de la ciudad, aislada en la periferia o en el medio rural y a su vez en función del nivel económico-social de sus habitantes. ¿En que se parecen, en que se diferencian? 3º.- La ciudad ni es homogénea ni tampoco es divisible ni ordenable en las zonas homogéneas señaladas en el primer punto. Está fragmentada, pero a su vez existen áreas de superposición de fragmentos, áreas indefinidas (a medio hacer o en transformación), “intersticios” y vacíos urbanos. Incluso a pesar de que exista una estructura, la ciudad es heterogénea y es difícil identificar sus partes y por tanto las auténticas tipologías formales de las mismas, de las que existen aproximaciones perceptivas simplificadoras (centro urbano, casco, ensanche, ciudad jardín, zonas industriales, barrios periféricos……), periféricos……), o intuiciones de que la ciudad actual no está siguiendo los
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L = Lineal
Rd = Radiocéntrico
H = Hoja
E = Estrella
R = Racimo
A = Anillo
C = Cuadrícula
Ha = Hoja articulada
S = Satélite
Cs = Constelación
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2.1.8.
9
Barriadas:
Cuando las barriadas fueron percibidas por la población peruana a fines de la década del 40, diferentes grupos de poder pedían su erradicación. En Abril de 1960, Caretas describía esta realidad diciendo con respecto de “El Montón”: “La barriada lo ofende todo. Ofende la vista, ofende el olfato y ofende el
corazón. Es un inmundo lupanar en donde la vida humana se prostituye cada día y es, en ver dad, dad, la viga en el ojo de todos los limeños.” La ocupación informal de suelo para su posterior urbanización es una característica de las ciudades en rápido crecimiento de todo el planeta. Lo que diferencia la situación del Perú (y de Lima, que será la referencia específica de este texto) es que este fenómeno ha sido masivo y que el proceso de mejoramiento del barrio ha empezado en momentos cercanos al inicio de la
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El término barriada no surge a la par con las invasiones que se tomaron en Lima a inicios de los treinta, siendo la invasión un hecho relativamente nuevo, se remitió su definición a viejos conceptos como los de “urbanización o barrio clandestino”. A fines de la década de los cincuenta, el término “barrio marginal” ya era parte del hablar limeño, es así como surge “barriada”, derivación despectiva directa del término barrio, con el que, desde la perspectiva de la élite limeña, se pensaba que era lo afín a la “delincuencia, promiscuidad e inmundicia social” y gracias a nuestra prensa conservadora de entonces, este
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Evidentemente el término ha ido variando con el transcurso del tiempo y también de acuerdo al grado de urbanización de nuestra ciudad, Lima. De las 57 barriadas que estudió Matos Mar actualmente, ninguna carece de agua, desagüe, ni energía eléctrica, debido a que se encuentran dentro de la red general de distribución de distribución de infraestructura básica. En la década del 80 se pobló Huaycán, y diez años después, algunos arenales de Surco, Ventanilla, laderas de los cerros de Chorrillos y San Juan de Lurigancho. La organización La organización social es más fuerte, y el tiempo de transformación de paredes de estera a paredes de
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2.1.9.
10
Plan de desarrollo urbano:
Un plan de desarrollo urbano expone la necesidad de contar con un plan urbano en el que se expresen las previsiones para la organización y el desarrollo futuro de la Ciudad e instrumenten los reglamentos o normativas necesarias en función de lo previsto por el plan. En aquellos casos que los
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2.2. MARCO HISTÓRICO 2.2.1.
LIMA
Desde los años siguientes a su fundación en 1535 la ciudad de Lima no había conocido un periodo de crecimiento como el que ha vivido en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Entre 1940 y el año 2000, la población de la ciudad pasó de 645
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El tercer momento de expansión de la ciudad, y en el que nos encontramos ahora, se inicia en algún punto difuso de la década del 80. Los motivos que causaron estos cambios son de orden político y territorial. En lo político, la agudísima crisis económica y la violencia política que empezaba deterioró rápidamente las redes sociales que sustentaban el movimiento de poblado res y minó la capacidad del estado de responder a sus demandas, lo que hacía que los grandes proyectos populares para fundar nuevos barrios no sean más
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
61
Ilustración 48 - Expansión de LA ENSENADA y LA CAPILLA, así como el surgimiento de urbes como: La ISLA DEL SOL y el CORREGIDOR.
S A N A U R E P S A L A D A D I S R
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
62
Ilustración 50 - Urbanización LOS CONDES DE LA PORTADA y el CLUB CAMPESTRE DE LA LAGUNA
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
63
Ilustración 51 - Expansión desde el 2010 hasta la actualidad, invasión de cerros.
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Ilustración 52 - Crecimiento de LA PORTADA DEL SOL en su tercera etapa de desarrollo.
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Ilustración 53 - Ampliación de LOS HUERTOS DE LA M OLINA.
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Ilustración 54 - Extensión de la PLANICIE.
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Ilustración 55 - CLUB CAMPESTRE LA LAGUNA.
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4.4. DEMOSTRACIÓN DE LAS TIPOLOGIAS DE TRAMAS URBANAS IDENTIFICADAS POR ETAPAS:
Identificación de 2 tramas, predominando la cuadricula.
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urbanas, resaltando la lineal, cuadricular y hoja.
Se encontraron solo 5 tramas, resaltando de forma igualitaria lo lineal, cuadricular y hoja.
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En el siglo XX se hallaron tramas de tipo lineal y hoja, abarcando mayor área la trama lineal.
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El marco general es es la identificación de 8 tramas de 10 encontradas encontradas a nivel mundial, las tramas en el cual carece el distrito de La Molina es el
anillo y el satélite por el simple hecho de que su expansión fue tanto hacia el ESTE como hacia el SURESTE al igual que hacia el NORTE pero en menor escala, siendo su eje direccional di reccional las limitaciones de los cerros próximos.
Las tramas urbanas predominantes predominantes durante durante la evolución evolución urbana urbana del
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
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TRAMA GENERAL DEL DISTRITO DE LA MOLINA
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
5.CONCLUSIÓN 5. CONCLUSIÓN
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
Cuadricula: Con un considerable 25 % en todo el distrito de La La Molina, a pesar de ser el segundo más importante que marco la trama inicial de La Molina, prácticamente hoy en la actualidad, dicho trazado o tejido urbano ya es obsoleto, teniendo como impedimento la topografía del lugar.
Solo 3 tipologías de trama urbana fueron las más resaltantes de las otras 5 tramas identificadas, siendo las restantes, tramas generadas por funciones específicas como vías principales por ejemplo como lo hizo la trama estrella en la segunda etapa (1970 – 1981).
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
6.REFERENCIAS 6. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
ANÁLISIS FORMAL DEL ESPACIO URBANO - Aspectos Teóricos
Investigador Principal: Percy Acuña Vigil Instituto de Investigación de la Facultad de Arquitectura Urbanismo y Artes Lima 2005 BURGA MALARIN, Javier. Glosario de Administración. Ed.Gurcla. Lima 1999. MURH, Lourdes. "La Gestión de la Calidad Total y la Excelencia". Editorial Norma. D.F. México. 1998.
DINÁMICA
SOCIODEMOGRÁFICA
DE
LAS
METRÓPOLIS
LATINOAMERICANAS DURANTE LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XX. Miguel Villa Jorge Rodríguez
FORMA URBANA Y SEGREGACIÓN RESIDENCIAL EN LIMA
ornar Pereyra
CIUDAD Y PATRONES DE ASENTAMIENTO. ESTRUCTURA URBANA Y
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
- PLAN GENERAL DE ORDENACIÓN DE LA LAGUNA DOCUMENTO DE APROBACIÓN INICIAL Febrero 2013 - MEMORIA DE ORDENACION PORMENORIZADA – LAS DETERMINACIONES URBANÍSTICAS URBANÍSTICAS SOBRE LA TRAMA URBANA. - FORMACIÓN DE LA TRAMA URBANA Y TRANSFORMACIONES SOCIODEMOGRÁFICAS RECIENTES EN LA CIUDAD DE PALMA DE MALLORCA (1960-2001) - J.M. González Pérez. - GEOGRAFIA URBANA – El proceso de urbanización y el sistema interurbano e intraurbano. - URBANISMO Y GEOGRAFIA URBANA: DOS CIENCIAS DISTINTAS, PERO COMPLEMENTARIAS. - José Luis SANCHEZ SANCHEZ HERNANDEZ HERNANDEZ – 1992. - LA DEFINICIÓN DE LO URBANO – HORACIO CAPEL – 1975. - Introducción a una Crítica de la Geografía Urbana - Guy E. Debord – 1955. Ficha nº 19 del Taller
MORFOLOGIA URBANA
Autor: Mg. Arq. Alejandra SGROI.
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
- ANÁLISIS FORMAL DEL ESPACIO URBANO, aspectos teóricos – Percy Acuña Vigil – 2005. - ELEMENTOS URBANOS Y PATRÓN DE ASENTAMIENTO – Arq. Freddy Arana Velarde – 2011. - CAMBIO URBANO Y EVOLUCIÓN DISCURSIVA EN EL ANÁLISIS DE LA CIUDAD LATINOAMERICANA: DE LA DEPENDENCIA A LA GLOBALIZACIÓN – Jhon Williams Montoya – 1969. - Génesis, evolución y consolidación urbana de los asentamientos ilegales. El caso de la ciudad de Bogotá Autor: Puente Burgos, Carlos Arturo - EVOLUCIÓN URBANA Y MEMORIA DE LA CIUDAD INDUSTRIAL. FUTUROS PARA LA CIUDAD DE DETROIT - Beatriz Fernández Águeda – 2009. -
Paola
Zerna
EVOLUCIÓN
URBANA
-
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
- LIMA, Expansión y crecimiento de la ciudad – Observatorio urbano / DESCO. - Lima: ciudad ciudad cada vez menos pretenciosa - Themis Castellanos Con Jaime Joseph y Mercedes Ubillús - Julio, Julio, 2003. - URBANIZACIÓN, CRECIMIENTO URBANO Y MIGRACIONES EN AMERICA LATINA – Alfredo E. Lattes. - Ana M.ª López García*, Coro Chasco Yrigoyen** y Mónica Navarrete Álvarez*** AUDITORÍA URBANA: INDICADORES Y TIPOLOGÍA DE LAS CIUDADES EUROPEAS. - REDAC - TIPOLOGÍA ARQUITECTÓNICA Y URBANISTICA - http://www.redac-
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SEMINARIO DE URBANISMO TRAMA URBANA
- Las migraciones campesinas y el proceso de urbanización en el Perú – Dr. JOSÉ MATOS MAR. - Lima: ciudad cada vez menos pretenciosa - Themis Castellanos - Con Jaime Joseph y Mercedes Ubillús - Julio, 2003. - La Barriada en Lima, los de arriba y los de abajo Lorena Castañeda -
Web:
http://apuntesdearquitecturadigital.blogspot.com/2010/02/la-barriada-en-lima-los-de-arribay-los.html - 2010. - BARRIADAS Y CIUDAD, Critica de la razón urbana – WILEY LUDEÑA URQUIZO – 2012. “EL OCASO DE LA BARRIADA – Propuesta para la vivienda popular” – Arq. Jorge Burga
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